We thank Katherine Clark for technical assistance. A.D.R.G. is funded in part by 5K01MH097957-03

למבוגרים עכברים (ישנים 3-4 חודשים) גבריים על C57BL / 6 רקע מעורב שמשו בפרוטוקול זה. בעלי חיים הוחזקו בשעתי אור 12 / מחזור כהה, ואפשרו גישה חופשית למזון ומים. כל הפרוצדורות שבוצעו בפרוטוקול זה נערכו על פי פרוטוקולים שאושרו על ידי ועדת דרקסל האוניברסיטה המוסדית הטיפול בבעלי חיים ושימוש. 1. הכנת אזור ניתוח <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחטא שולחן כירורגית עם 70% אתנול, ואז לכסות את הספסל כירורגית כל עם רפידות סופגים ולארגן מכשירי ניתוח בסמוך לstereotaxic. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדר את ציוד stereotaxic ללא זרוע מניפולטור. מסדרים את כרית החימום על stereotaxic ומוגדר 37 מעלות צלזיוס. למנוע התחממות יתר של בעלי החיים על ידי הצבת חתיכה קטנה של נייר מגבת או כרית כירורגית בין בעלי החיים וכרית החימום. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בעזרת המספריים autoclaved, לחתוך לחתיכות קטנות של gelfoam autoclaved לתוך צלחת פטרי המכילה סטרילי תמיסת מלח 0.9% סטרילי עד Ready לשימוש. הערה: לשמור על סביבת עבודה סטרילית ידי שימוש במכשירי autoclaved ואספקת ניתוח סטרילי. מחדש לעקר מכשירי ניתוח במהלך ההליך או בבעלי החיים בין על ידי טבילה למעקר חרוז במשך 10-15 שניות, בהתאם לצורך. לשמור על כפפות נקיות לאורך כל ההליך על ידי שפשוף ידיים עם 70% אתנול, במידת צורך, כדי לחטא. </li></ol> 2. prepping עכבר לכירורגיה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר עכבר מכלוב בבית ולשקול (ז). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> עכבר מקום לתא אינדוקציה isoflurane וחמצן מוגדר 2 ליטר / דקה ומאדה isoflurane עד 5 כדי לגרום למטוס של הרדמה כירורגית, כ 3-5 דקות. לפקח על נשימה וחוסר תנועה מואטת. בדוק שהעכבר מסומם באופן מלא באמצעות רפלקס קמצוץ הבוהן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כאשר עכבר מסומם לחלוטין, למקם במסגרת stereotaxic, לאבטח את האף בחרטום, אשר מצורף עם צינורות לisoflurane. הכנס ברים אוזן לתוך תעלת אוזן ולהדק, הבטחת הראש היא יציבה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לגלח את ראשך מאוזן לאוזן, ומבין העיניים למאחורי האוזניים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לעקר את העור עם מגבונים לסירוגין של אלכוהול איזופרופיל ותמיסת יוד בטאדין, 3 פעמים כל אחד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> החל דמעות מלאכותיות לשתי העיניים כדי למנוע מהם מהתייבשות במהלך ההליך הכירורגי. </li></ol> 3. נוהל כירורגי <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> צג עומק ההרדמה על ידי צובט את הבוהן או זנב. העכבר הוא במישור הניתוחי המתאים כאשר אין תגובה, והנשימה איטית ואפילו. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לעשות חתך בעור parasagittal מרק מאחורי העיניים לכמעט בין האוזניים בתנועה אחת, חברה אחת באמצעות סכין אזמל מס &#39;11. הזז עור בצד וקליפ צד ימין עם hemostat. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> גולגולת ברורה של קרום שמעליה באמצעות הצד הקהה של אזמל מס &#39;11 וכותנה הטתה applicators. לחלופין, למחוק את הגולגולת עם מוליך כותנה שקצהו טבול בשיעור של 0.9% תמיסת מלח. לאפשר לו להתייבש לחלוטין. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שלנוing שליט קטן, לסמן את הגבול הקדמי של פתיחת הגולגולת בזנב 1 מ&quot;מ לתפר העטרה, והקצה השמאלי של פתיחת הגולגולת ליום 1 במ&quot;מ לרוחב תפר sagittal (איור 1), עם סמן קבע. לאחר מכן לסמן את הזכות וגבולות הזנב של פתיחת הגולגולת ב 4 מ&quot;מ מתפרי sagittal ו עטרה, בהתאמה (איור 1). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> באמצעות מקדח 0.5 מ&quot;מ, מתחיל לעשות craniotomy על ידי קידוח לאט הבא המתווה סמן הקבועה. הקפד שלא לפרוץ את הגולגולת לחלוטין. לחץ בעדינות על פיסת העצם הקודקודית עם מס &#39;5 מלקחיים המבודדים, אזורים של חולשה ייתן דרך הלחץ. כאשר העצם דליל חלש מספיק לאורך ההיקף, חתיכת העצם מוכנה להסרת. הערה: אם קושי חוויות חוקר הסרת העצם בחתיכה אחת, זה מצביע על כך שהעצם לא היה דליל מספיק במהלך קידוח. שקול קידוח הגולגולת נוספת בבעלי חיים לאחר facilitaהסרה קלה te של חתיכת העצם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> באמצעות מצויד במחט G 23 מזרק 10 מיליליטר, למרוח כמות קטנה של תמיסת מלח 0.9% להשרות את העצם המבודד ואזור שנקדח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> צרף את זרוע מניפולטור לציוד stereotaxic. צרף להב סכין מנתחים מס &#39;11 חדש לבעל הבדיקה עם הצד החד של הלהב מול rostrally. הערה: למרות שהרקמות מקורי ואת הזנב לחוות את הקצוות החדים ובוטים של הלהב, בהתאמה, הנזק המכני הנגרם על ידי הפציעה החודרת דומה בכל רחבי היקף הנגע. אנו צופים אין הבדלים משמעותיים במאפיינים עיקריים של דבק תגובה כוללים upregulation ביטוי GFAP או הפצה, בין חלקים מקורי ואת הזנב. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שמירת מהדרך זרוע מניפולטור, להרים בזהירות את העצם המבודד באמצעות 5/45 מלקחיים זווית. הכנס את קצה המלקחיים לצד של העצם והרמה המבודדים, שימוש במינוף למשוך את פיסת העצם שנשארה באחד פולתנועת l. הערה: היזהר שלא לדקור את המוח או להפריע הדורה מתחת לגולגולת. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קח חתיכה קטנה של קצף ג&#39;ל נספג הספוג ומניח על המוח החשוף כדי למנוע ממנו להתייבש ולספוג את כל דם שעלולה להיות נוכח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ברגע שקצף ג&#39;ל הוא במקום, הנדנדה זרוע מניפולטור למקום ולהב להסתגל למרכז craniotomy מעל קצף ג&#39;ל. הסר את קצף ג&#39;ל ולהוריד את הלהב עד הקצה נוגע הדורה ללא ניקוב הדורה. מארק גב / קואורדינטות הגחון תוך שימוש בסולם ורניה על הזרוע האנכית של stereotaxic. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> באמצעות זרוע מניפולטור, לאט לאט להוריד את הלהב 3 מ&quot;מ בדיוק לתוך המוח. זו מושגת על ידי שימוש בסימונים בקנה מידה ורניה על זרוע מניפולטור. לאפשר להב להישאר במקום במשך 5-10 שניות. הזז את זרוע stereotaxic עם קובץ מצורף מקורי להב הזנב שלוש פעמים מאפשרות את הלהב כדי להגיע לגבולות מקורי ואת הזנב של פתיחת הגולגולת, לפני שעברתי לopposiסוף te. הערה: הדורה לא יוסר לפני החדרת הלהב. בניגוד לדורת החולדה, שהוא ~ 80 מיקרומטר בעובי 7, הדורה העכבר היא משמעותי יותר רזה (רק כמה שכבות תאים עבים) ולא לייצר התנגדות ניכרת ללהב סכין המנתחים בכניסה. השתמש בלהב סכין מנתחים חדש עבור כל עכבר כדי להבטיח שכל חיה מקבלת פגיעה עקבית. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאט לאט להעלות את זרוע stereotaxic, הסרת הלהב מהמוח. לאחר ההסרה של הלהב, מקום מייד חתיכת gelfoam אחרת על פני השטח של המוח כדי לספוג את כל דם או נוזלים עודפים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בינתיים, להסיר את זרוע stereotaxic ולהשליך את להב סכין המנתחים מס &#39;11. ברגע שהדימום נפסק, להסיר את gelfoam. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לסגור את הפצע על ידי תפירת העור עם תפר שאינו נספג, כגון ethilon או prolene. תפרים יש להסיר 9-10 ימים לאחר ניתוח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> החזר את העכבר לכלוב בבית שלה, ולאפשר העכבר כדי להתאושש לאט על חימוםכרית גרם ולפקח על כל סימני מצוקה. התאוששות מהרדמה מושרה isofluorane מתרחשת בדרך כלל בתוך 2-5 דקות לאחר ההסרה מisofluorane. אל תשאירו את בעלי החיים ללא השגחה עד שהוא חזר recumbancy sternal. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לנהל 0.5-1 מיליליטר של תת עורי תמיסה הרטמן כדי להבטיח לחות. </li></ol> טיפול 4. לאחר ניתוח <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> באופן הדוק לפקח בעלי חיים שלאחר ניתוח עד להחלמה מהרדמה לפני ההחזרה למושבה. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי להפחית את הכאב ואי נוחות לאחר ניתוח, לנהל 0.05-0.1 מ&quot;ג / קילוגרם עצירות על ידי הזרקת IP ביצוע ההליך באופן מיידי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תצפיות על בעלי חיים במשך 2-3 ימים לאחר ניתוח לסימני מצוקה קשים כגון תנועות מוגבלות, חוסר הטיפוח, או ירידה במשקל. להרדים בעלי חיים מפגינים כל סימני מצוקה אלה ולהסיר מהמחקר. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי לבחון histopathology של רקמות פצועות, להרדים בעלי חיים על ידי סטןזלוף intracardial dard. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בקצרה, להרדים חיות עם מנת יתר של קטמין / xylazine, אז perfused intracardially עם 15-20 מיליליטר של 0.9% NaCl, או עד שהכבד מתנקה מדם, ואחריו 60 מיליליטר של paraformaldehyde 4% בסיומו של הניסוי. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לנתח את מוח ולאחר תיקון-2-4 שעות בparaformaldehyde 4% לפני העברה לתמיסת סוכרוז 30%. מוח סעיף על cryostat ב40-60 מיקרומטר, ותהליך על ידי נהלים היסטולוגית או immunohistochemical סטנדרטיים, או כפי שמתואר בגרסיה 8,9. </li></ol>

