作者は感謝して第五次フレームワーク計画の下に資金を供給、スロベニア語研究機関や欧州委員会のESOPEプロジェクト（QLK - 2002から02003）の国家予算から資金援助を認める。著者らは、profの貢献を認める。マルコSnoj、教授。マハCemazar、このビデオ - 記事の準備でマテイMerkacとラドーLikon。

電気化学療法の治療の手順は、腫瘍を1に印加されるパルスの配信に続いて局所的または全身的な薬物注射で構成されています。治療に関する詳細情報は、標準作業手順（SOP）2に掲載されています。 治療の適応症： <ol><li>腫瘍のタイプ：基底細胞癌、悪性黒色腫、乳癌、副腎腫、カポジ肉腫などの皮膚転移。 </li><li>腫瘍の位置：体のあらゆる部分にアクセス可能な皮膚と皮下の腫瘍結節。 </li><li>腫瘍の大きさは3mmから直径3-5 cmにすることができます。 </li><li>結節の数は、1から最大100まで。 </li></ol>治療の手順： <ol><li>治療結節と場所の数に応じて、局所または全身麻酔、。 </li><li>薬剤の選択：シスプラチンまたはブレオマイシン。シスプラチンとブレオマイシンは15000 IU / m 2の用量で静脈内にも、腫瘍内にブレオマイシンを注入することができる。ブレオマイシンのintratumouralアプリケーションのための注射投与は、腫瘍組織の250から1000 IU / cm 3であると腫瘍組織のシスプラチン0.5 -1 MG / cm 3の </li><li>薬物投与と電気パルスのアプリケーション間の時間間隔、薬剤の腫瘍内注射後すぐに、8分後に静脈内投与後。最大28分まで。 </li><li>電気化学のための電気パルス発生器は1Hz〜5 kHzの振幅1000 V以上、繰り返し周波数の方形波電気パルスを提供する必要があります。 </li><li>電気パルスのパラメーター：2つのプレート電極、周波数1 Hzまたは5 kHzで、パルスの持続時間100μsの間に8mmの間隔で例えば、1000 Vの8パルス。 </li><li>全体の腫瘍が電極間に包含されることができない場合は、電気パルスのアプリケーションが何度が非常に安全性のマージンを含めて全腫瘍面積を、カバーするようなことが繰り返される必要があります。 </li><li>電極の種類：プレート電極が小さく、表在性腫瘍の結節のために使用される、針電極は、皮膚の下深く播種結節の治療のためのものです。 </li></ol>治療のその他の特徴： <ol><li>通常、単一の治療は、腫瘍結節根絶のための効果的ですが電気化学は、残りの腫瘍の組織または他の腫瘍の小結節で4週間の間隔で繰り返すことができます。 </li></ol>全身毒性の欠如のために - ブレオマイシンまたはシスプラチンの非常に低用量が必要とされているため、 - 患者は外来患者ごとに治療することができます、そして治療後すぐに病院を残すことができます。

