Samuel L. Pfaff es profesor en el Laboratorio de Expresión Génica en el Instituto Salk de Estudios Biológicos y un investigador en el Instituto Médico Howard Hughes. Este trabajo fue apoyado por el Christopher y Dana Reeve Foundation. Joe Belcovson, Schnoeker Kent y Mike Sullivan en Recursos Multimedia en el Instituto Salk proporcionó asistencia con la fotografía y la edición.

Registros electrofisiológicos de la médula espinal aislada puede revelar cambios genéticos y del desarrollo de circuitos neuronales 1. Hemos demostrado previamente un método para analizar los cables neonatal espinal de ratón 2. Aquí presentamos un método para preparar electrodos de succión útil en la grabación de la locomoción ficticia en la médula espinal aislada 3. La punta de un electrodo de un tubo de plástico se pueden extraer de una punta muy fina a mano usando una lámpara de alcohol de baja temperatura 3.5. El tubo de plástico (PE90, Clay Adams Intramedic TM) se lleva a cabo sobre la llama para ablandar la tubería en una forma maleable. Como el tubo comienza a derretirse y se vuelve más transparente que se extrae de la fuente de calor y los extremos se tira suavemente de distancia. El momento de retirar el tubo de la llama es importante para asegurar que el plástico no se derrumbe o se separan, mientras está dibujando. La parte fina de la tubería se corta con una cuchilla de afeitar de acuerdo con el diámetro deseado interna, según lo dictado por la edad de la muestra o el nivel segmentario de la médula. Para facilitar la colocación de una junta tórica en el tubo, un corte de 45 ° se realiza en el extremo grueso de la tubería con una cuchilla de afeitar. Un casquillo y la junta tórica se instalan en el extremo más grueso para conectar el extremo del electrodo en el cañón del electrodo. Para permitir que los electrodos de un tamaño específico y evitar las dificultades de la mano tirando puntas de los electrodos, los electrodos pueden ser construidos usando tubos de pequeño se inserta en un tubo grueso (PE90). Las longitudes de las tuberías son específicas para los requisitos de la configuración de la grabación y son variables. Se presentan las medidas utilizadas en nuestros experimentos 1-3,5. Una longitud de 1 cm de tubo de PTFE fina (Zeus, piezas pequeñas) y una longitud de 10 cm de tubería PE90 se cortan con una cuchilla de afeitar. Los extremos de los tubos pequeños deben ser examinados para asegurarse de que no se trituran o se cierra. Que se pueden abrir con un pin de insectos (Herramientas Artes Ciencia). Una gota de adhesivo (JB Weld) se coloca en el punto medio del tubo de PTFE. Los tubos de PTFE y adhesivo se dibujan en el tubo de succión con la boca PE90 en la tubería PE90. Un corte de 45 ° se realiza en el extremo grueso de la tubería y un casquillo y la junta tórica se adjuntan, que el anterior. El conector BNC férula y se desenrosca de un electrodo de succión comercial. El conector BNC se sumerge en xileno durante una hora para quitar el sello de cera. El conector se enjuaga en agua y se seca. Un puerto del lado inferior en ángulo deben hacerse en el lado del cañón. Una barra de metal se calienta con un mechero de Bunsen y se introduce en el agujero existente en el lado del cañón en un ángulo bajo. Una longitud de 15 cm de alambre de plata .010 pulgadas (AM Systems) se corta y empapado en lejía durante quince minutos. Esto se hace para crear una capa de cloruro de plata que ayuda a la conducción de la señal 6. El cable se enjuaga con agua, se seca, y luego soldar en el conector BNC. El cable conector BNC y la plata se introduce en el cañón de electrodos de aspiración con suficiente espacio para el conector BNC para permanecer al lado del cañón. Tubo de succión se inserta en el orificio lateral de 2-3cm. Sellador de silicona que se inyecta en el cilindro de aproximadamente 2 a 3 cm. El conector BNC se enrosca en el barril del electrodo empujando el sellador hacia adelante. La punta del electrodo está enroscado en la parte delantera del electrodo. Tubo de contracción también se pueden añadir para reforzar la línea de aspiración desde el puerto de lado. Los electrodos se montan en micromanipuladores que sujetarse a la base magnética, y se coloca cerca de la fuente de grabación. BNC cables coaxiales están conectados a un cabezal que está conectado a un amplificador. El amplificador está conectado a un adaptador (PolyView) que está conectado a una tarjeta de analógico a digital (National Instruments) en un ordenador PC con el software de adquisición de datos (PolyView). Al grabar datos electrofisiológicos, es necesario eliminar todas las interferencias externas. El plato de grabación, un amplificador y etapa de la cabeza se colocan en una mesa de aire dentro de una jaula de Faraday para evitar las interferencias eléctricas y mecánicas, respectivamente. Los resultados representativos: <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2580/2580fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Un electrodo de succión disponible en el mercado pueden ser modificados mediante la adición de un alambre de calibre pesado plata y una punta de plástico que es dibujado a mano en una lámpara de alcohol, o construido con tubos de plástico disponibles en el mercado de tamaños específicos. Además, el sellador de parafina se sustituye con más sellador de masilla de silicona durable. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2580/2580fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Un esquema de los electrodos de aspiración en relación con la mesa de aire (para aislamiento mecánico), jaula de Faraday (eléctrica isolatide), un amplificador y una computadora. Cabe señalar que hay una referencia a tierra al plato de grabación y un segundo motivo que se hace referencia a la mesa de aire y la jaula de Faraday.

