1. Isolierung von PBMC <ol><li> Draw Blut (7,5 bis 8,0 ml) in einen BD Vacutainer CPT Cell Preparation Röhrchen mit Natrium Heparin. Die Röhre enthält eine Natrium-Heparin als Antikoagulans und eine Ficoll-Hypaque Dichte Flüssigkeit, plus ein Polyester-Gel-Schranke, die die beiden Flüssigkeiten voneinander trennt. Zentrifugenröhrchen / Blutprobe bei Raumtemperatur (18 ° C bis 25 ° C) in einer horizontalen Rotor (swing-out Kopf) für 20 min bei 1800 x g. Schalten Zentrifuge bremst ab. </li><li> Nach der Zentrifugation erfolgt die Reihenfolge der Schichten wie folgt (gesehen von oben nach unten): a) Plasma - b) periphere mononukleäre Blutzellen (PBMC) und Thrombozyten - c) Dichte Lösung - d) Polyester Gel - e) Granulozyten - f) roten Blutkörperchen (Abb. 1). </li><li> Sammeln Sie nur einen Bruchteil der Plasmaschicht, so dass 5 bis 10 mm von Plasma oberhalb der Interphase, ohne die Zellschicht. Das Plasma kann für die Kultur (Abschnitt 2.5) verwendet werden. </li><li> Ernte der angereicherten Fraktion (PBMC) in der Interphase mit einer Pipette aufnehmen und in 15 ml konischen Rohr. </li><li> Waschen Sie die PBMC mit 10 ml Phosphat-gepufferter Salzlösung (PBS), durch Invertieren des Röhrchens 5 mal und dann 5 min bei 400 x g zentrifugieren. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie die Waschschritte zweimal, und dann Zellpellet in 5 ml PBS. Bestimmen Sie die Anzahl der Zellen. In der Regel 1,3 x10 6 Zellen sind von 1 ml Vollblut gewonnen. </li><li> Bestimmen Sie die Frequenz und Phänotyp der γδ T-Zellen in PBMC mittels Durchflusszytometrie (Abschnitt 3) (Abb. 2). </li></ol> 2. Expansion von γδ T-Zellen <ol><li> Centrifuge Zellsuspensionen in 15 ml konische Röhrchen für 5 min bei 400 x g bei Raumtemperatur, und entsorgen Sie die Überstände. </li><li> Bereiten Kulturmedium (CM) durch Zugabe von humanem IL-2 (IL-2) und Zoledronat (Zometa), um Endkonzentrationen von 1000 IU / ml und 5 um beträgt. ALyS203 (Cell Science &amp; Technology Institute) oder OpTmizer (Invitrogen) Medien unterstützen eine gute Erweiterung des γδ T-Zellen (weitere Informationen in den Referenzen 6 und 9). Zometa wird in flüssiger Form (4 mg/5-ml Durchstechflasche) zur Verfügung gestellt. Zur Herstellung eines 5 uM Lösung, mit 50 ul von Zometa um 30 ml Kulturmedium. </li><li> Resuspendieren Zellpellet in Kulturmedium und passen zu 1x10 6 Zellen / ml. </li><li> Pipettieren von 1 ml CM mit 1x10 6 Zellen in jedes Well einer 24-Well-Platte. Für großflächige Kulturen, können die Zellen auf 0,5 x 10 6 Zellen / cm ausgesät werden 2 nach den Flächen der Platte Brunnen, Schüssel oder Flasche. </li><li> Add autologem Plasma (Abschnitt 1.3), gepoolten menschlichen AB sera oder FCS, so dass es etwa 10% des Volumens der Kultur (100 ul pro Well einer 24-Well-Platte) ist. Legen Sie die Platten in einem befeuchteten 37 ° C, 5% CO 2-Inkubator für 24-48 Std. </li><li> Pflegen Sie die Kultur mit einer Zelldichte von 0,5-2 x 10 6 Zellen / ml. Fügen Sie frisches Medium mit humanem IL-2 (1000 IU / ml) nur (ohne Zometa) alle 2-3 Tage und Transfer kultivierten Zellen in neue Brunnen oder Flaschen wie nötig, je nach dem Grad der Zellproliferation (Abb. 3). Versorgung Plasma oder Serum, das Medium, so dass die Konzentration im Serum beibehalten werden mindestens 1% betragen. </li><li> Ernten Sie die Zellen am Tag 12-14 und die Frequenz bestimmen, Phänotyp und Funktion der γδ T-Zellen mittels Durchflusszytometrie (siehe unten). </li></ol> 3. Phänotypische Analyse mittels Durchflusszytometrie <ol><li> Transfer-200 ul Proben mit 2 x 10 5 Zellen zur Fluoreszenz-activated cell sorting (FACS) Röhren. </li><li> 2 ml kaltem PBS und zentrifugieren Sie für 5 min bei 400 x g. Dann, das Sediment resuspendieren in 50 ul FACS Puffer (PBS + 1% FCS + 0,1% Natriumazid). Add 5 ul jeder Antikörper an die Proben (die monoklonalen Antikörper sind in Tabelle 1 aufgeführt). </li><li> Inkubieren auf Eis im Dunkeln für 20 min. </li><li> 2 ml FACS-Puffer zu jeder Probe und dann Wirbel. Centrifuge Proben für 5 min bei 400 x g bei 4 ° C. Überstand vorsichtig dekantieren. </li><li> Resuspendieren der Zellen in 300 ul FACS-Puffer und vortexen. Analysieren Sie die Proben an einem Durchflusszytometer (Abb. 2). </li></ol> 4. IFN-γ Produktion Assay 10 <ol><li> Der Tag vor dem Test, bereiten Stimulatorzellen durch Kultivierung von 3-5 x10 5 Daudi Zellen / ml in RPMI 1640-Medium plus 10% FCS (RPMI-10) über Nacht mit Zometa (5 pM) (im Folgenden bezeichnet Z-Daudi). </li><li> Sammeln Z-Daudi und resuspendieren in RPMI-10 bei 2x10 6 Zellen / ml. 100 l von Z-Daudi (2x10 5) in jede Vertiefung einer Rundboden-96-Well-Platte. </li><li> Bereiten γδ T-Zellen bei 2x10 6 Zellen / ml in RPMI-10 mit Brefeldin A bei 20 pg / ml. Transfer 100 ul der γδ T-Zell-Suspension (2x10 5) in jede Vertiefung mit Z-Daudi-Zellen oder in Vertiefungen (100 ul RPMI-10 nur oder RPMI-10 mit 20 ng / ml Phorbol 12-myristat 13-Acetat-Steuerung[PMA] plus 2 pg / ml Ionomycin). </li><li> Mix von Auf-und Abpipettieren mehrmals. Inkubieren für 4 h in einem 37 ° C, 5% CO 2-Inkubator. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Platte für 5 min bei 400 x g bei 4 ° C und Resuspendieren der Pellets in 200 ul kaltem PBS. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Proben auf FACS-Röhrchen. 4 ml kaltem PBS und Zentrifugieren für 5 min bei 400 x g bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Resuspendieren der Pellets in 50 ul FACS-Puffer mit FITC-konjugierten Anti-TCRVγ9 (5 ul) und PE/Cy5-conjugated anti-CD3 mAb (2,5 ul). Inkubieren von Licht für 15 min bei Raumtemperatur geschützt. </li><li> 100 l von IntraPrep Reagenz 1 und Inkubation für 15 min bei Raumtemperatur. 