<ol>
	<li>Mir, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bases+and+rationale+of+the+electrochemotherapy.">Bases and rationale of the electrochemotherapy.</a> EJC Suppl. 4, 38-44 (2006).</li><li>Mir, L. M., Gehl, J., Sersa, G., Collins, C. G., Garbay, J. R., Billard, V., Geertsen, P., Rudolf, Z., O'Sullivan, G. C., Marty, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standard+operating+procedures+of+the+electrochemotherapy:+instructions+for+the+use+of+bleomycin+or+cisplatin+administered+either+systemically+or+locally+and+electric+pulses+delivered+by+the+CliniporatorTM+by+means+of+invasive+or+non-invasive+electrodes.">Standard operating procedures of the electrochemotherapy: instructions for the use of bleomycin or cisplatin administered either systemically or locally and electric pulses delivered by the CliniporatorTM by means of invasive or non-invasive electrodes.</a> EJC Suppl. 4, 14-25 (2006).</li><li>Okino, M., Mohri, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+high-voltage+electrical+impulse+and+an+anticancer+drug+on+in+vivo+growing+tumors.">Effects of high-voltage electrical impulse and an anticancer drug on in vivo growing tumors.</a> Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 78, 1319-1321 (1987).</li><li>Mir, L. M., Banoun, H., Paoletti, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+of+definite+amounts+of+nonpermeant+molecules+into+living+cells+after+electropermeabilization:+direct+access+to+the+cytosol.">Introduction of definite amounts of nonpermeant molecules into living cells after electropermeabilization: direct access to the cytosol.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 175, 15-25 (1988).</li><li>Sersa, G., Cemazar, M., Miklavcic, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antitumor+effectiveness+of+electrochemotherapy+with+cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)+in+mice.">Antitumor effectiveness of electrochemotherapy with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) in mice.</a> Cancer Res. 55, 3450-3455 (1995).</li><li>Sersa, G., Cemazar, M., Miklavcic, D., Rudolf, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemotherapy+of+tumours.">Electrochemotherapy of tumours.</a> Radiol. Oncol. 40, 163-174 (2006).</li><li>Miklavcic, D., Beravs, K., Semrov, D., Cemazar, M., Demsar, F., Sersa, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+electric+field+distribution+for+effective+in+vivo+electroporation+of+tissues.">The importance of electric field distribution for effective in vivo electroporation of tissues.</a> Biophys. J. 74, 2152-2158 (1998).</li><li>Miklavcic, D., Corovic, S., Pucihar, G., Pavselj, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Importance+of+tumour+coverage+by+sufficiently+high+local+electric+field+for+effective+electrochemotherapy.">Importance of tumour coverage by sufficiently high local electric field for effective electrochemotherapy.</a> EJC Suppl. 4, 45-51 (2006).</li><li>Sersa, G., Jarm, T., Kotnik, T., Coer, A., Podkrajsek, M., Sentjurc, M., Miklavcic, D., Kadivec, M., Kranjc, S., Secerov, A., Cemazar, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+disrupting+action+of+electroporation+and+electrochemotherapy+with+bleomycin+in+murine+sarcoma.">Vascular disrupting action of electroporation and electrochemotherapy with bleomycin in murine sarcoma.</a> Brit. J. Cancer. 98, 388-398 (2008).</li><li>Mir, L. M., Belehradek, M., Domenge, C., Orlowski, S., Poddevin, B., Belehradek, J., Schwaab, G., Luboinski, B., Paoletti, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemotherapy,+a+new+antitumor+treatment:+first+clinical+trial.">Electrochemotherapy, a new antitumor treatment: first clinical trial.</a> C. R. Acad. Sci. III. 313, (1991).</li><li>Mir, L. M., Glass, L. F., Sersa, G., Teissie, J., Domenge, C., Miklavcic, D., Jaroszeski, M. J., Orlowski, S., Reintgen, D. S., Rudolf, Z., Belehradek, M., Gilbert, R., Rols, M. P., Belehradek, J., Bachaud, J. M., DeConti, R., Stabuc, B., Cemazar, M., Coninx, P., Heller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+treatment+of+cutaneous+and+subcutaneous+malignant+tumours+by+electrochemotherapy.">Effective treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous malignant tumours by electrochemotherapy.</a> Brit. J. Cancer. 77, 2336-2342 (1998).</li><li>Gothelf, A., Mir, L. M., Gehl, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemotherapy:+results+of+cancer+treatment+using+enhanced+delivery+of+bleomycin+by+electroporation.">Electrochemotherapy: results of cancer treatment using enhanced delivery of bleomycin by electroporation.</a> Cancer Treat. Rev. 29, 371-387 (2003).</li><li>Byrne, C. M., Thompson, J. F., Johnston, H., Hersey, P., Quinn, M. J., Hughes, M., McCarthy, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+metastatic+melanoma+using+electroporation+therapy+with+bleomycin+(electrochemotherapy).">Treatment of metastatic melanoma using electroporation therapy with bleomycin (electrochemotherapy).</a> Melanoma Res. 15, 45-51 (2005).</li><li>Sersa, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+state-of-the-art+of+electrochemotherapy+before+the+ESOPE+study:+advantages+and+clinical+uses.">The state-of-the-art of electrochemotherapy before the ESOPE study: advantages and clinical uses.</a> EJC Suppl. 4, 52-59 (2006).</li><li>Sersa, G., Miklavcic, D., Cemazar, M., Rudolf, Z., Pucihar, G., Snoj, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemotherapy+in+treatment+of+tumours.">Electrochemotherapy in treatment of tumours.</a> EJSO. 34, 232-240 (2008).</li><li>Marty, M., Sersa, G., Garbay, J. R., Gehl, J., Collins, C. G., Snoj, M., Billard, V., Geertsen, P. F., Larkin, J. O., Miklavcic, D., Pavlovic, I., Paulin-Kosir, S. M., Cemazar, M., Morsli, N., Soden, D. M., Rudolf, Z., Robert, C., O'Sullivan, G. C., Mir, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemotherapy+-+an+easy,+highly+effective+and+safe+treatment+of+cutaneous+and+subcutaneous+metastases:+results+of+ESOPE+(European+Standard+Operating+Procedures+of+Electrochemotherapy)+study.">Electrochemotherapy - an easy, highly effective and safe treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases: results of ESOPE (European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy) study.</a> EJC Suppl. 4, 3-13 (2006).</li><li>Quaglino, P., Mortera, C., Osella-Abate, S., Barberis, M., Illengo, M., Rissone, M., Savoia, P., Bernengo, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemotherapy+with+intravenous+bleomycin+in+the+local+treatment+of+skin+melanoma+metastases.">Electrochemotherapy with intravenous bleomycin in the local treatment of skin melanoma metastases.</a> Ann. Surg. Oncol. 15, 2215-2222 (2008).</li></ol>

