Das Projekt wurde vom NIH NIAID Contract No HHSN2662000500021C unterstützt. Wir danken Ming Chen für seine technische Unterstützung.

1. Programmieren Sie die Amaxa 96 well Shuttle Nucleofector <ol><li> Öffnen Sie eine neue Parameter-Datei. </li><li> Wählen Sie die Anzahl der Bohrlöcher Sie für Standard-Transfektion verwenden, indem Sie den Cursor über den 96-Well-Platte Diagramm wird. Verwenden Sie ein Minimum von 3 Brunnen zu bündeln für jede experimentelle Probe. </li><li> Geben Sie den Programm-Code: in part1 wählen &#39;FF&#39; und in part2 wählen &#39;168 &#39;aus dem Pulldown-Menüs </li><li> Von Solution Box wählen Sie &quot;Monozyten, Mensch &#39; </li><li> Under Control Option wählen &quot;Standard&quot;. </li><li> Klicken Sie auf Anwenden. </li><li> Um einen nicht-Transfektion Kontrolle, wählen Sie weitere Bohrungen aus dem Diagramm nach Bedarf und wählen Sie dann &quot;No Program Control&quot; von Control Option und klicken Sie auf Anwenden. </li><li> Wählen Sie einen beliebigen unbenutzten Vertiefungen auf der Platte Diagramm und klicken Sie auf Undefine. </li></ol> 2. Bereiten DCs für die Transfektion <ol><li> Alle Arbeiten sind unter sterilen Bedingungen in einer Zellkultur Motorhaube wenn möglich durchgeführt werden. Bereiten Sie die Nukleofektion Lösung durch Zugabe von 96-Well-to Human Monozyten 96-well Nucleofector Lösung im Verhältnis von 450 bis 2025 zu ergänzen. Vermischen und auf Raumtemperatur aufwärmen. Sie werden 20 &amp;mgr; l der Nukleofektion Lösung pro Vertiefung benötigen. Machen Sie einen Überschuss von 10% bis zum Pipettieren Fehler erlauben. </li><li> Legen Sie die Anzahl der Nucleocuvette Module, die Sie in die Nucleocuvette Platte in der richtigen Ausrichtung, dh Einsetzen der ersten in die Zeilen 1 und 2. </li><li> Bestimmen Sie die Anzahl der DCs für Ihr Experiment Berechnung auf 500.000 Zellen pro Well und Pellet durch Zentrifugation bei 400g für 10min benötigt. Entfernen Sie vorsichtig den Überstand. </li><li> Resuspendieren der Zellen in der Nukleofektion Lösung durch vorsichtiges Auf-und Abpipettieren ein paar mal. </li><li> Teilen Sie die richtige Menge der resuspendierten Zellen in Eppendorfs für die jeweilige Behandlung zB GLO und RIG-I bezeichnet. </li><li> Add 0.25μg siRNA pro 500.000 Zellen und durch Pipettieren gründlich mischen. Verwenden Sie nicht-targeting siRNA in Ihrem no-Transfektion Kontrollprobe. </li><li> Pipette 20 &amp;mgr; l der oben genannten Mischungen in die Nucleocuvette Modulen nach Ihren experimentelle Anordnung ist die Gewährleistung der Flüssigkeit auf den Boden des Brunnens geliefert. </li><li> Decken Sie die Nucleocuvette Platte mit dem Deckel und tippen Sie auf die Platte auf eine harte Oberfläche ein paar Mal, um sicherzustellen, Entfernung von Luftblasen. </li></ol> 3. Transfizieren DCs <ol><li> Legen Sie Platte in die Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle Tablett, auf Upload klicken und dann starten. </li><li> Befolgen Sie die Fortschritte der Transfektion Prozess auf dem Laptop-Display, ein schwarzes Kreuz auf grünem Hintergrund bedeutet eine erfolgreiche Transfektion in die gut, während ein schwarzer Balken auf rotem Hintergrund bedeutet, dass es nicht erfolgreich war. </li><li> Nach Abschluss der Transfektion, entfernen Sie die Platte, und fügen Sie 80μl der DC Wachstumsmedium in jede Vertiefung mit einer Mehrkanalpipette. </li><li> Inkubieren Platte für 10 min bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die 100 &amp;mgr; Volumen aus dem nucleocuvettes in Matrix Röhrchen mit 100 &amp;mgr; l vorgewärmtes DC Wachstumsmedium, so dass die richtige Orientierung. </li><li> Entfernen und entsorgen Sie diese Röhren wo Transfektion nicht aufgetreten wäre. </li><li> Bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2 