4 ml PBS in jedes Röhrchen und zentrifugieren Sie für 5 min bei 400 x g bei Raumtemperatur. </li><li> Entfernen Sie den Überstand durch Absaugen und 100 ul der IntraPrep Reagenz 2. Inkubieren für 5 min bei Raumtemperatur ohne Schütteln. </li><li> Add 5 ul PE-konjugierten anti-IFN-γ mAk in das Reagenzglas. Inkubieren von Licht für 15 min bei Raumtemperatur geschützt. </li><li> 4 ml PBS in jedes Röhrchen und zentrifugieren Sie für 5 min bei 400 x g bei Raumtemperatur. Entfernen Sie den Überstand durch Absaugen und Zellpellet in 0,5 ml FACS-Puffer. </li><li> Analysieren Sie die Zellen durch Durchflusszytometer. Gate auf CD3 + TCRVγ9 + Zellen und untersuchen die Expression von IFN-γ (Abb. 4). </li></ol> 5. Repräsentative Ergebnisse: Es ist wichtig, den Anteil der γδ T-Zellen in PBMC zu Beginn der Kultur bestimmen. Wie in Abb.. 2 A, der Anteil der CD3 + TCRVγ9 + γδ T-Zellen in PBMC lag bei 1,6% am Tag 0. Die dominierende Populationen wurden CD27 + CD45RA + CD27 + naiven oder CD45RA - zentraler Speicher Phänotypen. Wenn γδ T-Zellen effizient stimuliert wurden, bildeten sie sich zu Clustern an den Tagen 3-5 (Abb. 3 A und B). Als Cluster-Bildung verzögert wurde, das Wachstum von anderen Zelltypen, wie zB CD4 + oder CD8 + αβ T-Zellen oder NK-Zellen das Wachstum von γδ T-Zellen (Abb. 3 C und D) zu dominieren. Nach 14 Tagen der Kultur, nahm die Häufigkeit der γδ T-Zellen um mehr als 93,8% der kultivierten Zellen in erfolgreiche γδ T-Zell-Kulturen (Abb. 2 E). Die kultivierten γδ T-Zellen hochreguliert NKG2D und CD69 Expression (Abb. 2 G und H). Sie zeigten CD27 - CD45RA - Effektor-Memory-Phänotyp (Abb. 2 F). Die Funktionen der γδ T-Zellen wurden im Hinblick auf die Zytokin-Produktion und Zytotoxizität untersucht. Die intrazelluläre IFN-γ Färbung zeigte, dass γδ T-Zellen IFN-γ produziert als Reaktion auf PMA / Ionomycin Behandlung oder Z-Daudi-Zellen, die summiert IPP nach Zoledronat-Behandlung (Abb. 4). Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Zoledronat effizient stimulieren und zu erweitern funktionale γδ T-Zellen. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Rohr </td><td> FITC </td><td> PE </td><td> ECD </td><td> PE/Cy5 </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> CD3 </td><td> CD19 </td><td> CD45 </td><td> CD14 </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> CD3 </td><td> TCRαβ </td><td> CD4 </td><td> CD8 </td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> CD3 </td><td></td><td></td><td> CD56 </td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td> TCRαβ </td><td> CD45 </td><td> CD3 </td></tr><tr><td> 5 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td> NKG2D </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 6 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td> CD69 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 7 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td> Maus IgG1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 8 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td></td><td> CD45RA </td><td> CD27 </td></tr><tr><td> 9 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td></td><td> Maus IgG1 </td><td> Maus IgG1 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabelle 1. Monoklonale Antikörper in multicolor Färbung von γδ T-Zellen verwendet. Ein Beispiel für die phänotypische Analyse von γδ T-Zellen in unserem Labor durchgeführt ist in Abb.. 2. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3182/3182fig1.jpg" alt="Abbildung 1"/> Abbildung 1. Separation von PBMC. Blood (7,5 bis 8,0 ml) wird in eine BD Vacutainer CPT Cell Preparation Röhrchen mit Natrium Heparin gezogen und direkt für 20 min bei 1800 x g zentrifugiert. Nach der Zentrifugation der resultierenden Schichten von oben nach bo gesehenttom: a) Plasma - b) PBMC und Thrombozyten - c) Dichte Lösung - d) Polyester Gel - e) Granulozyten - f) Rote Blutkörperchen. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3182/3182fig2.jpg" alt="Abbildung 2"/> Abbildung 2. Typische Oberfläche Phänotyp der γδ T-Zellen. PBMC wurden mit Zoledronat und IL-2 für 14 Tage stimuliert. Die Zellen wurden mit FITC-markiertem anti-TCR Vγ9 und PE/Cy5-labeled anti-CD3, um den Ausbau der γδ T-Zellen (A und E) zu überwachen. γδ T-Zellen wurden durch ihre Expression von TCRVγ9 identifiziert und ihre Expression von CD27 und CD45RA (B und F), NKG2D (C und G) oder CD69 (D und H) wurde untersucht. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3182/3182fig3.jpg" alt="Abbildung 3"/> Abbildung 3. Representative γδ T-Zell-Kulturen. PBMC wurden mit IL-2 (1000 IU / ml) und Zoledronat (5 pM) stimuliert. Vertreter Felder angezeigt werden (inverse Mikroskop IX71 [Olympus] x 200). Cluster und Aggregate von γδ T-Zellen können am Tag 3 (A) und Tag 5 (B), wenn γδ T-Zellen wurden erfolgreich ausgebaut beobachtet werden. Im Gegensatz dazu waren keine Cluster oder Aggregate beobachtet werden, wenn γδ T-Zell-Wachstum war nicht ausreichend (C und D). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3182/3182fig4.jpg" alt="Abbildung 4"/> Abbildung 4. IFN-γ Produktion. γδ T-Zellen wurden mit RPMI-10 nur (A) oder PMA / Ionomycin (B) oder Z-Daudi (C) für 4 h inkubiert. Zunächst wurde die Oberflächenexpression von TCRVγ9 gefärbt und dann IFN-γ Produktion wurde durch intrazelluläre IFN-γ Färbung untersucht. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3182/3182fig5.jpg" alt="Abbildung 5"/> Abbildung 5. Kinetik der γδ T-Zell-Kultur. (A) Absolute Zahl der kultivierten Zellen, (B) Anteil der γδ T-Zellen und (C) absolute Anzahl der γδ T-Zellen zu den angegebenen Zeitpunkten.

