Diese Arbeit wurde von den National Institutes of Health [R01GM121847] unterstützt; das Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Support Grant/Core Grant (P30 CA008748); und msKCC Functional Genomics Initiative.

Die Autoren haben nichts zu verraten.

Im Vergleich zu typischen in vitro TIRF Einzelmolekülexperimenten ist die hier beschriebene Einzelmolekül-Bildgebung mit dem hier beschriebenen Assay durch den Einsatz von Zellextrakt und einer hohen Konzentration fluoreszierend markierter Antikörper zusätzlich komplex. Im Vergleich zur gebräuchlicheren Praxis einer Flächen-PEGylation reduziert eine zweite Runde PEGylation (Schritt 2) die unspezifische Antikörperbindung an die Nachweisfläche15erheblich. Die hohe Konzentration diff...

Die Übersetzung in eukaryotischen Systemen erfolgt überwiegend über 7-Methylguanosin (m7G) kappenabhängige Wege1. Studien zeigen, dass der Initiationsschritt der eukaryotischen Übersetzung die Rate begrenzend ist und ein gemeinsames Ziel für regulation2,3,4ist. Mechanismen der kappenabhängigen Übersetzung wurden ausgiebig mit genetischen5, biochemischen6,7,8, strukturellen9und genomischen10 Massenansätzen untersucht. Obwohl diese Methoden verschiedene Mechanismen identifiziert haben, die die capabhängige Initiation regulieren, beschränkt ihre Auflösung sie auf die Ensemble-Mittelung von Signalen aus heterogenen und asynchronen Initiationsereignissen. In jüngerer Zeit wurden einzelne In-vivo-Translationsereignisse mit Methoden visualisiert, die die fluoreszierende Antikörperbindung an Epitope auf aufkeimenden Polypeptiden11,12,13,14messen. Diese neuen Ansätze sind jedoch auch in ihrer Fähigkeit eingeschränkt, einzelne Initiationsereignisse zu lösen, da mehrere fluoreszierende Antikörper ein aufkeimendes Peptid binden müssen, damit einzelne Translationsereignisse aus einem hohen intrazellulären Fluoreszenzhintergrund gelöst werden können. In vielen biologischen Wechselwirkungen haben gelöste einzelne kinetische Ereignisse kritische Einblicke in das Verständnis komplexer mehrstufiger und sich wiederholender biologischer Prozesse geliefert, die auf molekularer Ebene nicht synchronisiert werden können. Neue Methoden, die die Dynamik einzelner Übersetzungsereignisse nachverfolgen können, sind für ein besseres Verständnis der cap-abhängigen Initiierung und Regulierung erforderlich.
Kürzlich haben wir einen In-vitro-Test entwickelt, der die cap-abhängige Initiationskinetik mit der Einmolekülauflösung15misst. Unter Berücksichtigung der großen Anzahl bekannter und unbekannter Proteinfaktoren, die an diesem Initiationsweg beteiligt sind3,16, wurde der Einzelmolekül-Assay entwickelt, um mit bestehenden in vitro zellfreien Übersetzungssystemen kompatibel zu sein, um von ihrer Erhaltung zellulärer Faktoren und robuster Translationsaktivität17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25zu profitieren. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht der Einsatz zellfreier Übersetzungssysteme kompatiblere Vergleiche zwischen Einzelmolekülbeobachtungen und früheren Massenergebnissen. Dieser Ansatz ermöglicht eine geradlinige Integration neuer kinetischer Einzelmoleküleinblicke in den bestehenden mechanistischen Rahmen der kappenabhängigen Initiation. Um den Einzelmolekül-Assay zu etablieren, wird das traditionelle zellfreie Übersetzungssystem auf drei Arten modifiziert: Zu Beginn des offenen Leserahmens (ORF) eines Reporters mRNA wird eine epitopkodiende Sequenz eingefügt; das 3-Zoll-Ende der Reporter-mRNA ist biotinyliert, um mRNA-End-Tethering-zu-Einmolekül-Detektionsfläche zu erleichtern; und fluoreszierend gekennzeichnete Antikörper werden zum Translationsextrakt ergänzt. Diese Modifikationen erfordern nur grundlegende molekularbiologische Techniken und allgemein verfügbare Reagenzien. Darüber hinaus bewahren diese Modifikationen und die einmolekularen Bildbedingungen die Translationskinetik von massenzellfreien Translationsreaktionen15.
In diesem Test (Abbildung 1), 5'-End-gekapselter und 3'-End-biotinylierter Reporter mRNA wird zu einer Streptavidin-beschichteten Detektionsfläche in einer Strömungskammer immobilisiert. Die Durchflusskammer wird dann mit einem zellfreien Translationsgemisch gefüllt, das mit fluoreszierend gekennzeichneten Antikörpern ergänzt wird. Nachdem die mRNA-Translation für ca. 30-40 Codons unterhalb der Epitopsequenz26,27erfolgt ist, entsteht das Epitop aus dem Ribosom-Ausgangstunnel und wird zugänglich, um mit fluoreszierend markierten Antikörpern zu interagieren. Diese Wechselwirkung ist schnell und ihre Detektion durch einzelmolekulare Fluoreszenz-Bildgebungstechniken ermöglicht die Verfolgung der Translationskinetik mit Einzelmolekülauflösung während der aktiven zellfreien Translation. Dieser Test sollte im Großen und Ganzen In-vitro-Studien zur kapabhängigen Translationskinetik und ihrer Regulierung zugute kommen, insbesondere für Systeme mit einem in vitro-basierten Massentest.
Eine Voraussetzung für die Etablierung dieses einzelmolekularen Assays ist ein massengangfreies Translations-Assay, das mit einem Übersetzungsextrakt erreicht werden kann, der entweder kommerziell erhältlich ist oder nach zuvor beschriebenen Methoden28hergestellt wird. Eukaryotische Translation Extrakt kann aus verschiedenen Zellen gewonnen werden, einschließlich Pilz, Säugetier, und Pflanze28. Für die Bildgebung benötigt dieser Test ein TIRF-Mikroskop mit einstellbarer Laserintensität und Einfallswinkel, eine motorisierte Probenstufe, ein motorisiertes Fluidiksystem und ein Probentemperaturregelgerät. Solche Anforderungen sind generisch für moderne In-vitro-Einzelmolekül-TIRF-Experimente und können unterschiedlich erreicht werden. Das hier vorgestellte Experiment verwendet ein objektives TIRF-System, das aus handelsüblichen Mikroskopen, Software und Zubehör besteht, die alle in der Tabelle der Materialienaufgeführt sind.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100X oil objective, N.A. 1.49</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>UAPON 100XOTIRF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acryamide/bis (40%, 19:1)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline liquid detergent</td>
