Questo lavoro è finanziato dal dipartimento di anestesiologia presso l&#39;ospedale per bambini del Michigan.

1. Attrezzature di preparazione <ol><li> Med pompa di fusione per infusione di propofol </li><li> Luogo tubi nasotracheale sotto materasso riscaldamento </li><li> Collegare la fotocamera a portata e controllare l&#39;orientamento </li><li> Tre movimenti influenzano la vista attraverso il campo di applicazione: <ol><li> Dentro e fuori. </li><li> Rotazione con una manovra a due mani. </li><li> Flessione ed estensione della punta del campo di applicazione. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Dotazione aggiuntiva <ol><li> Fentanil 0,5-1,0 mcg / kg </li><li> 12F gomma rossa catetere di aspirazione </li><li> Glicopirrolato 0,1-0,2 mg </li><li> Insufflazione gancio in metallo </li><li> Afrin spray nasale </li><li> Lubrificante </li><li> Lidocaina 2% o al 4% per la spruzzatura narici </li></ol> 3. Preparazione del paziente <ol><li> Eseguire con maschera e induzione mantenendo la ventilazione spontanea. </li><li> Inizio IV e dare fentanyl e glicopirrolato IV. </li><li> Dare bolo di propofol 1 kg mg / e iniziano il propofol infusione 200 mcg / kg / min. </li><li> Occhi nastro prima di spruzzare Afrin per evitare dilatazione delle pupille. </li><li> Spray Afrin e lidocaina in entrambe le narici. </li><li> Maschera di ventilare il paziente per distribuire Afrin e lidocaina distalmente. </li><li> Passo catetere gomma rossa in entrambe le narici per verificare la pervietà. </li><li> Scegli la narice brevetto più per l&#39;ambito a fibre ottiche. </li><li> Mantenere la gomma rossa l&#39;altra narice con la punta in dell&#39;ipofaringe per O 2. </li><li> Usa gancio insufflazione per collegare gomma rossa al circuito e amministrare 2 L / min di O 2 (non insufflare scorre in alto nel ipofaringe). </li></ol> 4. Reale intubazione a fibre ottiche <ol><li> Prendere il connettore dal tubo nasotracheale. </li><li> Tubo anticipo tutta la strada fino la portata a fibre ottiche lubrificati. </li><li> Pulire punta a fibre ottiche con l&#39;alcol </li><li> Metti una leggera curva alla fine del campo di applicazione per seguire il pavimento del naso. </li><li> Il filo a fibre ottiche per la laringe alla cieca. </li><li> Cercare eventuali strutture anatomiche riconoscibili. FREEZE! </li><li> Adeguare le strutture anatomiche al centro del campo e tenerli lì. </li><li> Quando ci si avvicina le corde vocali, danno un bolo di propofol 1 mg / kg IV. </li><li> Una volta attraverso le corde, girate verso il basso nella trachea. </li><li> Seguite gli anelli tracheali a livello della carena. </li><li> Potrebbe essere necessario un ulteriore bolo di propofol 1 mg / kg IV. </li><li> Assicurarsi che la punta portata a fibre ottiche è in una posizione neutra. </li><li> Infilare il ETT. Se l&#39;ETT viene appeso alla laringe, dare una svolta a 360 ° del tubo a girare in trachea. </li></ol> 5. Rappresentante Risultati Questo video mostra una tecnica efficace per elettiva intubazione a fibre ottiche nei pazienti pediatrici che è facilmente insegnabile ai residenti e ai compagni e riproducibili. La chiave principale è quello di mantenere la ventilazione spontanea in ogni momento. Attrezzature di preparazione utile prima mano è importante.