<ol>
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Die hier vorgestellte Methode ermöglicht eine effiziente Erweiterung der γδ T-Zellen aus PBMC. γδ T-Zellen aktiviert und durch Zoledronat erweitert und IL-2 entwickeln komplette Effektor-Funktionen, durch die Zytokin-Produktion und Zytotoxizität wider. Es wurde berichtet, dass die synthetischen phosphoantigens Bromhydrin Pyrophosphat (BrHPP) und 2-Methyl-3-Butenyl-1-pyrophosphat (2M3B1PP) auch erweitern γδ T-Zellen, jedoch sind sie nicht im Handel erhältlich. Im Gegensatz dazu ist Zoledronat bereits für klinische Anwendungen als Zometa lizenziert. Daher ist ein zuverlässiges Reagenz leicht zugänglich. Die Auswahl von Kulturmedien und Serum ist kritisch. Verwenden Sie geeignete Kulturmedien wie ALyS203 (Cell Science &amp; Technology Institute) oder OpTmizer (Invitrogen) für eine erfolgreiche γδ T-Zell-Expansion. 11 Überprüfen Sie, dass autologe Plasma können gepoolten menschlichen AB Seren oder FCS Unterstützung γδ T-Zell-Kultur. Denken Sie auch daran, dass PBMC von einigen Spendern zu Zoledronat Stimulation unabhängig von anderen Kultur-Reagenzien nicht ansprechen. Wenn das passiert, ist die einzige Möglichkeit für den Spender zu ändern. Wie wir gezeigt haben, war die Anreicherung von γδ T-Zellen relativ früh erreicht, fast 80% der kultivierten Zellen wurden γδ T-Zellen an Tag 7. γδ T-Zellen weiter zu vermehren bis zu 12-14 Tage (Abb. 5). Ca. 2,2 x 10 8 γδ T-Zellen können aus 1 x 10 6 erhältlich PBMC mit 1,6 x 10 4 γδ T-Zellen. Diese Kultur-Methode hat in Phase I der klinischen Studien eingesetzt zur Untersuchung der Sicherheit und Durchführbarkeit von Zoledronat-expanded γδ T-Zell-Transfer-Therapie bei Patienten mit multiplem Myelom oder Lungenkrebs. 12,13