			<td>Decon</td>
			<td>5332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aminosilane (N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane)</td>
			<td>UCT Specialties, LLC</td>
			<td>A0700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Andor ixon Ultra DU 897V EMCCD</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td>DU-897U-CSO-#BV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Andor Solis software</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For controlling the Andor EMCCD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>532/640/25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>NF03-405/488/532/635E-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin-PEG-SVA</td>
			<td>Laysan Bio Inc</td>
			<td>Biotin-PEG-SVA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coenzyme A free acid</td>
			<td>Prolume</td>
			<td>309-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coolterm software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For controlling the syringe pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desktop computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For controlling the microscope, camera, stage, and pump.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichroic mirror</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>R405/488/532/635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-zol RNA microprep 50RNX</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC1139450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E1910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Devcon</td>
			<td>14250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Firefly luciferin D-Luciferin free acid</td>
			<td>Prolume</td>
			<td>306-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1185500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen perioxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>216763-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immersion oil</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Z-81226A</td>
			<td>Low auto-fluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luciferase Assay System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEGASCRIPT T7 Transcription Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo fisher</td>
			<td>AM1334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MMX04751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX83</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slide</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>3048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoclonal anti-FLAG M2-Cy3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9594</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mPEG-SVA</td>
			<td>Laysan Bio Inc</td>
			<td>mPEG-SVA-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS(PEG)4</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>22341</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl (5M)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>AM9760G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>No 1.5 microscope Cover glass</td>
			<td>Fisherband</td>
			<td>12-544-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus Laser, 532nm 100mM</td>
			<td>Olympus digital Laser system</td>
			<td>CMR-LAS 532nm 100mW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus TirfCtrl software</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For controlling the laser intensity and incident angle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical table</td>
			<td>TMC vibration control</td>
			<td>63-563</td>
			<td>With vibration isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol chloroform isoamyl alcohol mix</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>77617-100ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce RNA 3&#39; End Biotinylation Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>20160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hydroxide pellets</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1767-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prior motorized XY translation stage</td>
			<td>Prior</td>
			<td>PS3J100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prior PriorTest software</td>
			<td>Prior</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For controlling the Prior motorized stage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant RNasin RNase Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>N2515</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stage top Incubator</td>
			<td>In vivo scientific (world precision Instruments)</td>
			<td>98710-1</td>
			<td>With a custom built acrylic cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining jar</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>43-4301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A300212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR green II</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S7564</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>1725RN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pump</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus</td>
			<td>55-3333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris (1M), pH = 7.0</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>AM9850G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic Bath</td>
			<td>Branson</td>
			<td>CPX1800H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>U5378-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vaccinia Capping system</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M2080S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zymo-Spin IC Columns</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>C1004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vitro single-molecule imaging assay for the analysis of cap-dependent translation kinetics

