אנו מודים פרופ &#39;Kazuki סאיטו ב RIKEN PSC ד&quot;ר ביורן Usadel ב MPIMP לדיונים מועילים. TT נתמך על ידי מענק של אלכסנדר פון הומבולדט קרן.

<ol>
	<li>Aharoni, A., Keizer, L. C. P., Bouwmeester, H. J., Sun, Z. K., Alvarez-Huerta, M., Verhoeven, H. A., Blaas, J., van Houwelingen, A., De Vos, R. C. H., van der Voet, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SAAT+gene+involved+in+strawberry+flavor+biogenesis+by+use+of+DNA+microarrays.">SAAT gene involved in strawberry flavor biogenesis by use of DNA microarrays.</a> Plant Cell. 12, 647-661 (2000).</li><li>Akiyama, K., Chikayama, E., Yuasa, H., Shimada, Y., Tohge, T., Shinozaki, K., Hirai, M. Y., Sakurai, T., Kikuchi, J., Saito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PRIMe:+a+Web+site+that+assembles+tools+for+metabolomics+and+transcriptomics.">PRIMe: a Web site that assembles tools for metabolomics and transcriptomics.</a> In Silico Biol. 8, 339-345 (2008).</li><li>Araujo, W. L., Ishizaki, K., Nunes-Nesi, A., Larson, T. R., Tohge, T., Krahnert, I., Witt, S., Obata, T., Schauer, N., Graham, I. A., Leaver, C. J., Fernie, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+the+2-Hydroxyglutarate+and+Isovaleryl-CoA+Dehydrogenases+as+Alternative+Electron+Donors+Linking+Lysine+Catabolism+to+the+Electron+Transport+Chain+of+Arabidopsis+Mitochondria.">Identification of the 2-Hydroxyglutarate and Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenases as Alternative Electron Donors Linking Lysine Catabolism to the Electron Transport Chain of Arabidopsis Mitochondria.</a> Plant Cell. 22, 1549-1563 (2010).</li><li>De Vos, R. C. H., Moco, S., Lommen, A., Keurentjes, J. J. B., Bino, R. J., Hall, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Untargeted+large-scale+plant+metabolomics+using+liquid+chromatography+coupled+to+mass+spectrometry.">Untargeted large-scale plant metabolomics using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, (2007).</li><li>Hirai, M. Y., Sugiyama, K., Sawada, Y., Tohge, T., Obayashi, T., Suzuki, A., Araki, R., Sakurai, N., Suzuki, H., Aoki, K., Goda, H., Nishizawa, O. I., Shibata, D., Saito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Omics-based+identification+of+Arabidopsis+Myb+transcription+factors+regulating+aliphatic+glucosinolate+biosynthesis.">Omics-based identification of Arabidopsis Myb transcription factors regulating aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104, 6478-6483 (2007).</li><li>Mutwil, M., Klie, S., Tohge, T., Giorgi, F. M., Wilkins, O., Campbell, M. M., Fernie, A. R., Usadel, B., Nikoloski, Z., Persson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PlaNet:+Combined+Sequence+and+Expression+Comparisons+across+Plant+Networks+Derived+from+Seven+Species.">PlaNet: Combined Sequence and Expression Comparisons across Plant Networks Derived from Seven Species.</a> Plant Cell. 23, 895-910 (2011).</li><li>Mutwil, M., Ruprecht, C., Giorgi, F. M., Bringmann, M., Usadel, B., Persson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+Wiring+of+Cell+Wall-Related+Genes+in+Arabidopsis.">Transcriptional Wiring of Cell Wall-Related Genes in Arabidopsis.</a> Molecular Plant. 2, 1015-1024 (2009).</li><li>Obayashi, T., Kinoshita, K., Nakai, K., Shibaoka, M., Hayashi, S., Saeki, M., Shibata, D., Saito, K., Ohta, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATTED-II:+a+database+of+co-expressed+genes+and+cis+elements+for+identifying+co-regulated+gene+groups+in+Arabidopsis.">ATTED-II: a database of co-expressed genes and cis elements for identifying co-regulated gene groups in Arabidopsis.