We would like to thank Pascal DuBois for proof-reading the article. The authors would also like to thank the personnel of the Animal Facility at Hunter College of The City University of New York. This work was supported by a NIH RCMI grant to Hunter College.

Etica Dichiarazione Tutti gli studi sugli animali sono stati approvati dalla cura e l&#39;uso Comitato istituzionale animali (IACUC) di Hunter College della City University di New York. Nota: Otto topi BALB / c sono stati usati in questa procedura sperimentale. Cinque topi BALB / c sono stati impiantati con 5 x 10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1 topo cellule di carcinoma epatocellulare per produrre i tumori primari. Tre topi BALB / c senza implantologia sono stati utilizzati come controlli. BNL 1ME A.7R.1 è una linea di cellule murine carcinoma epatocellulare che è stato derivato per trasformazione chimica dal murino non tumorigeniche linea cellulare di epatociti BNL CL.2. BNL 1ME A.7R.1 è stato ottenuto dalla American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). 1. Pre-chirurgia <ol><li> Assicurarsi che i topi per tutti gli interventi chirurgici di sopravvivenza sono in buona salute. Per assicurare che i topi sono sani, ispezionare segni di disidratazione tenting della pelle. Non usare i topi con qualsiasi evidenza di malattia o distress in questi esperimenti. </li><li> Pesare topi per garantire che non siano sottopeso. Assicurarsi che il peso è di almeno 16-20 grammi. </li><li> Preparare 5 × 10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1 cellule del mouse HCC per l&#39;impianto per il mouse: <ol><li> Aspirare i media da 10 ml 60% - piatto di coltura di cellule confluenti il ​​70% delle cellule di carcinoma epatico di topo A.7R.1 BNL 1ME. Lavare due volte con 5 ml di PBS. Aggiungere 2 ml di tripsina al piatto e incubare a 37 ° C in un incubatore umidificato con aria e 5% di CO 2 per 5 min. </li><li> Successivamente, pipette 10 ml tripsinizzate cellule in un emocitometro manuale per il conteggio delle cellule al microscopio a ingrandimento di 10X. Contare il numero totale di cellule trovate nei quattro angoli piazzali e moltiplicare il fattore di diluizione per il numero totale di cellule. Poi, dividere per il numero di quadrati contati e moltiplicare per 10 6 per la concentrazione cellulare (cellule per ml). </li><li> Utilizzando il calcolo, raccogliere 5 milioni di cellule per topo in sterili1,5 ml microprovette. Etichettare provette da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga. </li></ol></li><li> Risospendere le 5 × 10 6 celle BNL 1ME A.7R.1 topo HCC in 100 ml di tampone fosfato salino (PBS). Tenere queste cellule in ghiaccio fino impianto in chirurgia. </li><li> Svolgere attività necessarie per la preparazione di topi per la chirurgia come l&#39;induzione dell&#39;anestesia e capelli clipping lontano da attrezzature e materiali sterili per evitare la contaminazione. </li><li> Un&#39;anestesia generale nei topi per inalazione di isoflurano utilizzando un vaporizzatore isoflurano con ossigeno ad un flusso costante concentrazione di 1 L per min (circa. 2,1%). Nota: Il sistema è autosufficiente, e comprende un vaporizzatore di precisione, un apporto di ossigeno e un contenitore di carbone che è collegato a un circuito di respirazione necessario per gas / anestetici scavenging. </li><li> Assicurarsi che l&#39;anestesia sia adeguata per evitare che l&#39;animale da subire dolore durante l&#39;intervento chirurgico. Eseguire toe-pinch e osservare animali per non responsiveness per confermare l&#39;anestesia. </li><li> A quel tempo, cambiare la linea di valvole, la guarnizione alla casella e aperto al cono. </li><li> Appena il mouse è anestetizzato, applicare una piccola quantità di una pomata oftalmica alle cornee come misura preventiva da essiccazione e danni. </li><li> Successivamente, spostare l&#39;animale alla zona di preparazione, con l&#39;ogiva correttamente posizionati e connessi (per anestesia di mantenimento). Preparare il sito della incisione chirurgica per la chirurgia depilatoria in questa zona di preparazione. </li><li> Assicurarsi che l&#39;area di chirurgia è in una posizione libera di ogni altra attività. </li><li> Assicurarsi che la superficie di lavoro è robusta e adeguatamente igienizzati, unsoiled e prima della chirurgia senza matasse di cavi. Posizionare un pezzo sterile lino o tray chirurgico su di esso. </li><li> Assicurarsi che il campo operatorio è disponibile solo per persone che effettuano l&#39;intervento chirurgico. Assicurarsi che la sala operatoria è pulita e spazzata con un detergente appropriato e spruzzato con un adeguato disinfectant. </li><li> Assicurarsi che sia posizionato anche lontano da porte e finestre, come le correnti d&#39;aria può diffondere la polvere che porta alla contaminazione del sito. </li><li> Eseguire l&#39;intervento chirurgico di sopravvivenza con strumenti sterili. O immergere gli strumenti in un disinfettante secondo le raccomandazioni del fabbricante o in autoclave. Utilizzare materiali sterili di base che sono pronti per l&#39;uso. </li><li> Strumenti separati in base alla funzione per aiutare a prevenire la contaminazione delle aree sterili. </li><li> Shave circa 1 pollice intorno al sito di incisione (incisione mediana) per accedere al fegato dell&#39;animale. Rimuovere il pelo dall&#39;animale lontano dal sito chirurgico. </li><li> Dopo la rasatura, strofinare la zona con un disinfettante e sapone (betadine scrub chirurgico) e lavare il disinfettante in eccesso con la soluzione di PBS sterile. Eseguire questo più volte, con l&#39;intero processo di macchia della durata di circa 5 minuti. Rimuovere e scartato i guanti usati. </li><li> In seguito, cambiare per indumenti protettivi, come SurgicAl abito, top scrub e maschera. Avanti, disinfettare le mani con soluzione macchia adeguata prima di indossare guanti chirurgici. Nota: Questo è un passo necessario per evitare spargimento e contaminare il sito chirurgico con potenziali contaminanti. </li></ol> 2. Chirurgia <ol><li> Fornire una fonte di calore esterna per calore durante l&#39;intero periodo di anestesia. L&#39;animale può verificarsi alcuni ipotermia a causa dell&#39;anestesia provoca disturbi di termoregolazione; quindi, mantenere la temperatura corporea. </li><li> Posare il mouse sulla sua schiena per tutta la chirurgia. </li><li> Fissare gli arti anteriori, arti posteriori e la coda del mouse al tavolo operatorio con pezzi di nastri chirurgici. </li><li> Fare una linea di incisione retta immediatamente inferiore al xyphisternum. </li><li> Utilizzare uno sterile divaricatore chirurgica auto-mantenimento per esporre il fegato. </li><li> Con una siringa con un ago 20G, lentamente e con attenzione iniettare 100 ml di PBS contenente 5 × 10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1topo cellule HCC nel lobo destro del fegato. </li><li> Dopo aver rimosso l&#39;ago, applicare un tampone di cotone sterile per almeno 1 minuto per arrestare qualsiasi sanguinamento potenziale causa dell&#39;alta vascolarizzazione del fegato. </li><li> Chiudere il tessuto sottocutaneo con una sutura assorbibile seguita da chiusura pelle con clip chirurgiche. Successivamente, pulire la ferita ancora una volta con