für 24 Stunden oder eine andere gewünschte Zeitintervall. </li></ol> 4. Infect Zellen mit NDV <ol><li> Nehmen Sie Matrix Rohre aus dem Inkubator in der Zellkultur Kapuze und Pool Röhrchen für jede experimentelle Probe in Eppendorfs </li><li> Pellet die Zellen vorsichtig durch Drehen in einer Tischplatte Zentrifuge für 5 min und entfernen Überstand. </li><li> Resuspendieren der Zellen in serumfreiem Wachstumsmedium mit NDV bei einer MOI von 1 und bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2 für 45 min, mit Eppendorfs lose in einer steril abgedeckt. </li><li> Fügen Sie 900μl der DC Nährmedium und re-Inkubation für 8-10 h. </li></ol> 5. Ernten Sie die Zellen <ol><li> Pellet-Zellen durch Spinnen Eppendorfs in einer Tischplatte Zentrifuge und Überstand entfernen. </li><li> Ernten Sie die Zellen für die RNA-oder Protein-Extraktion nach Ihren Protokoll. </li></ol> 6. Repräsentative Ergebnisse: Mit unseren optimierten Protokoll wir transfizierten DCs mit RIGI-targeting siRNA für 24 h und dann infiziert die Zellen mit NDV (a Paramyxovirus von RIG-I erfasst), die Interferon-Antwort-Weg anregen. Durch qRT-PCR-Analyse haben wir gezeigt, knock down des Gens um 75% auf der Ebene der Transkription. Wir beobachteten auch eine ähnliche Reduktion in der Expression von IFNβ, die einem nachgeschalteten Effektor von RIG-I wird in der IFN-Signalkaskade. Darüber hinaus beobachteten wir, dass die Expression von IFNβ in nicht-infizierten, Steuer-transfizierten Zellen nicht nachweisbar war, während die von MxA, ein IFNβ nachgelagerten Reaktion Gen war minimal (Abbildung 1A). Eine zweite Transfektion von DCs mit RIGI-targeting siRNA erfolgte mit genügend Zellen zur Western-Blot-Analyse. Wo dieRT-PCR-Ergebnisse waren ähnlich, was wir sahen zuvor (62% bzw. 66% knock down von RIG-I und IFNβ Ausdruck bzw.) (Abbildung 1B), sondiert die Western-Blot für RIG-I zeigte, dass die Expression dieses Gens war vollständig blockiert (Abbildung 1C). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2766/2766fig1.jpg" alt="Abbildung 1A"/> Abbildung 1. (A) MoDCs wurden entweder mit siRNA transfizierten Targeting RIG-I oder unspezifische GLO siRNA und die Wirkung auf die Expression von RIG-I, IFNβ und MxA durch qRT-PCR bestimmt. (-) Die Transfektion verwendete Protokoll ein Monozyten-spezifische Puffer und nucleoporation Programm FF168 (Lonza Walkersville Inc.) Nach Inkubation für 24 h, wurden die transfizierten Zellen entweder mit NDV (+) oder links infizierten infiziert. Nach einer weiteren Inkubation für 10 h wurden die Zellen geerntet und RNA extrahiert Transcript Ebenen repräsentieren die Ergebnisse von zwei wiederholten Experimenten. Taken from Bowles et al 16. (B) MoDCs aus einer anderen Buffy-Coat erhalten, wie für Abbildung 1A verwendet wurden erneut mit transfizierten entweder RIG-I-targeting siRNA oder unspezifische GLO siRNA unter Verwendung der gleichen Transfektionsprotokolls wie oben. Eine zusätzliche Kontrolle über untransfizierte MoDCs war in das Experiment einbezogen. Nach einer 24 h Inkubation alle Zellen wurden mit NDV infiziert und inkubiert für weitere 10 h, bevor sie für beide RNA-und Protein-Extraktion geerntet. Transcript Ebenen der RIG-I, IFNβ und MxA durch qRT-PCR ermittelt stellen die Ergebnisse von zwei wiederholten Experimenten. Taken from Bowles et al 16. (C) Lysate von Zellen in Abbildung 1B oben beschrieben wurden mittels Western Blot analysiert. Spuren 1 und 2, Lysate von transfizierten Zellen, Bahnen 3 und 4, Lysate von GLO siRNA transfizierten Zellen, Spuren 5 und 6, Lysate von Zellen mit RIG-I-targeting siRNA transfiziert. Die Proben wurden für RIG-I untersucht und auch GAPDH (als Ladekontrolle) und wurden in doppelter Ausführung. Taken from Bowles et al 16.

