עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי המרכז הבינתחומי למחקר קליני (IZKF, E7 פרויקט) בבית החולים האוניברסיטאי של אוניברסיטת ארלנגן-נירנברג.

<ol>
	<li>Brown, M., Irvine, D. R., Park, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+learning+on+an+auditory+frequency+discrimination+task+by+cats:+association+with+changes+in+primary+auditory+cortex.">Perceptual learning on an auditory frequency discrimination task by cats: association with changes in primary auditory cortex.</a> Cereb. Cortex. 14, 952-965 (2004).</li><li>Ohl, F. W., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning-induced+plasticity+in+animal+and+human+auditory+cortex.">Learning-induced plasticity in animal and human auditory cortex.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15, 470-477 (2005).</li><li>Koch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurobiology+of+startle.">The neurobiology of startle.</a> Prog. Neurobiol. 59, 107-128 (1999).</li><li>Larrauri, J., Schmajuk, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prepulse+inhibition+mechanisms+and+cognitive+processes:+a+review+and+model.">Prepulse inhibition mechanisms and cognitive processes: a review and model.</a> EXS. 98, 245-278 (2006).</li><li>Walter, M., Tziridis, K., Ahlf, S., Schulze, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Context+dependent+auditory+thresholds+determined+by+brainstem+audiometry+and+prepulse+inhibition+in+Mongolian+gerbils.">Context dependent auditory thresholds determined by brainstem audiometry and prepulse inhibition in Mongolian gerbils.</a> Open Journal of Acoustics. 2, 34-49 (2012).</li><li>Gaese, B. H., Nowotny, M., Pilz, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acoustic+startle+and+prepulse+inhibition+in+the+Mongolian+gerbil.">Acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition in the Mongolian gerbil.</a> Physiol. Behav. 98, 460-466 (2009).</li><li>Fechter, L. D., Sheppard, L., Young, J. S., Zeger, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+threshold+estimation+from+a+continuously+graded+response+produced+by+reflex+modification+audiometry.">Sensory threshold estimation from a continuously graded response produced by reflex modification audiometry.</a> J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 179-185 (1988).</li><li>Turner, J. G., Parrish, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gap+detection+methods+for+assessing+salicylate-induced+tinnitus+and+hyperacusis+in+rats.">Gap detection methods for assessing salicylate-induced tinnitus and hyperacusis in rats.</a> Am. J. Audiol. 17, 185-192 (2008).</li><li>Campeau, S., Davis, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fear+potentiation+of+the+acoustic+startle+reflex+using+noises+of+various+spectral+frequencies+as+conditioned+stimuli.">Fear potentiation of the acoustic startle reflex using noises of various spectral frequencies as conditioned stimuli.</a> Animal Learning &#38; Behavior. 20, 177-186 (1992).</li><li>Young, J. S., Fechter, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reflex+inhibition+procedures+for+animal+audiometry:+a+technique+for+assessing+ototoxicity.">Reflex inhibition procedures for animal audiometry: a technique for assessing ototoxicity.</a> J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1686-1693 (1983).</li><li>Turner, J. G., Brozoski, T. J., Bauer, C. A., Parrish, J. L., Myers, K., Hughes, L. F., Caspary, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gap+detection+deficits+in+rats+with+tinnitus:+a+potential+novel+screening+tool.">Gap detection deficits in rats with tinnitus: a potential novel screening tool.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 120, 188-195 (2006).</li><li>Turner, J., Larsen, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+noise+exposure+stimulus+properties+and+tinnitus+in+rats:+Results+of+a+12-month+longitudinal+study.">Relationship between noise exposure stimulus properties and tinnitus in rats: Results of a 12-month longitudinal study.</a> ARO. Abs. 594, (2012).</li><li>Turner, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+measures+of+tinnitus+in+laboratory+animals.">Behavioral measures of tinnitus in laboratory animals.</a> Prog. Brain Res. 166, 147-156 (2007).</li><li>Engineer, N. D., Riley, J. R., Seale, J. D., Vrana, W. A., Shetake, J. A., Shetake, J. A., Sudanagunta, S. P., Borland, M. S., Kilgard, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversing+pathological+neural+activity+using+targeted+plasticity.">Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity.</a> Nature. 470, 101-104 (2011).</li></ol>

אין ניגודי האינטרסים הכריזו.