<ol>
	<li>Gallarda, B. W., Sharpee, T. O., Pfaff, S. L., Alaynick, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+rhythmic+locomotor+burst+patterns+using+a+continuous+wavelet+transform.">Defining rhythmic locomotor burst patterns using a continuous wavelet transform.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1198, 133-139 (2010).</li><li>Meyer, A., Gallarda, B. W., Pfaff, S., Alaynick, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+electrophysiology.">Spinal cord electrophysiology.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2010).</li><li>Gallarda, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segregation+of+axial+motor+and+sensory+pathways+via+heterotypic+trans-axonal+signaling.">Segregation of axial motor and sensory pathways via heterotypic trans-axonal signaling.</a> Science. 320, 233-236 (2008).</li><li>Landmesser, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+motor+projection+patterns+in+the+chick+hind+limb.">The development of motor projection patterns in the chick hind limb.</a> J Physiol. 284, 391-414 (1978).</li><li>Myers, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholinergic+input+is+required+during+embryonic+development+to+mediate+proper+assembly+of+spinal+locomotor+circuits.">Cholinergic input is required during embryonic development to mediate proper assembly of spinal locomotor circuits.</a> Neuron. 46, 37-49 (2005).</li><li>Chanin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+determination+of+chloride+by+use+of+the+silver-silver+chloride+electrode.">The determination of chloride by use of the silver-silver chloride electrode.</a> Science. 119, 323-324 (1954).</li><li>Goulding, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circuits+controlling+vertebrate+locomotion:+moving+in+a+new+direction.">Circuits controlling vertebrate locomotion: moving in a new direction.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 10, 507-518 (2009).</li></ol>

Desarrollo del sistema nervioso pueden ser estudiados usando los cables aislados de roedores espinal. En presencia de los neurotransmisores, la locomoción ficticia puede ser generada a partir de la médula espinal en forma de patrones de actividad eléctrica 1,3. Estas explosiones rítmicas se producen en el 0,2 a 0,5 Hz y siguen el modelo de alternancia izquierda-derecha y flexor extensor. En diferentes etapas de desarrollo, la solidez y los patrones de esta actividad varía de 1. Las mutaciones genéticas también pueden alterar el patrón de esta actividad 3,5,7. Estudios transgénicos y el desarrollo de esta actividad proporciona una visión de la organización de los circuitos centrales de patrones de generación e informar a los estudios del desarrollo neuronal, por lo general.