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+and+problems+with+the+use+of+viral+vectors+for+gene+therapy.">Progress and problems with the use of viral vectors for gene therapy.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 4, 346-358 (2003).</li><li>Jooss, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transduction+of+dendritic+cells+by+DNA+viral+vectors+directs+the+immune+response+to+transgene+products+in+muscle+fibers.">Transduction of dendritic cells by DNA viral vectors directs the immune response to transgene products in muscle fibers.</a> J. Virol. 72, 4212-4223 (1998).</li><li>Mitchell, D. 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Hematol. 39, 125-132 (2001).</li><li>Roth, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Helper-dependent+adenoviral+vectors+efficiently+express+transgenes+in+human+dendritic+cells+but+still+stimulate+antiviral+immune+responses.">Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors efficiently express transgenes in human dendritic cells but still stimulate antiviral immune responses.</a> J. Immunol. 169, 4651-4656 (2002).</li><li>Tendeloo, V. F. 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Effiziente Transfektion von primären naiven dendritischen Zellen ist für hohen Durchsatz-Analyse und Reverse Engineering von zellulären Entzündungswege in diesem wichtigen Zell-Vermittlung der angeborenen-adaptive Immunsystem Übergang wichtig. Allerdings finden die meisten Forscher, dass diese Zellen nur schwer effizient und ohne die Transfektion induzieren Zellreifung transfizieren bei der Verwendung von Standard-Transfektion Techniken sind. Wir untersuchten, ob diese Einschränkungen, die im Hochdurchsatz-Protoko...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Equipment / Reagent </th><th> Firma </th><th> Katalog # </th><th> Kommentare </th></tr><tr><td> Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle </td><td> Lonza </td><td> 108S0109 </td><td> Seriennummer </td></tr><tr><td> Amaxa menschlichen Monozyten 96-well Nucleofector Kit </td><td> Lonza </td><td> VHPA-2007 </td><td> Enthält der menschliche Monozyten 96-well Nucleofector Lösung, die 96-Well-Supplement und die Nucleocuvettes und Platten </td></tr><tr><td> RIG-I siRNA </td><td> Dharmacon </td><td> L-012511-00 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GLO siRNA </td><td> Dharmacon </td><td> D-001600-01-20 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> RPMI 1640 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11875 </td><td> Ergänzt mit 10% FCS, 2 mM L-Glutamin, 100 U / ml Penicillin und 100 ug / ml Streptomycin zur DC Wachstumsmedium machen </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11965 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> L-Glutamin </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 25030081 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Penicillin / Streptomycin </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15070063 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fetal Calf Serum </td><td> HyClone </td><td> 3070,03 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dendritische Zellen </td><td> New York Blood Center </td><td></td><td> DCs sind aus Buffy Coats mit einem Standard-Verfahren gereinigt </td></tr></tbody></table>

optimized protocol for efficient transfection of dendritic cells without cell maturation