betadine scrub. Nota: Ciò garantirà la chiusura della ferita chirurgica. </li><li> Sottocutanea dare 100 ml di soluzione fisiologica. </li></ol> 3. Post-chirurgia <ol><li> Subito dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico, trasferire il mouse in una gabbia pulita con una carta d&#39;identità post-operatorio per notificare custodi della condizione del mouse. Fornire cibo e acqua. Nota: Nella nostra esperienza, un mouse che ha appena subito un intervento chirurgico se la passeranno meglio se alloggiati solo con cibo umido e acqua per il periodo di 24 ore dopo il primo intervento chirurgico. </li><li> Tenere il caldo animale con una lampada di calore che genera calore non supera 38 ° C. USE un termometro per misurare la temperatura fino a quando il mouse è completamente recuperato. </li><li> Casa l&#39;animale in una gabbia, preferibilmente con biancheria da letto di carta per assicurare il comfort. </li><li> Dopo il recupero iniziale, monitorare l&#39;animale per segni di disagio, sanguinamento, dolore e angoscia. Dare buprenorfina (0,05 -0.1 mg / kg) per alleviare il dolore. Strettamente monitorare l&#39;attività, comportamento e l&#39;aspetto, così come l&#39;acqua e il consumo di cibo per circa 2 ore. Se ambulatoriale, spostare l&#39;animale torna alla zona per regolare un alloggio normale di topi e di continuare a monitorare a intervalli 6-12 hr per la post-operatorio 24 ore. Eseguire un controllo del peso se lo si desidera. </li><li> Tuttavia, se l&#39;animale sta avendo problemi recuperare, adottare le adeguate misure terapeutiche di supporto. Se i topi sono in grado di recuperare, umanamente eutanasia topi via di CO 2 asfissia e dislocazione cervicale. Seguire le linee guida istituzionali approvate per l&#39;eutanasia. </li><li> Post-operatorio, verificare la presenza di segni clinici di HCC che di solito è observable come significativa riduzione del body condition score. Nota: A questo punto, un tumore primario ha probabilmente sviluppato nel fegato e depositi metastatici hanno probabilmente sviluppata nei polmoni. </li><li> A questo punto, sacrifica tutti i topi (sperimentale e di controllo) coinvolti nella sperimentazione per eutanasia umana. Sottoporre i topi all&#39;anidride carbonica asfissia: molto lentamente rilasciare biossido di carbonio nella camera per un periodo di 5 -10 min. Ciò causerà arresto respiratorio. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sheng, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capture,+release+and+culture+of+circulating+tumor+cells+from+pancreatic+cancer+patients+using+an+enhanced+mixing+chip.">Capture, release and culture of circulating tumor cells from pancreatic cancer patients using an enhanced mixing chip.</a> Lab on a Chip. 14, 89-98 (2014).</li><li>Ogunwobi, O. O., Liu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+and+prognostic+importance+of+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+in+liver+cancers:+insights+from+experimental+models.">Therapeutic and prognostic importance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in liver cancers: insights from experimental models.</a> Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 83, 319-328 (2012).</li><li>Ogunwobi, O. O., Puszyk, W., Dong, H. J., Liu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+upregulation+of+HGF+and+c-Met+drives+metastasis+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Epigenetic upregulation of HGF and c-Met drives metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> PloS One. 8, e63765 (2013).</li><li>Ogunwobi, O. O., Liu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocyte+growth+factor+upregulation+promotes+carcinogenesis+and+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma+via+Akt+and+COX-2+pathways.">Hepatocyte growth factor upregulation promotes carcinogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma via Akt and COX-2 pathways.</a> Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 28, 721-731 (2011).</li><li>Fujiwara, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+animal+model+for+in+vivo+study+of+liver+cancer+metastasis.">A novel animal model for in vivo study of liver cancer metastasis.</a> World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. 18, 3875-3882 (2012).</li><li>Wirtz, D., Konstantopoulos, K., Searson, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+physics+of+cancer:+the+role+of+physical+interactions+and+mechanical+forces+in+metastasis.">The physics of cancer: the role of physical interactions and mechanical forces in metastasis.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 11, 512-522 (2011).</li><li>Heindryckx, F., Colle, I., Van Vlierberghe, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+mouse+models+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma+research.">Experimental mouse models for hepatocellular carcinoma research.</a> International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 90, 367-386 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vivo+mouse+model+of+metastatic+human+thyroid+cancer.">An in vivo mouse model of metastatic human thyroid cancer.</a> Thyroid Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 24, 695-704 (2014).</li><li>Menezes, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetically+engineered+mice+as+experimental+tools+to+dissect+the+critical+events+in+breast+cancer.">Genetically engineered mice as experimental tools to dissect the critical events in breast cancer.</a> Advances in Cancer Research. 121, 331-382 (2014).</li><li>Ogunwobi, O. O., Wang, T., Zhang, L., Liu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclooxygenase-2+and+Akt+mediate+multiple+growth-factor-induced+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+in+human+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Cyclooxygenase-2 and Akt mediate multiple growth-factor-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 27, 566-578 (2012).</li><li>Hanahan, D., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hallmarks+of+cancer.">The hallmarks of cancer.</a> Cell. 100, 57-70 (2000).</li><li>Chambers, A. F., Groom, A. C., MacDonald, I. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissemination+and+growth+of+cancer+cells+in+metastatic+sites.">Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 2, 563-572 (2002).</li><li>Kim, M. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+self-seeding+by+circulating+cancer+cells.">Tumor self-seeding by circulating cancer cells.</a> Cell. 139, 1315-1326 (2009).</li><li>Stolpe, A., Pantel, K., Sleijfer, S., Terstappen, L. W., den Toonder, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+tumor+cell+isolation+and+diagnostics:+toward+routine+clinical+use.">Circulating tumor cell isolation and diagnostics: toward routine clinical use.</a> Cancer Research. 71, 5955-5960 (2011).</li><li>Saad, F., Pantel, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+current+role+of+circulating+tumor+cells+in+the+diagnosis+and+management+of+bone+metastases+in+advanced+prostate+cancer.">The current role of circulating tumor cells in the diagnosis and management of bone metastases in advanced prostate cancer.</a> Future Oncology. 8, 321-331 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