electroporative電気パルスへの細胞の曝露によるブレオマイシンの細胞毒性の増加は、最初の沖野MとミールLM 3,4によって記述されていた。その後、電気化学は、シスプラチン5のためにも有効であることが実証された。広範な前臨床データは、次の年に、in vitroおよびin vivo腫瘍モデルの上で収集された。治療効果は薬剤の投与量、その投与経路、電気パルスの薬物注射とアプリケーションのタイミング、電界の強さ、十分に高い電界（E）との報道、及び電極の適切な選択と尊敬とポジショニングに関連して決定された腫瘍1,6,7,8へ。さらに、電気化学の有効性のメカニズムは、腫瘍細胞、血管かく乱作用と免疫応答への電気化学の直接的効果の他に1,6,9を関与している、ことを示す、精緻化された。これらの収集されたデータのすべては、診療所に電気化学の翻訳を可能にした。 最初の臨床試験では、頭頸部およびメラノーマ腫瘍の結節10電気化学の有効性を示した。その後、その効果は、皮膚の基底細胞癌、メラノーマの皮膚転移、乳腺腫瘍、副腎腫およびカポジ肉腫のような他の腫瘍型、に示された。総称ブレオマイシンおよびシスプラチン11月15日で電気化学に掲載されたすべての臨床データを評価するいくつかの報告があります。全体的に、処置された腫瘍の奏効率は約80％の客観的応答と約70％、完全寛解15,16でした。効果は、反復的な治療法17によってさらに高くなることがあります。 これらの臨床データのすべては、様々な腫瘍で、緩和の目的で、標準的な治療法としていくつかの欧州諸国で採用される電気化学を有効にしている。この治療法の将来は遺伝子治療や放射線療法のいずれかで、内部の腫瘍および転移の治療と併用治療で電気化学を導入することである。これらの試みは、すでに進行中です。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Bleomycin (Blenamax)</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Teva Pharmachemie</td><td></td><td>chemotherapeutic drug used in electrochemotherapy </td></tr><tr><td>Cliniporator</td><td>Other</td><td>IGEA</td><td></td><td>Generator of electric pulses</td></tr></tbody></table>