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K., Kettenmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia:+active+sensor+and+versatile+effector+cells+in+the+normal+and+pathologic+brain.">Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain.</a> Nature neuroscience. 10 (11), 1387-1394 (2007).</li><li>Neumann, H., Kotter, M. R., Franklin, R. J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Debris+clearance+by+microglia:+an+essential+link+between+degeneration+and+regeneration.">Debris clearance by microglia: an essential link between degeneration and regeneration.</a> Brain. 132 (2), 288-295 (2008).</li><li>Nimmerjahn, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resting+Microglial+Cells+Are+Highly+Dynamic+Surveillants+of+Brain+Parenchyma+in+Vivo.">Resting Microglial Cells Are Highly Dynamic Surveillants of Brain Parenchyma in Vivo.</a> Science. 308 (5726), 1314-1318 (2005).</li><li>Horn, K. P., Busch, S. A., Hawthorne, A. L., van Rooijen, N., Silver, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Another+Barrier+to+Regeneration+in+the+CNS:+Activated+Macrophages+Induce+Extensive+Retraction+of+Dystrophic+Axons+through+Direct+Physical+Interactions.">Another Barrier to Regeneration in the CNS: Activated Macrophages Induce Extensive Retraction of Dystrophic Axons through Direct Physical Interactions.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (38), 9330-9341 (2008).</li><li>Ip, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+Cells+Contribute+to+Myelin+Degeneration+and+Axonopathic+Changes+in+Mice+Overexpressing+Proteolipid+Protein+in+Oligodendrocytes.">Immune Cells Contribute to Myelin Degeneration and Axonopathic Changes in Mice Overexpressing Proteolipid Protein in Oligodendrocytes.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (31), 8206-8216 (2006).</li><li>Perry, V. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+systemic+inflammation+to+chronic+neurodegeneration.">Contribution of systemic inflammation to chronic neurodegeneration.</a> Acta neuropathologica. 120 (3), 277-286 (2010).</li><li>McKeon, R. J., Jurynec, M. J., Buck, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chondroitin+sulfate+proteoglycans+neurocan+and+phosphacan+are+expressed+by+reactive+astrocytes+in+the+chronic+CNS+glial+scar.">The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan and phosphacan are expressed by reactive astrocytes in the chronic CNS glial scar.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (24), 10778-10788 (1999).</li><li>Silver, J., Miller, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+beyond+the+glial+scar.">Regeneration beyond the glial scar.</a> Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 5 (2), 146-156 (2004).</li><li>Zamanian, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+analysis+of+reactive+astrogliosis.">Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis.</a> J Neurosci. 32 (18), 6391-6410 (2012).</li><li>Buffo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin+and+progeny+of+reactive+gliosis:+A+source+of+multipotent+cells+in+the+injured+brain.">Origin and progeny of reactive gliosis: A source of multipotent cells in the injured brain.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (9), 3581-3586 (2008).</li><li>Sirko, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+glia+in+the+injured+brain+acquire+stem+cell+properties+in+response+to+sonic+hedgehog.+[corrected].">Reactive glia in the injured brain acquire stem cell properties in response to sonic hedgehog. [corrected].</a> Cell stem cell. 12 (4), 426-439 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