Die cap-abhängige Proteinsynthese ist der vorherrschende Translationsweg in eukaryotischen Zellen. Während verschiedene biochemische und genetische Ansätze umfangreiche Studien über die kapabhängige Übersetzung und ihre Regulierung ermöglicht haben, fehlt es noch immer an einer hochauflösenden kinetischen Charakterisierung dieses Übersetzungswegs. Kürzlich haben wir einen In-vitro-Assay entwickelt, um die capabhängige Translationskinetik mit Einzelmolekülauflösung zu messen. Der Test basiert auf fluoreszierend gekennzeichneten Antikörperbindungen an entstehendes Epitop-markiertes Polypeptid. Durch die Abbildung der Bindung und Dissoziation von Antikörpern an und von entstehenden Peptid-Ribosome-mRNA-Komplexen kann die Translationsprogression auf einzelnen mRNAs nachverfolgt werden. Hier stellen wir ein Protokoll zur Etablierung dieses Assays vor, einschließlich mRNA- und PEGylated-Diapräparate, Echtzeit-Bildgebung der Translation und Analyse einzelner Molekülbahnen. Dieser Test ermöglicht die Verfolgung einzelner capabhängiger Übersetzungsereignisse und löst wichtige Translationskinetik, wie Initiierungs- und Dehnungsraten. Der Assay kann in großem Umfang auf unterschiedliche Übersetzungssysteme angewendet werden und sollte im Großen und Ganzen In-vitro-Studien über capabhängige Translationskinetik und translationale Kontrollmechanismen profitieren.

Das Folgende beschriebene Protokoll ermöglicht die Abbildung einzelner Antikörper-Wechselwirkungen mit entstehenden N-terminal-markierten Polypeptiden mit einzelmolekularer Auflösung während der aktiven zellfreien Translation von 3' End-tethered Reporter mRNA (Abbildung 1). Ein minimales Demonstrationsexperiment wird mit der Verwendung von drei synthetischen mRNAs berichtet: LUC (Codierung nicht markiert luziferase), LUCFLAG (Codierung 3xFLAG-getaggt...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics at JoVE.com

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

Das Nachverfolgen einzelner Übersetzungsereignisse ermöglicht hochauflösende kinetische Studien von kappenabhängigen Translationsmechanismen. Hier zeigen wir einen in vitro Einzelmolekül-Assay basierend auf bildgebenden Wechselwirkungen zwischen fluoreszierend markierten Antikörpern und epitopmarkierten aufkommenden Peptiden. Diese Methode ermöglicht die Einzelmolekülcharakterisierung der Initiations- und Peptiddehnungskinetik während der aktiven in vitro capabhängigen Translation.

Ein In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay zur Analyse von cap-dependent Translation Kinetics

Cap-dependent protein synthesis is the predominant translation pathway in eukaryotic cells. While various biochemical and genetic approaches have allowed ...

an-vitro-single-molecule-imaging-assay-for-analysis-cap-dependent

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

3.0K Aufrufe.  Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Das Nachverfolgen einzelner Übersetzungsereignisse ermöglicht hochauflösende kinetische Studien von kappenabhängigen Translationsmechanismen. Hier zeigen wir einen in vitro Einzelmolekül-Assay basierend auf bildgebenden Wechselwirkungen zwischen fluoreszierend markierten Antikörpern und epitopmarkierten aufkommenden Peptiden. Diese Methode ermöglicht die Einzelmolekülcharakterisierung der Initiations- und Peptiddehnungskinetik während der aktiven in ...