electrochemotherapy of tumours

電気化学療法は、治療を受けた腫瘍結節に適用される特定の化学療法薬と電気パルスを併用することです。腫瘍への電気パルスのローカルにアプリケーションから明確に電気パルスの適用部位で、細胞への薬物送達を向上させます。電気パルスの配信による薬物の取り込みは、その輸送、細胞膜を介して阻害されている場合にのみ、それらの化学療法薬のために増加しています。これまでにテストされている多くの薬物の中で、ブレオマイシンおよびシスプラチンは、前臨床試験から臨床使用への道を見いだし。臨床試験の数内で収集した臨床データは、さまざまな悪性腫瘍の治療を受けた皮膚や皮下の腫瘍結節の約80％が電気化学の単一の適用後に完全な応答の約70％、これらから、客観的な反応になっていることを示している。通常、1つだけの治療が必要な、しかし、電気化学は、同等の有効性を数週間ごとにそれぞれの時間を複数回繰り返すことができる。組織が瘢痕化せずに良い化粧品の効果を持つ治療結節の効果的な撲滅の治療の結果、。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemotherapy of Tumours at JoVE.com

Electrochemotherapy of Tumours

電気化学療法は、シスプラチンとブレオマイシンと治療腫瘍結節に適用される電気的パルスとして特定の化学療法薬の併用です。我々は、皮下のtreatmenとメラノーマの皮膚転移のための電気化学の臨床プロトコルを提示する。

腫瘍の電気化学

Electrochemotherapy is a combined use of certain chemotherapeutic drugs and electric pulses applied to the treated tumour nodule. Local application of ...

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

24.4K ビュー.  Institute of Oncology Ljubljana. 電気化学療法は、シスプラチンとブレオマイシンと治療腫瘍結節に適用される電気的パルスとして特定の化学療法薬の併用です。我々は、皮下のtreatmenとメラノーマの皮膚転移のための電気化学の臨床プロトコルを提示する。

ビデオ: Electrochemotherapy of Tumours

Operating Procedures of the Electrochemotherapy for Treatment of Tumor in Dogs and Cats

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local approach which is used for treating solid tumors of different histologies. Its mechanism is based on cell membrane permeabilization by means of &#34;electroporation&#34;. To achieve the &#34;electroporation&#34; of the cells, electric pulses are generated by a generator and delivered to the target tissue by the use of electrodes. Electroporation is a physical method which is used to introduce molecules, like cytostatic drugs, into the cells that could not pass the cell membrane on their own. In electrochemotherapy, currently, cisplatin and bleomycin are clinically used. Electrochemotherapy antitumor effectiveness is high, for example up to 100% complete response of canine mast cell tumors smaller than 2 cm3 was achieved. Additionally, electrochemotherapy can be used for the treatment of inoperable tumors. One of the important characteristics of electrochemotherapy is that it can be effective as a one-time treatment only. However, in the case of failure or partial tumor response it can be repeated several times with equal or improved effectiveness. Electrochemotherapy is already a standard treatment for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors of various histologies in human and veterinary oncology. Furthermore, several clinical studies exploiting electrochemotherapy for deep-seated tumors are on-going.

Electrochemotherapy is the local treatment of solid tumors. The main mechanism is electroporation-mediated permeabilization of the tumor cells' membrane which enables increased internalization of cytostatics like bleomycin and cisplatin. Thus, antitumor effectiveness is potentiated at the site of the application of electric pulses to the tumors.

犬と猫における腫瘍の治療のための電気化学の操作手順

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local approach which is used for treating solid tumors of different histologies. Its mechanism is based on cell membrane ...