In questo articolo viene fornita una descrizione approfondita del metodo che è stato recentemente riportato da Ogunwobi e colleghi di successo creazione di un modello di topo singenici ortotopico di HCC metastasi (Figura 2) 3. Il tasso di tumori per questa procedura è generalmente elevata. Abbiamo già osservato un tasso di tumore al 100% 3. Tuttavia, il tasso di utilizzo può essere variabile a seconda della competenza del ricercatore. In un recente esperimento condotto da un nuovo studente laureato in formazione, il tasso di tumore è stato a partire da 40%. Sebbene la maggior parte degli esperimenti sono terminati a 4 - 6 settimane dovuto declinare nel punteggio di condizione corporea, crediamo che l&#39;esperienza con impianto sottocutaneo delle stesse cellule nella stessa topi che i tumori primari possono essere stabilite da 2 - 3 settimane. Noi di solito aspettiamo di vedere un tumore del nodulo da un esperimento riuscito. E anche se ci aspettiamo metastasi polmonari di sviluppare tra i 4 - 6 settimane, è conceivgrado che del tumore nel fegato può avvenire molto prima. Buone tecniche chirurgiche e condizioni asettiche sono essenziali per il successo di questo metodo di operazione sopravvivenza. I topi utilizzati per la chirurgia sopravvivenza devono essere in buona salute. Pesatura pre e post-operatorio è una buona pratica. I pesi medi pre-chirurgia dei topi utilizzati o più recente esperimento era 18 grammi, e al punto finale sperimentale (63 giorni dopo l&#39;impianto chirurgico) il loro peso medio era di soli 22 grammi. Un guadagno di soli 4 grammi di peso durante questo periodo di tempo è probabilmente perché c&#39;era un certo calo in aumento di peso a causa di malattia sistemica dal tumore. Avremmo avuto una valutazione più obiettiva di questo aveva abbiamo misurato il peso del mouse una volta o due volte alla settimana per tutto l&#39;esperimento. Questo è consigliata migliori pratiche. Come riassunto nella Figura 2, i topi dovrebbero essere adeguatamente anestetizzati prima dell&#39;intervento e per tutto il periodo di intervento chirurgico per evitare il dolore un<html> angoscia nd. L&#39;area dovrebbe essere libera da ogni disordine, e l&#39;accesso dovrebbe essere solo a disposizione di coloro che svolgono l&#39;intervento chirurgico. Sia l&#39;area chirurgia nonché gli strumenti utilizzati dovrebbero essere sterili. Un passo fondamentale per il successo dell&#39;impianto è la preparazione delle cellule del mouse HCC BNL 1ME A.7R.1 da impiantare. Durante la preparazione, è fondamentale per evitare la contaminazione della raccolta delle cellule da colture cellulari confluenti piatti. Questi passaggi devono essere eseguiti in una cappa di coltura cellulare in condizioni sterili. Un conteggio delle cellule dovrebbe essere fatto anche per garantire 5 × 10 6 celle BNL 1ME A.7R.1 topo HCC sono stati raccolti in una provetta sterile da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga per mouse che è risospeso in 100 ml tampone fosfato salino (PBS). Trypan blue colorazione può essere eseguita anche opzionalmente per confermare la vitalità delle cellule. Queste cellule devono essere tenuti in ghiaccio non più di 2 ore prima dell&#39;impianto nel fegato di topi. _content &quot;&gt; L&#39;impianto delle cellule tumorali deve essere maneggiato con cura a causa della natura delicata del fegato (Figura 2). Durante l&#39;iniezione delle cellule tumorali, evitare troppo profonda una foratura che può provocare l&#39;ago passa attraverso tutto il fegato . E &#39;essenziale per iniettare le cellule tumorali lentamente e con attenzione. D&#39;altra parte, troppo superficiale una puntura con l&#39;ago prima dell&#39;iniezione probabilmente causare la fuoriuscita delle cellule tumorali iniettate nella cavità peritoneale. Inoltre, dopo aver rimosso l&#39;ago, c&#39;è sempre un potenziale dell&#39;organo sanguinamento a causa della sua elevata vascolarizzazione. Pertanto, applicando un tampone di cotone sterile per almeno 1 min è raccomandata. Cura e attenzione garantirà il più alto tasso di successo dell&#39;impianto. L&#39;animale deve essere fornito un fonte esterna di calore in tutta la procedura di ipotermia è una delle principali preoccupazioni causare disturbi di termoregolazione durante l&#39;anestesia. post-chirurgia, l&#39;animale deve essere monitorato pereventuali segni di disagio o dolore a quel punto adeguate cure deve essere somministrato. Se il mouse è in grado di recuperare dalla chirurgia, dovrebbe essere umanamente eutanasia. Come metastasi del cancro è la causa principale di mortalità da cancro, è fondamentale per delineare i meccanismi di diffusione ematogena 2-4. Nuove cellule tumorali circolanti sono state stabilite da questo ortotopico modello singenici murino di HCC metastasi 3. Inoltre, i CTC derivati ​​da questo modello sempre mostrano un aumento iniziazione tumorale e la capacità metastatica 3. Le cellule tumorali