Serie: An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

Phosphoinositides in the cell membrane are signaling lipids with multiple cellular functions. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is a determinant phosphoinositide of the plasma membrane (PM), and it is required to modulate ion channels, actin dynamics, exocytosis, endocytosis, intracellular signaling, and many other cellular processes. However, the spatial organization of PI(4,5)P2 in the PM is controversial, and its nanoscale distribution is poorly understood due to the technical limitations of research approaches. Here by utilizing single molecule localization microscopy and the Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain based dual color fluorescent probes, we describe a novel method to visualize the nanoscale distribution of PI(4,5)P2 in the PM in fixed membrane sheets as well as live cells.

PI(4,5)P2 regulates various cellular functions, but its nanoscale organization in the cell plasma membrane is poorly understood. By labeling PI(4,5)P2 with a dual-color fluorescent probe fused to the Pleckstrin Homology domain, we describe a novel approach to study the PI(4,5)P2 spatial distribution in the plasma membrane at the nanometer scale.

Einzelmolekül-Super-Resolution Imaging von Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphat in der Plasmamembran mit neuartigen Fluoreszenzsonden

Phosphoinositides in the cell membrane are signaling lipids with multiple cellular functions. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is a ...

Forschung

Biochemie

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Non-canonical nucleic acid secondary structure G-quadruplexes (G4) are involved in diverse cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, RNA processing, and telomere elongation. During these processes, various proteins bind and resolve G4 structures to perform their function. As the function of G4 often depends on the stability of its folded structure, it is important to investigate how G4 binding proteins regulate the stability of G4. This work presents a method to manipulate single G4 molecules using magnetic tweezers, which enables studies of the regulation of G4 binding proteins on a single G4 molecule in real time. In general, this method is suitable for a wide scope of applications in studies for proteins/ligands interactions and regulations on various DNA or RNA secondary structures.

A single-molecule magnetic tweezers platform to manipulate G-quadruplexes is reported, which allows for the study of G4 stability and regulation by various proteins.

Einzelmolekül-Manipulation von G-Quadruplexe von magnetischen Pinzette

Non-canonical nucleic acid secondary structure G-quadruplexes (G4) are involved in diverse cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, RNA ...

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation of protein synthesis is the key to cellular stress-response, and dysregulation is central to many disease states, such as cancer. For instance, although cellular stress leads to the inhibition of global translation by attenuating cap-dependent initiation, certain stress-response proteins are selectively translated in a cap-independent manner. Discreet RNA regulatory elements, such as cellular internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes), allow for the translation of these specific mRNAs. Identification of such mRNAs, and the characterization of their regulatory mechanisms, have been a key area in molecular biology. Toeprinting is a method for the study of RNA structure and function as it pertains to translation initiation. The goal of toeprinting is to assess the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form stable complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions, in order to determine which sequences, structural elements, or accessory factors are involved in ribosome binding&#8212;a pre-cursor for efficient translation initiation. Alongside other techniques, such as western analysis and polysome profiling, toeprinting allows for a robust characterization of mechanisms for the regulation of translation initiation.

Toeprinting aims to measure the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form translation initiation complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions. This protocol describes a method for toeprinting mammalian RNA and can be used to study both cap-dependent and IRES-driven translation.

Toeprinting Analyse der Übersetzung Einleitung Komplexbildung auf Säugetier-mRNAs

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation ...

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy

In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) extended our understanding of molecular properties and functions. It gave us the opportunity to explore a multiplicity of biophysical mechanisms, e.g., how bacterial adhesins bind to host surface receptors in more detail. Among other factors, the success of SMFS experiments depends on the functional and native immobilization of the biomolecules of interest on solid surfaces and AFM tips. Here, we describe a straightforward protocol for the covalent coupling of proteins to silicon surfaces using silane-PEG-carboxyls and the well-established N-hydroxysuccinimid/1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)carbodiimid (EDC/NHS) chemistry in order to explore the interaction of pilus-1 adhesin RrgA from the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) with the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (Fn). Our results show that the surface functionalization leads to a homogenous distribution of Fn on the glass surface and to an appropriate concentration of RrgA on the AFM cantilever tip, apparent by the target value of up to 20% of interaction events during SMFS measurements and revealed that RrgA binds to Fn with a mean force of 52 pN. The protocol can be adjusted to couple via site specific free thiol groups. This results in a predefined protein or molecule orientation and is suitable for other biophysical applications besides the SMFS.