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 35, D863-D869 (2007).</li><li>Ogata, Y., Suzuki, H., Sakurai, N., Shibata, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CoP:+a+database+for+characterizing+co-expressed+gene+modules+with+biological+information+in+plants.">CoP: a database for characterizing co-expressed gene modules with biological information in plants.</a> Bioinformatics. 26, 1267-1268 (2010).</li><li>Persson, S., Wei, H. R., Milne, J., Page, G. P., Somerville, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+genes+required+for+cellulose+synthesis+by+regression+analysis+of+public+microarray+data+sets.">Identification of genes required for cellulose synthesis by regression analysis of public microarray data sets.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102, 8633-8638 (2005).</li><li>Tohge, T., Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Niida, R., Watanabe-Takahashi, A., Saito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phytochemical+genomics+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana:+A+case+study+for+functional+identification+of+flavonoid+biosynthesis+genes.">Phytochemical genomics in Arabidopsis thaliana: A case study for functional identification of flavonoid biosynthesis genes.</a> Pure and Applied Chemistry. 79, 811-823 (2007).</li><li>Tohge, T., Fernie, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Web-based+resources+for+mass-spectrometry-based+metabolomics:+A+user's+guide.">Web-based resources for mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics: A user's guide.</a> Phytochemistry. 70, 450-456 (2009).</li><li>Tohge, T., Fernie, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+genetic+diversity,+informatics+and+metabolomics+to+facilitate+annotation+of+plant+gene+function.">Combining genetic diversity, informatics and metabolomics to facilitate annotation of plant gene function.</a> Nature Protocols. 5, 1210-1227 (2010).</li><li>Tohge, T., Kusano, M., Fukushima, A., Saito, K., Fernie, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+and+metabolic+programs+following+exposure+of+plants+to+UV-B+irradiation.">Transcriptional and metabolic programs following exposure of plants to UV-B irradiation.</a> Plant Signal Behav. 6, (2011).</li><li>Tohge, T., Ramos, M. S., Nunes-Nesi, A., Mutwil, M., Giavalisco, P., Steinhauser, D., Schellenberg, M., Willmitzer, L., Persson, S., Martinoia, E., Fernie, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+the+storage+metabolome:+profiling+the+barley+vacuole.">Towards the storage metabolome: profiling the barley vacuole.</a> Plant Physiol. , (2011).</li><li>Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Tohge, T., Matsuda, F., Nakabayashi, R., Takayama, H., Niida, R., Watanabe-Takahashi, A., Inoue, E., Saito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+flavonol+profiling+and+transcriptome+coexpression+analysis+leading+to+decoding+gene-metabolite+correlations+in+Arabidopsis.">Comprehensive flavonol profiling and transcriptome coexpression analysis leading to decoding gene-metabolite correlations in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant Cell. 20, 2160-2176 (2008).</li></ol>