circolanti isolate con questo metodo potrebbe rivelarsi molto importante in quanto aiutano a svelare i fattori molecolari specifici, marcatori e possibili bersagli terapeutici di metastasi del cancro 2-4. Questa metodologia è già identificato che vi è un aumento del fattore di crescita upregulation epatociti (HGF) e il suo recettore, c-Met in cellule tumorali circolanti rispetto aile cellule del tumore primario di HCC 3. Questi risultati si basano sul precedente lavoro dimostrare che un aspetto importante di metastasi tumorali è il processo cellulare di epitelio-mesenchimale transizione 2-4,10. Ulteriori caratterizzanti cellule tumorali circolanti utilizzando questo romanzo modello aumenteranno la nostra comprensione dei complessi meccanismi di fattori che favoriscono il processo determinando in tal modo lo sviluppo di una gestione più efficace del carcinoma epatocellulare 1-3,10. Attualmente, i modelli tumorali animali più usati sono modelli di tumore xenotrapianto di topo in cui le cellule tumorali umane sono impiantati in topi immunodeficienti. Il modello descritto in questo articolo presenta vantaggi importanti perché è singenici ed è pertanto adatto per studiare il ruolo del sistema immunitario in metastasi tumorali 3. Questo modello ha dimostrato di essere altamente riproducibile per isolare, coltura e lo studio di cellule tumorali circolanti vitali 3. Si ha pertanto tremenpotenziale dous per valutare le applicazioni cliniche, come lo screening, la diagnosi, la prognosi, il monitoraggio della terapia e la scoperta di nuove strategie terapeutiche. Una limitazione della metodologia sopra descritta è che una parte significativa di cellule di carcinoma epatico di topo A.7R.1 BNL 1ME impiantato in topi sarà in grado di sopravvivere e quindi solo una piccola parte delle cellule sarà vitale e abili a introdurre i tumori a siti secondari 3. Ci conto per questa limitazione di impianto iniziale di 5 × 10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1 cellule del mouse HCC per mouse. In conclusione, questo modello ortotopico singenici murino di cancro metastatico organo solido fornisce una buona piattaforma per chiarire i meccanismi biologici alla base della capacità metastatica delle cellule tumorali circolanti nel sangue di pazienti affetti da cancro 3. Questo a sua volta probabilmente gettare nuove informazioni sui meccanismi di metastasi tumorali perché metastasi del cancro avviene principalmente per via Hematogenous diffuse 11-13. Nuove conoscenze acquisite in tal modo nei meccanismi di metastasi tumorali sarà fondamentale per lo sviluppo di nuove applicazioni cliniche benefiche 3,14,15.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers, with poor prognosis and low life expectancy. Nearly all cancer-related deaths are due to the metastatic spread of the disease from the originating organ to additional distant organs2-6.HCC progression is a complex process. Therefore, being able to model the tumor microenvironment that is naturally found in metastatic HCC in animal models can prove to be a successful and useful way to reveal relevant mechanisms in humans.7Unfortunately, the mechanisms of cancer metastasis are still largely unclear. Therefore, there is a need to establish animal models that will enable us to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of metastases of cancers such as HCC3,5.
Mouse model systems are a very useful approach for delineating mechanisms and evaluating novel strategies for treatment of metastatic human cancers5,8. The various mouse model systems that presently exist are a testament to efforts of researchers to correctly depict the complexity of the disease5,8,9.
Ogunwobi and colleagues recently used a survival surgical approach to demonstrate establishment of a novel orthotopic syngeneic mouse model for the study of metastasis in HCC3. Their work established a &#8220;patient-like&#8221; mouse model that recapitulates features of aggressive and metastatic HCCs3. They further demonstrated that this mouse model system can be used to study the biology of circulating tumor cells, and that this holds potential for gaining novel insights into the mechanisms of cancer metastasis3.
The aim of this paper is to describe in detail the methodology used in establishing this &#8220;patient-like&#8221; orthotopic syngeneic mouse model of HCC metastasis3. The methodology of how to implant BNL 1ME A.7R.1 mouse HCC cells directly into the liver (the organ of origin) of the inbred wild-type immune competent laboratory mouse strain, BALB/c3 using survival surgery will be described. Unlike other mouse xenograft tumor models where human tumor cells are implanted into immune deficient mice, this system is syngeneic and is, therefore, suitable for studying the role of the immune system in tumor metastasis3,5,8. This approach will likely gain widespread use for studying the mechanisms of metastasis in solid organ cancers.