Dendritische Zellen (DCs) können als Wächter des Immunsystems, die eine kritische Rolle bei der Einleitung und Reaktion auf eine Infektion 1 sein. Nachweis von pathogenen Antigen, das durch naive DCs wird durch pattern recognition receptors (PRR), die in der Lage, bestimmte konservierte Strukturen bezeichnet als pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) zu erkennen sind. Erkennung von PAMPs von DCs löst eine intrazelluläre Signalkaskade führt deren Aktivierung und Umwandlung zu reifen DCs. Dieser Prozess wird in der Regel durch die Produktion von Typ-1-Interferon gemeinsam mit anderen proinflammatorischen Zytokinen gekennzeichnet ist, Hochregulation von Zelloberflächenmarker wie MHCII und CD86 und Migration der reifen DC zu drainierenden Lymphknoten, wo die Interaktion mit T-Zellen löst die adaptive Immunantwort 2, 3. So verlinken DCs der angeborenen und adaptiven Immunsystem. Die Fähigkeit, die zugrunde liegenden molekularen Netzwerke DC Reaktion auf verschiedene Krankheitserreger sezieren ist entscheidend für ein besseres Verständnis der Regulation dieser Signalwege und ihrer induzierten Gene. Es sollte auch dazu beitragen, die Entwicklung von DC-basierte Impfstoffe gegen Infektionskrankheiten und Tumoren. Allerdings hat diese Linie der Forschung ist stark von der Schwierigkeit der Transfektion von primären DCS 4 behindert. Virus Transduktion Methoden, wie die lentiviralen Systems werden in der Regel verwendet, tragen aber viele Einschränkungen wie Komplexität und bio-Ex-Risiko (mit den damit verbundenen Kosten) 5,6,7,8. Darüber hinaus erhöht die Lieferung von viralen Genprodukte die Immunogenität dieser transduzierten DCs 9,10,11,12. Die Elektroporation wurde mit gemischten Ergebnissen 13,14,15 verwendet worden, aber wir sind die ersten, die Verwendung einer High-Throughput-Transfektionsprotokolls Bericht und schlüssig nachweisen seine Nützlichkeit. In diesem Bericht fassen wir ein optimiertes Protokoll für die kommerziellen High-Throughput-Transfektion von primären humanen DCs, mit begrenzten Zelltoxizität und das Fehlen von DC Reifung 16. Transfektionseffizienz (von GFP-Plasmid) und die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen wurden mehr als 50% bzw. 70%. FACS-Analyse wurde das Fehlen Erhöhung der Expression der Reifung Marker CD86 und MHCII in transfizierten Zellen, während qRT-PCR zeigte keine Hochregulation von IFNβ. Mit dieser Elektroporation Protokoll, bieten wir Beweise für eine erfolgreiche Transfektion von DCs mit siRNA und effektive knock down von gezielten Gen RIG-I, ein wichtiger viraler recognition receptor 16,17, sowohl auf mRNA-und Protein-Ebene.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimized Protocol for Efficient Transfection of Dendritic Cells without Cell Maturation at JoVE.com

Optimized Protocol for Efficient Transfection of Dendritic Cells without Cell Maturation

Wir präsentieren unsere optimierten High-Throughput-Nukleofektion Protokoll als eine effiziente Art der Transfektion von primären humanen Monozyten-abgeleiteten dendritischen Zellen entweder mit Plasmid-DNA oder siRNA, ohne dass Zellreifung. Wir fördern den Nachweis für die erfolgreiche siRNA-Silencing von gezielten Gen RIG-I sowohl auf mRNA-und Protein-Ebene.

Optimiertes Protokoll für die effiziente Transfektion von dendritischen Zellen ohne Zell-Reifung

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be considered sentinels of the immune system which play a critical role in its initiation and response to infection1. Detection ...

optimized-protocol-for-efficient-transfection-dendritic-cells-without

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

20.3K Aufrufe.  Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Wir präsentieren unsere optimierten High-Throughput-Nukleofektion Protokoll als eine effiziente Art der Transfektion von primären humanen Monozyten-abgeleiteten dendritischen Zellen entweder mit Plasmid-DNA oder siRNA, ohne dass Zellreifung. Wir fördern den Nachweis für die erfolgreiche siRNA-Silencing von gezielten Gen RIG-I sowohl auf mRNA-und Protein-Ebene.