אין ניגוד עניינים הצהיר.

בהתחשב בכך transcriptomics וטכנולוגיות metabolomics שימשו במשך מספר שנים, תהליך של שילוב נתונים עבור metabolomics סייעו ביאור הגן בדרך כלל מתחיל עם זיהוי של שיא רומן המייצג המטבוליט ידוע. עובדה זו מובילה לשלב הבא שבו הוא להעריך שונות כמותי פסגות מטבוליט או גנים מועמדים חדשים חשב להיות אחראי על ביוסינתזה שלהם. האסטרטגיה תיאר בפרוטוקול זה, עם זאת, יש שלוש בעיות עיקריות א) הקושי של ביאור שיא, II) המורכבות של חיזוי מסלול, III) ברזולוציה של מידע גנטי ואיכות נתונים ביטוי גנים. כדי להתמודד עם הבעיה הראשונה, ביאור שיא צריכה להתבצע עם elution משותפת של תרכובות סטנדרטיים או מידע גישה קומבינטורית ניצול מ-MS n ניתוח, תמצית התייחסות, ניתוח מוטציה, חיפוש במסד הנתונים המטבוליט סקר ספרות (איור 2, 12). עבור sהבעיה econd, חיזוי מסלול ניתן להשיג רק על ידי ביאור שיא הנכון. עם זאת, פרופיל מטבוליט של רקמות ספציפיות גם יכול להיות שיא ביאור תמיכה, בגלל הצטברות המטבוליט צריך להיות מתואם עם ביטויים של גנים הקשורים גנים. לכן פרופילים שילוב של רקמות שונות ותנאי גידול יכול להיות מועיל עבור בעיה זו 2. הבעיה השלישית בדבר ברזולוציה של מידע גנטי תלוי בהתקדמות של הנתונים רצף. במקרה של צמח המודל, ללא השלמת רצף הגנום, שיתוף ניתוח ביטוי גנים באמצעות orthologous בצמחים המודל השני הוא שימושי. השוואה יישור מפורט עץ ניתוח פילוגנטי של רצף החומצות האמיניות יכול לתמוך להתחבר מודל אורגניזמים למינים אחרים. פרוטוקול זה הוא מתאים את כל חילוף החומרים. היא יעילה ביותר ניתוח של חילוף החומרים חטיבת ביניים ותיכון, אשר מאופיינים גם להיות כפופים ג תעתיק חזקהontrol 1,5,11,16. כמה דוגמאות, שיתוף הביטוי ניתוח הצליח לבצע בהטמעת גופרית, גנים עבור חמצון β, מסועפת שרשרת השפלה חומצת אמינו, פירוק כלורופיל, ואת ירידת חמרים ליזין 3, התא הקיר חילוף החומרים 10,7 ואור איתות מפל 14. ביאור של תפקוד הגן באמצעות גנומיקה, metabolomics משולבים אינפורמטיקה היא לא רק הגן ביוסינתטי ו הרגולטור ישירה של גורם שעתוק, אלא גם להבנת התהליך תגובה פיזיולוגית (ראה איור 3 למשל. 14). כדי לפתח את הגישה הזו מצמחים מודל למינים הצומח, השוואה חילוף החומרים של פני מיני צמחים היא גישה חזקה בחלק חילוף החומרים הכללי. לדוגמה, אם באותו מתחם מתגלה מיני צמחים שונים, ועוד כמה גנים orthologous נמצאים אלה מיני צמחים, חוצה מינים שיתוף הביטוי באמצעות ניתוח orthologous גנים יכולים לספק stronג&#39;ראיות לסברה שלך. גישה זו יכולה להתבצע ארבידופסיס, צפצפה, Medicago, בנוסף גידולים חשובים כגון חיטה, שעורה, אורז, סויה, על ידי ניתוח שיתוף ביטוי של מיני צמחים (6, כדור הארץ: <a href="http://aranet.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/" target="_blank">http://aranet.mpimp-golm.mpg . דה /</a> ,, 9, שוטר: <a href="http://webs2.kazusa.or.jp/kagiana/cop0911/" target="_blank">http://webs2.kazusa.or.jp/kagiana/cop0911/</a> , ראה למשל, 15).