This protocol describes the covalent immobilization of proteins with a heterobifunctional silane coupling agent to silicon-oxide surfaces designed for the atomic force microscopy based single molecule force spectroscopy which is exemplified by the interaction of RrgA (pilus-1 tip adhesin of S. pneumoniae) with fibronectin.

Kovalente Immobilisierung von Proteinen für die Einzelmolekül-Spektroskopie Kraft

In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) extended our understanding of molecular properties and ...

Proteome-wide Quantification of Labeling Homogeneity at the Single Molecule Level

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a fluorescent dye and are spotted by a photodetector following their separation. Single molecule fluorescence imaging can provide ultrasensitive protein detection with its ability for visualizing individual fluorescent molecules. However, the application of this powerful imaging method to electrophoresis assays is hampered by the lack of ways to characterize the homogeneity of fluorescent labeling of each protein species across the proteome. Here, we developed a method to evaluate the labeling homogeneity across the proteome based on a single molecule fluorescence imaging assay. In our measurement using a HeLa cell sample, the proportion of proteins labeled with at least one dye, which we termed &#8216;labeling occupancy&#8217; (LO), was determined to range from 50% to 90%, supporting the high potential of the application of single molecule imaging to sensitive and precise proteome analysis.

Here, we present a protocol to assess the labeling homogeneity for each protein species in a complex protein sample at the single molecule level.

Proteom-weite Quantifizierung des Benennens Homogenität auf der Ebene des einzelnen Moleküls

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a ...

Production of Dynein and Kinesin Motor Ensembles on DNA Origami Nanostructures for Single Molecule Observation

Cytoskeletal motors are responsible for a wide variety of functions in eukaryotic cells, including mitosis, cargo transport, cellular motility, and others. Many of these functions require motors to operate in ensembles. Despite a wealth of knowledge about the mechanisms of individual cytoskeletal motors, comparatively less is known about the mechanisms and emergent behaviors of motor ensembles, examples of which include changes to ensemble processivity and velocity with changing motor number, location, and configuration. Structural DNA nanotechnology, and the specific technique of DNA origami, enables the molecular construction of well-defined architectures of motor ensembles. The shape of cargo structures as well as the type, number and placement of motors on the structure can all be controlled. Here, we provide detailed protocols for producing these ensembles and observing them using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Although these techniques have been specifically applied for cytoskeletal motors, the methods are generalizable to other proteins that assemble in complexes to accomplish their tasks. Overall, the DNA origami method for creating well-defined ensembles of motor proteins provides a powerful tool for dissecting the mechanisms that lead to emergent motile behavior.

The goal of this protocol is to form ensembles of molecular motors on DNA origami nanostructures and observe the ensemble motility using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.

Produktion von Dynein und Kinesin Motor Ensembles auf DNA Origami Nanostrukturen für die Einzelmolekülbeobachtung

Cytoskeletal motors are responsible for a wide variety of functions in eukaryotic cells, including mitosis, cargo transport, cellular motility, and ...

Single Cell Analysis Of Transcriptionally Active Alleles By Single Molecule FISH

Gene transcription is an essential process in cell biology, and allows cells to interpret and respond to internal and external cues. Traditional bulk population methods (Northern blot, PCR, and RNAseq) that measure mRNA levels lack the ability to provide information on cell-to-cell variation in responses. Precise single cell and allelic visualization and quantification is possible via single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH). RNA-FISH is performed by hybridizing target RNAs with labeled oligonucleotide probes. These can be imaged in medium/high throughput modalities, and, through image analysis pipelines, provide quantitative data on both mature and nascent RNAs, all at the single cell level. The fixation, permeabilization, hybridization and imaging steps have been optimized in the lab over many years using the model system described herein, which results in successful and robust single cell analysis of smFISH labeling. The main goal with sample preparation and processing is to produce high quality images characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio to reduce false positives and provide data that are more accurate. Here, we present a protocol describing the pipeline from sample preparation to data analysis in conjunction with suggestions and optimization steps to tailor to specific samples.&#160;

Single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a method to accurately quantify levels and localization of specific RNAs at the single cell level. Here, we report our validated lab protocols for wet-bench processing, imaging and image analysis for single cell quantification of specific RNAs.