אנו מציגים התקנה זולה וקלה לבנייה למדידות audiometric במכרסמים על עיכוב דופק מראש של תגובות בהלה אקוסטיים שניתן להשתמש בם כדי לקבוע ספי שמיעה התנהגותיות (= audiograms 10) ותפיסות שמיעתיות פנטום כמו 11 טינטון סובייקטיבי. במיוחד את המדידות האחרונות הן במוקד של כמה דיווחים האחרונים 8,12,13,14 וניתן לראותו כתנאי מוקדם אחד לחקירות אלקטרופזיולוגים של מנגנונים העצביים העומדים בבסיס מחלה זו. באמצעות שיטה זו ניתן להבחין בו היא חיות לפתח טינטון סובייקטיבי percept לאחר טראומה אקוסטית ואלה שלא עשו זאת, ולאחר מכן להמשיך לחקור אנשים אלה, למשל, עם הקלטות אלקטרו בקליפת המוח שמיעתי ראשונית. שלב קריטי בניתוח נתוני הלה לאחר טראומה אקוסטית הוא הנורמליזציה של הנתונים למשרעת הלה שיכולהמקסימאלי שהושר בלי שקדם גירוי מבחן: הדבר חשוב במיוחד כדי להבחין תגובות הלה מופחתות המבוססות על ירידה בשמיעה מירידת מדד מחירים ליצרן בחי טינטון: ההשפעות של הטראומה אקוסטית משתנות לאורך זמן, כמו החיה באופן חלקי מתאוששת מזה, אבל בערך 50 % מאובדן השמיעה קבועים. בניגוד לדיווחים שהוזכרו לעיל, שבו סף השמיעה נבדקים, אך לא משמשים לכיול, ניסינו למזער את ההשפעות של ספי השמיעה השונים של כל תדר וההשפעה של הטראומה אקוסטית עצמו על ידי נרמול כל משרעת תגובה עם הפניה. בנוסף אנו משתמשים בשני סוגים שונים של פרוטוקולים כדי להעריך כל טינטון percept, עם 1 (4.4) עובד יותר טובים לבעלי חיים שנבדקו על לוחות זמנים ארוכים יותר משבוע אחרי הטראומה ובשני &quot;הקלסי&quot; (4.5) עובד יותר טוב לבעלי חיים שנבדקו במסגרת שבוע לאחר הטראומה. מגבלה של שיטה זו היא קליאהrly שאי אפשר שלא להעריך את ההשפעות החריפות של טראומה אקוסטית. לפחות שני ימים בין ההרדמה ולאחר המדידה הראשונה צריכים להיות שנבחרו, כבעל חיים יש להתאושש מזה. כדי לקבל אומדן של אובדן שמיעה חריף מייד לאחר טראומה, audiometry גזע המוח (Bera) עשוי לשמש.