<table border="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Tweezer&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-5040)</td>
			<td>Tip .20 x .12mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Micro Dissecting Forceps, serrated curved tip</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-5111)</td>
			<td>1 X 2 teeth, curved tip width 0.6mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Retractor-Agricola (3 by 3 prongs)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-6501)</td>
			<td>Blunt 3 X 3 prongs, depth 4mm, spread 25mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Retractor-Goldstein (3 by 3 prongs)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-6503)</td>
			<td>Blunt, 3 X 3 prongs, depth 4mm, spread 19mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jameson Caliper (Measures tumors)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-6466)</td>
			<td>80mm/3 inch scale, chrome plated&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Scissors, large ring sissors, straight and sharp</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-5852)</td>
			<td>23mm blades, length 4 inches, flat shanks and large rings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel with blades, for delicate dissecting procedures</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-9861-36)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel handle&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-9884)</td>
			<td>Solid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Littauer Stitch Sissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-7074)</td>
			<td>Length 4.5 inches</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brown needle holder, for easy suture tying</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-7960)</td>
			<td>Convex jaw, fine serrations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reflex 7MM wound clips with reflex 7 clip applier</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-9262)</td>
			<td>safe, secure alternative method of wound closure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instrument tray and lid</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RT-1350S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-clipper with detachable blade</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-5903)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator 500 (the Germ Terminator) Dry Sterilizer</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>Ds-400, Ds-401, DS-501</td>
			<td>For fast decontamination of micro-dissecting instruments.&#160;&#160; Instruments decontaminate within 15 seconds.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjection needles</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BD305125</td>
			<td>25G Needle</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a "patient-like" orthotopic syngeneic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis

The majority of cancer-related deaths are caused by the metastasis of the cancer rather than the primary tumor itself. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of cancer metastasis are still unclear. Animal models are essential for elucidating the mechanisms and for evaluating novel strategies for the treatment of metastatic cancers. Here, an in-depth description of a &#8220;patient-like&#8221; orthotopic syngeneic mouse model for exploring the mechanisms of metastasis of solid organ tumors is provided. The survival surgical implantation of BNL 1ME A.7R.1 mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cells directly into the liver (the organ of origin) of the inbred wild-type immune competent laboratory mouse strain, BALB/c is described. The success and reproducibility of this methodology recommends it for widespread use in elucidating the biological mechanisms of solid organ cancer metastasis.

Il fegato dei topi Balb / c sono stati impiantati con 5 × 10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1 cellule del mouse HCC. L&#39;evidenza clinica di sviluppo HCC era osservabile 63 giorni dopo l&#39;intervento. Di conseguenza, i topi sono stati umanamente eutanasia. Necroscopia è stata effettuata su topi eutanasia. I polmoni e il fegato sono stati asportati e un esame attento lordo è stata effettuata per identificare i tumori macroscopiche. In un mouse, un tumore superficiale è stata osservata sulla superficie del fegato con qualche attacco alla parete addominale (Figura 1A). In un secondo mouse, è stato osservato un fegato anormalmente aspetto. L&#39;anomalia appare molto forte come un tumore superficiale (Figura 1B). Come previsto, i topi del gruppo di controllo senza alcun impianto di cellule BNL 1ME A.7R.1 HCC sviluppato nessun tumore, come evidenziato da un fegato (Figura 1D) e polmoni (Figura 1E) da un topo di controllo. Inoltre, i polmoni di topi con tumori visto qualcosa di anormale, visualizzazionearee ing di necrosi emorragica (Figura 1C). Sulla base di esperienze precedenti, questi polmoni possono ospitare depositi metastatici 3. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52858/52858fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Esame lordo di tumore e metastasi. Topi Balb / c sono stati impiantati con 5 x 10 6 cellule tumorali BNL 1ME A.7R.1 e eutanasia 63 giorni più tardi. Tumori del Rappresentante del fegato osservati sono stati fotografati e mostrato qui. (A e B) entrambi mostrano tumori epatici superficiali. (C) è polmoni dalle cellule tumorali topi impiantati. (D) visualizza il fegato di un topo di controllo. (E) indica i polmoni di un controllo mouse. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52858/52858fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> Figura 2. Schema della metodologia di un modello di topo singenici ortotopico &quot;paziente-like&quot; di carcinoma epatocellulare metastasi. Una volta anestetizzato, fegato di topo è impiantato con 5 X 106 BNL 1ME topo A.7R.1 carcinoma epatocellulare (HCC), le cellule. Quando evidenza clinica di carcinoma epatocellulare è osservabile, animale viene sacrificato per eutanasia umana (sottoposto ad anidride carbonica per asfissia, seguito da dissanguamento percutanea intracardiaca e dislocazione cervicale). <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52858/52858fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis at JoVE.com

A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

La diffusione metastatica del cancro è la principale causa di decessi correlati al cancro. Forniamo una descrizione approfondita della nostra metodologia chirurgia sopravvivenza per stabilire un modello di sistema ortotopico singenici mouse &quot;paziente-tipo&quot; per lo studio dei meccanismi di metastatizzazione dei tumori di organi solidi.

A &quot;paziente-Like&quot; ortotopico Singenico modello murino della carcinoma epatocellulare Metastasi

The majority of cancer-related deaths are caused by the metastasis of the cancer rather than the primary tumor itself. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of ...

a-patient-like-orthotopic-syngeneic-mouse-model-hepatocellular

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.2K Views.  Hunter College of the City University of New York.  La diffusione metastatica del cancro è la principale causa di decessi correlati al cancro. Forniamo una descrizione approfondita della nostra metodologia chirurgia sopravvivenza per stabilire un modello di sistema ortotopico singenici mouse "paziente-tipo" per lo studio dei meccanismi di metastatizzazione dei tumori di organi solidi. 

Video: A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotone Imaging di invasione delle cellule tumorali in un modello di mouse ortotopico di carcinoma orale a cellule squamose

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Ricerca

Medicina

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There is little knowledge about in situ, in vivo, tumor hypoxia during intracranial development of malignant brain tumors because of lack of efficient means to monitor it in these deep-seated orthotopic tumors. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene, has been rapidly adopted for cancer research, in particular, to evaluate tumor growth or tumor size changes in response to treatment in preclinical animal studies. Moreover, by expressing a reporter gene under the control of a promoter sequence, the specific gene expression can be monitored non-invasively by BLI. Under hypoxic stress, signaling responses are mediated mainly via the hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; (HIF-1&alpha;) to drive transcription of various genes. Therefore, we have used a HIF-1&alpha; reporter construct, 5HRE-ODD-luc, stably transfected into human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells (MDA-MB231/5HRE-ODD-luc). In vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay is performed by incubating the transfected cells in a hypoxic chamber (0.1% O2) for 24 hr before BLI, while the cells in normoxia (21% O2) serve as a control. Significantly higher photon flux observed for the cells under hypoxia suggests an increased HIF-1&alpha; binding to its promoter (HRE elements), as compared to those in normoxia. Cells are injected directly into the mouse brain to establish a breast cancer brain metastasis model. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics is initiated 2 wks after implantation and repeated once a week. BLI reveals increasing light signals from the brain as the tumor progresses, indicating increased intracranial tumor hypoxia. Histological and immunohistochemical studies are used to confirm the in vivo imaging results. Here, we will introduce approaches of in vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay, surgical establishment of a breast cancer brain metastasis in a nude mouse and application of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia.

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Bioluminescence imaging of hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; activity is applied to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia development in a breast cancer brain metastasis mouse model.