<table><tbody><tr><td>PTFE Sub Lite Wall Tubing (Small tubing)</td><td>Zeus</td><td>36AWG</td><td>0.005&amp;#8221;ID x 0.003&amp;#8221; Wall (Small Parts) Also available in 0.003&amp;#8221; to 0.006&amp;#8221;</td></tr><tr><td>Large tubing (0.86mm (0.34&amp;#8221;))</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>427420</td><td>0.86mm (0.34&amp;#8221;) O.D. 1.27mm (.050&amp;#8221;)</td></tr><tr><td>Electrode Barrel</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>573000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive</td><td>JB Weld</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive: Silicone caulk</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solder and soldering iron</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bleach</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylene</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver wire: 0.010&amp;#8221;</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insect pins: Austerlitz 0.1mm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>26002-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic Stand</td><td>Narishige International</td><td>GJ-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Narishige International</td><td>MN 151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Miniboard (Headstage)</td><td>Grass Technologies</td><td>F-15EB/B1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyview Adaptor Unit</td><td>Grass Technologies</td><td>PVA 8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bipolar Portable Physiodata Amplifier System</td><td>Grass Technologies</td><td>15LT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ANALOG TO DIGITAL CARD</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>6035E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Air Table; Vibraplane</td><td>Kinetic Systems</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

spinal cord electrophysiology ii: extracellular suction electrode fabrication

Desarrollo de circuitos neuronales y la locomoción pueden ser estudiados usando roedores recién nacidos la médula espinal centro generador de patrones (CPG) de comportamiento. Demostramos un método para la fabricación de electrodos de succión que se utilizan para examinar la actividad de GPC, o la locomoción ficticia, en los cables de roedores disecados espinal. Los cables de la columna vertebral de roedores se colocan en líquido cefalorraquídeo artificial y las raíces ventrales son atraídos hacia el electrodo de succión. El electrodo se construye mediante la modificación de un electrodo de succión disponible en el mercado. Un hilo de plata pesada se utiliza en lugar del cable estándar proporcionada por el electrodo en el comercio. La punta de vidrio del electrodo comercial se sustituye con una punta de plástico para mayor durabilidad. Preparamos la mano electrodos dibujados y electrodos hechos de tamaños específicos de tubos, lo que permite la consistencia y la reproducibilidad. Los datos se recopilaron mediante un amplificador y un software de adquisición de neurogram. Las grabaciones se realizaron en una mesa de aire dentro de una jaula de Faraday para evitar la interferencia mecánica y eléctrica, respectivamente.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication at JoVE.com

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Una demostración de la fabricación y el uso de un electrodo de succión extracelular para medir los registros electrofisiológicos de los cables de la columna vertebral de roedores recién nacidos<em&gt; In vitro</em

Médula Espinal Electrofisiología II: Fabricación de electrodos de aspiración extracelular

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate ...

spinal-cord-electrophysiology-ii-extracellular-suction-electrode

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

15.0K vistas.  The Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Una demostración de la fabricación y el uso de un electrodo de succión extracelular para medir los registros electrofisiológicos de los cables de la columna vertebral de roedores recién nacidos In vitro

Video: Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

Recording from key nerves and muscles of Aplysia during feeding behavior allows us to study the patterns of neural control in an intact animal. Simultaneously recording from multiple nerves and muscles gives us precise information about the timing of neural activity. Previous recording methods have worked for two electrodes, but the study of additional nerves or muscles required combining and averaging the recordings of multiple animals, which made it difficult to determine fine details of timing and phasing, because of variability from response to response, and from animal to animal. Implanting four individual electrodes has a very low success rate due to the formation of adhesions that prevent animals from performing normal feeding movements. We developed a new method of electrode fabrication that reduces the bulk of the electrodes inside the animal allowing for normal feeding movements. Using a combination of glues to attach the electrodes results in a more reliable insulation of the electrode which lasts longer, making it possible to record for periods as long as a week. The fabrication technique that we describe could be extended to incorporate several additional electrodes, and would be applicable to vertebrate animals.