Serie: Optimized Protocol for Efficient Transfection of Dendritic Cells without Cell Maturation

Generation and Labeling of Murine Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells with Qdot Nanocrystals for Tracking Studies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches 1-3. DCs present in peripheral tissues sample the organism for the presence of antigens, which they take up, process and present in their surface in the context of major histocompatibility molecules (MHC). Then, antigen-loaded DCs migrate to immunological organs where they present the processed antigen to T lymphocytes triggering specific immune responses. One way to evaluate the migratory capabilities of DCs is to label them with fluorescent dyes 4.
Herewith we demonstrate the use of Qdot fluorescent nanocrystals to label murine bone marrow-derived DC. The advantage of this labeling is that Qdot nanocrystals possess stable and long lasting fluorescence that make them ideal for detecting labeled cells in recovered tissues. To accomplish this, first cells will be recovered from murine bone marrows and cultured for 8 days in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in order to induce DC differentiation. These cells will be then labeled with fluorescent Qdots by short in vitro incubation. Stained cells can be visualized with a fluorescent microscopy. Cells can be injected into experimental animals at this point or can be into mature cells upon in vitro incubation with inflammatory stimuli. In our hands, DC maturation did not determine loss of fluorescent signal nor does Qdot staining affect the biological properties of DCs. Upon injection, these cells can be identified in immune organs by fluorescent microscopy following typical dissection and fixation procedures.

Dendritic cells uptake antigens and migrate towards immune organs to present processed antigens to T cells. Qdot nanocrystal labeling provides a long-lasting and stable fluorescent signal. This allows tracking of dendritic cells to different organs by fluorescent microscopy.

Erzeugung und Kennzeichnung von Murine Knochenmark gewonnenen dendritischen Zellen mit Qdot Nanokristalle für Tracking-Studien

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

CTL with optimal effector function play critical roles in mediating protection against various intracellular infections and cancer. However, individuals may exhibit suppressive immune microenvironment and, in contrast to activating CTL, their autologous antigen presenting cells may tend to tolerize or anergize antigen specific CTL. As a result, although still in the experimental phase, CTL-based adoptive immunotherapy has evolved to become a promising treatment for various diseases such as cancer and virus infections. In initial experiments ex vivo expanded CMV (cytomegalovirus) specific CTL have been used for treatment of CMV infection in immunocompromised allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients. While it is common to have life-threatening CMV viremia in these patients, none of the patients receiving expanded CTL develop CMV related illness, implying the anti-CMV immunity is established by the adoptively transferred CTL1. Promising results have also been observed for melanoma and may be extended to other types of cancer2. 
While there are many ways to ex vivo stimulate and expand human CTL, current approaches are restricted by the cost and technical limitations. For example, the current gold standard is based on the use of autologous DC. This requires each patient to donate a significant number of leukocytes and is also very expensive and laborious. Moreover, detailed in vitro characterization of DC expanded CTL has revealed that these have only suboptimal effector function 3. 
Here we present a highly efficient aAPC based system for ex vivo expansion of human CMV specific CTL for adoptive immunotherapy (Figure 1). The aAPC were made by coupling cell sized magnetic beads with human HLA-A2-Ig dimer and anti-CD28mAb4. Once aAPC are made, they can be loaded with various peptides of interest, and remain functional for months. In this report, aAPC were loaded with a dominant peptide from CMV, pp65 (NLVPMVATV). After culturing purified human CD8+ CTL from a healthy donor with aAPC for one week, CMV specific CTL can be increased dramatically in specificity up to 98% (Figure 2) and amplified more than 10,000 fold. If more CMV-specific CTL are required, further expansion can be easily achieved by repetitive stimulation with aAPC. Phenotypic and functional characterization shows these expanded cells have an effector-memory phenotype and make significant amounts of both TNF&alpha; and IFN&gamma; (Figure 3).

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

A new DC independent method for induction and expansion of antigen-specific T cells is described. HLA A2-Ig based artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (aAPC) are loaded with HLA-A2 restricted peptides to efficiently expand CTL of diverse antigen specificity. This technology holds great potential for CTL-based adoptive immunotherapy.

HLA-Ig Basierend Artificial Antigen-präsentierende Zellen für eine effiziente Ex vivo Erweiterung des menschlichen CTL

CTL with optimal effector function play critical roles in mediating protection against various intracellular infections and cancer. However, individuals ...