がん研究

Determining the Optimal Inhibitory Frequency for Cancerous Cells Using Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields)

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are an effective treatment modality delivered via the continuous, noninvasive application of low-intensity (1-3 V/cm), alternating electric fields in the frequency range of several hundred kHz. The study of TTFields in tissue culture is carried out using the TTFields in vitro application system, which allows for the application of electric fields of varying frequencies and intensities to ceramic Petri dishes with a high dielectric constant (&#400; &#62; 5,000). Cancerous cell lines plated on coverslips at the bottom of the ceramic Petri dishes are subjected to TTFields delivered in two orthogonal directions at various frequencies to facilitate treatment outcome tests, such as cell counts and clonogenic assays. The results presented in this report demonstrate that the optimal frequency of the TTFields with respect to both cell counts and clonogenic assays is 200 kHz for both ovarian and glioma cells.

Determining the Optimal Inhibitory Frequency for Cancerous Cells Using Tumor Treating Fields TTFields

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are an effective anti-tumor treatment modality delivered via the continuous, noninvasive application of low-intensity, intermediate-frequency, alternating electric fields. TTFields application to cell lines using a TTFields in vitro application system allows for the determination of the optimal frequency that leads to the highest reduction in cell counts.

腫瘍治療領域（TTFields）を用いた癌細胞の最適阻害頻度の決定

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are an effective treatment modality delivered via the continuous, noninvasive application of low-intensity (1-3 V/cm), ...

The Clinical Application of Tumor Treating Fields Therapy in Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal form of brain cancer, with a median survival of 15 months after diagnosis and a 5 year survival rate of only 5% with current standard of care. Tumors often recur within 9 months following initial surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, at which point treatment options become limited. This highlights the pressing need for the development of better therapeutics to prolong survival and increase the quality of life for these patients.
Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) therapy was developed to take advantage of the effect of low frequency alternating electrical fields on cells for cancer therapy. TTFields have been demonstrated to disrupt cells during mitosis and slow tumor growth. There is also growing evidence that they act through stimulating immune responses within exposed tumors. The advantages of TTFields therapy include its noninvasive approach and increased quality of life compared to other treatment modalities such as cytotoxic chemotherapies. The Food and Drug Administration approved TTFields therapy for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma in 2011 and for newly diagnosed glioblastoma in 2015. We report on the effects of TTFields during mitosis, the results of electric fields modeling, and proper transducer array placement. Our protocol outlines the clinical application of TTFields on a patient post-surgery, using the second-generation device.

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary brain malignancy in adults, with most tumors recurring after initial treatment. Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) therapy is the newest treatment modality for glioblastoma. Here, we describe the proper application of TTFields-transducer arrays on patients and discuss theory and aspects of treatment.

腫瘍神経膠芽腫でフィールド療法を治療の臨床応用

Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal form of brain cancer, with a median survival of 15 months after diagnosis and a 5 year survival rate of only 5% ...

Flexible Organic Electronic Devices for Pulsed Electric Field Therapy of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is difficult to eradicate with standard oncology therapies due to its high degree of invasiveness. Bioelectric treatments based on pulsed electric fields (PEFs) are promising for the improvement of treatment efficiency. However, they rely on rigid electrodes that cause acute and chronic damage, especially in soft tissues such as the brain. In this work, flexible electronics were used to deliver PEFs to tumors and the biological response was evaluated with fluorescent microscopy. Interdigitated gold electrodes on a thin, transparent parylene-C substrate were coated with the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS, resulting in a conformable and biocompatible device. The effects of PEFs on tumors and their microenvironment were examined using various biological models. First, monolayers of glioblastoma cells were cultured on top of the electrodes to investigate phenomena in vitro. As an intermediate step, an in ovo model was developed where engineered tumor spheroids were grafted in the embryonic membrane of a quail. Due to the absence of an immune system, this led to highly vascularized tumors. At this early stage of development, embryos have no immune system, and tumors are not recognized as foreign bodies. Thus, they can develop fast while developing their own vessels from the existing embryo vascular system, which represents a valuable 3D cancer model. Finally, flexible electrode delivery of PEFs was evaluated in a complete organism with a functional immune system, using a syngenic, orthograft (intracranial) mouse model. Tumor spheroids were grafted into the brain of transgenic multi-fluorescent mice prior to the implantation of flexible organic electrode devices. A sealed cranial window enabled multiphoton imaging of the tumor and its microenvironment during treatment with PEFs over a period of several weeks.