זה קריטי, כי הגולגולת או דורה שבבסיסם לא ניזוקו במהלך הקידוח. השתמש לחץ קל בעת קידוח על מנת להבטיח את הגולגולת לא ניקב. בנוסף, יש להקפיד בעת הרמת חתיכת הגולגולת כדי להבטיח את הדורה לא המריא עם העצם. פציעת דקירת המוח הקדמי מתוארת כאן...

A major challenge for developing successful therapies to treat the injured CNS is an incomplete understanding of the complex multicellular events that are triggered by the trauma. Reactive astrocytes are gaining increasing recognition as a promising target for novel therapies1. Though historically regarded as hostile to neural repair, reactive astrocytes are now recognized as critical components of a complex, multicellular neuroprotective response that includes attenuation of inflammatory processes and limiting secondary damage and neurodegeneration2-6. Although the neuropathological characteristics of reactive gliosis have long been well defined, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating reactive gliosis, and the diverse array of downstream consequences remain poorly understood. Understanding the mechanisms that drive reactive gliosis, as well as the subsequent cellular and molecular events, is an important step towards developing strategies aimed at promoting the neuroprotective properties of reactive gliosis, while attenuating the detrimental effects. 
Here we demonstrate a method to induce severe reactive astrogliosis in the forebrain of adult mice using a stab injury. In contrast to other traumatic brain injury (TBI) models, such as controlled cortical impact (CCI) or fluid percussion injury (FPI), which require specialized equipment to produce an injury, the forebrain stab requires only a stereotaxic device to stabilize the head and a No. 11 scalpel blade. Thus the forebrain stab lesion model is more broadly accessible to a wide range of laboratories that do not have access to the specialized devices necessary for creating an FPI or CCI injury. The method described here enables investigators to reliably and reproducibly trigger a robust gliosis response to investigate subsequent cellular and molecular events. Once recovered from surgery, animals that have received a forebrain stab injury can survive for prolonged periods without the need for specialized care and can be returned to the colony for acute, intermediate, or chronic studies. Though less clinically translatable than FPI or CCI models of TBI, a forebrain lesion produced by a stab injury serves as a simple yet useful experimental model to investigate basic biological mechanisms underlying reactive gliosis and other neuropathological events following trauma to the CNS.

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			<td>stainless steel scalpel blade, #11</td>
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			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
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			<td>1:400</td>
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			<td>Alexafluor 488 goat anti-rabbit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
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			<td>DAPI Nucleic Acid Stain</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D3571</td>
			<td>1:1000</td>
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			<td>Cresyl Violet Acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
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triggering reactive gliosis in vivo by a forebrain stab injury

Following injury to the CNS, astrocytes undergo a broad range of biochemical, morphological, and molecular changes collectively referred to as reactive astrogliosis. Reactive astrocytes exert both inflammatory and protective effects that inhibit and promote, respectively, neural repair. The mechanisms underlying the diverse functional properties of reactive astrogliosis are not well understood. Achieving a greater understanding of these mechanisms is critical to developing therapeutic strategies to treat the injured CNS. Here we demonstrate a method to trigger reactive astrogliosis in the adult mouse forebrain using a forebrain stab lesion. This lesion model is simple, reliable, and requires only a stereotaxic device and a scalpel blade to produce the injury. The use of stab lesions as an injury model in the forebrain is well established and amenable to studies addressing a broad range of neuropathological outcomes, such as neuronal degeneration, neuroinflammation, and disruptions in the blood brain barrier (BBB). Thus, the forebrain stab injury model serves as a powerful tool that can be applied for a broad range of studies on the CNS response to trauma.