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Reagent Name </th><th> Firma </th><th> Katalog-Nummer </th><th> Kommentare (optional) </th></tr><tr><td> ZOMETA </td><td> Novartis Pharma K. K </td><td></td><td> Zoledronat </td></tr><tr><td> Proleukin </td><td> Novartis Pharmaceuticals </td><td></td><td> humanem rekombinantem IL-2 </td></tr><tr><td> BD Vacutainer CPT Cell Preparation Röhrchen mit Natrium-Heparin </td><td> BD </td><td> 362753 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> RPMI1640 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 21870-076 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ALyS203-Medium </td><td> Cell Science &amp; Technology Institute </td><td> 0301-7 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> OpTmizer </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 0080022SA </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Brefeldin A </td><td> Sigma </td><td> B5936-200 &amp;mgr; l </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Phorbol 12-myristat 13-Acetat (PMA) </td><td> Sigma </td><td> P1585-1MG </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ionomycin </td><td> Sigma </td><td> 13909-1ML </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> IntraPrep </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> A07803 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-human CD3-FITC oder PE/Cy5 </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> A07746 FITC A07749 PE/Cy5 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-CD4-ECD </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> 6604727 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-CD8-PE/Cy5 </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> 6607011 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-CD14-PE/Cy5 </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> A07765 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-CD19-PE </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> A07769 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-CD45-ECD </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> A07784 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-CD56-PE/Cy5 </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> A07789 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-TCRαβ-PE </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> A39499 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-TCR Vγ9-FITC </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> IM1463 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-CD27-PE/Cy5 </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> 6607107 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-CD45RA-ECD </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> IM2711 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-CD69-PE </td><td> BD </td><td> 555531 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-Human-NKG2D-PE </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> A08934 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-humal IFNy-PE </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> IM2717U </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Maus IgG1 Isotyp-Kontroll-PE </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> A07796 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Maus IgG1 Isotyp-Kontroll-ECD oder PE/Cy5 </td><td> Wichtige Produktinformation </td><td> A07797 A07798 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