This work describes the development of flexible interdigitated electrodes for implementation in 3D brain tumor models, namely, in vitro culture, in ovo model, and in vivo murine model. The proposed method can be used to evaluate the effects of pulsed electric fields on tumors at different levels of complexity.

膠芽腫のパルス電界治療のための柔軟な有機電子デバイス

Glioblastoma is difficult to eradicate with standard oncology therapies due to its high degree of invasiveness. Bioelectric treatments based on pulsed ...

Cytotoxic Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro

In recent years, there has been the difficulty in finding more effective therapies against cancer with less systemic side effects. Therefore Photodynamic Therapy is a novel approach for a more tumor selective treatment.
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) that makes use of a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS), which, upon activation with light of a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen, generates oxygen radicals that elicit a cytotoxic response1. Despite its approval almost twenty years ago by the FDA, PDT is nowadays only used to treat a limited number of cancer types (skin, bladder) and nononcological diseases (psoriasis, actinic keratosis)2.
The major advantage of the use of PDT is the ability to perform a local treatment, which prevents systemic side effects. Moreover, it allows the treatment of tumors at delicate sites (e.g. around nerves or blood vessels). Here, an intraoperative application of PDT is considered in osteosarcoma (OS), a tumor of the bone, to target primary tumor satellites left behind in tumor surrounding tissue after surgical tumor resection. The treatment aims at decreasing the number of recurrences and at reducing the risk for (postoperative) metastasis.
In the present study, we present in vitro PDT procedures to establish the optimal PDT settings for effective treatment of widely used OS cell lines that are used to reproduce the human disease in well established intratibial OS mouse models. The uptake of the PS mTHPC was examined with a spectrophotometer and phototoxicity was provoked with laser light excitation of mTHPC at 652 nm to induce cell death assessed with a WST-1 assay and by the counting of surviving cells. The established techniques enable us to define the optimal PDT settings for future studies in animal models. They are an easy and quick tool for the evaluation of the efficacy of PDT in vitro before an application in vivo.

Cytotoxic Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro

The protocol reported here allows the evaluation of the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cell lines and the optimization of the PDT settings before applying the therapy in animal models.

骨肉腫細胞における光線力学療法の細胞毒性有効性<em&gt;体外</em

In recent years, there has been the difficulty in finding more effective therapies against cancer with less systemic side effects. Therefore Photodynamic ...

医学

Tumor Treating Field Therapy in Combination with Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma

A novel device that employs TTF therapy has recently been developed and is currently in use for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM). It was FDA approved in April 2011 for the treatment of patients 22 years or older with rGBM. The device delivers alternating electric fields and is programmed to ensure maximal tumor cell kill1.
Glioblastoma is the most common type of glioma and has an estimated incidence of approximately 10,000 new cases per year in the United States alone2. This tumor is particularly resistant to treatment and is uniformly fatal especially in the recurrent setting3-5. Prior to the approval of the TTF System, the only FDA approved treatment for rGBM was bevacizumab6. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeted against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein that drives tumor angiogenesis7. By blocking the VEGF pathway, bevacizumab can result in a significant radiographic response (pseudoresponse), improve progression free survival and reduce corticosteroid requirements in rGBM patients8,9. Bevacizumab however failed to prolong overall survival in a recent phase III trial26. A pivotal phase III trial (EF-11) demonstrated comparable overall survival between physicians&#8217; choice chemotherapy and TTF Therapy but better quality of life were observed in the TTF arm10.
There is currently an unmet need to develop novel approaches designed to prolong overall survival and/or improve quality of life in this unfortunate patient population. One appealing approach would be to combine the two currently approved treatment modalities namely bevacizumab and TTF Therapy. These two treatments are currently approved as monotherapy11,12, but their combination has never been evaluated in a clinical trial. We have developed an approach for combining those two treatment modalities and treated 2 rGBM patients. Here we describe a detailed methodology outlining this novel treatment protocol and present representative data from one of the treated patients.