בגלל בעלי חיים שעברו הליך זה אינו דורשים תקופות הישרדות מיוחדות טיפול שלאחר ניתוח, קצרות או זמן ארוך טווח משולבים בקלות לתוך המחקר, בהתאם לצורך לחקור פתולוגיה אקוטית או כרונית בעקבות פציעה. תכונות עיקריות של דבק תגובתי, כגון גברת ביטוי של GFAP והיפרטרופיה של סומה, ניתן ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury at JoVE.com

Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury

This article describes a detailed protocol to produce a forebrain stab injury in adult mice. The stab injury induces severe reactive gliosis and glial scar formation which can be subsequently examined by standard immunohistochemistry methods.

מפעילה תגובתי דבקה<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; על ידי המוח הקדמי דקירת פגיעה

Following injury to the CNS, astrocytes undergo a broad range of biochemical, morphological, and molecular changes collectively referred to as reactive ...

triggering-reactive-gliosis-in-vivo-by-a-forebrain-stab-injury

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Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury

10.4K Views.  Drexel University. This article describes a detailed protocol to produce a forebrain stab injury in adult mice. The stab injury induces severe reactive gliosis and glial scar formation which can be subsequently examined by standard immunohistochemistry methods. 

Video: Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

Muscle strains are one of the most common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and physical exam alone, however the clinical presentation can vary greatly depending on the extent of injury, the patient's pain tolerance, etc. In patients with muscle injury or muscle disease, assessment of muscle damage is typically limited to clinical signs, such as tenderness, strength, range of motion, and more recently, imaging studies. Biological markers, such as serum creatine kinase levels, are typically elevated with muscle injury, but their levels do not always correlate with the loss of force production. This is even true of histological findings from animals, which provide a "direct measure" of damage, but do not account for all the loss of function. Some have argued that the most comprehensive measure of the overall health of the muscle in contractile force. Because muscle injury is a random event that occurs under a variety of biomechanical conditions, it is difficult to study. Here, we describe an in vivo animal model to measure torque and to produce a reliable muscle injury. We also describe our model for measurement of force from an isolated muscle in situ. Furthermore, we describe our small animal MRI procedure.

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

An in vivo animal model of injury is described. The method takes advantage of the subcutaneous position of the fibular nerve. Velocity, timing of muscle activation, and arc of motion are all pre-determined and synchronized using commercial software. Post injury changes are monitored in vivo using MR imaging/spectroscopy.

In vivo מכרסמים דגם של פגיעה הנגרמת על התכווצות ולא פולשנית לניטור של התאוששות

Muscle strains are one of the most  common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and  physical ...

Implantation of a Carotid Cuff for Triggering Shear-stress Induced Atherosclerosis in Mice

It is widely accepted that alterations in vascular shear stress trigger the expression of inflammatory genes in endothelial cells and thereby induce atherosclerosis (reviewed in 1 and 2). The role of shear stress has been extensively studied in vitro investigating the influence of flow dynamics on cultured endothelial cells 1,3,4 and in vivo in larger animals and humans 1,5,6,7,8. However, highly reproducible small animal models allowing systematic investigation of the influence of shear stress on plaque development are rare. Recently, Nam et al. 9 introduced a mouse model in which the ligation of branches of the carotid artery creates a region of low and oscillatory flow. Although this model causes endothelial dysfunction and rapid formation of atherosclerotic lesions in hyperlipidemic mice, it cannot be excluded that the observed inflammatory response is, at least in part, a consequence of endothelial and/or vessel damage due to ligation.
In order to avoid such limitations, a shear stress modifying cuff has been developed based upon calculated fluid dynamics, whose cone shaped inner lumen was selected to create defined regions of low, high and oscillatory shear stress within the common carotid artery 10. By applying this model in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice fed a high cholesterol western type diet, vascular lesions develop upstream and downstream from the cuff. Their phenotype is correlated with the regional flow dynamics 11 as confirmed by in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 12: Low and laminar shear stress upstream of the cuff causes the formation of extensive plaques of a more vulnerable phenotype, whereas oscillatory shear stress downstream of the cuff induces stable atherosclerotic lesions 11. In those regions of high shear stress and high laminar flow within the cuff, typically no atherosclerotic plaques are observed.
 
