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Chapter 20
Humans have five special senses—vision, smell, taste, hearing, and equilibrium. All these senses have anatomically distinct receptors to detect ...
The accessory structures of the eyes protect and support the eye but are not directly involved in vision. Eyebrows, ...
The eyeball is a hollow fluid-filled structure composed of three layers—the fibrous, vascular, and inner layers. The superficial fibrous layer has ...
In a normal human eye, as light rays enter, they bend at the cornea, and the lens, to form an inverted image on the retina. The extent to which rays ...
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane ...
The olfactory organ is situated on the roof of the nasal cavity. It covers the superior nasal concha on each side of the nasal septum. It consists of the ...
The olfactory organs are responsible for the olfaction or sense of smell. The process of olfaction begins as olfactory cilia capture the odorant ...
Taste buds—the sensory organs of the taste—are oval-shaped structures consisting of two major types of epithelial cells. Gustatory epithelial ...
Taste physiology begins when the tastants — the chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells — dissolve in saliva, diffuse through the ...
The human ear has three important regions— external, middle, and internal. The external ear consists of the cartilaginous auricle and the auditory ...
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory ...
The body position and balance are detected by specialized organs in the inner ear. These include the utricle and saccule of the vestibule and the ...
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