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם מגיב </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגי </td></tr><tr><td> מזוקקים ULC / MS מים גראד </td><td> BIOSOLVE </td><td> 23214102 </td></tr><tr><td> (ACN) אצטוניטריל ULC / MS כיתה </td><td> BIOSOLVE </td><td> 01204102 </td></tr><tr><td> (MeOH) מתנול ULC / MS כיתה </td><td> BIOSOLVE </td><td> 13684102 </td></tr><tr><td> חומצה פורמית (HCOOH) ULC / MS כיתה כרומטוגרפיה נוזלית </td><td> BIOSOLVE </td><td> 06914131 </td></tr><tr><td> תקן תרכובות </td><td> EXTRASYNTHESE </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מלכודת יונים לינארית (IT) ESI-MS מערכת פיניגן-LTQ </td><td> Thermo פיניגן </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HPLC Surveyor מערכת </td><td> Thermo פיניגן </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> אנליטית לונה טור C18 (2), בקוטר 2.0 מ&quot;מ, אורך 150 מ&quot;מ, 100 נקבוביתגודל חלקיקים כדוריים של 3 מ&quot;מ </td><td> Phenomenex </td><td> 00F-4251-B0 </td></tr><tr><td> Xcalibur תוכנה </td><td> Thermo פיניגן </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

annotation of plant gene function via combined genomics, metabolomics and informatics

בהתחשב במספר ההולך ומתרחב של הצמח מינים מודל עבורו רצף הגנום המלא זמינים שפע של ביו משאבים כגון מוטציות נוקאאוט, ההצטרפויות בר ואוכלוסיות רבייה מתקדמות, יש הנטל הגובר ביאור גן פונקציונלי. בפרוטוקול זה, ביאור של תפקוד הצמח הגן באמצעות ניתוח משולב שיתוף ביטוי גנים, metabolomics ו אינפורמטיקה מסופק (איור 1). גישה זו מבוססת על התיאוריה של שימוש גני מטרה של תפקוד המכונה כדי לאפשר זיהוי של גנים שאינם מועדות צפוי להיות מעורב בתהליך חילוף החומרים מסוים, עם זיהוי של תרכובות היעד באמצעות metabolomics. אסטרטגיות הם העלו על החלת מידע על אוכלוסיות שנוצר על ידי שתי גישות קדימה גנטיקה הפוכה למרות כל אלה הם ללא מאמץ. לפי גישה זו תולדה יכול לשמש גם גישה לאפיין פסגות לא ידועים המייצגים SE חדש או מיוחדמטבוליטים condary ברקמות מוגבלות, מיני צמחים או טיפול מתח, אשר נמצא כעת במשפט חשוב להבנת חילוף החומרים במפעל.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics at JoVE.com

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

שילוב של הגנומיקה, שיתוף ניתוח Gene הביטוי ואת ההזדהות של תרכובות היעד דרך חילוף החומרים לתת ביאור גן פונקציונלי.

ביאור של תפקוד הגן הצמח דרך Genomics, metabolomics משולבים אינפורמטיקה

Given the ever expanding number of model plant species for which complete genome sequences are available and the abundance of bio-resources such as ...

annotation-plant-gene-function-via-combined-genomics-metabolomics

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.6K Views.  Max-Planck-Institut. שילוב של הגנומיקה, שיתוף ניתוח Gene הביטוי ואת ההזדהות של תרכובות היעד דרך חילוף החומרים לתת ביאור גן פונקציונלי.