expansion of human peripheral blood  &gamma;&delta; t cells using zoledronate

Menschliche γδ T-Zellen erkennen und reagieren auf eine Vielzahl von Stress-induzierte Antigene, wodurch die Entwicklung angeborenen breiten Anti-Tumor-und anti-infektiösen Aktivität. 1 Die Mehrheit der γδ T-Zellen im peripheren Blut haben die Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zell-Rezeptor. Diese Zellen erkennen Antigen in einer Haupthistokompatibilitätskomplex-unabhängige Art und Weise und zu entwickeln starke zytolytischer und Th1-like Effektor-Funktionen. 1 Darum sind γδ T-Zellen attraktiven Kandidaten Effektorzellen zur Immuntherapie von Krebs. Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen zu phosphoantigens wie reagieren (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl-pyrophosphat (HMBPP), die in Bakterien über Isoprenoidbiosynthese synthetisiert wird; 2 und Isopentenylpyrophosphat (IPP), das hergestellt wird in eukaryotischen Zellen durch die Mevalonatweges. 3 In physiologischer Zustand, ist die Erzeugung von IPP in transformierten Zellen nicht ausreichend für die Aktivierung von γδ T-Zellen. Dysregulation des Mevalonat-Weg in Tumorzellen führt zu einer Akkumulation von IPP und γδ T-Zellen-Aktivierung. 3 Weil Aminobisphosphonate (wie Pamidronat oder Zoledronat) hemmen Farnesylpyrophosphat Synthase (FPP), das Enzym wirkt hinter IPP in der Mevalonat-Weg, intrazellulären IPP und sensitibity auf γδ T-Zellen Anerkennung kann therapeutisch durch Aminobisphosphonate erhöht werden. IPP Akkumulation ist weniger effizient in nontransfomred Zellen als Tumorzellen mit einem pharmakologisch relevante Konzentration von Aminobisphosphonate, die es uns ermöglichen Immuntherapie gegen Krebs durch Aktivierung γδ T-Zellen mit Aminobisphosphonate. 4 Interessanterweise, IPP in Monozyten ansammelt, wenn PBMC mit Aminobisphosphonate behandelt werden, weil der effizienten Drogen-Aufnahme durch die Zellen. 5 Monozyten, die IPP zu akkumulieren Antigen-präsentierenden Zellen und stimulieren Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen im peripheren Blut. 6 auf diese Mechanismen, entwickelten wir eine Technik, die für eine groß angelegte Ausbau des γδ T-Zell-Kulturen mit Zoledronat und Interleukin -2 (IL-2). 7 Andere Methoden zur Erweiterung der γδ T-Zellen nutzen die synthetische phosphoantigens Bromhydrin Pyrophosphat (BrHPP) 8 oder 2-Methyl-3-Butenyl-1-pyrophosphat (2M3B1PP). 9 Alle diese Methoden ex ermöglichen vivo Expansion, die sich in einer großen Anzahl von γδ T-Zellen für den Einsatz in adoptiven Immuntherapie. Allerdings ist nur Zoledronat eine FDA-Zulassung im Handel erhältlichen Reagenz. Zoledronat-expanded γδ T-Zellen-Display CD27 - CD45RA - Effektor-Memory-Phänotyp und ihre Funktion kann durch IFN-γ Produktion Assay 7 ausgewertet werden.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  ÃŽÂ³ÃŽÂ´ T Cells using Zoledronate at JoVE.com

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &#947;&#948; T Cells using Zoledronate

Eine Methode, um γδ T-Zellen aus dem peripheren Blut mononukleären Zellen (PBMC) erweitern wird beschrieben. PBMC-derived γδ T-Zellen stimuliert und erweitert mit Zoledronat und Interleukin-2 (IL-2). Großräumige Ausdehnung der γδ T-Zellen können zur autologen zellulären Immuntherapie von Krebs angewendet werden.