<ol>
	<li>Kinouchi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+difficult+pediatric+airway.">Management of difficult pediatric airway.</a> Masui. 55, 24-32 (2006).</li><li>Chen, Y. L., Wu, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Airway+management+of+patients+with+craniofacial+abnormalities:+10-year+experience+at+a+teaching+hospital+in+Taiwan.">Airway management of patients with craniofacial abnormalities: 10-year experience at a teaching hospital in Taiwan.</a> J Chin Med Assoc. 72, 468-470 (2009).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practice+guidelines+for+management+of+the+difficult+airway:+an+updated+report+by+the+American+Society+of+Anesthesiologists+Task+Force+on+Management+of+the+Difficult+Airway.">Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway.</a> Anesthesiology. 98, 1269-1277 (2003).</li><li>Fiadjoe, J., Stricker, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pediatric+difficult+airway+management:+current+devices+and+techniques.">Pediatric difficult airway management: current devices and techniques.</a> Anesthesiol Clin. 27, 185-195 (2009).</li><li>Wheeler, M., Roth, A. G., Dsida, R. M., Rae, B., Seshadri, R., Sullivan, C. L., Heffner, C. L., Cote, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Teaching+residents+pediatric+fiberoptic+intubation+of+the+trachea:+traditional+fiberscope+with+an+eyepiece+versus+a+video-assisted+technique+using+a+fiberscope+with+an+integrated+camera.">Teaching residents pediatric fiberoptic intubation of the trachea: traditional fiberscope with an eyepiece versus a video-assisted technique using a fiberscope with an integrated camera.</a> Anesthesiology. 101, 842-846 (2004).</li><li>Roth, A. G., Wheeler, M., Stevenson, G. W., Hall, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+a+rigid+laryngoscope+with+the+ultrathin+fibreoptic+laryngoscope+for+tracheal+intubation+in+infants.">Comparison of a rigid laryngoscope with the ultrathin fibreoptic laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in infants.</a> Can J Anaesth. 41, 1069-1073 (1994).</li><li>Ovassapian, A., Dykes, M. H., Golmon, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+training+programme+for+fibreoptic+nasotracheal+intubation.+Use+of+model+and+live+patients.">A training programme for fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation. Use of model and live patients.</a> Anaesthesia. 38, 795-798 (1983).</li><li>Stevenson, G. W., Roth, A. G., Wheeler, M., Hall, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+the+Olympus+LF-P+fibreoptic+laryngoscope+by+trainees+in+paediatric+anaesthesia.">Use of the Olympus LF-P fibreoptic laryngoscope by trainees in paediatric anaesthesia.</a> Anaesthesia. 51, (1996).</li><li>Taguchi, S., Kusunoki, S., Fukuda, H., Hamada, H., Kawamoto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Difficult+tracheal+intubation+using+airway+scope+in+a+pediatric+patient+with+Hunter+syndrome.">Difficult tracheal intubation using airway scope in a pediatric patient with Hunter syndrome.</a> Masui. 58, 1278-1281 (2009).</li></ol>

Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Intubazione a fibre ottiche nei pazienti pediatrici con vie aeree difficili potrebbe essere un 1,2 compito impegnativo e la presenza di dismorfismi cranio-facciale presenta le sfide per l&#39;intubazione tracheale 3. E &#39;più difficile da eseguire questa procedura in pazienti pediatrici che negli adulti principalmente a causa delle piccole vie aeree nei pazienti pediatrici che rendono la manipolazione delle fibre ottiche più difficile dal momento che qualsiasi piccolo movimento della punta della portata firberoptic corre il rischio di toccare la mucosa di del nasofaringe / trachea. Questo consentirà di evitare buona visualizzazione delle vie aeree e portare a eseguire manovre avanti e indietro del campo di applicazione a fibre ottiche per ottenere una migliore immagine. Durante il tentativo di ovviare a questo problema, i bambini hanno più alti tassi di consumo di ossigeno, in modo significativo accorciamento del periodo di apnea, che può essere tranquillamente tollerato. L&#39;anestesista dovrà interrompere la procedura per avviare la ventilazione ed evitare desatruation gravi del paziente. Awake intubazione a fibre ottiche è consigliato per l&#39;intubazione di pazienti con vie aeree difficili 4. Anche se questo è fattibile in pazienti adulti, è più difficile da eseguire su pazienti pediatrici durante la veglia a causa della mancanza di cooperazione 5. Alcuni operatori di eseguire l&#39;intubazione a fibre ottiche su pazienti anestetizzati e paralizzati 2,6. Anche se l&#39;acquisizione di competenze intubazione a fibre ottiche nei pazienti anestetizzati rispetto ai pazienti svegli, piuttosto è ben supportato in letteratura 7-9, è ancora una curva di apprendimento e nelle mani di un professionista inesperienza, corre il rischio di desaturazione del paziente che potrebbe avere conseguenze gravi se le paziente ha vie aeree difficili ed è difficile da ventilare o intubare 10. Abbiamo sviluppato le linee guida per eseguire una intubazione sicuro fibre ottiche, mentre il paziente continua a respirare spontaneamente durante la procedura ed evita così il rischio di desaturazione.