Video: Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA regulators: microRNAs, which are produced from non-protein coding genes and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Plants use RNAi to control transposons and to exert tight control over developmental processes such as flower organ formation and leaf development2,3,4. Plants also use RNAi to defend themselves against infection by viruses. Consequently, many viruses have evolved suppressors of gene silencing to allow their successful colonization of their host5.
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a method that takes advantage of the plant RNAi-mediated antiviral defense mechanism. In plants infected with unmodified viruses the mechanism is specifically targeted against the viral genome. However, with virus vectors carrying sequences derived from host genes, the process can be additionally targeted against the corresponding host mRNAs. VIGS has been adapted for high-throughput functional genomics in plants by using the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver, via its Ti plasmid, a recombinant virus carrying the entire or part of the gene sequence targeted for silencing. Systemic virus spread and the endogenous plant RNAi machinery take care of the rest. dsRNAs corresponding to the target gene are produced and then cleaved by the ribonuclease Dicer into siRNAs of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length. These siRNAs ultimately guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade the target transcript2.
Different vectors have been employed in VIGS and one of the most frequently used is based on tobacco rattle virus (TRV). TRV is a bipartite virus and, as such, two different A. tumefaciens strains are used for VIGS. One carries pTRV1, which encodes the replication and movement viral functions while the other, pTRV2, harbors the coat protein and the sequence used for VIGS6,7. Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato seedlings with a mixture of both strains results in gene silencing. Silencing of the endogenous phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene, which causes photobleaching, is used as a control for VIGS efficiency. It should be noted, however, that silencing in tomato is usually less efficient than in N. benthamiana. RNA transcript abundance of the gene of interest should always be measured to ensure that the target gene has efficiently been down-regulated. Nevertheless, heterologous gene sequences from N. benthamiana can be used to silence their respective orthologs in tomato and vice versa8.

Virus-induced Gene Silencing VIGS in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

Description of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method for knock-down of gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato.

Virus-Induced להשתקת גנים (VIGS) ב ניקוטיאנה benthamiana עגבניות

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA ...

Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting of Plant Protoplasts

High-resolution, cell type-specific analysis of gene expression greatly enhances understanding of developmental regulation and responses to environmental stimuli in any multicellular organism. In situ hybridization and reporter gene visualization can to a limited extent be used to this end but for high resolution quantitative RT-PCR or high-throughput transcriptome-wide analysis the isolation of RNA from particular cell types is requisite. Cellular dissociation of tissue expressing a fluorescent protein marker in a specific cell type and subsequent Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) makes it possible to collect sufficient amounts of material for RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis/amplification and microarray analysis.
An extensive set of cell type-specific fluorescent reporter lines is available to the plant research community. In this case, two marker lines of the Arabidopsis thaliana root are used: PSCR::GFP (endodermis and quiescent center) and PWOX5::GFP (quiescent center). Large numbers (thousands) of seedlings are grown hydroponically or on agar plates and harvested to obtain enough root material for further analysis. Cellular dissociation of plant material is achieved by enzymatic digestion of the cell wall. This procedure makes use of high osmolarity-induced plasmolysis and commercially available cellulases, pectinases and hemicellulases to release protoplasts into solution.
FACS of GFP-positive cells makes use of the visualization of the green versus the red emission spectra of protoplasts excited by a 488 nm laser. GFP-positive protoplasts can be distinguished by their increased ratio of green to red emission. Protoplasts are typically sorted directly into RNA extraction buffer and stored for further processing at a later time.
This technique is revealed to be straightforward and practicable. Furthermore, it is shown that it can be used without difficulty to isolate sufficient numbers of cells for transcriptome analysis, even for very scarce cell types (e.g. quiescent center cells). Lastly, a growth setup for Arabidopsis seedlings is demonstrated that enables uncomplicated treatment of the plants prior to cell sorting (e.g. for the cell type-specific analysis of biotic or abiotic stress responses). Potential supplementary uses for FACS of plant protoplasts are discussed.

A method for isolating specific cell types from plant material is demonstrated. This technique employs transgenic marker lines expressing fluorescent proteins in particular cell types, cellular dissociation and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting. Additionally, a growth setup is established here that facilitates treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings prior to cell sorting.

מיון פלואורסצנטי תא פעיל של Protoplasts הצמח

High-resolution, cell type-specific analysis of gene expression greatly enhances understanding of developmental regulation and responses to environmental ...