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

A technique is described for implanting four in vivo electrodes to monitor the neuromuscular control of feeding behavior in Aplysia californica.

Electrodo de fabricación e implantación de Aplysia californica Para grabaciones multi-canal neural y muscular en los animales intactos, libremente Comportarse

Recording from key nerves and muscles of Aplysia during feeding behavior allows us to study the patterns of neural control in an intact animal.  ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

An In Vitro Preparation for Eliciting and Recording Feeding Motor Programs with Physiological Movements in Aplysia californica

Multifunctionality, the ability of one peripheral structure to generate multiple, distinct behaviors1, allows animals to rapidly adapt their behaviors to changing environments. The marine mollusk Aplysia californica provides a tractable system for the study of multifunctionality. During feeding, Aplysia generates several distinct types of behaviors using the same feeding apparatus, the buccal mass. The ganglia that control these behaviors contain a number of large, identified neurons that are accessible to electrophysiological study. The activity of these neurons has been described in motor programs that can be divided into two types, ingestive and egestive programs, based on the timing of neural activity that closes the food grasper relative to the neural activity that protracts or retracts the grasper2. However, in isolated ganglia, the muscle movements that would produce these behaviors are absent, making it harder to be certain whether the motor programs observed are correlates of real behaviors. In vivo, nerve and muscle recordings have been obtained corresponding to feeding programs2,3,4, but it is very difficult to directly record from individual neurons5. Additionally, in vivo, ingestive programs can be further divided into bites and swallows1,2, a distinction that is difficult to make in most previously described in vitro preparations.
The suspended buccal mass preparation (Figure 1) bridges the gap between isolated ganglia and intact animals. In this preparation, ingestive behaviors - including both biting and swallowing - and egestive behaviors (rejection) can be elicited, at the same time as individual neurons can be recorded from and stimulated using extracellular electrodes6. The feeding movements associated with these different behaviors can be recorded, quantified, and related directly to the motor programs. The motor programs in the suspended buccal mass preparation appear to be more similar to those observed in vivo than are motor programs elicited in isolated ganglia. Thus, the motor programs in this preparation can be more directly related to in vivo behavior; at the same time, individual neurons are more accessible to recording and stimulation than in intact animals. Additionally, as an intermediate step between isolated ganglia and intact animals, findings from the suspended buccal mass can aid in interpretation of data obtained in both more reduced and more intact settings. The suspended buccal mass preparation is a useful tool for characterizing the neural control of multifunctionality in Aplysia.

An In Vitro Preparation for Eliciting and Recording Feeding Motor Programs with Physiological Movements in Aplysia californica

We describe a technique to extracellularly record and stimulate from nerves, muscles, and individual identified neurons in vitro while eliciting and observing different types of feeding behaviors in the feeding apparatus of Aplysia.

Un<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Preparación para Obtener y grabar programas de alimentación del motor con los movimientos fisiológicos en<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em

Multifunctionality, the ability of one peripheral  structure to generate multiple, distinct behaviors1, allows animals  to rapidly adapt their behaviors ...