a low cost setup for behavioral audiometry in rodents

במחקר בבעלי חיים שמיעתיים זה הוא חיוני כדי לקבל מידע מדויק על פרמטרי שמיעה בסיסיות של נבדקי בעלי החיים כי הם מעורבים בניסויים. פרמטרים אלה עשויים להיות מאפיינים פיסיולוגיים תגובה של המסלול, בין יתר השמיעתי באמצעות audiometry גזע המוח (Bera). אבל השיטות האלה מאפשרות החיוצים עקיפים ודאית רק כ percept השמיעתי שמתאים לפרמטרים הפיסיולוגיים הללו. כדי להעריך את הרמה התפיסתית שמיעה, שיטות התנהגותיות צריכות להיות בשימוש. בעיה פוטנציאלית עם השימוש בשיטות התנהגותיות לתיאור תפיסה במודלים של בעלי חיים, היא העובדה שרוב השיטות אלה כרוכות בסוג מסוים של למידת הפרדיגמה לפני, ניתן לבדוק את הנושאים התנהגותית, חיות למשל יכולות צריכות ללמוד ללחוץ על ידית ב תגובה לקול. כמו אלה תפיסת למידת פרדיגמות שינוי עצמו 1,2 הם כתוצאה מכך ישפיעו על תפיסה כל תוצאה שהושגה עםשיטות אלה ולכן יש לפרש בזהירות. חריגים הם פרדיגמות שעושות שימוש בתגובות רפלקסיביות, כי כאן אין פרדיגמות למידה צריכות להתבצע לפני הבדיקה תפיסתית. תגובת רפלקס כזה היא התגובה בהלה אקוסטי (ASR) שמאוד יכול להיות שהושרה reproducibly עם קולות בלתי צפויים בחיות תמימות. ASR זה בתורו יכול להיות מושפע על ידי הקדמת צלילים בהתאם לתפיסות של גירוי קודם זה: נשמע הרבה מעל סף השמיעה יהיה לעכב את המשרעת של ASR לחלוטין; נשמע קרוב לסף רק מעט ימנע ASR. תופעה זו נקראת עיכוב דופק מראש (PPI) 3,4, והסכום של מדד מחירים ליצרן בASR תלוי בהדרגה על התפיסות של הדופק מראש. מדד מחירים ליצרן של ASR לכן גם מתאים כדי לקבוע audiograms התנהגות בבעלי חיים תמימים, שאינם מיומנים, כדי לקבוע ליקויי שמיעה או אפילו לזהות תפיסות סובייקטיביות טינטון אפשריות באלהבעלי חיים. במאמר זה אנו מדגימים את השימוש בשיטה זו במודל מכרסם (ראה גם שופט. 5), המונגולי הגרביל (Meriones unguiculatus), שהוא יודע היטב מיני מודל למחקר תגובה בהלה בטווח השמיעה האנושי הרגיל (למשל 6).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents at JoVE.com

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

שיטה מהירה וזולה לקביעת ההתנהגות של שמיעת פרמטרים כמו סף שמיעה, שמיעת ליקויים או תפיסות פנטום (טינטון סובייקטיבי) הוא תאר. הוא משתמש בעיכוב דופק מראש של התגובה בלה אקוסטית וניתן ליישם בקלות במחשב אישי באמצעות ספירה לתכנות / DA-ממיר וחיישן piezo.

הגדרת עלות נמוכה לaudiometry התנהגות במכרסמים

In auditory animal research it is crucial to have precise information about basic hearing parameters of the animal subjects that are involved in the ...

a-low-cost-setup-for-behavioral-audiometry-in-rodents

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.6K Views.  University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. שיטה מהירה וזולה לקביעת ההתנהגות של שמיעת פרמטרים כמו סף שמיעה, שמיעת ליקויים או תפיסות פנטום (טינטון סובייקטיבי) הוא תאר. הוא משתמש בעיכוב דופק מראש של התגובה בלה אקוסטית וניתן ליישם בקלות במחשב אישי באמצעות ספירה לתכנות / DA-ממיר וחיישן piezo.

Video: A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

שיטה כללית להערכת דגירה של השתוקקות סוכרוז בחולדות

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Large-scale Recording of Neurons by Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Rodents

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of neurons and circuits requires methods with the spatial selectivity and temporal resolution appropriate for mechanistic analysis of neural ensembles in the behaving animal, i.e. recording of representatively large samples of isolated single neurons. Ensemble monitoring of neuronal activity has progressed remarkably in the past decade in both small and large-brained animals, including human subjects1-11. Multiple-site recording with silicon-based devices are particularly effective because of their scalability, small volume and geometric design.
Here, we describe methods for recording multiple single neurons and local field potential in behaving rodents, using commercially available micro-machined silicon probes with custom-made accessory components. There are two basic options for interfacing silicon probes to preamplifiers: printed circuit boards and flexible cables. Probe supplying companies (<a href="http://www.neuronexustech.com/" >http://www.neuronexustech.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/">http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.acreo.se/">http://www.acreo.se/</a>) usually provide the bonding service and deliver probes bonded to printed circuit boards or flexible cables. Here, we describe the implantation of a 4-shank, 32-site probe attached to flexible polyimide cable, and mounted on a movable microdrive. Each step of the probe preparation, microdrive construction and surgery is illustrated so that the end user can easily replicate the process.