Analysis of Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Maturation and Migration during Allergic Airway Inflammation

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key players involved in initiation of adaptive immune response by activating antigen-specific T cells. DCs are present in peripheral tissues in steady state; however in response to antigen stimulation, DCs take up the antigen and rapidly migrate to the draining lymph nodes where they initiate T cell response against the antigen1,2. Additionally, DCs also play a key role in initiating autoimmune as well as allergic immune response3.
DCs play an essential role in both initiation of immune response and induction of tolerance in the setting of lung environment4. Lung environment is largely tolerogenic, owing to the exposure to vast array of environmental antigens5. However, in some individuals there is a break in tolerance, which leads to induction of allergy and asthma. In this study, we describe a strategy, which can be used to monitor airway DC maturation and migration in response to the antigen used for sensitization. The measurement of airway DC maturation and migration allows for assessment of the kinetics of immune response during airway allergic inflammation and also assists in understanding the magnitude of the subsequent immune response along with the underlying mechanisms.
Our strategy is based on the use of ovalbumin as a sensitizing agent. Ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma is a widely used model to reproduce the airway eosinophilia, pulmonary inflammation and elevated IgE levels found during asthma6,7. After sensitization, mice are challenged by intranasal delivery of FITC labeled ovalbumin, which allows for specific labeling of airway DCs which uptake ovalbumin. Next, using several DC specific markers, we can assess the maturation of these DCs and can also assess their migration to the draining lymph nodes by employing flow cytometry.

We describe a strategy to monitor maturation and migration of pulmonary dendritic cells in response to ovalbumin in the setting of ovalbumin induced allergic airway inflammation. This strategy can be modified to assess migration of pulmonary dendritic cells in settings of infection.

Analyse der Lungen-Reifung von dendritischen Zellen und Migration während der allergischen Atemwegsentzündung

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key players involved in initiation of adaptive immune response by activating antigen-specific T cells. DCs are present in ...

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

While clinical studies have established that antigen-loaded DC vaccines are safe and promising therapy for tumors 1, their clinical efficacy remains to be established. The method described below, prepared in accordance with Good Manufacturing Process (GMP) guidelines, is an optimization of the most common ex vivo preparation method for generating large numbers of DCs for clinical studies 2.
Our method utilizes the synthetic TLR 3 agonist Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid-poly-L-lysine Carboxymethylcellulose (Poly-ICLC) to stimulate the DCs. Our previous study established that Poly-ICLC is the most potent individual maturation stimulus for human DCs as assessed by an upregulation of CD83 and CD86, induction of interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), interleukmin 1 (IL-1), and type I interferons (IFN), and minimal interleukin 10 (IL-10) production.
DCs are differentiated from frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained by leukapheresis. PBMCs are isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation and frozen in aliquots. On Day 1, PBMCs are thawed and plated onto tissue culture flasks to select for monocytes which adhere to the plastic surface after 1-2 hr incubation at 37 &deg;C in the tissue culture incubator. After incubation, the lymphocytes are washed off and the adherent monocytes are cultured for 5 days in the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to differentiate to immature DCs. On Day 6, immature DCs are pulsed with the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) protein which serves as a control for the quality of the vaccine and may boost the immunogenicity of the vaccine 3. The DCs are stimulated to mature, loaded with peptide antigens, and incubated overnight. On Day 7, the cells are washed, and frozen in 1 ml aliquots containing 4 - 20 x 106 cells using a controlled-rate freezer. Lot release testing for the batches of DCs is performed and must meet minimum specifications before they are injected into patients.

The most commonly used method for generating large numbers of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) for use in tumor immunotherapy is described. The method uses IL-4 and GM-CSF to differentiate DCs from monocytes. The immature DCs are stimulated to mature and then loaded with antigens before they are injected back into the patient.

Herstellung von Tumor-Antigen-beladenen reifen dendritischen Zellen für die Immuntherapie

While clinical studies have established that antigen-loaded DC vaccines are safe and promising therapy for tumors 1, their clinical efficacy remains to be ...

