This research was supported by NASA (NNX15AC17G to CMD), and by NASA cooperative agreement NCC 9-58 (E000010 to CMD, NBPF02802 and NBPF04201 to RDH) with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute.

<ol>
	<li>Dinges, D. F., Orne, M. T., Whitehouse, W. G., Orne, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+placement+of+a+nap+for+alertness:+contributions+of+circadian+phase+and+prior+wakefulness.">Temporal placement of a nap for alertness: contributions of circadian phase and prior wakefulness.</a> Sleep. 10, 313-329 (1987).</li><li>Dinges, D. F., Powell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microcomputer+analyses+of+performance+on+a+portable,+simple+visual+RT+task+during+sustained+operations.">Microcomputer analyses of performance on a portable, simple visual RT task during sustained operations.</a> Behav Res Method Inst Comp. 17, 652-655 (1985).</li><li>Kribbs, N. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

La metodología descrita en el presente documento da como resultado actuaciones rPVT en ratas que se comparan favorablemente en muchos aspectos a la realización PVT típico descrito en la literatura humana. Usando las técnicas actuales, se puede formar rápidamente ratas para realizar la rPVT, y los rendimientos obtenidos con estas técnicas se caracterizan por discriminaciones claras (es decir, altos niveles de correcta que respondieron, bajos niveles tanto de responder prematuro y lapsos). Además, las dist...