We describe methods for large-scale recording of multiple single units and local field potential in behaving rodents with silicon probes. Drive fabrication, probe attachment to the drive and probe implantation processes are illustrated in sufficient details for easy replication.

בקנה מידה גדול הקלטה של ​​הנוירונים על ידי בדיקות מטלטלין סיליקון מתנהג מכרסמים

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of ...

A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds

Experimental manipulations of sensory feedback during complex behavior have provided valuable insights into the computations underlying motor control and sensorimotor plasticity1. Consistent sensory perturbations result in compensatory changes in motor output, reflecting changes in feedforward motor control that reduce the experienced feedback error. By quantifying how different sensory feedback errors affect human behavior, prior studies have explored how visual signals are used to recalibrate arm movements2,3 and auditory feedback is used to modify speech production4-7. The strength of this approach rests on the ability to mimic naturalistic errors in behavior, allowing the experimenter to observe how experienced errors in production are used to recalibrate motor output.
Songbirds provide an excellent animal model for investigating the neural basis of sensorimotor control and plasticity8,9. The songbird brain provides a well-defined circuit in which the areas necessary for song learning are spatially separated from those required for song production, and neural recording and lesion studies have made significant advances in understanding how different brain areas contribute to vocal behavior9-12. However, the lack of a naturalistic error-correction paradigm - in which a known acoustic parameter is perturbed by the experimenter and then corrected by the songbird - has made it difficult to understand the computations underlying vocal learning or how different elements of the neural circuit contribute to the correction of vocal errors13.
The technique described here gives the experimenter precise control over auditory feedback errors in singing birds, allowing the introduction of arbitrary sensory errors that can be used to drive vocal learning. Online sound-processing equipment is used to introduce a known perturbation to the acoustics of song, and a miniaturized headphones apparatus is used to replace a songbird's natural auditory feedback with the perturbed signal in real time. We have used this paradigm to perturb the fundamental frequency (pitch) of auditory feedback in adult songbirds, providing the first demonstration that adult birds maintain vocal performance using error correction14. The present protocol can be used to implement a wide range of sensory feedback perturbations (including but not limited to pitch shifts) to investigate the computational and neurophysiological basis of vocal learning.

We describe the design and assembly of miniaturized headphones suitable for replacing a songbird&#x2019;s natural auditory feedback with a manipulated acoustic signal. Online sound processing hardware is used to manipulate song output, introduce real-time errors in auditory feedback via the headphones, and drive vocal motor learning.

, מערכת אוזניות קלה משקל מבוססת על מניפולצית משוב שמיעתי בציפורי שיר

Experimental manipulations of sensory feedback during complex behavior have provided valuable insights into the computations underlying motor control and ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, including rats, hamsters, and mice, are active during the night and relatively inactive during the day. Many other behavioral and physiological measures also exhibit daily rhythms, but in rodents, running-wheel activity serves as a particularly reliable and convenient measure of the output of the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In general, through a process called entrainment, the daily pattern of running-wheel activity will naturally align with the environmental light-dark cycle (LD cycle; e.g. 12 hr-light:12 hr-dark). However circadian rhythms are endogenously generated patterns in behavior that exhibit a ~24 hr period, and persist in constant darkness. Thus, in the absence of an LD cycle, the recording and analysis of running-wheel activity can be used to determine the subjective time-of-day. Because these rhythms are directed by the circadian clock the subjective time-of-day is referred to as the circadian time (CT). In contrast, when an LD cycle is present, the time-of-day that is determined by the environmental LD cycle is called the zeitgeber time (ZT).
Although circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity are typically linked to the SCN clock6-8, circadian oscillators in many other regions of the brain and body9-14 could also be involved in the regulation of daily activity rhythms. For instance, daily rhythms in food-anticipatory activity do not require the SCN15,16 and instead, are correlated with changes in the activity of extra-SCN oscillators17-20. Thus, running-wheel activity recordings can provide important behavioral information not only about the output of the master SCN clock, but also on the activity of extra-SCN oscillators. Below we describe the equipment and methods used to record, analyze and display circadian locomotor activity rhythms in laboratory rodents.