Killer Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (KaAPC) for Efficient In Vitro Depletion of Human Antigen-specific T Cells

Current treatment of T cell mediated autoimmune diseases relies mostly on strategies of global immunosuppression, which, in the long term, is accompanied by adverse side effects such as a reduced ability to control infections or malignancies. Therefore, new approaches need to be developed that target only the disease mediating cells and leave the remaining immune system intact. Over the past decade a variety of cell based immunotherapy strategies to modulate T cell mediated immune responses have been developed. Most of these approaches rely on tolerance-inducing antigen presenting cells (APC). However, in addition to being technically difficult and cumbersome, such cell-based approaches are highly sensitive to cytotoxic T cell responses, which limits their therapeutic capacity. Here we present a protocol for the generation of non-cellular killer artificial antigen presenting cells (KaAPC), which allows for the depletion of pathologic T cells while leaving the remaining immune system untouched and functional. KaAPC is an alternative solution to cellular immunotherapy which has potential for treating autoimmune diseases and allograft rejections by regulating undesirable T cell responses in an antigen specific fashion.

Killer Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells KaAPC for Efficient In Vitro Depletion of Human Antigen-specific T Cells

Guidelines are presented for the generation of killer artificial antigen presenting cells, KaAPC, an efficient tool for in vitro depletion of human antigen-specific T cells and an alternative solution to cellular immunotherapy for the treatment of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases in an antigen-specific fashion without compromising the remaining immune system.

Killer Künstliche Antigen-präsentierenden Zellen (KaAPC) für effiziente<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Depletion von humanen Antigen-spezifischen T-Zellen

Current treatment of T cell mediated autoimmune diseases relies mostly on strategies of global immunosuppression, which, in the long term, is accompanied ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

Hocheffiziente Transfektion von humanen THP-1 Makrophagen durch Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells primarily responsible for acquiring, processing and presenting antigens on antigen presenting molecules to initiate T-cell-mediated immunity. Dendritic cells can be separated into several phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subsets. Three important subsets of splenic dendritic cells are plasmacytoid, CD8&#945;Pos and CD8&#945;Neg cells. The plasmacytoid DCs are natural producers of type I interferon and are important for anti-viral T cell immunity. The CD8&#945;Neg DC subset is specialized for MHC class II antigen presentation and is centrally involved in priming CD4 T cells. The CD8&#945;Pos DCs are primarily responsible for cross-presentation of exogenous antigens and CD8 T cell priming. The CD8&#945;Pos DCs have been demonstrated to be most efficient at the presentation of glycolipid antigens by CD1d molecules to a specialized T cell population known as invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Administration of Flt-3 ligand increases the frequency of migration of dendritic cell progenitors from bone marrow, ultimately resulting in expansion of dendritic cells in peripheral lymphoid organs in murine models. We have adapted this model to purify large numbers of functional dendritic cells for use in cell transfer experiments to compare in vivo proficiency of different DC subsets.

Distinct dendritic cell subsets exist as rare populations in lymphoid organs, and therefore are challenging to isolate in sufficient numbers and purity for immunological experiments. Here we describe a high efficiency, high yield method for isolation of all of the currently known major subsets of mouse splenic dendritic cells.

Eine effiziente und High-Yield-Methode zur Isolierung von Maus über dendritische Zellen Subsets

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells primarily responsible for acquiring, processing and presenting antigens on antigen ...

Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes

Immune response results from a complex interplay between the antigen non-specific innate immune system and the antigen specific adaptive immune system. The immune system is a constant balance in maintaining tolerance to self-molecules and reacting rapidly to pathogens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful professional antigen presenting cells that link the innate immune system to the adaptive immune system and balance the adaptive response between self and non-self. Depending on the maturation signals, immature dendritic cells can be selectively stimulated to differentiate into immunogenic or tolerogenic DCs. Immunogenic dendritic cells provide proliferation signals to antigen-specific T cells for clonal expansion; while tolerogenic dendritic cells regulate tolerance by antigen-specific T-cell deletion or clonal expansion of regulatory T-cells. Due to this unique property, dendritic cells are highly sought after as therapeutic agents for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Dendritic cells can be loaded with specific antigens in vitro and injected into the human body to mount a specific immune response both immunogenic and tolerogenic. This work presents a means to generate in vitro from monocytes, immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs), tolerogenic and mature moDCs that differ in surface marker expression, function and metabolic phenotypes.

Immature dendritic cells can be selectively differentiated into tolerogenic or mature dendritic cells to regulate the balance between immunity and tolerance. This work presents a means to generate from immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs), in vitro tolerogenic and mature moDCs that differ in metabolic phenotypes.

Die Erzeugung von Unreife, Ältere und Tolerogene Dendritischen Zellen mit unterschiedlichen Metabolic Phänotypen

Immune response results from a complex interplay between the antigen non-specific innate immune system and the antigen specific adaptive immune system. ...

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. This system enables the quantification of human IFN-&#945; protein with unprecedented sensitivity, and with no cross-reactivity for other species of IFN.
The first key step of the protocol is the choice of the antibody pair, followed by the conjugation of the capture antibody to paramagnetic beads, and biotinylation of the detection antibody. Following this step, different parameters such as assay configuration, detector antibody concentration, and buffer composition can be modified until optimum sensitivity is achieved. Finally, specificity and reproducibility of the method are assessed to ensure confidence in the results. Here, we developed an IFN-&#945; single molecule array assay with a limit of detection of 0.69 fg/mL using high-affinity autoantibodies isolated from patients with biallelic mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein causing autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1/autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APS1/APECED). Importantly, these antibodies enabled detection of all 13 IFN-&#945; subtypes.
This new methodology allows the detection and quantification of IFN-&#945; protein in human biological samples at attomolar concentrations for the first time. Such a tool will be highly useful in monitoring the levels of this cytokine in human health and disease states, most particularly infection, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.

Here we present a protocol to describe the development and validation of a single molecule array digital ELISA assay, which enables the ultra-sensitive detection of all IFN-&#945; subtypes in human samples.

Entwicklung und Validierung eines empfindsamen Einzelmolekül Array digitale Enzym-linked Immunosorbentprobe Assay für menschliche Interferon-α

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ...

Novel Protocol for Generating Physiologic Immunogenic Dendritic Cells

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely used cancer immunotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), operative in over 350 university centers worldwide. While ECP&#8217;s clinical efficacy and exemplary safety profile have driven its widespread use, elucidation of the underlying mechanisms has remained a challenge, partly owing to lack of a laboratory ECP model. To overcome this obstacle and create a simple, user-friendly platform for ECP research, we developed a scaled-down version of the clinical ECP leukocyte-processing device, suitable for work with both mouse models, and small human blood samples. This device is termed the Transimmunization (TI) chamber, or plate. In a series of landmark experiments, the miniaturized device was used to produce a cellular vaccine that regularly initiated therapeutic anti-cancer immunity in several syngeneic mouse tumor models. By removing individual factors from the experimental system and ascertaining their contribution to the in vivo anti-tumor response, we then elucidated key mechanistic drivers of ECP immunizing potential. Collectively, our results revealed that anti-tumor effects of ECP are initiated by dendritic cells (DC), physiologically generated through blood monocyte interaction with platelets in the TI plate, and loaded with antigens from tumor cells whose apoptotic cell death is finely titrated by exposure to the photoactivatable DNA cross-linking agent 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA light (8-MOPA). When returned to the mouse, this cellular vaccine leads to specific and transferable anti-tumor T cell immunity. We verified that the TI chamber is also suitable for human blood processing, producing human DCs fully comparable in activation state and profile to those derived from the clinical ECP chamber. The protocols presented here are intended for ECP studies in mouse and man, controlled generation of apoptotic tumor cells with 8-MOPA, and rapid production of physiologic human and mouse monocyte-derived DCs for a variety of applications.

The transimmunization (TI) device or plate and related protocols have been developed to replicate the key features of extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP), in an experimental setting, allowing for production of physiologically activated, tunable dendritic cells (DCs) for cancer immunotherapy.

Neuartiges Protokoll zur Generierung physiologischer immunogener Dendritischer Zellen

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely used cancer immunotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), operative in over 350 university ...