Expansion von humanen peripheren Blut γδ T-Zellen mit Zoledronat

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and ...

expansion-of-human-peripheral-blood-t-cells-using-zoledronate

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &gamma;&delta; T Cells using Zoledronate

26.5K Aufrufe.  University of Tokyo Hospital. Eine Methode, um γδ T-Zellen aus dem peripheren Blut mononukleären Zellen (PBMC) erweitern wird beschrieben. PBMC-derived γδ T-Zellen stimuliert und erweitert mit Zoledronat und Interleukin-2 (IL-2). Großräumige Ausdehnung der γδ T-Zellen können zur autologen zellulären Immuntherapie von Krebs angewendet werden.

Serie: Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  γδ T Cells using Zoledronate

Expansion, Purification, and Functional Assessment of Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of NK cells and ability to expand in vitro has restricted development of NK cell immunotherapy. Here we describe a method to efficiently expand vast quantities of functional NK cells ex vivo using K562 cells expressing membrane-bound IL21, as an artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC).
NK cell adoptive therapies to date have utilized a cell product obtained by steady-state leukapheresis of the donor followed by depletion of T cells or positive selection of NK cells. The product is usually activated in IL-2 overnight and then administered the following day 1. Because of the low frequency of NK cells in peripheral blood, relatively small numbers of NK cells have been delivered in clinical trials.
The inability to propagate NK cells in vitro has been the limiting factor for generating sufficient cell numbers for optimal clinical outcome. Some expansion of NK cells (5-10 fold over 1-2 weeks) has be achieved through high-dose IL-2 alone 2. Activation of autologous T cells can mediate NK cell expansion, presumably also through release of local cytokine 3. Support with mesenchymal stroma or artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) can support the expansion of NK cells from both peripheral blood and cord blood 4. Combined NKp46 and CD2 activation by antibody-coated beads is currently marketed for NK cell expansion (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn CA), resulting in approximately 100-fold expansion in 21 days.
Clinical trials using aAPC-expanded or -activated NK cells are underway, one using leukemic cell line CTV-1 to prime and activate NK cells5 without significant expansion. A second trial utilizes EBV-LCL for NK cell expansion, achieving a mean 490-fold expansion in 21 days6. The third utilizes a K562-based aAPC transduced with 4-1BBL (CD137L) and membrane-bound IL-15 (mIL-15)7, which achieved a mean NK expansion 277-fold in 21 days. Although, the NK cells expanded using K562-41BBL-mIL15 aAPC are highly cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo compared to unexpanded NK cells, and participate in ADCC, their proliferation is limited by senescence attributed to telomere shortening8. More recently a 350-fold expansion of NK cells was reported using K562 expressing MICA, 4-1BBL and IL159.
Our method of NK cell expansion described herein produces rapid proliferation of NK cells without senescence achieving a median 21,000-fold expansion in 21 days.

Here we describe a method to efficiently expand and purify large numbers of human NK cells and assess their function.

Expansion, Reinigung und Functional Assessment of Human peripheren Blut NK-Zellen

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in immunologic homeostasis with the vast amount of self and commensal antigens in and on the human body. Perturbations in the balance between Tregs and inflammatory conventional T cells can result in immunopathology or cancer. Although therapeutic injection of Tregs has been shown to be efficacious in murine models of colitis1 , type I diabetes2 , rheumatoid arthritis and graft versus host disease,4 several fundamental differences in human versus mouse Treg biology5 has thus far precluded clinical use. The lack of sufficient number, purity, stability and homing specificity of therapeutic Tregs necessitated a dynamic platform of human Treg development on which to optimize conditions for their ex vivo expansion6.
Here we describe a method for the differentiation of induced Tregs (iTregs) from a single human peripheral blood donor which can be broken down into four stages: isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, magnetic selection of CD4+ T cells, in vitro cell culture and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of T cell subsets. Since the Treg signature transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is an activation-induced transcription factor in humans7 and no other unique marker exists, a combinatorial panel of markers must be used to identify T cells with suppressor activity. After six days in culture, cells in our system can be demarcated into na&iuml;ve T cells, memory T cells or iTregs based on their relative expression of CD25 and CD45RA. As memory and na&iuml;ve T cells have different reported polarization requirements and plasticities8 , pre-sorting of the initial T cell population into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ subsets can be used to examine these discrepancies. Consistent with others, our CD25HiCD45RA- iTregs express high levels of FoxP39 , GITR and CTLA-411 and low levels of CD12712 . Following FACS of each population, resultant cells can be used in a suppressor assay which evaluates the relative ability to retard the proliferation of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled autologous T cells.

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells

We describe a method for generating regulatory, memory and na&#239;ve T cells from a single human blood donor. Polarized Tregs can be then compared to other subsets in a variety of genetic and functional applications with genetic homogeneity, including a suppression assay also detailed here.