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

In animals with large identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently, we developed a technique to extracellularly stimulate and record individual neurons in Aplysia californica5. We now describe a protocol for using this technique to uniquely identify and characterize motor neurons within a motor pool.
This extracellular technique has advantages. First, extracellular electrodes can stimulate and record neurons through the sheath5, so it does not need to be removed. Thus, neurons will be healthier in extracellular experiments than in intracellular ones. Second, if ganglia are rotated by appropriate pinning of the sheath, extracellular electrodes can access neurons on both sides of the ganglion, which makes it easier and more efficient to identify multiple neurons in the same preparation. Third, extracellular electrodes do not need to penetrate cells, and thus can be easily moved back and forth among neurons, causing less damage to them. This is especially useful when one tries to record multiple neurons during repeating motor patterns that may only persist for minutes. Fourth, extracellular electrodes are more flexible than intracellular ones during muscle movements. Intracellular electrodes may pull out and damage neurons during muscle contractions. In contrast, since extracellular electrodes are gently pressed onto the sheath above neurons, they usually stay above the same neuron during muscle contractions, and thus can be used in more intact preparations.
To uniquely identify motor neurons for a motor pool (in particular, the I1/I3 muscle in Aplysia) using extracellular electrodes, one can use features that do not require intracellular measurements as criteria: soma size and location, axonal projection, and muscle innervation4,6,7. For the particular motor pool used to illustrate the technique, we recorded from buccal nerves 2 and 3 to measure axonal projections, and measured the contraction forces of the I1/I3 muscle to determine the pattern of muscle innervation for the individual motor neurons.
We demonstrate the complete process of first identifying motor neurons using muscle innervation, then characterizing their timing during motor patterns, creating a simplified diagnostic method for rapid identification. The simplified and more rapid diagnostic method is superior for more intact preparations, e.g. in the suspended buccal mass preparation8 or in vivo9. This process can also be applied in other motor pools10,11,12 in Aplysia or in other animal systems2,3,13,14.

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

In animals with large identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently, we developed a technique to extracellularly stimulate and record individual neurons in Aplysia californica5. We now describe a protocol for using this technique to uniquely identify and characterize motor neurons within a motor pool.

Extracelularmente Identificar las neuronas motoras de un músculo en la piscina Motor<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em

In animals with large  identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using  intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently,  we developed ...

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic applications. This protocol describes a fabrication technique of a modified cylindrical nerve cuff electrode to meet these criteria. Minimum computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD and CAM) skills are necessary to consistently produce cuffs with high precision (contact placement 0.51 &#177; 0.04 mm) and various cuff sizes. The precision in spatially distributing the contacts and the ability to retain a predefined geometry accomplished with this design are two criteria essential to optimize the cuff&#39;s interface for selective recording and stimulation. The presented design also maximizes the flexibility in the longitudinal direction while maintaining sufficient rigidity in the transverse direction to reshape the nerve by using materials with different elasticities. The expansion of the cuff&#39;s cross sectional area as a result of increasing the pressure inside the cuff was observed to be 25% at 67 mm Hg. This test demonstrates the flexibility of the cuff and its response to nerve swelling post-implant. The stability of the contacts&#39; interface and recording quality were also examined with contacts&#39; impedance and signal-to-noise ratio metrics from a chronically implanted cuff (7.5 months), and observed to be 2.55 &#177; 0.25 k&#8486; and 5.10 &#177; 0.81 dB respectively.

This article provides a detailed description on the fabrication process of a high contact-density flat interface nerve electrode (FINE). This electrode is optimized for recording and stimulating neural activity selectively within peripheral nerves.

Fabricación de alta densidad, Contacto-Interface plana Electrodos nerviosas para aplicaciones de registro y estimulación

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic ...

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of these diseases, it is necessary to precisely characterize in which way the processing of information is disturbed between the different neuronal parts of the circuit. Using extracellular in vivo electrophysiological recordings, it is possible to accurately delineate neuronal activity within a neuronal network. The application of this method has several advantages over alternative techniques, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and calcium imaging, as it allows a unique temporal and spatial resolution and does not rely on genetically engineered organisms. However, the use of extracellular in vivo recordings is limited since it is an invasive technique that cannot be universally applied. In this article, a simple and easy to use method is presented with which it is possible to simultaneously record extracellular potentials such as local field potentials and multiunit activity at multiple sites of a network. It is detailed how a precise targeting of subcortical nuclei can be achieved using a combination of stereotactic surgery and online analysis of multi-unit recordings. Thus, it is demonstrated, how a complete network such as the hyperdirect cortico-basal ganglia loop can be studied in anesthetized animals in vivo.

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

In this study, the methodology is presented on how to perform multi-site in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the hyperdirect pathway under urethane anesthesia.

