1. Preparación de la emulsión <ol><li> La emulsión es una mezcla de 1:1 de antígeno (DTH pueden ser inducidas a varios antígenos: ovoalbúmina, toxoide tetánico, hemocianina de lapa hemocianina ....) en una solución acuosa añade adyuvante completo de Freund. Es muy importante añadir el antígeno al adyuvante y no al revés! </li><li> Hay una gran cantidad de residuos y la hora de hacer la inyección de una emulsión, por lo que siempre preparan 1,5 o 2 veces más de lo que usted necesita. </li><li> Disolver el antígeno en solución salina para preparar a 2 mg / ml. No filtro, ya que no quiere perder los agregados! </li><li> Ponga adyuvante completo de Freund H37Ra (Difco, catálogo # 231.131) en un tubo y agitar a gran velocidad. Añadir la caída de antígeno a gota y agitación. Cuando todos los antígenos, se añade, vortex por 5 minutos más. La mezcla se debe a su vez blanco. </li><li> Ponga la emulsión en una jeringa de vidrio y vincularlo a otro jeringa de vidrio mediante un puente de 18G (catálogo Fisher º 14-825-17L). Enviar la emulsión con una jeringa a otra hasta que se vuelve difícil (5-10 min). Lo mejor es utilizar dos jeringas de 5 ml. Si hay más de 5 ml de la emulsión se requieren, el uso de varios conjuntos de jeringas de 5 ml. </li><li> La emulsión puede ser almacenada en las jeringas a 4 ° C durante 3 semanas. </li></ol> 2. La inmunización de las ratas <ol><li> Mezcla de la emulsión en las jeringas durante unos minutos y traslado a la jeringa utilizada para la inyección. Inyectar 200 ml por vía subcutánea en 1-2 sitios en la base de la cola el uso de agujas 23G y una punta Luer-Lok jeringa de 3 ml. </li></ol> 3. Desafío con el antígeno en la espalda <ol><li> Siete días después de la inmunización, se afeitan dos manchas en el dorso de las ratas y inyectar por vía intradérmica 20 ml de una solución de antígeno 1 mg / ml en un lugar y solución salina (o antígeno irrelevante) en el otro sitio. No filtrar la solución de antígeno, ya que pueden perder los agregados que potencian la reacción inflamatoria. </li><li> Las ratas deben ser anestesiado para evitar movimientos. Inyectar la solución por vía intradérmica con agujas 27G ½ y jeringas de 1 ml. Cambie las agujas entre las inyecciones. Nota: el reto se puede hacer en el pabellón de las orejas en lugar de la parte de atrás para mediciones más precisas. Ver video en <a href="/index/Details.stp?ID=325">https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/index/Details.stp?ID=325</a> </li></ol> 4. La medición de DTH <ol><li> El sitio de la inyección comenzará a girar y la hinchazón de color rojo como un signo de inflamación. Medir el diámetro de la zona inflamada con una regla o, mejor aún, un calibrador. La inflamación máximo debe ocurrir entre 24 y 72 horas. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Beeton, C., Chandy, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+and+monitoring+of+adoptive+delayed-type+hypersensitivity+in+rats.">Induction and monitoring of adoptive delayed-type hypersensitivity in rats.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 8, (2007).</li></ol>

Los autores son los co-fundadores y asesores de Airmid Inc.

Para una medición más precisa de la reacción de DTH se recomienda un desafío a las ratas con el antígeno en el pabellón de la oreja. La reacción se puede medir una diferencia de inflamación del oído entre las autoridades de antígeno desafío auditivo y el oído desafió con solución salina sola o con el antígeno irrelevante. Una demostración del problema en el oído se muestra en 1.