La prueba de vigilancia psicomotriz humana (PVT) es una herramienta ampliamente utilizada, bien validada para la medición de vigilancia y atención sostenida en los seres humanos, y fue desarrollado originalmente por Dinges y col. 1-3 para evaluar la estabilidad en el tiempo de reacción y la atención (por ejemplo, errores en cuanto a las respuestas y los lapsos de atención prematuros), tanto dentro de las sesiones como un todo y en todo momento dentro de las sesiones individuales. A través de los años, la PVT humano ha sido modificado y actualizado 4-11 para realizar un seguimiento de los cambios temporales en varios aspectos la atención, y se ha demostrado ser sensible a los cambios en la privación del sueño y la fatiga, y se ve afectada por el consumo de drogas y la edad de los sujetos 12 , 13. El PVT es un procedimiento aparentemente simple en el que un sujeto se refiere brevemente una pantalla cuando un estímulo (por lo general una pantalla LED serie) aparece aleatoriamente en el tiempo, por lo general después de 2 - 10 s. En la versión humana, la visualización del número se incrementa en ms y se detuvo cuando tque se toca la pantalla, lo que indica el tiempo de reacción del sujeto (RT). Las disminuciones en la vigilancia se indican mediante 1) redujeron los tiempos de reacción, 2) un aumento en lapsos (denominado &quot;errores de omisión&quot; en la literatura humana, y por lo general se define como RTS que son&gt; 500 ms de duración), y 3) un aumento en prematura de responder (se denominan &quot;errores de comisión&quot; o &quot;salidas en falso&quot; en la literatura humana). Otras medidas también se pueden obtener con el PVT del examen de variables tales como las diferencias de género y edad; para una revisión de estas medidas, véase Basner y Dinges 4. Por último, el PVT se ha empleado en el área general de la evaluación del riesgo humano, y ha sido utilizado con éxito en una amplia gama de áreas operativas que incluyen las industrias militares, aéreo y ferroviario, socorristas y ambientes extremos, tales como misiones ambiente extremo de la NASA operaciones (NEEMO), el Proyecto internacional Mars500 14, y en la Spac Internacionale Station (ISS). En la ISS, el PVT se llama &quot;reacción de auto-prueba&quot; y se emplea para proporcionar a los astronautas con información individualizada relacionados con la fatiga (por ejemplo, los cambios en los TR o fallas en la atención). El PVT humana ha estado en uso durante décadas, así como versiones de roedores de tareas sencillas de tiempo de reacción (que son algo similar). Se ha Sólo recientemente, sin embargo, que un homólogo de roedor directo a la PVT humano se ha reportado en la literatura. Christie y colaboradores describieron una versión de la PVT humano para las ratas, y informaron disminuciones en la vigilancia siguientes privación del sueño 15,16. Estudios recientes adicionales han informado de versiones de la rPVT 17-19. Estos informes han descrito cambios en la atención sostenida después de varias técnicas de privación del sueño; sin embargo, los datos de estos estudios también han informado de altos niveles de prematuro que responden (por ejemplo, en algunos casos, más de 40% del número total de RESPOns); tales actuaciones son muy diferente a cualquier actuaciones PVT con los seres humanos. Una diferencia tan grande en roedores vs. actuaciones humanos son probablemente debido a diferencias en los parámetros específicos empleados en el ser humano frente a las versiones de roedores de la PVT; Por ejemplo, el Christie et al. estudio empleó un 3 variando aleatoriamente - foreperiod 7 s, mientras que un PVT humana normalmente se emplea un 2 - 10 s foreperiod (aunque ver Basner et al 5 para una versión de 3 minutos de la PVT humana que utiliza un 1 -. 4 s foreperiod) . El uso de valores foreperiod relativamente cortos a menudo puede resultar en animales &quot;timing&quot; sus respuestas, y por lo tanto puede promover, a través de refuerzo accidental, número de respuestas prematuros aumentó, como se ha informado en los estudios actuales de roedores rPVT. La versión de la rPVT descrito aquí se basa en nuestro artículo publicado previamente 20, y proporciona una descripción detallada de las técnicas y procedimientos involucrados. Difierede las versiones previamente publicadas de la rPVT en los siguientes aspectos: 1) las ratas fueron entrenadas con los valores foreperiod variables de 3 - 10 s, y 2) las ratas tenido que responder con rapidez, ya que sólo las respuestas dentro de una ventana de respuesta corto (también denominado un &quot;limitado hold &quot;) después del inicio del estímulo fueron reforzadas (1,5 s en el presente estudio; 3,0 s en las versiones anteriores publicadas de la rPVT). El uso de estas modificaciones, así como breves tiempos de espera para que respondieron incorrecta dio lugar a mayores niveles de control de estímulos, como se indica por las mejoras significativas en la precisión y la reducción de los niveles de respuesta precoz. El presente informe también describe los cambios previsibles en las variables de rendimiento (por ejemplo, fallas en la atención, RTS) que son paralelos a los observados en los seres humanos cuando se examina la vigilancia decrementos de 21 años, y al examinar otras medidas de rendimiento, incluyendo el efecto humano &quot;tiempo en la tarea&quot; y la respuesta- intervalo de estímulo (RSI) efecto que se observa en la PVT humana <shasta&gt; 22. La versión final de la rPVT descrito aquí comienza por encender una luz casa (ver Figura 1). Después de un intervalo variable (foreperiod) de 3 - 10 s transcurre, la clave de la nariz-empuje está iluminada por un máximo de 1,5 s. (Para asegurar una distribución equitativa de foreperiods duraciones, los valores son generados al azar sin reemplazo de una lista de 36 posibles valores que van de 3 a 10 s, basado en incrementos de 200 ms.) La iluminación de la tecla nosepoke es la señal para que un animal responder, y una respuesta que se produce entre 150 y 1.500 ms siguientes al inicio de la iluminación se refuerza con una pastilla de 45 mg. Después de una respuesta reforzada, tanto en la luz de la tecla nariz-liebre y la luz de la casa se apagan y un 1 s intervalo entre ensayos (ITI; casa de la luz apagada) se produce. Nose-pinchazos antes de la aparición de la luz producen un tiempo de espera de 8 s (A) de las contingencias experimentales que se señalan en la extinción de la luz de la casa. Si no hay respuestas ocurren dentro de los 1,5 s resPonse ventana, tanto la luz y la luz nosepoke casa se apagan, y un 1 s ITI se produce. El siguiente valor foreperiod programada para el juicio subsiguiente comienza después de cualquiera de los 1 s ITI o los 8 s A, lo que ocurra durante el juicio previo. Las sesiones se llevan a cabo todos los días (5 días / semana), se componen normalmente de alrededor de 200 ensayos, y terminan después de 30 minutos. Esto da como resultado con cada ensayo que tiene una duración de alrededor de 7,5 s, en promedio. Que regula el desempeño de línea de base estable sobre la rPVT se lleva a cabo mediante: 1) la adaptación inicialmente una rata de tomar bolitas de comida de la bandeja de comida en la cámara, 2) una rata para responder en una tecla de empuje nariz mediante el refuerzo de aproximaciones sucesivas a la final, la conformación de la mano nariz asoman respuesta, y 3) la realización de sesiones diarias donde los parámetros del procedimiento rPVT (es decir, foreperiod, ITI, a, y los tiempos de iluminación de teclas) se ajustan gradualmente durante un período de sesiones, dependiendo de qué tan bien cada rata está llevando a cabo durante cada sesión (que se describe en detalle a continuación).