A &#946;-glucuronidase (GUS) Based Cell Death Assay

We have developed a novel transient plant expression system that simultaneously expresses the reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), with putative positive or negative regulators of cell death. In this system, N. benthamiana leaves are co-infiltrated with a 35S driven expression cassette containing the gene to be analyzed, and the GUS vector pCAMBIA 2301 using Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 as a vehicle. Because live cells are required for GUS expression to occur, loss of GUS activity is expected when this marker gene is co-expressed with positive regulators of cell death. Equally, increased GUS activity is observed when anti-apoptotic genes are used compared to the vector control. As shown below, we have successfully used this system in our lab to analyze both pro- and anti-death players. These include the plant anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 Associated athanoGene (BAG) family, as well as, known mammalian inducers of cell death, such as BAX. Additionally, we have used this system to analyze the death function of specific truncations within proteins, which could provide clues on the possible post-translational modification/activation of these proteins. Here, we present a rapid and sensitive plant based method, as an initial step in investigating the death function of specific genes.

A &#946;-glucuronidase GUS Based Cell Death Assay

Programmed cell death assays commonly used in mammalian systems such as DNA laddering or TUNEL assays, are often difficult to reproduce in plants. In combination with a GUS reporter system, we propose a rapid, plant based transient assay to analyze the potential death properties of specific genes.

Β-glucuronidase (גאס) נייד מבוסס מוות Assay

We have developed a novel transient plant expression system that simultaneously expresses the reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), with putative ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties. The large-scale gene functional analysis in cotton has been lagged behind most of the modern plant species, likely due to its large size of genome, gene duplication and polyploidy, long growth cycle and recalcitrance to genetic transformation1. To facilitate high throughput functional genetic/genomic study in cotton, we attempt to develop rapid and efficient transient assays to assess cotton gene functions.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technique that was developed based on the host Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) to repress viral proliferation2,3. Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS has been successfully applied in a wide range of dicots species such as Solanaceae, Arabidopsis and legume species, and monocots species including barley, wheat and maize, for various functional genomic studies3,4. As this rapid and efficient approach avoids plant transformation and overcomes functional redundancy, it is particularly attractive and suitable for functional genomic study in crop species like cotton not amenable for transformation.
In this study, we report the detailed protocol of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS system in cotton. Among the several viral VIGS vectors, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) invades a wide range of hosts and is able to spread vigorously throughout the entire plant yet produce mild symptoms on the hosts5. To monitor the silencing efficiency, GrCLA1, a homolog gene of Arabidopsis Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene (AtCLA1) in cotton, has been cloned and inserted into the VIGS binary vector pYL156. CLA1 gene is involved in chloroplast development6, and previous studies have shown that loss-of-function of AtCLA1 resulted in an albino phenotype on true leaves7, providing an excellent visual marker for silencing efficiency. At approximately two weeks post Agrobacterium infiltration, the albino phenotype started to appear on the true leaves, with 100% silencing efficiency in all replicated experiments. The silencing of endogenous gene expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Significantly, silencing could potently occur in all the cultivars we tested, including various commercially grown varieties in Texas. This rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS assay provides a very powerful tool for rapid large-scale analysis of gene functions at genome-wide level in cotton.

We present the detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in cotton. The tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS vectors were deployed to induce RNA silencing of cotton GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene. The albino phenotype caused by silencing GrCLA1 was observed at the seedling stage within 2 weeks after inoculation.

Agrobacterium בתיווך Virus-induced ג&#39;ין השתקת Assay כותנה

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

Isolation of Specific Genomic Regions and Identification of Associated Molecules by enChIP

The identification of molecules associated with specific genomic regions of interest is required to understand the mechanisms of regulation of the functions of these regions. To enable the non-biased identification of molecules interacting with a specific genomic region of interest, we recently developed the engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP) technique. Here, we describe how to use enChIP to isolate specific genomic regions and identify the associated proteins and RNAs. First, a genomic region of interest is tagged with a transcription activator-like (TAL) protein or a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) complex consisting of a catalytically inactive form of Cas9 and a guide RNA. Subsequently, the chromatin is crosslinked and fragmented by sonication. The tagged locus is then immunoprecipitated and the crosslinking is reversed. Finally, the proteins or RNAs that are associated with the isolated chromatin are subjected to mass spectrometric or RNA sequencing analyses, respectively. This approach allows the successful identification of proteins and RNAs associated with a genomic region of interest.