Utilizar reactivos soluciones y jeringas estériles. Las jeringas de vidrio y los puentes 18G pueden ser esterilizados en autoclave. Leer material de la hoja de datos antes de manipular un reactivo por primera vez y usar el equipo protector apropiado.

induction and monitoring of active delayed type hypersensitivity (dth) in rats

Retardada de hipersensibilidad (DTH) es una reacción inflamatoria mediada por CCR7-efector linfocitos T de memoria que se infiltran en el sitio de la inyección de un antígeno contra el que ha sido el sistema inmunológico preparado. La reacción inflamatoria se caracteriza por enrojecimiento e inflamación del sitio de estímulos antigénicos. Es un modelo práctico para determinar la eficacia in vivo de los inmunosupresores. DTH cutánea puede ser inducido, ya sea por transferencia adoptiva de linfocitos T antígeno-específicos o mediante la inmunización activa con un antígeno, y el desafío posterior intradérmica con el antígeno para inducir la reacción inflamatoria en la piel de una zona determinada. Respuestas DTH pueden ser inducidas a diversos antígenos, por ejemplo, la ovoalbúmina, la tuberculina, toxoide tetánico, o hemocianina de lapa hemocianina (KLH). Aquí se demuestra la forma de inducir una reacción activa de DTH en ratas Lewis. En primer lugar, preparará una emulsión de agua en aceite de KLH, nuestro antígeno de interés, en el adyuvante completo de Freund e inyectar esta emulsión por vía subcutánea a ratas. Esto se preparan al sistema inmunológico para desarrollar células T de memoria dirigidos a KLH. Siete días después, nos pondrá a prueba a las ratas por vía intradérmica en la espalda con KLH en un lado y con la ovoalbúmina, un antígeno irrelevante, en el otro lado. La reacción inflamatoria será visible 16-72 horas más tarde y en la zona roja e hinchada se medirá como una indicación de la gravedad de DTH.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats at JoVE.com

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats

Retardada de hipersensibilidad (DTH) es una reacción inflamatoria mediada por CCR7-efector linfocitos T de memoria. Aquí se demuestra la forma de inducir DTH activa en ratas Lewis y controlar la respuesta inflamatoria.

Inducción y seguimiento de activos de hipersensibilidad de tipo retardado (DTH) en ratas

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T lymphocytes that infiltrate the site of injection of ...

induction-monitoring-active-delayed-type-hypersensitivity-dth

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) in Rats

17.7K vistas.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). Retardada de hipersensibilidad (DTH) es una reacción inflamatoria mediada por CCR7-efector linfocitos T de memoria. Aquí se demuestra la forma de inducir DTH activa en ratas Lewis y controlar la respuesta inflamatoria.

Video: Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats

Induction and Monitoring of Adoptive Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in Rats

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T lymphocytes that infiltrate the site of injection of an antigen against which the immune system has been primed. The inflammatory reaction is characterized by redness and swelling of the site of antigenic challenge. It is a convenient model to determine the in vivo efficacy of immunosuppressants. Cutaneous DTH can be induced either by adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T lymphocytes or by active immunization with an antigen, and subsequent intradermal challenge with the antigen to induce the inflammatory reaction in a given skin area. DTH responses can be induced to various antigens, for example ovalbumin, tuberculin, tetanus toxoid, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Such reactions can also be induced against autoantigen, for example to myelin basic protein (MBP) in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced with MBP, an animal model for multiple sclerosis (1).
Here we demonstrate how to induce an adoptive DTH reaction in Lewis rats. We will first stimulate ovalbumin-specific T cells in vitro and inject these activated cells intraperitoneally to naive rats. After allowing the cells to equilibrate in vivo for 2 days, we will challenge the rats with ovalbumin in the pinna of one ear, while the other ear wil receive saline. The inflammatory reaction will be visible 3-72 hours later and ear thickness will be measured as an indication of DTH severity.

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T (TEM) lymphocytes. Here we demonstrate how to activate antigen-specific TEM cells, induce adoptive DTH in Lewis rats and monitor the inflammatory response.