Agudo<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Grabaciones electrofisiológicas de potenciales de campo locales y actividad de múltiples unidades de la vía hiperdirecta en ratas anestesiadas

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the ...

Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a closed-loop event-triggered manner. Although many studies are focusing on the possible benefits and side-effects of TES in healthy and pathologic brains, there are still many fundamental open questions regarding the mechanism of action of the stimulation. Therefore, there is a clear need for a robust and reproducible method to test the acute and the chronic effects of TES in rodents. TES can be combined with regular behavioral, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques to investigate neuronal networks in vivo. The implantation of transcranial stimulation electrodes does not impose extra constraints on the experimental design while it offers a versatile, flexible tool to manipulate brain activity. Here we provide a detailed, step-by-step protocol to fabricate and implant transcranial stimulation electrodes to influence brain activity in a temporally constrained manner for months.

This detailed protocol describes transcranial stimulation electrode placement on the temporal bone in order to investigate the short- and long-term effects of transcranial electrical stimulation in freely moving rats.

Estimulación eléctrica transcraneal crónica y grabación Intracortical en ratas

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a ...

An Implantable System For Chronic In Vivo Electromyography

Electromyography (EMG) measures the muscle response to electrical stimulation or spontaneous activity of motor units and plays an important role in assessing neuromuscular function. Chronic recording of EMG activity reflecting a muscle&#8217;s reinnervation status after nerve injury has been limited, due to the invasive nature of traditional EMG recording techniques. In this regard, an implantable system is designed for long-term, in vivo EMG recording and nerve stimulation. It has been applied and tested in a study on reinnervation of laryngeal muscles. This system consists of 1) two bipolar electrode nerve cuffs and leads for stimulating each of two nerves: the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN); 2) two EMG recording electrodes and leads for each of the two laryngeal muscles: posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle and thyroarytenoid-lateral cricoarytenoid (TA-LCA) muscle complex; and 3) a skin receptacle interfacing all implanted lead terminals to an external recording preamplifier and stimulator using a connection cable. The wire leads are Teflon-coated, multi-filament, type 316 stainless steel. They are coiled and can stretch during body movement of the awake animal to prevent lead breakage and electrode migration. This system is implanted during an aseptic surgery. Afterwards, baseline EMG recordings are performed before the RLN is transected in the second surgery to study muscle reinnervation. Throughout the study, multiple physiological sessions are conducted in the anesthetized animal to obtain evoked and spontaneous EMG activity that reflects the reinnervation status of laryngeal muscles. The system is compact, free of infection over the course of the study, and highly durable. This implantable system can provide a reliable platform for research in which long-term recording or nerve stimulation is required in an anesthetized or freely moving animal.&#160;

Presented here is a protocol for the manufacturing of an implantable system for in vivo chronological recording of evoked and spontaneous electromyographic potentials. The system is applied to the investigation of reinnervation of laryngeal muscles following nerve injury. &#160;&#160;

Un sistema implantable para la electromiografía crónica in vivo

Electromyography (EMG) measures the muscle response to electrical stimulation or spontaneous activity of motor units and plays an important role in ...

In Vivo Intracellular Recording of Type-Identified Rat Spinal Motoneurons During Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation

Intracellular recording of spinal motoneurons in vivo provides a &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for determining the cells&#8217; electrophysiological characteristics in the intact spinal network and holds significant advantages relative to classical in vitro or extracellular recording techniques. An advantage of in vivo intracellular recordings is that this method can be performed on adult animals with a fully mature nervous system, and therefore many observed physiological mechanisms can be translated to practical applications. In this methodological paper, we describe this procedure combined with externally applied constant current stimulation, which mimics polarization processes occurring within spinal neuronal networks. Trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) is an innovative method increasingly used as a neuromodulatory intervention in rehabilitation after various neurological injuries as well as in sports. The influence of tsDCS on the nervous system remains poorly understood and the physiological mechanisms behind its actions are largely unknown. The application of the tsDCS simultaneously with intracellular recordings enables us to directly observe changes of motoneuron membrane properties and characteristics of rhythmic firing in response to the polarization of the spinal neuronal network, which is crucial for the understanding of tsDCS actions. Moreover, when the presented protocol includes the identification of the motoneuron with respect to an innervated muscle and its function (flexor versus extensor) as well as the physiological type (fast versus slow) it provides an opportunity to selectively investigate the influence of tsDCS on identified components of spinal circuitry, which seem to be differently affected by polarization. The presented procedure focuses on surgical preparation for intracellular recordings and stimulation with an emphasis on the steps which are necessary to achieve preparation stability and reproducibility of results. The details of the methodology of the anodal or cathodal tsDCS application are discussed while paying attention to practical and safety issues.