<ul><li> Med pompa di fusione per infusione di propofol </li><li> Fentanil 0,5-1,0 mcg / kg </li><li> 12F gomma rossa catetere di aspirazione </li><li> Glicopirrolato 0,1-0,2 mg </li><li> Insufflazione gancio in metallo </li><li> Afrin spray nasale </li><li> Lubrificante </li><li> Lidocaina 2% o al 4% per la spruzzatura narici </li></ul>

guidelines for elective pediatric fiberoptic intubation

Intubazione a fibre ottiche nei pazienti pediatrici è spesso richiesto soprattutto nelle vie aeree difficili della sindromica Sindrome cioè pazienti Pierre Robin. Bambini piccoli si desaturare molto rapidamente se la ventilazione è interrotto principalmente ad alto tasso metabolico. Abbiamo descritto le linee guida per eseguire una intubazione sicuro fibre ottiche, pur mantenendo la respirazione spontanea durante tutta la procedura. Passi che richiedono l&#39;uso di pompe propofol, fentanil, glicopirrolato, catetere di gomma rossa, insuflation gancio in metallo, Afrin, lubrificante e lidocaina spruzzo sono mostrati.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation at JoVE.com

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Abbiamo descritto le linee guida per eseguire una sicura ed efficiente intubazione elettiva fibre ottiche nei pazienti pediatrici, pur mantenendo la ventilazione spontanea.

Linee guida per elettive intubazione pediatrica a fibre ottiche

Fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients is often required especially in difficult airways of syndromic patients i.e. Pierre Robin Syndrome. Small ...

guidelines-for-elective-pediatric-fiberoptic-intubation

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.4K Views.  St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Abbiamo descritto le linee guida per eseguire una sicura ed efficiente intubazione elettiva fibre ottiche nei pazienti pediatrici, pur mantenendo la ventilazione spontanea.

Video: Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

A Novel Rescue Technique for Difficult Intubation and Difficult Ventilation

We describe a novel non surgical technique to maintain oxygenation and ventilation in a case of difficult intubation and difficult ventilation, which works especially well with poor mask fit.
Can not intubate, can not ventilate" (CICV) is a potentially life threatening situation. In this video we present a simulation of the technique we used in a case of CICV where oxygenation and ventilation were maintained by inserting an endotracheal tube (ETT) nasally down to the level of the naso-pharynx while sealing the mouth and nares for successful positive pressure ventilation.
A 13 year old patient was taken to the operating room for incision and drainage of a neck abcess and direct laryngobronchoscopy. After preoxygenation, anesthesia was induced intravenously. Mask ventilation was found to be extremely difficult because of the swelling of the soft tissue. The face mask could not fit properly on the face due to significant facial swelling as well. A direct laryngoscopy was attempted with no visualization of the larynx. Oxygen saturation was difficult to maintain, with saturations falling to 80%. In order to oxygenate and ventilate the patient, an endotracheal tube was then inserted nasally after nasal spray with nasal decongestant and lubricant. The tube was pushed gently and blindly into the hypopharynx. The mouth and nose of the patient were sealed by hand and positive pressure ventilation was possible with 100% O2 with good oxygen saturation during that period of time. Once the patient was stable and well sedated, a rigid bronchoscope was introduced by the otolaryngologist showing extensive subglottic and epiglottic edema, and a mass effect from the abscess, contributing to the airway compromise. The airway was secured with an ETT tube by the otolaryngologist.This video will show a simulation of the technique on a patient undergoing general anesthesia for dental restorations.

We describe a technique to maintain oxygenation and ventilation using an endotracheal tube inserted nasally to the level of the naso-pharynx while sealing the mouth and nares for successful positive pressure ventilation.

Una nuova tecnica di soccorso per l&#39;intubazione e ventilazione Difficile Difficile

We describe a novel non surgical technique to maintain oxygenation and ventilation in a case of difficult intubation and difficult ventilation, which ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Cell Population Analyses During Skin Carcinogenesis

Cancer development is a multiple-step process involving many cell types including cancer precursor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Each type of cells undergoes signaling and functional changes during carcinogenesis. The current challenge for many cancer researchers is to dissect these changes in each cell type during the multiple-step process in vivo. In the last few years, the authors have developed a set of procedures to isolate different cell populations during skin cancer development using K14creER/R26-SmoM2YFP mice. The procedure is divided into 6 parts: 1) generating appropriate mice for the study (K14creER+ and R26-SmoM2YFP+ mice in this protocol); 2) inducing SmoM2YFP expression in mouse skin; 3) preparing mouse skin biopsies; 4) isolating epidermis from skin; 5) preparing single cells from epidermis; 6) labeling single cell populations for flow cytometry analysis. Generation of sufficient number of mice with the right genotype is the limiting step in this protocol, which may take up to two months. The rest of steps take a few hours to a few days. Within this protocol, we also include a section for troubleshooting. Although we focus on skin cancer, this protocol may be modified to apply for other animal models of human diseases.