The identification of molecules associated with specific genomic regions of interest is required to understand the mechanisms of regulation of the functions of these regions. This protocol describes procedures to perform engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin imunoprecipitation (enChIP) for identification of proteins and RNAs associated with a specific genomic region.

בידוד של אזורים הגנומי ספציפיים וזיהוי של Associated מולקולות על ידי enChIP

The identification of molecules associated with specific genomic regions of interest is required to understand the mechanisms of regulation of the ...

Visualizing Stromule Frequency with Fluorescence Microscopy

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but whose functions remain mysterious. Alongside growing attention on the role of chloroplasts in coordinating plant responses to stress, interest in stromules and their relationship to chloroplast signaling dynamics has increased in recent years, aided by advances in fluorescence microscopy and protein fluorophores that allow for rapid, accurate visualization of stromule dynamics. Here, we provide detailed protocols to assay stromule frequency in the epidermal chloroplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana, an excellent model system for investigating chloroplast stromule biology. We also provide methods for visualizing chloroplast stromules in vitro by extracting chloroplasts from leaves. Finally, we outline sampling strategies and statistical approaches to analyze differences in stromule frequencies in response to stimuli, such as environmental stress, chemical treatments, or gene silencing. Researchers can use these protocols as a starting point to develop new methods for innovative experiments to explore how and why chloroplasts make stromules.

Protocols to investigate the dynamics of chloroplast stromules, the stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of chloroplasts, are described.

חזותי תדר Stromule עם מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but ...

Split Green Fluorescent Protein System to Visualize Effectors Delivered from Bacteria During Infection

Bacteria, one of the most important causative agents of various plant diseases, secrete a set of effector proteins into the host plant cell to subvert the plant immune system. During infection cytoplasmic effectors are delivered to the host cytosol via a type III secretion system (T3SS). After delivery into the plant cell, the effector(s) targets the specific compartment(s) to modulate host cell processes for survival and replication of the pathogen. Although there has been some research on the subcellular localization of effector proteins in the host cells to understand their function in pathogenicity by using fluorescent proteins, investigation of the dynamics of effectors directly injected from bacteria has been challenging due to the incompatibility between the T3SS and fluorescent proteins.
Here, we describe our recent method of an optimized split superfolder green fluorescent protein system (sfGFPOPT) to visualize the localization of effectors delivered via the bacterial T3SS in the host cell. The sfGFP11 (11th &#946;-strand of sfGFP)-tagged effector secreted through the T3SS can be assembled with a specific organelle targeted sfGFP1-10OPT (1-10th &#946;-strand of sfGFP) leading to fluorescence emission at the site. This protocol provides a procedure to visualize the reconstituted sfGFP fluorescence signal with an effector protein from Pseudomonas syringae in a particular organelle in the Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana plants.

Fluorescent protein-based approaches to monitor effectors secreted by bacteria into host cells are challenging. This is due to the incompatibility between fluorescent proteins and the type-III secretion system. Here, an optimized split superfolder GFP system is used for visualization of effectors secreted by bacteria into the host plant cell.

מערכת חלבון פלואורסצנטי ירוק לדמיין Effectors מועברת בין חיידקים במהלך זיהום

Bacteria, one of the most important causative agents of various plant diseases, secrete a set of effector proteins into the host plant cell to subvert the ...