Generation der induzierte regulatorische T-Zellen aus primären humanen naiven und Gedächtnis-T-Zellen

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer a biologic product with the potential for superior (i) recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), (ii) persistence after infusion, (iii) potential for migration to tumor sites, and (iv) ability to recycle effector functions within the tumor microenvironment. Most approaches to genetic manipulation of T cells engineered for human application have used retrovirus and lentivirus for the stable expression of CAR1-3. This approach, although compliant with current good manufacturing practice (GMP), can be expensive as it relies on the manufacture and release of clinical-grade recombinant virus from a limited number of production facilities. The electro-transfer of nonviral plasmids is an appealing alternative to transduction since DNA species can be produced to clinical grade at approximately 1/10th the cost of recombinant GMP-grade virus. To improve the efficiency of integration we adapted Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon and transposase for human application4-8. Our SB system uses two DNA plasmids that consist of a transposon coding for a gene of interest (e.g. 2nd generation CD19-specific CAR transgene, designated CD19RCD28) and a transposase (e.g. SB11) which inserts the transgene into TA dinucleotide repeats9-11. To generate clinically-sufficient numbers of genetically modified T cells we use K562-derived artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) (clone #4) modified to express a TAA (e.g. CD19) as well as the T cell costimulatory molecules CD86, CD137L, a membrane-bound version of interleukin (IL)-15 (peptide fused to modified IgG4 Fc region) and CD64 (Fc-&gamma; receptor 1) for the loading of monoclonal antibodies (mAb)12. In this report, we demonstrate the procedures that can be undertaken in compliance with cGMP to generate CD19-specific CAR+ T cells suitable for human application. This was achieved by the synchronous electro-transfer of two DNA plasmids, a SB transposon (CD19RCD28) and a SB transposase (SB11) followed by retrieval of stable integrants by the every-7-day additions (stimulation cycle) of &gamma;-irradiated aAPC (clone #4) in the presence of soluble recombinant human IL-2 and IL-2113. Typically 4 cycles (28 days of continuous culture) are undertaken to generate clinically-appealing numbers of T cells that stably express the CAR. This methodology to manufacturing clinical-grade CD19-specific T cells can be applied to T cells derived from peripheral blood (PB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB). Furthermore, this approach can be harnessed to generate T cells to diverse tumor types by pairing the specificity of the introduced CAR with expression of the TAA, recognized by the CAR, on the aAPC.

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

T cells expressing a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are infused as investigational treatment of B-cell malignancies in our first-in-human gene therapy trials. We describe genetic modification of T cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) system to introduce CD19-specific CAR and selective propagation on designer CD19+ artificial antigen presenting cells.

Klinische Anwendung der<em&gt; Dornröschen</em&gt; Und künstliche Antigen präsentierenden Zellen genetisch zu verändern T Zellen aus dem peripheren und Nabelschnurblut

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer  a biologic product with the potential for ...

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging from mild infections to life-threatening bronchiolitis. An important part of the pathogenesis of severe disease is an enhanced immune response leading to immunopathology.	Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the immune response of human immune cells to an HRSV infection. First, we describe methods used for culturing, purification and quantification of HRSV. Subsequently, we describe a human in vitro model in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are stimulated with live HRSV. This model system can be used to study multiple parameters that may contribute to disease severity, including the innate and adaptive immune response. These responses can be measured at the transcriptional and translational level. Moreover, viral infection of cells can easily be measured using flow cytometry. Taken together, stimulation of PBMC with live HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to examine mechanisms involved in HRSV-induced disease.

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) can cause severe bronchiolitis in young infants. Part of the pathogenesis of severe HRSV disease is caused by the host immune response. Stimulation of primary human immune cells with HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to study activation of inflammatory pathways and infection.

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

Beurteilung der Innate Sensing von HIV-1-infizierten CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; T-Zellen durch Plasmazytoide Dendritische Zellen unter Verwendung eines<em&gt; Ex-vivo-</em&gt; Co-Kultursystem.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

Generation of Human Alloantigen-spezifischen T-Zellen aus peripherem Blut

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

A Semi-automated Approach to Preparing Antibody Cocktails for Immunophenotypic Analysis of Human Peripheral Blood

Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood by flow cytometry determines changes in the frequency and activation status of peripheral leukocytes during disease and treatment. It has the potential to predict therapeutic efficacy and identify novel therapeutic targets. Whole blood staining utilizes unmanipulated blood, which minimizes artifacts that can occur during sample preparation. However, whole blood staining must also be done on freshly collected blood to ensure the integrity of the sample. Additionally, it is best to prepare antibody cocktails on the same day to avoid potential instability of tandem-dyes and prevent reagent interaction between brilliant violet dyes. Therefore, whole blood staining requires careful standardization to control for intra and inter-experimental variability.
Here, we report deployment of an automated liquid handler equipped with a two-dimensional (2D) barcode reader into a standard process of making antibody cocktails for flow cytometry. Antibodies were transferred into 2D barcoded tubes arranged in a 96 well format and their contents compiled in a database. The liquid handler could then locate the source antibody vials by referencing antibody names within the database. Our method eliminated tedious coordination for positioning of source antibody tubes. It provided versatility allowing the user to easily change any number of details in the antibody dispensing process such as specific antibody to use, volume, and destination by modifying the database without rewriting the scripting in the software method for each assay.
A proof of concept experiment achieved outstanding inter and intra- assay precision, demonstrated by replicate preparation of an 11-color, 17-antibody flow cytometry assay. These methodologies increased overall throughput for flow cytometry assays and facilitated daily preparation of the complex antibody cocktails required for the detailed phenotypic characterization of freshly collected anticoagulated peripheral blood.

Whole blood Immunophenotyping is indispensable for monitoring the human immune system. However, the number of reagents required and the instability of specific fluorochromes in premixed cocktails necessitates daily reagent preparation. Here we show that semi-automated preparation of staining antibody cocktail helps establish reliable immunophenotyping by minimizing variability in reagent dispensing.

Ein Semi-automatisierten Ansatz zur Vorbereitung Antikörper-Cocktails für immunphänotypische Analyse von menschlichem peripherem Blut

Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood by flow cytometry determines changes in the frequency and activation status of peripheral leukocytes during disease ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Gamma Delta T Cells

The female reproductive tract (FRT) mucosal immune system serves as the first line of defense. Better knowledge of the genital mucosa is therefore essential for understanding pathogenicity of different pathogens including HIV. Gamma delta (GD) T cells are the prototype of &#39;unconventional&#39; T cells and represent a relatively small subset of T cells defined by their expression of heterodimeric T-cell receptors (TCRs) composed of gamma and delta chains. This sets them apart from the classical and much better known CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that are defined by alpha-beta TCRs. GD T cells often show tissue-specific localization and are enriched in epithelium. GD T cells orchestrate immune responses in inflammation, tumor surveillance, infectious disease, and autoimmunity.
Here, we present a method to reproducibly isolate and analyze human endocervical intraepithelial GD T lymphocytes. We have used endocervical cytobrush samples from women participating in the Women&#39;s Interagency HIV Infection Study (WIHS). Knowledge about GD T cells interactions during conditions in which there is an insult to the vaginal mucosal could be applied to any clinical study in which mucosal vulnerability is addressed, including the development of vaginal microbicides.In addition, knowledge about mucosal GD T cell responses has potential for application of GD T cell-based immune therapy in treating infectious diseases.

We describe here an isolation method to obtain human endocervical intraepithelial lymphocytes for the analysis of intraepithelial gamma delta T cells. This protocol can be extended for the purification of endocervical gamma delta T cells by magnetic beads or by cell sorting.

Isolierung und Analyse über Durchflusszytometrie der Menschen Endozervikale Gamma-Delta-T-Zellen

The female reproductive tract (FRT) mucosal immune system serves as the first line of defense. Better knowledge of the genital mucosa is therefore ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

Dextran erhöht die Effizienz der Lentivirale Transduktion von murinen und menschliche primäre NK-Zellen

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Highly Multiplexed, Super-resolution Imaging of T Cells Using madSTORM

Imaging heterogeneous cellular structures using single molecule localization microscopy has been hindered by inadequate localization precision and multiplexing ability. Using fluorescent nano-diamond fiducial markers, we describe the drift correction and alignment procedures required to obtain high precision in single molecule localization microscopy. In addition, a new multiplexing strategy, madSTORM, is described in which multiple molecules are targeted in the same cell using sequential binding and elution of fluorescent antibodies. madSTORM is demonstrated on an activated T cell to visualize the locations of different components within a membrane-bound, multi-protein structure called the T cell receptor microcluster. In addition, application of madSTORM as a general tool for visualization of multi-protein structures is discussed.

We demonstrate a method to image multiple molecules within heterogeneous nano-structures at single molecule accuracy using sequential binding and elution of fluorescently labeled antibodies.