A novel methodology that is employed for the treatment of recurrent glioblastomas is described. This treatment approach employs the application of alternating electric tumor treating fields (TTFields), known as TTF Therapy in combination with bevacizumab, a targeted agent that is currently FDA approved as monotherapy.

再発神経膠芽腫の治療のためのベバシズマブと組み合わせてフィールド療法の治療腫瘍

A novel device that employs TTF therapy has recently been developed and is currently in use for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM). It was FDA ...

An In-House-Built and Light-Emitting-Diode-Based Photodynamic Therapy Device for Enhancing Verteporfin Cytotoxicity in a 2D Cell Culture Model

This paper describes a novel, simple, and low-cost device to perform in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) assays, named the PhotoACT. The device was built using a set of conventional programmable light-emitting diodes (LEDs), a liquid crystal display (LCD) module, and a light sensor connected to a commercial microcontroller board. The box-based structure of the prototype was made with medium-density fiberboards (MDFs). The internal compartment can simultaneously allocate four cell culture multiwell microplates.
As a proof of concept, we studied the cytotoxic effect of the photosensitizer (PS) verteporfin against the HeLa cell line in two-dimensional (2D) culture. HeLa cells were treated with increasing concentrations of verteporfin for 24 h. The drug-containing supernatant medium was discarded, the adherent cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and drug-free medium was added. In this study, the effect of verteporfin on cells was examined either without light exposure or after exposure for 1 h to light using red-green-blue (RGB) values of 255, 255, and 255 (average fluence of 49.1 &#177; 0.6 J/cm2). After 24 h, the cell viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
Experimental results showed that exposure of cells treated with verteporfin to the light from the device enhances the drug&#39;s cytotoxic effect via a mechanism mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the use of the prototype described in this work was validated by comparing the results with a commercial PDT device. Thus, this LED-based photodynamic therapy prototype represents a good alternative for in vitro studies of PDT.

Here, we describe a novel, simple, and low-cost device to successfully perform in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) assays using two-dimensional HeLa cell culture and verteporfin as a photosensitizer.

2D細胞培養モデルにおけるベルテポルフィン細胞毒性を高めるための自作発光ダイオードベースの光線力学治療装置

This paper describes a novel, simple, and low-cost device to perform in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) assays, named the PhotoACT. The device was built ...

生化学

Magnetic-, Acoustic-, and Optical-Triple-Responsive Microbubbles for Magnetic Hyperthermia and Pothotothermal Combination Cancer Therapy

The precision delivery of anti-cancer agents which aim for targeted and deep-penetrated delivery as well as a controlled release at the tumor site has been challenged. Here, we fabricate iron oxide nanoparticle shelled microbubbles (NSMs) through self-assembly, synergizing magnetic, acoustic, and optical responsiveness in one nanotherapeutic platform. Iron oxide nanoparticles serve as both magnetic and photothermal agents. Once intravenously injected, NSMs can be magnetically guided to the tumor site. Ultrasound triggers the release of iron oxide nanoparticles, facilitating the penetration of nanoparticles deep into the tumor due to the cavitation effect of microbubbles. Thereafter, magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy can be performed on the tumor for combinational cancer therapy, a solution for cancer resistance due to the tumor heterogeneity. In this protocol, the synthesis and characterization of NSMs including structural, chemical, magnetic and acoustic properties were performed. In addition, the anti-cancer efficacy by thermal therapy was investigated using in vitro cell cultures. The proposed delivery strategy and combination therapy holds great promise in cancer treatment to improve both delivery and anticancer efficacies.