In conclusion, the shear stress-modifying cuff procedure is a reliable surgical approach to produce phenotypically different atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-deficient mice.

The constricting cuff presented in this article is designed to induce atherosclerosis in the murine common carotid artery. Due to the conical shape of its inner lumen the implanted cuff generates well-defined regions of low, high and oscillatory shear stress triggering the development of atherosclerotic lesions of different inflammatory phenotypes.

השרשה של קאף הראש מפעילה שאר מתח טרשת עורקים המושרה עכברים

It is widely accepted that alterations in vascular shear stress trigger the expression of inflammatory genes in endothelial cells and thereby induce ...

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. Here, we describe a general protocol for cell labeling, imaging, and image processing. The technique is applicable to various cell types and animal models, although here we focus on a typical mouse model for tracking murine immune cells. The most important issues for cell labeling are described, as these are relevant to all models. Similarly, key imaging parameters are listed, although the details will vary depending on the MRI system and the individual setup. Finally, we include an image processing protocol for quantification. Variations for this, and other parts of the protocol, are assessed in the Discussion section. Based on the detailed procedure described here, the user will need to adapt the protocol for each specific cell type, cell label, animal model, and imaging setup. Note that the protocol can also be adapted for human use, as long as clinical restrictions are met.

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

We describe a general protocol for in vivo cell tracking using MRI in a mouse model with ex vivo labeled cells. A typical protocol for cell labeling, image acquisition processing and quantification is included.

בF-MRI 19 vivo למעקב סלולרי

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

טלמטריה תוך רחמי למדידת לחץ עכבר התכווצות<em&gt; In vivo</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) is a recently discovered cell recovery phenomenon whereby dying cells can reverse late-stage cell death processes that are generally assumed to be intrinsically irreversible. Promoting anastasis could in principle rescue or preserve injured cells that are difficult to replace such as cardiomyocytes or neurons, thereby facilitating tissue recovery. Conversely, suppressing anastasis in cancer cells, undergoing apoptosis after anti-cancer therapies, may ensure cancer cell death and reduce the chances of recurrence. However, these studies have been hampered by the lack of tools for tracking the fate of cells that undergo anastasis in live animals. The challenge is to identify the cells that have reversed the cell death process despite their morphologically normal appearance after recovery. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed Drosophila and mammalian CaspaseTracker biosensor systems that can identify and permanently track the anastatic cells in vitro or in vivo. Here, we present in vivo protocols for the generation and use of the CaspaseTracker dual biosensor system to detect and track anastasis in Drosophila melanogaster after transient exposure to cell death stimuli. While conventional biosensors and protocols can label cells actively undergoing apoptotic cell death, the CaspaseTracker biosensor can permanently label cells that have recovered after caspase activation - a hallmark of late-stage apoptosis, and simultaneously identify active apoptotic processes. This biosensor can also track the recovery of the cells that attempted other forms of cell death that directly or indirectly involved caspase activity. Therefore, this protocol enables us to continuously track the fate of these cells and their progeny, facilitating future studies of the biological functions, molecular mechanisms, physiological and pathological consequences, and therapeutic implications of anastasis. We also discuss the appropriate controls to distinguish cells that undergo anastasis from those that display non-apoptotic caspase activity in vivo.

Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis is technically challenging to detect in vivo because the cells that have reversed the cell death process can be morphologically indistinguishable from normal healthy cells. Here we describe protocols for detecting and tracking cells that undergo anastasis in live animals by using our newly developed in vivo CaspaseTracker biosensor system.

גילוי Anastasis In Vivo מאת CaspaseTracker ביוסנסור

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) is a recently discovered cell recovery phenomenon whereby dying cells can reverse late-stage cell death ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic patient tumors in different assays1. Human tumor xenografts represent the gold standard with respect to tumor biology, drug discovery, and metastasis research 2-4. Tumor xenografts can be derived from different types of material like tumor cell lines, tumor tissue from primary patient tumors4 or serially transplanted tumors. When propagated in vivo, xenografted tissue is infiltrated and vascularized by cells of mouse origin. Multiple factors such as the tumor entity, the origin of xenografted material, growth rate and region of transplantation influence the composition and the amount of mouse cells present in tumor xenografts. However, even when these factors are kept constant, the degree of mouse cell contamination is highly variable.
Contaminating mouse cells significantly impair downstream analyses of human tumor xenografts. As mouse fibroblasts show high plating efficacies and proliferation rates, they tend to overgrow cultures of human tumor cells, especially slowly proliferating subpopulations. Mouse cell derived DNA, mRNA, and protein components can bias downstream gene expression analysis, next-generation sequencing, as well as proteome analysis 5. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a fast and easy method to isolate untouched human tumor cells from xenografted tumor tissue. This procedure is based on the comprehensive depletion of cells of mouse origin by combining automated tissue dissociation with the benchtop tissue dissociator and magnetic cell sorting. Here, we demonstrate that human target cells can be can be obtained with purities higher than 96% within less than 20 min independent of the tumor type.