In Imaging bioluminescenza in vivo di Dinamica Tumore ipossia di metastasi cerebrali cancro al seno in un modello murino

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the understanding of the mechanics of tumor invasion, and direct intracerebral inoculation of tumor provides the opportunity of observing the invasive process in a physiologically appropriate environment2. As far as human brain tumors are concerned, the orthotopic models currently available are established either by stereotaxic injection of cell suspensions or implantation of a solid piece of tumor through a complicated craniotomy procedure3. In our technique we harvest cells from tissue culture to create a cell suspension used to implant directly into the brain. The duration of the surgery is approximately 30 minutes, and as the mouse needs to be in a constant surgical plane, an injectable anesthetic is used. The mouse is placed in a stereotaxic jig made by Stoetling (figure 1). After the surgical area is cleaned and prepared, an incision is made; and the bregma is located to determine the location of the craniotomy. The location of the craniotomy is 2 mm to the right and 1 mm rostral to the bregma. The depth is 3 mm from the surface of the skull, and cells are injected at a rate of 2 &mu;l every 2 minutes. The skin is sutured with 5-0 PDS, and the mouse is allowed to wake up on a heating pad. From our experience, depending on the cell line, treatment can take place from 7-10 days after surgery. Drug delivery is dependent on the drug composition. For radiation treatment the mice are anesthetized, and put into a custom made jig. Lead covers the mouse's body and exposes only the brain of the mouse. The study of tumorigenesis and the evaluation of new therapies for GBM require accurate and reproducible brain tumor animal models. Thus we use this orthotopic brain model to study the interaction of the microenvironment of the brain and the tumor, to test the effectiveness of different therapeutic agents with and without radiation.

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of an orthotopic glioblastoma model for chemoradiation studies. This article will go though cell processing, implanting, and radiotherapy of the mouse using an intracranial model.

La radioterapia combinata in un modello di tumore ortotopico cervello di topo

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the ...

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer cells into immunodeficient mice. Subcutaneous xenograft models have been valuable for preclinical screening and evaluation of new therapeutic treatments. There are a number of advantages to using a subcutaneous model; 1) rapid, 2) reproducible, and 3) tumor establishment, growth, and response to therapeutic agents may be monitored by visual inspection. However, substantial evidence has shed light on the short-comings of subcutaneous xenograft models1-3. For instance, medicinal treatments demonstrating curative properties in subcutaneous xenograft models often have no notable impact on the human disease. The microenvironment of the site of xenographic transplantation or injection lies at the heart of this dissimilarity.
Orthotopic tumor xenograft models provide a more biologically relevant context in which to study the disease. The advantages of implanting diseased cells or tissue into their anatomical origin equivalent within a host animal includes a suitable site for tumor-host interactions, development of disease-related metastases and the ability to examine site-specific influence on investigational therapeutic remedies. Therefore, orthotopic xenograft models harbor far more clinical value because they closely reproduce human disease. For these reasons, a number of groups have taken advantage of an orthotopic thyroid cancer model as a research tool4-7.
Here, we describe an approach that establishes an orthotopic model for the study of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), which is highly invasive, resists treatment, and is virtually fatal in all diagnosed patients. Cultured ATC cells are prepared as a dissociated cellular suspension in a solution containing a basement membrane matrix. A small volume is slowly injected into the right thyroid gland. Overall appearance and health of the mice are monitored to ensure minimal post-operative complications and to gauge pathological penetrance of the cancer. Mice are sacrificed at 4 weeks, and tissue is collected for histological analysis. Animals may be taken at later time-points to examine more advance progression of the disease. Production of this orthotopic mouse model establishes a platform that accomplishes two objectives: 1) further our understanding of ATC pathology, and 2) screen current and future therapeutic agents for efficacy in combating ATC.

Generation of an orthotopic mouse model of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is described here. This technique employs surgical placement of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells into the thyroid of immunodeficient mice, thus creating a more clinically relevant setting to study disease progression as well as screen innovative therapeutic interventions.

Un modello di mouse ortotopico di anaplastico della tiroide Carcinoma

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer ...

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

Generazione di sottocutaneo e intraepatica umane carcinoma epatocellulare xenotrapianti in topi immunodeficienti

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

Un ortotopico Modello murino di Human Prostate Cancer Metastasi

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Initiation of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma by Targeting of the Ductal Epithelium with Adenovirus-Cre: A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in exponential tumor growth and metastasis to distal tissues and the collapse of anti-tumor immunity. Many useful animal models exist to study breast cancer, but none completely recapitulate the disease progression that occurs in humans. In order to gain a better understanding of the cellular interactions that result in the formation of latent metastasis and decreased survival, we have generated an inducible transgenic mouse model of YFP-expressing ductal carcinoma that develops after sexual maturity in immune-competent mice and is driven by consistent, endocrine-independent oncogene expression. Activation of YFP, ablation of p53, and expression of an oncogenic form of K-ras was achieved by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase into the mammary duct of sexually mature, virgin female mice. Tumors begin to appear 6 weeks after the initiation of oncogenic events. After tumors become apparent, they progress slowly for approximately two weeks before they begin to grow exponentially. After 7-8 weeks post-adenovirus injection, vasculature is observed connecting the tumor mass to distal lymph nodes, with eventual lymphovascular invasion of YFP+ tumor cells to the distal axillary lymph nodes. Infiltrating leukocyte populations are similar to those found in human breast carcinomas, including the presence of &#945;&#946; and &#947;&#948; T cells, macrophages and MDSCs. This unique model will facilitate the study of cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in latent metastasis and dormancy in addition to being useful for designing novel immunotherapeutic interventions to treat invasive breast cancer.