Einzelzellanalyse transkriptionell aktiver Allele mittels Einzelmolekül FISH

Gene transcription is an essential process in cell biology, and allows cells to interpret and respond to internal and external cues. Traditional bulk ...

Single-Molecule Dwell-Time Analysis of Restriction Endonuclease-Mediated DNA Cleavage

This novel total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy-based assay facilitates the simultaneous measurement of the length of the catalytic cycle for hundreds of individual restriction endonuclease (REase) molecules in one experiment. This assay does not require protein labeling and can be carried out with a single imaging channel. In addition, the results of multiple individual experiments can be pooled to generate well-populated dwell-time distributions. Analysis of the resulting dwell-time distributions can help elucidate the DNA cleavage mechanism by revealing the presence of kinetic steps that cannot be directly observed. Example data collected using this assay with the well-studied REase, EcoRV - a dimeric Type IIP restriction endonuclease that cleaves the palindromic sequence GAT&#8595;ATC (where &#8595; is the cut site) - are in agreement with prior studies. These results suggest that there are at least three steps in the pathway to DNA cleavage that is initiated by introducing magnesium after EcoRV binds DNA in its absence, with an average rate of 0.17 s-1 for each step.

Using quantum-dot-labeled DNA and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we can investigate the reaction mechanism of restriction endonucleases while using unlabeled protein. This single-molecule technique allows for massively multiplexed observation of individual protein-DNA interactions, and data can be pooled to generate well-populated dwell-time distributions.

Einzelmolekül-Verweilzeitanalyse der Restriktionsendonuklilease-vermittelten DNA-Spaltung

This novel total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy-based assay facilitates the simultaneous measurement of the length of the catalytic cycle for ...

Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA

The fusion genes resulting from chromosomal translocation have been found in many solid tumors or leukemia. EWS-FLI1, which belongs to the FUS/EWS/TAF15 (FET) family of fusion oncoproteins, is one of the most frequently involved fusion genes in Ewing sarcoma. These FET family fusion proteins typically harbor a low-complexity domain (LCD) of FET protein at their N-terminus and a DNA-binding domain (DBD) at their C-terminus. EWS-FLI1 has been confirmed to form biomolecular condensates at its target binding loci due to LCD-LCD and LCD-DBD interactions, and these condensates can recruit RNA polymerase II to enhance gene transcription. However, how these condensates are assembled at their binding sites remains unclear. Recently, a single-molecule biophysics method-DNA Curtains-was applied to visualize these assembling processes of EWS-FLI1 condensates. Here, the detailed experimental protocol and data analysis approaches are discussed for the application of DNA Curtains in studying the biomolecular condensates assembling on target DNA.

Here, we describe the use of the single-molecule imaging method, DNA Curtains, to study the biophysical mechanism of EWS-FLI1 condensates assembling on DNA.

Einzelmolekül-Bildgebung von EWS-FLI1-Kondensaten auf DNA

The fusion genes resulting from chromosomal translocation have been found in many solid tumors or leukemia. EWS-FLI1, which belongs to the FUS/EWS/TAF15 ...

An Optimized Single-Molecule Pull-Down Assay for Quantification of Protein Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation is a necessary posttranslational modification that regulates protein function and directs cell signaling outcomes. Current methods to measure protein phosphorylation cannot preserve the heterogeneity in phosphorylation across individual proteins. The single-molecule pull-down (SiMPull) assay was developed to investigate the composition of macromolecular complexes via immunoprecipitation of proteins on a glass coverslip followed by single-molecule imaging. The current technique is an adaptation of SiMPull that provides robust quantification of the phosphorylation state of full-length membrane receptors at the single-molecule level. Imaging thousands of individual receptors in this way allows for quantifying protein phosphorylation patterns. The present protocol details the optimized SiMPull procedure, from sample preparation to imaging. Optimization of glass preparation and antibody fixation protocols further enhances data quality. The current protocol provides code for the single-molecule data analysis that calculates the fraction of receptors phosphorylated within a sample. While this work focuses on phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the protocol can be generalized to other membrane receptors and cytosolic signaling molecules.

The present protocol describes sample preparation and data analysis to quantify protein phosphorylation using an improved single-molecule pull-down (SiMPull) assay.

Ein optimierter Einzelmolekül-Pulldown-Assay zur Quantifizierung der Proteinphosphorylierung

Phosphorylation is a necessary posttranslational modification that regulates protein function and directs cell signaling outcomes. Current methods to ...