This protocol describes in vivo intracellular recording of rat lumbar motoneurons with simultaneous trans-spinal direct current stimulation. The method enables us to measure membrane properties and to record rhythmic firing of motoneurons before, during and after anodal or cathodal polarization of the spinal cord.

En Vivo Registro Intracelular de Motoneurones Espinales de Rata Tipo Identificados Durante estimulación de corriente directa trans-espinal

Intracellular recording of spinal motoneurons in vivo provides a &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for determining the cells&#8217; electrophysiological ...

Comprensión de las respuestas de las neuronas motoras a la estimulación de la médula espinal

The Ex vivo Preparation of Spinal Cord Slice for the Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recording in Motor Neurons During Spinal Cord Stimulation

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can effectively restore locomotor function after spinal cord injury (SCI). Because the motor neurons are the final unit to execute sensorimotor behaviors, directly studying the electrical responses of motor neurons with SCS can help us understand the underlying logic of spinal motor modulation. To simultaneously record diverse stimulus characteristics and cellular responses, a patch-clamp is a good method to study the electrophysiological characteristics at a single-cell scale. However, there are still some complex difficulties in achieving this goal, including maintaining cell viability, quickly separating the spinal cord from the bony structure, and using the SCS to successfully induce action potentials. Here, we present a detailed protocol using patch-clamp to study the electrical responses of motor neurons to SCS with high spatiotemporal resolution, which can help researcher improve their skills in separating the spinal cord and maintaining the cell viability at the same time to smoothly study the electrical mechanism of SCS on motor neuron and avoid unnecessary trial and mistake.

Autor destacado: Avance de la estimulación de la médula espinal: exploración de las respuestas celulares de las neuronas motoras a través de la electrofisiología de patch-clamp 

This protocol describes a method using a patch-clamp to study the electrical responses of motor neurons to spinal cord stimulation (SCS) with high spatiotemporal resolution, which can help researchers improve their skills in separating the spinal cord and maintaining cell viability simultaneously.

La preparación ex vivo del corte de la médula espinal para el registro de patch-clamp de células enteras en neuronas motoras durante la estimulación de la médula espinal

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can effectively restore locomotor function after spinal cord injury (SCI). Because the motor neurons are the final unit to ...

Médula Espinal Electrofisiología II: Fabricación de electrodos de aspiración extracelular

Resumen

Explorar más videos

Capítulos en este video

Electrodo de fabricación e implantación de Aplysia californica Para grabaciones multi-canal neural y muscular en los animales intactos, libremente Comportarse

Un

Extracelularmente Identificar las neuronas motoras de un músculo en la piscina Motor

Fabricación de alta densidad, Contacto-Interface plana Electrodos nerviosas para aplicaciones de registro y estimulación

Agudo

Estimulación eléctrica transcraneal crónica y grabación Intracortical en ratas

Un sistema implantable para la electromiografía crónica in vivo

En Vivo Registro Intracelular de Motoneurones Espinales de Rata Tipo Identificados Durante estimulación de corriente directa trans-espinal

La preparación ex vivo del corte de la médula espinal para el registro de patch-clamp de células enteras en neuronas motoras durante la estimulación de la médula espinal

La preparación ex vivo del corte de la médula espinal para el registro de patch-clamp de células enteras en neuronas motoras durante la estimulación de la médula espinal