Human tumor xenografts are vascularized and infiltrated by cells of mouse origin during the growth phase in vivo. To circumvent the bias caused by these contaminating cells during downstream analysis, we developed a method allowing for comprehensive depletion of all mouse cells by magnetic cell sorting.

חסך בתאי עכבר מן xenografts גידול האנושי משפר משמעותי ניתוח במורד זרם של תאי יעד

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

להרחיב הנשמת קיבת חומצה שאיפת Murine הדגם של פגיעה החריפה ריאות תוצאות ב מקסימלי חריפה קטלנית פגיעת ריאות

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Reproducible Arterial Denudation Injury by Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Clamping in a Murine Model

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These complications can be attributed to impairments in re-endothelialization within the wound margins. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization remain to be defined. While several animal models to study re-endothelialization after arterial denudation are available, few are performed in the mouse because of surgical limitations. This undermines the opportunity to exploit transgenic mouse lines and investigate the contribution of specific genes to the process of re-endothelialization. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for creating a highly reproducible murine model of arterial denudation injury in the infrarenal abdominal aorta using external vascular clamping. Immunocytochemical staining of injured aortas for fibrinogen and &#946;-catenin demonstrate the exposure of a pro-thrombotic surface and the border of intact endothelium, respectively. The method presented here has the advantages of speed, excellent overall survival rate, and relative technical ease, creating a uniquely practical tool for imposing arterial denudation injury in transgenic mouse models. Using this method, investigators may elucidate the mechanisms of re-endothelialization under normal or pathological conditions.

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization following arterial denudation injury is of paramount importance in preventing thrombosis and restenosis of arteries. Here we describe a protocol for reproducible arterial denudation injury of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The procedure was developed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that regulate endothelial regeneration using mouse models.

פגיעת denudation עורקים לשחזור על ידי infrarenal בטן אב העורקים Clamping במודל Murine

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These ...

A Drosophila In Vivo Injury Model for Studying Neuroregeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

The regrowth capacity of damaged neurons governs neuroregeneration and functional recovery after nervous system trauma. Over the past few decades, various intrinsic and extrinsic inhibitory factors involved in the restriction of axon regeneration have been identified. However, simply removing these inhibitory cues is insufficient for successful regeneration, indicating the existence of additional regulatory machinery. Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, shares evolutionarily conserved genes and signaling pathways with vertebrates, including humans. Combining the powerful genetic toolbox of flies with two-photon laser axotomy/dendriotomy, we describe here the Drosophila sensory neuron &#8211; dendritic arborization (da) neuron injury model as a platform for systematically screening for novel regeneration regulators. Briefly, this paradigm includes a) the preparation of larvae, b) lesion induction to dendrite(s) or axon(s) using a two-photon laser, c) live confocal imaging post-injury and d) data analysis. Our model enables highly reproducible injury of single labeled neurons, axons, and dendrites of well-defined neuronal subtypes, in both the peripheral and central nervous system.

A Drosophila In Vivo Injury Model for Studying Neuroregeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

Here, we present a protocol using the Drosophila sensory neuron - dendritic arborization (da) neuron injury model, which combines in vivo live imaging, two-photon laser axotomy/dendriotomy, and the powerful fly genetic toolbox, as a platform for screening potential promoters and inhibitors of neuroregeneration.

מודל פציעה דרוזופילה In Vivo ללמוד Neuroregeneration ב ההיקפית ואת מערכת העצבים המרכזית

The regrowth capacity of damaged neurons governs neuroregeneration and functional recovery after nervous system trauma. Over the past few decades, various ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

גרימת פציעה חריפה של הריאה בעכברים על ידי הישירה ליפופוליסכראסטיליאלגרלציה

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...