Circadian rhythms in voluntary wheel-running activity in mammals are tightly coupled to the molecular oscillations of a master clock in the brain. As such, these daily rhythms in behavior can be used to study the influence of genetic, pharmacological, and environmental factors on the functioning of this circadian clock.

הקלטה וניתוח של מקצבי יממה בריצת גלגל פעילות במכרסמים

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

Video tracking systems have been used widely to analyze Drosophila melanogaster movement and detect various abnormalities in locomotive behavior. While these systems can provide a wealth of behavioral information, the cost and complexity of these systems can be prohibitive for many labs. We have developed a low-cost assay for measuring locomotive behavior and seizure movement in D. melanogaster. The system uses a web-cam to capture images that can be processed using a combination of inexpensive and free software to track the distance moved, the average velocity of movement and the duration of movement during a specified time-span. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we examined a group of D. melanogaster mutants, the Bang-sensitive (BS) paralytics, which are 3-10 times more susceptible to seizure-like activity (SLA) than wild type flies. Using this novel system, we were able to detect that the BS mutant bang senseless (bss) exhibits lower levels of exploratory locomotion in a novel environment than wild type flies. In addition, the system was used to identify that the drug metformin, which is commonly used to treat type II diabetes, reduces the intensity of SLA in the BS mutants.

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

Using a webcam and a combination of free and inexpensive software programs, locomotive patterns in Drosophila melanogaster can be analyzed to detect differences in the speed, distance, and time of various motor activities.

שיטה בעלות נמוכה לניתוח כמו פעילות תפיסה ותנועה ב<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em

Video tracking systems have been used widely to analyze Drosophila melanogaster movement and detect various abnormalities in locomotive behavior. While ...

High-density Electroencephalographic Acquisition in a Rodent Model Using Low-cost and Open-source Resources

Advanced electroencephalographic analysis techniques requiring high spatial resolution, including electrical source imaging and measures of network connectivity, are applicable to an expanding variety of questions in neuroscience. Performing these kinds of analyses in a rodent model requires higher electrode density than traditional screw electrodes can accomplish. While higher-density electroencephalographic montages for rodents exist, they are of limited availability to most researchers, are not robust enough for repeated experiments over an extended period of time, or are limited to use in anesthetized rodents.1-3 A proposed low-cost method for constructing a durable, high-count, transcranial electrode array, consisting of bilaterally implantable headpieces is investigated as a means to perform advanced electroencephalogram analyses in mice or rats.

Procedures for headpiece fabrication and surgical implantation necessary to produce high signal to noise, low-impedance electroencephalographic and electromyographic signals are presented. While the methodology is useful in both rats and mice, this manuscript focuses on the more challenging implementation for the smaller mouse skull. Freely moving mice are only tethered to cables via a common adapter during recording. One version of this electrode system that includes 26 electroencephalographic channels and 4 electromyographic channels is described below.

Instructions for the low-cost construction and surgical implantation of a chronic transcranial high-density electroencephalographic montage into mice are provided. Signal recording, extraction, and processing techniques are also described.

Electroencephalographic רכישה בצפיפות גבוהה במודל מכרסם שימוש בעלות נמוכה ומשאבי קוד פתוח

Advanced electroencephalographic analysis techniques requiring high spatial resolution, including electrical source imaging and measures of network ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in regulating neuronal growth and development. However, the mechanisms underlying Drd1&#945; receptor abnormalities mediating behavioral responses and modulating working memory function are still unclear. Using a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay, the current study identified dopamine Drd1&#945; receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) RNA expression from DA-related circuitry in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) area and substantia nigra region (SNR), respectively. Drd1&#945; expression in the NAc shows a &#34;discrete dot&#34; staining pattern. Clear sex differences in Drd1&#945; expression were observed. In contrast, TH shows a &#34;clustered&#34; staining pattern. Regarding TH expression, female rats displayed a higher signal expression per cell relative to male animals. The methods presented here provide a novel in situ hybridization technique for investigating changes in dopamine system dysfunction during the progression of central nervous system diseases.