Activation of latent mutations with adenovirus-Cre into the mammary ductal system results in a clinically relevant metastatic breast cancer. Incorporation of a YFP promoter allows tracking of distal metastatic tumor cells. This model is useful to study latent metastasis, anti-tumor immunity, and for designing novel immunotherapies to treat breast cancer.

Avvio del carcinoma metastatico della mammella dalla Targeting del duttale con Adenovirus-Cre: A Novel modello di topo transgenico di cancro al seno

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in ...

The In Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay as an Efficient Xenograft Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) begins to develop by day 7 after fertilization and matures by day 12. The CAM is naturally immunodeficient and highly vascularized, making it an ideal system for tumor implantation. Furthermore, the CAM contains extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, collagen, integrin alpha(v)beta3, and MMP-2, making it an attractive model to study tumor invasion and metastasis. Scientists have long taken advantage of the physiology of the CAM by using it as a model of angiogenesis. More recently, the CAM assay has been modified to work as an in vivo xenograft model system for various cancers that bridges the gap between basic in vitro work and more complex animal cancer models. The CAM assay allows for the study of tumor growth, anti-tumor therapies, and pro-tumor molecular pathways in a biologically relevant system that is both cost- and time-effective. Here, we describe the development of CAM xenograft model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with embryonic survival rates of up to 93% and reliable tumor take leading to growth of three-dimensional, vascularized tumors.

The In Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane CAM Assay as an Efficient Xenograft Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is immunodeficient and highly vascularized, making it a natural in vivo model of tumor growth and angiogenesis. In this protocol, we describe a reliable method of growing three-dimensional, vascularized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors using the CAM assay.

Il<em&gt; In Ovo</em&gt; Chick corioallantoidea membrana (CAM) Saggio come un efficiente dello xenotrapianto Modello di carcinoma epatocellulare

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) begins to develop by day 7 after fertilization and matures by day 12. The CAM is naturally immunodeficient and ...

Orthotopic Implantation and Peripheral Immune Cell Monitoring in the II-45 Syngeneic Rat Mesothelioma Model

The enormous upsurge of interest in immune-based treatments for cancer such as vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and increased understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment in treatment response, collectively point to the need for immune-competent orthotopic models for pre-clinical testing of these new therapies. This paper demonstrates how to establish an orthotopic immune-competent rat model of pleural malignant mesothelioma. Monitoring disease progression in orthotopic models is confounded by the internal location of the tumors. To longitudinally monitor disease progression and its effect on circulating immune cells in this and other rat models of cancer, a single tube flow cytometry assay requiring only 25 &#181;l whole blood is described. This provides accurate quantification of seven immune parameters: total lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, as well as the T-cell subsets CD4 and CD8, B-cells and Natural Killer cells. Different subsets of these parameters are useful in different circumstances and models, with the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio having the greatest utility for monitoring disease progression in the mesothelioma model. Analyzing circulating immune cell levels using this single tube method may also assist in monitoring the response to immune-based treatments and understanding the underlying mechanisms leading to success or failure of treatment.

The generation of an orthotopic rat model of pleural malignant mesothelioma by implantation of II-45 mesothelioma cells into the pleural cavity of immune competent rats is presented. A flow cytometric method to analyze seven immune cell subsets in these animals from a 25 &#181;l&#160;blood sample is also described.

Ortotopico impianto e periferico immunitario monitoraggio cellulare nel Modello II-45 Singenico Rat mesotelioma

The enormous upsurge of interest in immune-based treatments for cancer such as vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and increased understanding of ...

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Spontaneous Breast Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality of breast cancer patients. The mechanism underlying cancer cell metastasis, including breast cancer metastasis, is largely unknown and is a focus in cancer research. Various breast cancer spontaneous metastasis mouse models have been established. Here, we report a simplified procedure to establish orthotopic transplanted breast cancer primary tumor and resultant spontaneous metastasis that mimic human breast cancer metastasis. Combined with the bioluminescence live tumor imaging, this mouse model allows tumor growth and progression kinetics to be monitored and quantified. In this model, a low dose (1 x 104 cells) of 4T1-Luc breast cancer cells was injected into BALB/c mouse mammary fat pad using a tuberculin syringe. Mice were injected with luciferin and imaged at various time points using a bioluminescent imaging system. When the primary tumors grew to the size limit as in the IACUC-approved protocol (approximately 30 days), mice were anesthetized under constant flow of 2% isoflurane and oxygen. The tumor area was sterilized with 70% ethanol. The mouse skin around the tumor was excised to expose the tumor which was removed with a pair of sterile scissors. Removal of the primary tumor extends the survival of the 4T-1 tumor-bearing mice for one month. The mice were then repeatedly imaged for metastatic tumor spreading to distant organs. Therapeutic agents can be administered to suppress tumor metastasis at this point. This model is simple and yet sensitive in quantifying breast cancer cell growth in the primary site and progression kinetics to distant organs, and thus is an excellent model for studying breast cancer growth and progression, and for testing anti-metastasis therapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents in vivo.

An orthotopic breast cancer primary tumor model and surgical removal of primary tumor to extend mouse life to generate spontaneous metastasis are described. The tumor growth and progression are monitored and quantified by luciferase fluorescence imaging.