Presented here is a protocol for the fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticle-shelled microbubbles (NSMs) through self-assembly, synergizing magnetic, acoustic, and optical responsiveness in one nanotherapeutic platform for magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal combination cancer therapy.

磁気温熱療法とポト温熱併用がん治療のための磁気、音響、光三重応答性マイクロバブル

The precision delivery of anti-cancer agents which aim for targeted and deep-penetrated delivery as well as a controlled release at the tumor site has ...

生物工学

Electric and Magnetic Field Devices for Stimulation of Biological Tissues

Electric fields (EFs) and magnetic fields (MFs) have been widely used by tissue engineering to improve cell dynamics such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, morphology, and molecular synthesis. However, variables such stimuli strength and stimulation times need to be considered when stimulating either cells, tissues or scaffolds. Given that EFs and MFs vary according to cellular response, it remains unclear how to build devices that generate adequate biophysical stimuli to stimulate biological samples. In fact, there is a lack of evidence regarding the calculation and distribution when biophysical stimuli are applied. This protocol is focused on the design and manufacture of devices to generate EFs and MFs and implementation of a computational methodology to predict biophysical stimuli distribution inside and outside of biological samples. The EF device was composed of two parallel stainless-steel electrodes located at the top and bottom of biological cultures. Electrodes were connected to an oscillator to generate voltages (50, 100, 150 and 200 Vp-p) at 60 kHz. The MF device was composed of a coil, which was energized with a transformer to generate a current (1 A) and voltage (6 V) at 60 Hz. A polymethyl methacrylate support was built to locate the biological cultures in the middle of the coil. The computational simulation elucidated the homogeneous distribution of EFs and MFs inside and outside of biological tissues. This computational model is a promising tool that can modify parameters such as voltages, frequencies, tissue morphologies, well plate types, electrodes and coil size to estimate the EFs and MFs to achieve a cellular response.

This protocol describes the step-by-step process to build both electrical and magnetic stimulators used to stimulate biological tissues. The protocol includes a guideline to simulate computationally electric and magnetic fields and manufacture of stimulator devices.

生体組織の刺激のための電界・磁場装置

Electric fields (EFs) and magnetic fields (MFs) have been widely used by tissue engineering to improve cell dynamics such as proliferation, migration, ...

Electrochemotherapy in 3D Ocular Melanoma Spheroids using a Customized Electrode

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is the combination of transient pore formation following electric pulse application with the administration of cytotoxic drugs, which enhances the cytotoxic effect of the applied agent due to membrane changes. In vitro 3D culture systems simulate the in vivo tumor growth and preserve the biological characteristics of tumors more accurately than conventional monolayer cell cultures. We describe a protocol for the development of 3D tumor organoids using conjunctival melanoma (CM) and uveal melanoma (UM) cell lines as well as the use of hand-held customized electrodes, suitable for in vitro ECT in the culture well without destruction of the tumor environment. This protocol analyzes the culture and growth of 3D CM and UM spheroids and their reaction to bleomycin (2.5 &#181;g/mL) alone, electroporation (EP) (750 Volts/cm, 8 pulses, 100 &#181;s, 5 Hz) alone, and ECT as a combination of EP and bleomycin. The drug concentration and the EP settings used in this protocol were established as preferred ECT conditions according to previous experiments. The assay used to determine the spheroid viability was conducted 3-7 days following treatment. The effect on viability and growth of the 3D tumor spheroids was significant only after ECT. The customized electrodes are described in detail in order to facilitate the application of pulses in the culture well. This novel treatment of 3D UM and CM spheroids sets a steppingstone for future clinical application.

Here, we present a protocol for the development of 3D conjunctival and uveal melanoma spheroids and the use of hand-held customized electrodes for in vitro electrochemotherapy of 3D spheroids in a culture well. This offers new perspectives in the use of electrochemotherapy in ocular melanoma treatment.

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is the combination of transient pore formation following electric pulse application with the administration of cytotoxic drugs, ...