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of dopamine D1-alpha receptor in the nucleus accumbens is critical for clarifying D1 receptor dysfunction during a central nervous system disease. We performed a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay to visualize single RNA molecules in a specific brain area.

זיהוי של דופמין קולטן D1-אלפא בתוך מכרסמים גרעין האקומבנס על ידי טכנולוגיה חדשנית RNA בחיי עיר זיהוי

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in ...

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their consequences. This process is integral to the normal human behavior and has been shown to be disrupted by neurological and psychiatric disorders such as addiction, schizophrenia, and depression. Rodents have long been used to uncover the neurobiology of human cognition. To this end, several behavioral tasks have been developed; however, most are non-automated and are labor-intensive. The recent development of the open-source microcontroller has enabled researchers to automate operant-based tasks for assessing a variety of cognitive tasks, standardizing the stimulus presentation, improving the data recording and consequently, improving the research output. Here, we describe an automated delay-based reinforcement-guided decision-making task, using an operant T-maze controlled by custom-written software programs. Using these decision-making tasks, we show the changes in the local field potential activities in the anterior cingulate cortex of a rat whilst it performs a delay-based cost-and-benefit decision-making task.

A cost-benefit analysis is a weighing-scale approach that the brain performs during the course of decision making. Here, we propose a protocol to train rats on an operant-based decision-making paradigm where rats choose higher rewards at the expense of waiting for 15 s to receive them.

פרוטוקולים operant להערכת ניתוח עלות-תועלת במהלך קבלת החלטות מחוזק על ידי מכרסמים

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Despite the popularization of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in recent years, many current protocols promote using a percent of control measure, thereby precluding the assessment of temporal processing. The present study used cross-modal PPI and gap prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) to demonstrate the benefits of employing a range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) to delineate effects of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age. Assessment of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age reveals the utility of an approach varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function, including increases (sharper curve inflections) or decreases (flattening of the response amplitude curve) in startle amplitude. Additionally, shifts in peak response inhibition, suggestive of a differential sensitivity to the manipulation of ISI, are often revealed. Thus, the systematic manipulation of ISI affords a critical opportunity to evaluate temporal processing, which may reveal the underlying neural mechanisms involved in neurocognitive disorders.

Temporal processing, a preattentive process, may underlie deficits in higher-level cognitive processes, including attention, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Using prepulse inhibition as an exemplar paradigm, we present a protocol for manipulating interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function to provide an assessment of temporal processing.

הכוח של מרווח Interstimulus להערכה של זמני עיבוד בחולדות

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Data Acquisition and Analysis In Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry In Mice

Brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) is of central relevance in the clinical neurophysiology. As other evoked potential (EP) techniques, such as visually evoked potentials (VEPs) or somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), the auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) are triggered by the repetitive presentation of identical stimuli, the electroencephalographic (EEG) response of which is subsequently averaged resulting in distinct positive (p) and negative (n) deflections. In humans, both the amplitude and the latency of individual peaks can be used to characterize alterations in synchronization and conduction velocity in the underlying neuronal circuitries. Importantly, AEPs are also applied in basic and preclinical science to identify and characterize the auditory function in pharmacological and genetic animal models. Even more, animal models in combination with pharmacological testing are utilized to investigate for potential benefits in the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss (e.g., age- or noise-induced hearing deficits). Here we provide a detailed and integrative description of how to record auditory brainstem-evoked responses (ABRs) in mice using click and tone-burst application. A specific focus of this protocol is on pre-experimental animal housing, anesthesia, ABR recording, ABR filtering processes, automated wavelet-based amplitude growth function analysis, and latency detection.

Brainstem evoked response audiometry is an important tool in clinical neurophysiology. Nowadays, brainstem evoked response audiometry is also applied in the basic science and preclinical studies involving both pharmacological and genetic animal models. Here we provide a detailed description of how auditory brainstem responses can be successfully recorded and analyzed in mice.

רכישת נתונים וניתוח בברטומטריה תגובה מעורר בעכברים

Brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) is of central relevance in the clinical neurophysiology. As other evoked potential (EP) techniques, such as ...