Inducción y Seguimiento de Adopción de hipersensibilidad retardada en ratas

Investigación

Biología

Imaging Effector Memory T cells in the Ear After Induction of Adoptive DTH

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction in which the main players are CCR7- effector / memory T lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate a method for inducing and recording the progress of a DTH reaction in the rat ear. This is followed by a demonstration of the preparation of rat ear tissue for two-photon imaging of the CCR7- effector / memory T cell response.
An adoptive DTH is induced by the intraperitoneal injection of GFP-labeled Ova-specific CCR7- effector / memory T cell line (Beeton, C J. Visualized Experiments, Issue 8). Cells are then allowed to equilibrate in the rat for 48 hours before challenge by injecting one ear with saline (control ear) and the other with a 1:1 mix of Ova and Ova conjugated to Texas-Red (Ova-TR) to allow visualization of resident antigen-presenting cells.
We describe a method of tissue preparation useful for imaging the motility of cells within the deep dermal layer during an immune response, in conjunction with visualization of collagen fibers by second harmonic generation. Ear tissue is cut into 5 x 5 mm squares (slightly larger is better) and mounted onto plastic cover slips using Vetbond&trade;, which are then secured using silicone grease in an imaging chamber and superfused by oxygen-bubbled tissue culture medium at 37&deg;C.

Here we demonstrate a method for inducing and recording the progress of a delayed type-hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in the rat ear. This is followed by a demonstration of the preparation of rat ear tissue for two-photon imaging of the effector / memory T cell response.

Imágenes de las células efectoras T de memoria en el oído después de la inducción de DTH adoptivos

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction in which the main players are CCR7- effector / memory T lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate a ...

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

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Neural induction is the first step in the formation of the brain. It is a mechanism by which Hensen's node (organizer), instructs adjacent tissue to adopt a neural fate, i.e. to give rise to the nervous system. This video demonstrates an assay for neural induction in chick embryo.

Ensayo de inducción neural en el embrión de pollo

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

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Studies in rodent models of breast cancer show that exposures to dietary/hormonal factors during the in utero and pubertal periods, when the mammary gland undergoes extensive modeling and re-modeling, alter susceptibility to carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. Similar findings have been described in humans: for example, high birthweight increases later risk of developing breast cancer, and dietary intake of soy during childhood decreases breast cancer risk. It is thought that these prenatal and postnatal dietary modifications induce persistent morphological changes in the mammary gland that in turn modify breast cancer risk later in life. These morphological changes likely reflect epigenetic modifications, such as changes in DNA methylation, histones and miRNA expression that then affect gene transcription . In this article we describe how changes in mammary gland morphology can predict mammary cancer risk in rats. Our protocol specifically describes how to dissect and remove the rat abdominal mammary gland and how to prepare mammary gland whole mounts. It also describes how to analyze mammary gland morphology according to three end-points (number of terminal end buds, epithelial elongation and differentiation) and to use the data to predict risk of developing mammary cancer.

Our protocol describes how to dissect the rat abdominal mammary gland and how to prepare mammary gland whole mounts. It also describes how to analyze mammary gland morphology using three end-points (number of terminal end buds, epithelial elongation and differentiation) and to use these results to predict mammary cancer risk in rats which were exposed to dietary modifications in utero or during prepuberty.

Los cambios en la morfología de la glándula mamaria y el riesgo de cáncer de mama en ratas

Studies in rodent models of breast cancer show that exposures to dietary/hormonal factors during the in utero and pubertal periods, when the mammary gland ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

En la reconstitución in vitro de los activos T. castaneum telomerasa

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Induction and Testing of Hypoxia in Cell Culture

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells. This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in oxygen (causes include insufficient blood vessel network, defective blood vessel, and anemia) or to an increased consumption of oxygen relative to the supply (caused by a sudden higher cell proliferation rate). Hypoxia can be physiologic or pathologic such as in solid cancers 1-3, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis etc&#x2026; Each tissues and cells have a different ability to adapt to this new condition. During hypoxia, hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF) is stabilized and regulates various genes such as those involved in angiogenesis or transport of oxygen 4. The stabilization of this protein is a hallmark of hypoxia, therefore detecting HIF is routinely used to screen for hypoxia 5-7. 
In this article, we propose two simple methods to induce hypoxia in mammalian cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of these cells.