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		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Houselight for rat</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-215M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">1&#34; diameter rat nose poke response key</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-119M-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Pellet receptacle, trough type</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-200R2M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Modular pellet dispenser for rat, 45-mg</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-203M-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">PCI Operating package for up to 8 operant chambers</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MED-SYST-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">SmartCtrl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DIG-716P1</td>
			<td>This catalog number has 8 outputs and 4 inputs which is the minimum needed to run the rPVT; SmartCtrl can also be purchased with 16 outputs and 8 inputs for more flexibility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Med-PC IV software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SOF-735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:315px;">PC computer with PCI card slot</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any manfacturer (e.g., Dell)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Use of the PCI operating package requires a computer with a PCI card slot. Systems that use PCIe are available. Contact Med Associates for details.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="210">
			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:315px;">Dustless Precision pellets 45-mg rodent grain-based diet</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bio Serv</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FO165</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Bio-Serv 
			One 8th Street, Suite 1 
			Frenchtown, NJ 08825, USA 
			Phone: (800)-996-9908;&#160;&#160; Standard chow pellets are commonly used. Different pellets (e.g., sucrose) can be acquired from Bio Serv.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the rodent psychomotor vigilance test (rpvt): a method for assessing neurobehavioral performance in rats and mice

La vigilancia de las pruebas psicomotoras humana (PVT) es un procedimiento ampliamente utilizado para medir los cambios en la fatiga y la atención sostenida. En el presente artículo se describe una versión roedor de la PVT-denominado el &quot;rPVT&quot; -que mide aspectos similares de la atención (es decir, la precisión de rendimiento, velocidad del motor, respondiendo prematura, y lapsos de atención). Los datos se presentan demuestran que tanto a corto como a largo plazo utilidad de la rPVT cuando se emplea con ratas de laboratorio. Las ratas aprenden fácilmente la rPVT, y aprender a realizar el procedimiento básico tarda menos de dos semanas de entrenamiento. Una vez adquiridas, las actuaciones de rata en el rPVT muestran un alto grado de similitud con estas mismas medidas de rendimiento en el PVT humana, incluyendo, similitudes en lapsos de atención, tiempos de reacción, decrementos de vigilancia en todo tiempo de la sesión (es decir, el ser humano &quot;tiempo-situ tarea &quot;efectos), y el efecto intervalo de respuesta-estímulo (RSI) se describe para los seres humanos. Así, el rPVT puede ser una herramienta muy valiosa para evaluar los efectos de una amplia gama de variables sobre la atención sostenida bastante similares a las actuaciones de PVT humanos, y por lo tanto puede ser útil para el desarrollo de nuevos tratamientos para trastornos neuroconductuales.

Basales de la rata rPVT Actuaciones Con los parámetros que se detallan aquí, el 86,7% de las 122 ratas macho alcanza los parámetros rPVT finales dentro de una media de 9,0 (SD = 10,13; n = 122) sesiones de entrenamiento automatizado por ordenador (descritos en el apartado 4.1 - Formación 4.9 rPVT; en nuestra experiencia, sólo aproximadamente el 2% de las ratas no adquirirá la rPVT). Usando la metodología actual, ratas prom...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice at JoVE.com

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

Una versión de la rata de la prueba humana vigilancia psicomotora (PVT) se describe que mide los aspectos de la atención similares a los medidos con el PVT humana, incluyendo los aspectos de la vigilancia humana tales como la precisión de rendimiento, velocidad del motor, que responden prematuro y fallas en la atención.

La prueba de roedores psicomotor Vigilancia (rPVT): Un método para evaluar el rendimiento neuroconductual en ratas y ratones

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

the-rodent-psychomotor-vigilance-test-rpvt-method-for-assessing

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

12.0K vistas.  The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  Una versión de la rata de la prueba humana vigilancia psicomotora (PVT) se describe que mide los aspectos de la atención similares a los medidos con el PVT humana, incluyendo los aspectos de la vigilancia humana tales como la precisión de rendimiento, velocidad del motor, que responden prematuro y fallas en la atención. 

Video: The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Los callejones de prueba sucesiva de ansiedad en ratones y ratas

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Investigación

Comportamiento

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Contextuales y complementada el condicionamiento del miedo de prueba utilizando un sistema de análisis de vídeo en ratones

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

Evaluación del desempeño funcional en el<em&gt; Mdx</em&gt; Modelo de ratón

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

Procedimientos operantes para la evaluación de la flexibilidad conductual en ratas

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

La Junta Agujero Modificado - Medición de Comportamiento, Cognición e interacción social en ratones y ratas

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Un método para probar el efecto de las señales ambientales sobre el comportamiento de apareamiento en<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

Prueba de reconocimiento de objeto novedoso para la investigación del aprendizaje y la memoria en ratones

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

La tarea de supinación de mando: Un método semiautomático para evaluar la función de Forelimb en ratas

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

Un nuevo método para la inducción de un depresión-como comportamiento en ratas

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

Evaluar la coherencia de las narrativas cortas de los padres con respecto a su hijo utilizando el procedimiento de muestra de habla de cinco minutos

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...