Carcinogenesis is a process involving interactions between cancer cells and the cancer microenvironment. To dissect the molecular events, one needs to isolate different cell populations at different stages during cancer development. Using a mouse model for basal cell carcinoma, we describe a protocol for cell analyses during carcinogenesis.

Analisi popolazione cellulare Durante carcinogenesi della pelle

Cancer development is  a multiple-step process involving many cell types including cancer precursor  cells, immune cells, fibroblasts and endothelial ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

Un metodo semplice di intubazione mouse polmone

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Intubation-mediated Intratracheal (IMIT) Instillation: A Noninvasive, Lung-specific Delivery System

Respiratory disease studies typically involve the use of murine models as surrogate systems. However, there are significant physiologic differences between the murine and human respiratory systems, especially in their upper respiratory tracts (URT). In some models, these differences in the murine nasal cavity can have a significant impact on disease progression and presentation in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) when using intranasal instillation techniques, potentially limiting the usefulness of the mouse model to study these diseases. For these reasons, it would be advantageous to develop a technique to instill bacteria directly into the mouse lungs in order to study LRT disease in the absence of involvement of the URT. We have termed this lung specific delivery technique intubation-mediated intratracheal (IMIT) instillation. This noninvasive technique minimizes the potential for instillation into the bloodstream, which can occur during more invasive traditional surgical intratracheal infection approaches, and limits the possibility of incidental digestive tract delivery. IMIT is a two-step process in which mice are first intubated, with an intermediate step to ensure correct catheter placement into the trachea, followed by insertion of a blunt needle into the catheter to mediate direct delivery of bacteria into the lung. This approach facilitates a &#62;98% efficacy of delivery into the lungs with excellent distribution of reagent throughout the lung. Thus, IMIT represents a novel approach to study LRT disease and therapeutic delivery directly into the lung, improving upon the ability to use mice as surrogates to study human respiratory disease. Furthermore, the accuracy and reproducibility of this delivery system also makes it amenable to Good Laboratory Practice Standards (GLPS), as well as delivery of a wide range of reagents which require high efficiency delivery to the lung.

Intubation-mediated Intratracheal IMIT Instillation: A Noninvasive, Lung-specific Delivery System

Intubation-mediated intratracheal (IMIT) instillation of reagents is an excellent, noninvasive method for studying respiratory disease, as well as a method for instilling therapeutic reagents directly into the lung. It is a rapid and highly reproducible method which is suitable for preclinical testing.

Intubazione-mediata intratracheale (IMIT) instillazione: A non invasiva, Lung-specifico sistema di rilascio

Respiratory disease studies typically involve the use of murine models as surrogate systems. However, there are significant physiologic differences ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

Un metodo migliore per Rapid intubazione della trachea nei topi

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus

Ultrasound is a safe bedside imaging tool that obviates the use of ionizing radiation diagnostic procedures. Due to its convenience, the lung ultrasound has received increasing attention from neonatal physicians. Nevertheless, clear reference standards and guideline limits are needed for accurate application of this diagnostic modality. This document aims to summarize expert opinions and to provide precise guidance to help facilitate the use of the lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of neonatal lung diseases.

Lung ultrasound is a noninvasive and valuable tool for bedside evaluation of neonatal lung diseases. However, a relative lack of reference standards, protocols and guidelines may limit its application. Here, we aim to develop a standardized neonatal lung ultrasound diagnostic protocol to be used in clinical decision-making.