Here we propose simple methods to induce hypoxia in cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of the cultures.

Inducción y prueba de hipoxia en el cultivo celular

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells.  This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in ...

Chromatographic Purification of Highly Active Yeast Ribosomes

Eukaryotic ribosomes are much more labile as compared to their eubacterial and archael counterparts, thus posing a significant challenge to researchers. Particularly troublesome is the fact that lysis of cells releases a large number of proteases and nucleases which can degrade ribosomes. Thus, it is important to separate ribosomes from these enzymes as quickly as possible. Unfortunately, conventional differential ultracentrifugation methods leaves ribosomes exposed to these enzymes for unacceptably long periods of time, impacting their structural integrity and functionality. To address this problem, we utilize a chromatographic method using a cysteine charged Sulfolink resin. This simple and rapid application significantly reduces co-purifying proteolytic and nucleolytic activities, producing high yields of intact, highly biochemically active yeast ribosomes. We suggest that this method should also be applicable to mammalian ribosomes. The simplicity of the method, and the enhanced purity and activity of chromatographically purified ribosome represents a significant technical advancement for the study of eukaryotic ribosomes.

Contamination of preparations of eukaryotic ribosomes purified by traditional methods by co-purifying nucleases and proteases negatively impacts on downstream biochemical and structural analyses. A rapid and simple chromatographic purification method is used to solve this problem using yeast ribosomes as a model system.

Purificación por cromatografía de ribosomas de levadura de gran actividad

Eukaryotic ribosomes are much more labile as compared to their eubacterial and archael counterparts, thus posing a significant challenge to researchers.  ...

Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with the Crustacean Artemia franciscana

Our research activities target the use of biological methods for the evaluation of environmental quality, with particular reference to saltwater/brackish water and sediment. The choice of biological indicators must be based on reliable scientific knowledge and, possibly, on the availability of standardized procedures. In this article, we present a standardized protocol that used the marine crustacean Artemia to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals and/or of marine environmental matrices. Scientists propose that the brine shrimp (Artemia) is a suitable candidate for the development of a standard bioassay for worldwide utilization. A number of papers have been published on the toxic effects of various chemicals and toxicants on brine shrimp (Artemia). The major advantage of this crustacean for toxicity studies is the overall availability of the dry cysts; these can be immediately used in testing and difficult cultivation is not demanded1,2. Cyst-based toxicity assays are cheap, continuously available, simple and reliable and are thus an important answer to routine needs of toxicity screening, for industrial monitoring requirements or for regulatory purposes3. The proposed method involves the mortality as an endpoint. The numbers of survivors were counted and percentage of deaths were calculated. Larvae were considered dead if they did not exhibit any internal or external movement during several seconds of observation4. This procedure was standardized testing a reference substance (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate); some results are reported in this work. This article accompanies a video that describes the performance of procedural toxicity testing, showing all the steps related to the protocol.

Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with the Crustacean Artemia franciscana

This study concerns the development and standardization of a valuable methodological protocol to determine long-term (14 days) lethal toxicity exerted by chemical substances, industrial wastewater or sewage and liquid environmental samples on the saltwater crustacean, Artemia franciscana.

A largo plazo Prueba de toxicidad letal con el Crustáceo Artemia franciscana</em

Our research activities target the use of biological methods for the evaluation of environmental quality, with particular reference to saltwater/brackish ...

In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

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In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

In this video article, we describe the in vitro synthesis of modified mRNA for induction of protein expression in cells.

Síntesis in vitro de ARNm modificado para la inducción de la expresión proteica en las células humanas

The exogenous delivery of coding synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) for induction of protein synthesis in desired cells has enormous potential in the fields ...

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

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Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

In this paper, we provide a detailed protocol for exposing species in the genus Drosophila to pollutants with the goal of studying the impact of exposure on a range of phenotypic outputs at different developmental stages and for more than one generation.

Inducción y seguimiento de activos de hipersensibilidad de tipo retardado (DTH) en ratas

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