High-Throughput Live Imaging of Microcolonies to Measure Heterogeneity in Growth and Gene Expression

Precise measurements of between- and within-strain heterogeneity in microbial growth rates are essential for understanding genetic and environmental inputs into stress tolerance, pathogenicity, and other key components of fitness. This manuscript describes a microscope-based assay that tracks approximately 105&#160;Saccharomyces cerevisiae microcolonies per experiment. After automated time-lapse imaging of yeast immobilized in a multiwell plate, microcolony growth rates are easily analyzed with custom image-analysis software. For each microcolony, expression and localization of fluorescent proteins and survival of acute stress can also be monitored. This assay allows precise estimation of strains&#39; average growth rates, as well as comprehensive measurement of heterogeneity in growth, gene expression, and stress tolerance within clonal populations.

Yeast growth phenotypes are precisely measured through highly parallel time-lapse imaging of immobilized cells growing into microcolonies. Simultaneously, stress tolerance, protein expression, and protein localization can be monitored, generating integrated datasets to study how environmental and genetic differences, as well as gene-expression heterogeneity among isogenic cells, modulate growth.

הדמיה חיה בעלת תפוקה גבוהה של מיקרוקולוניות למדידת הטרוגניות בצמיחה ובביטוי גנים

Precise measurements of between- and within-strain heterogeneity in microbial growth rates are essential for understanding genetic and environmental ...

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

Of different types of noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) have arguably been in the spotlight over the last decade. As post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, miRNAs play key roles in various cellular pathways, including both development and response to a/biotic stress, such as drought and diseases. Having high-quality reference genome sequences enabled identification and annotation of miRNAs in several plant species, where miRNA sequences are highly conserved. As computational miRNA identification and annotation processes are mostly error-prone processes, homology-based predictions increase prediction accuracy. We developed and have improved the miRNA annotation pipeline, SUmir, in the last decade, which has been used for several plant genomes since then. 
This study presents a fully automated, new miRNA pipeline, mirMachine (miRNA Machine), by (i) adding an additional filtering step on the secondary structure predictions, (ii) making it fully automated, and (iii) introducing new options to predict either known miRNA based on homology or novel miRNAs based on small RNA sequencing reads using the previous pipeline. The new miRNA pipeline, mirMachine, was tested using The Arabidopsis Information Resource, TAIR10, release of the Arabidopsis genome and the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) wheat reference genome v2.

Herein, we present a new and fully automated miRNA pipeline, mirMachine that 1) can identify known and novel miRNAs more accurately and 2) is fully automated and freely available. Users can now execute a short submission script to run the fully automated mirMachine pipeline.

mirMachine: חנות אחת לביאור miRNA צמחי

Of different types of noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) have arguably been in the spotlight over the last decade. As post-transcriptional regulators of ...

Determination of Tripartite Interaction between Two Monomers of a MADS-box Transcription Factor and a Calcium Sensor Protein by BiFC-FRET-FLIM Assay

Protein-protein interactions are an integral part of all biological processes in the cells as they play a crucial role in regulating, maintaining, and amending cellular functions. These interactions are involved in a wide range of phenomena such as signal transduction, pathogen response, cell-cell interactions, metabolic and developmental processes. In the case of transcription factors, these interactions may lead to oligomerization of subunits, sequestering in specific subcellular contexts such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, etc., which, in turn, might have a more profound effect on the expression of the downstream genes. Here, we demonstrate a methodology to visualize in vivo tripartite interaction using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) based F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) involving Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM). Two of the proteins selected for this demonstration interact as BiFC partners, and their reconstituted fluorescence activity is used to assay FRET-FLIM with the third partner. Four to five-week-old growth-chamber-grown Nicotiana benthamiana plants have been used as the model plant system for this demonstration.

Here we present, a method to visualize ternary complex formation between three protein partners using fluorescent-tagged proteins by BiFC based FRET-FLIM assay. This method is valuable for studying protein-protein interaction complexes in vivo.

קביעת אינטראקציה משולשת בין שני מונומרים של גורם שעתוק של קופסת MADS וחלבון חיישן סידן על ידי BiFC-FRET-FLIM Assay

Protein-protein interactions are an integral part of all biological processes in the cells as they play a crucial role in regulating, maintaining, and ...