Protocollo e linee guida per Point-of-Care polmone ecografia nella diagnosi delle malattie polmonare neonatale basate sul consenso di esperti internazionale

Ultrasound is a safe bedside imaging tool that obviates the use of ionizing radiation diagnostic procedures. Due to its convenience, the lung ultrasound ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

Intubazione orotrachea ripetuta nei topi

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

Blind Endotracheal Intubation in Neonatal Rabbits

The newborn rabbit is a useful animal model for various pathologies and procedures. Airway management of the rabbit is complex due to its anatomical characteristics, which is further complicated in the case of the newborn. Of the different methods of advanced airway management, endotracheal intubation is less aggressive than tracheostomy, and is more feasible than supraglottic management given the lack of supraglottic devices of such a small size. As direct glottis visualization is very difficult in animals this size, this blind intubation model is presented as an effective alternative, especially for experiments requiring prolonged anesthesia. Using this method, we performed blind intubations with a 90% success rate.

We describe a technique of endotracheal intubation in newborn rabbits after esophageal catheterization with a gastric tube.

Intubazione endotracheale cieca nei conigli neonatale

The newborn rabbit is a useful animal model for various pathologies and procedures. Airway management of the rabbit is complex due to its anatomical ...

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training

Catheter-based interventions are standard treatment options for cardiovascular pathologies. Therefore, patient-specific models could help training physicians&#39; wire-skills as well as improving planning of interventional procedures. The aim of this study was to develop a manufacturing process of patient-specific 3D-printed models for cardiovascular interventions.
To create a 3D-printed elastic phantom, different 3D-printing materials were compared to porcine biological tissues (i.e., aortic tissue) in terms of mechanical characteristics. A fitting material was selected based on comparative tensile tests and specific material thicknesses were defined. Anonymized contrast-enhanced CT-datasets were collected retrospectively. Patient-specific volumetric models were extracted from these datasets and subsequently 3D-printed. A pulsatile flow loop was constructed to simulate the intraluminal blood flow during interventions. Models&#39; suitability for clinical imaging was assessed by x-ray imaging, CT, 4D-MRI and (Doppler) ultrasonography. Contrast medium was used to enhance visibility in x-ray-based imaging. Different catheterization techniques were applied to evaluate the 3D-printed phantoms in physicians&#39; training as well as for pre-interventional therapy planning.
Printed models showed a high printing resolution (~30 &#181;m) and mechanical properties of the chosen material were comparable to physiological biomechanics. Physical and digital models showed high anatomical accuracy when compared to the underlying radiological dataset. Printed models were suitable for ultrasonic imaging as well as standard x-rays. Doppler ultrasonography and 4D-MRI displayed flow patterns and landmark characteristics (i.e., turbulence, wall shear stress) matching native data. In a catheter-based laboratory setting, patient-specific phantoms were easy to catheterize. Therapy planning and training of interventional procedures on challenging anatomies (e.g., congenital heart disease (CHD)) was possible.
Flexible patient-specific cardiovascular phantoms were 3D-printed, and the application of common clinical imaging techniques was possible. This new process is ideal as a training tool for catheter-based (electrophysiological) interventions and can be used in patient-specific therapy planning.

Here we present development of a mock circulation setup for multimodal therapy evaluation, pre-interventional planning, and physician-training on cardiovascular anatomies. With the application of patient-specific tomographic scans, this setup is ideal for therapeutic approaches, training, and education in individualized medicine.

Sviluppo e valutazione di fantasmi cardiovascolari stampati in 3D per la pianificazione e la formazione interventistica

Catheter-based interventions are standard treatment options for cardiovascular pathologies. Therefore, patient-specific models could help training ...

Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope as a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway or high ventilation pressures. Endotracheal intubation is a challenging skill,&#160;requiring a minimum number of successful endotracheal intubations to achieve a high success rate under optimal conditions, which is often unachievable for non-anaesthesiology researchers. Due to the specific porcine airway anatomy, a difficult airway can usually be assumed. The impossibility of establishing a secure airway can result in injury, adverse events, or death of the laboratory animal. Using a prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation approach, it has been shown that fiberoptic-assisted endotracheal intubation takes longer but has a higher first-pass success rate than conventional intubation without causing clinically relevant drops in oxygen saturation. This model presents a standardized regimen for endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, providing a secured airway, especially for researchers who are inexperienced in the technique of endotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

The use of pigs in research has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, pigs are characterized by difficult airway anatomy. By demonstrating how to perform endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, the present protocol aims to further increase laboratory animals' safety to avoid animal suffering and unnecessary death.

Intubazione endotracheale utilizzando un endoscopio per intubazione flessibile come modello standardizzato per la gestione sicura delle vie aeree nei suini

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway ...