<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>研究肠绞痛相关炎症中的肠胶质-上皮相互作用

<ol>
	<li>Tinker, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prospective+study+of+equine+colic+incidence+and+mortality.">Prospective study of equine colic incidence and mortality.</a> Equine Vet J. 29 (6), 448-453 (1997).</li><li>Morton, A. J., Blikslager, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+and+postoperative+factors+influencing+short-term+survival+of+horses+following+small+intestinal+resection:+92+cases+(1994-2001).">Surgical and postoperative factors influencing short-term survival of horses following small intestinal resection: 92 cases (1994-2001).</a> Equine Vet J. 34 (5), 450-454 (2002).</li><li>French, N. P., Smith, J., Edwards, G. B., Proudman, C. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+review+of+equine+SIRS,+sepsis,+and+neutrophils.">A comparative review of equine SIRS, sepsis, and neutrophils.</a> Front Vet Sci. 6, 69 (2019).</li><li>Mazzotta, E., Villalobos-Hernandez, E. C., Fiorda-Diaz, J., Harzman, A., Christofi, F. 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Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enteric+glial+cells+and+their+role+in+the+intestinal+epithelial+barrier.">Enteric glial cells and their role in the intestinal epithelial barrier.</a> World J Gastroenterol. 20 (32), 11273-11280 (2014).</li><li>Savidge, T. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enteric+glia+regulate+intestinal+barrier+function+and+inflammation+via+release+of+S-nitrosoglutathione.">Enteric glia regulate intestinal barrier function and inflammation via release of S-nitrosoglutathione.</a> Gastroenterology. 132 (4), 1344-1358 (2007).</li><li>Stewart, A. S., Freund, J. M., Gonzalez, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+three-dimensional+culture+of+equine+intestinal+epithelial+stem+cells.">Advanced three-dimensional culture of equine intestinal epithelial stem cells.</a> Equine Vet J. 50 (2), 241-248 (2018).</li><li>Hellman, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+equine+enteroids+and+enteroid-derived+2D+monolayers+that+are+responsive+to+microbial+mimics.">Generation of equine enteroids and enteroid-derived 2D monolayers that are responsive to microbial mimics.</a> Vet Res. 52 (1), 108 (2021).</li><li>Al-Sadi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-6+modulation+of+intestinal+epithelial+tight+junction+permeability+is+mediated+by+JNK+pathway+activation+of+claudin-2+gene.">Interleukin-6 modulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability is mediated by JNK pathway activation of claudin-2 gene.</a> PLoS One. 9 (3), e85345 (2014).</li><li>Ochoa-Cortes, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enteric+glial+cells:+A+new+frontier+in+neurogastroenterology+and+clinical+target+for+inflammatory+bowel+diseases.">Enteric glial cells: A new frontier in neurogastroenterology and clinical target for inflammatory bowel diseases.</a> Inflamm Bowel Dis. 22 (2), 433-449 (2016).</li><li>Ziegler, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enteric+glial+cell+network+function+is+required+for+epithelial+barrier+restitution+following+intestinal+ischemic+injury+in+the+early+postnatal+period.">Enteric glial cell network function is required for epithelial barrier restitution following intestinal ischemic injury in the early postnatal period.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 326 (3), G228-G246 (2024).</li><li>Grubi&#353;i&#263;, V., Gulbransen, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enteric+glia:+the+most+alimentary+of+all+glia.">Enteric glia: the most alimentary of all glia.</a> J Physiol. 595 (2), 557-570 (2017).</li></ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>1 M HEPES buffer</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15630-080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 mM HEPES</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15630-106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 mM GlutaMAX</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25050-061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4&amp;rsquo;6-Diaminidino-2-Phenylindol</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>D3571</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Advanced DMEM/F12</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>12634-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alpha smooth muscle actin antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>7817</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amphotericin B</td><td>Sigma</td><td>AA9529</td><td>4.4 g/mL stock aliquots, final concentration 1.1 &amp;micro;g/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Antimicotic 1x</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15240-096</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B27</td><td>Gibco</td><td>12587010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>AA3311</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA 50 mg/mL stock solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A3311</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCL2</td><td>ACROS Organiics</td><td>206791000</td><td>Component of Equine Ringer &amp;lsquo;s Stock 1: combine with other ingredients, then add 100 mL of this stock to a graduated cylinder and dilute to 1L with deionized water. Adjust pH to 7.4 with 5% CO2.&lt;br/&gt; Combine with Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 2 to make complete &amp;ldquo;Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Solution&amp;rdquo;.</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase</td><td>Sigma</td><td>9891</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM-F12 media</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>11320033</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Donkey anti-rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor 594</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>21207</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EVOM EndOhm dual electrode TEER-measuring chamber</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>EVM-EL-03-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EVOM Manual for TEER Measurement</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>EVM-MT-03-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>G5</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17503012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G1272</td><td>Final concentration 20 &amp;micro;g/mL</td></tr><tr><td>GFAP antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>4674</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-mouse IgG Alexa Fluor 488</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>28175</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IL-1&amp;beta; ELISA</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>ESIL1B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>P330-500</td><td>Component of Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 1: combine with other ingredients, then add 100 mL of this stock to a graduated cylinder and dilute to 1L with deionized water. Adjust pH to 7.4 with 5% CO2.&lt;br/&gt; Combine with Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 2 to make complete &amp;ldquo;Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Solution&amp;rdquo;.</td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine solution</td><td>Corning</td><td>25-00-Cl</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matrigel</td><td>BD Bioscience</td><td>354277</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl2</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>M33-500</td><td>Component of Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 1: combine with other ingredients, then add 100 mL of this stock to a graduated cylinder and dilute to 1L with deionized water. Adjust pH to 7.4 with 5% CO2.&lt;br/&gt; Combine with Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 2 to make complete &amp;ldquo;Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Solution&amp;rdquo;.</td></tr><tr><td>N2</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17502048</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na2HPO4</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>BP332-1</td><td>Component of Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 2: combine with other ingredients, then add 100 mL of this stock to a graduated cylinder and dilute to 1L with deionized water. Adjust pH to 7.4 with 5% CO2.&lt;br/&gt; Combine with Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 1 to make complete &amp;ldquo;Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Solution&amp;rdquo;.</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>S271-10</td><td>Component of Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 1: combine with other ingredients, then add 100 mL of this stock to a graduated cylinder and dilute to 1L with deionized water. Adjust pH to 7.4 with 5% CO2.&lt;br/&gt; Combine with Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 2 to make complete &amp;ldquo;Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Solution&amp;rdquo;.</td></tr><tr><td>NaH2PO4</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>BP329-500</td><td>Component of Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 2: combine with other ingredients, then add 100 mL of this stock to a graduated cylinder and dilute to 1L with deionized water. Adjust pH to 7.4 with 5% CO2.&lt;br/&gt; Combine with Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 1 to make complete &amp;ldquo;Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Solution&amp;rdquo;.</td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO3</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>S637-212</td><td>Component of Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 2: combine with other ingredients, then add 100 mL of this stock to a graduated cylinder and dilute to 1L with deionized water. Adjust pH to 7.4 with 5% CO2.&lt;br/&gt; Combine with Equine Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Stock 1 to make complete &amp;ldquo;Ringer&amp;rsquo;s Solution&amp;rdquo;.</td></tr><tr><td>Pen/Strep solution</td><td>Gemini</td><td>400-109</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-lysine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P2636</td><td>0.5 mg/mL in 1x borate buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Prism software</td><td>GraphPad</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protease</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P4630</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bicarbonate solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S8761</td><td>7.5% stock solution</td></tr></tbody></table>

equine enteric glial culture and application to the study of a neural inflammatory mechanism in equine colic

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:马粘膜下肠道胶质细胞的分离和表征 — 预防肠绞痛手术术后并发症的意义

马肠胶质细胞培养及其在马肠神经炎症机制研究中的应用

Inflammatory postoperative conditions of equine colic (acute abdomen) contribute not only to increased client cost, patient discomfort, and ...

equine-enteric-glial-culture-application-to-study-neural-inflammatory

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Equine Enteric Glial Culture and Application to the Study of a Neural Inflammatory Mechanism in Equine Colic

224 次观看.  NC State University. 马匹在绞痛手术后面临毁灭性的炎症性术后状况。在人类研究中，肠道胶质细胞作为肠道环境的关键传感器以及炎症的影响因素而臭名昭著。我们旨在从马小肠中分离肠道胶质细胞，以评估它们在理解和预防术后并发症中的作用。我们开发了一种从马肠道中分离粘膜下肠胶质细胞的可重复方案。我们还能够证明它可用于了解炎性肠胶质细胞对肠...

视频: 作者聚焦:马粘膜下肠道胶质细胞的分离和表征 — 预防肠绞痛手术术后并发症的意义

Immunostaining to Visualize Murine Enteric Nervous System Development

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Following colonization, neural crest cells must then differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. Cholinergic neurons, a major neurotransmitter phenotype in the enteric nervous system, are identified by staining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme for acetylcholine. Historical efforts to visualize cholinergic neurons have been hampered by antibodies with differing specificities to central nervous system versus peripheral nervous system ChAT. We and others have overcome this limitation by using an antibody against placental ChAT, which recognizes both central and peripheral ChAT, to successfully visualize embryonic enteric cholinergic neurons. Additionally, we have compared this antibody to genetic reporters for ChAT and shown that the antibody is more reliable during embryogenesis. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Neural crest cells differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

免疫组化可视化小鼠肠神经系统的发展

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Following colonization, neural crest cells must ...

科研

发育生物学

Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and pathological processes such as CNS maturation in development, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Microglia can be activated and recruited to action by neuronal injury or stimulation, such as axonal damage seen in MS or ischemic brain trauma resulting from stroke. These immunocompetent members of the CNS are also thought to have roles in synaptic plasticity under non-pathological conditions. We employ protocols for culturing microglia from the neonatal and adult tissues that are aimed to maximize the viable cell numbers while minimizing confounding variables, such as the presence of other CNS cell types and cell culture debris. We utilize large and easily discernable CNS components (e.g. cortex, spinal cord segments), which makes the entire process feasible and reproducible. The use of adult cells is a suitable alternative to the use of neonatal brain microglia, as many pathologies studied mainly affect the postnatal spinal cord. These culture systems are also useful for directly testing the effect of compounds that may either inhibit or promote microglial activation. Since microglial activation can shape the outcomes of disease in the adult CNS, there is a need for in vitro systems in which neonatal and adult microglia can be cultured and studied.

We outline methods for the efficient and quick isolation/culture of viable microglia from the neonatal cerebral cortex and adult spinal cord. The dissection and plating of cortical microglia can be accomplished within 90 minutes, with the subsequent microglial harvest taking place ~ 10 days following the initial dissection.

培养小胶质细胞的新生和成年的中枢神经系统

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and ...

免疫与感染

Simulating Pancreatic Neuroplasticity: In Vitro Dual-neuron Plasticity Assay

Neuroplasticity is an inherent feature of the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal (GI) innervation under pathological conditions. However, the pathophysiological role of neuroplasticity in GI disorders remains unknown. Novel experimental models which allow simulation and modulation of GI neuroplasticity may enable enhanced appreciation of the contribution of neuroplasticity in particular GI diseases such as pancreatic cancer (PCa) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Here, we present a protocol for simulation of pancreatic neuroplasticity under in vitro conditions using newborn rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and myenteric plexus (MP) neurons. This dual-neuron approach not only permits monitoring of both organ-intrinsic and -extrinsic neuroplasticity, but also represents a valuable tool to assess neuronal and glial morphology and electrophysiology. Moreover, it allows functional modulation of supplied microenvironmental contents for studying their impact on neuroplasticity. Once established, the present neuroplasticity assay bears the potential of being applicable to the study of neuroplasticity in any GI organ.

Simulating Pancreatic Neuroplasticity: In Vitro Dual-neuron Plasticity Assay

Neuronal plasticity is an increasingly recognized, but insufficiently understood feature of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Here, in the example of human pancreatic disorders, we present an in vitro neuroplasticity assay for the study of neuronal plasticity in the GI tract at both morphological and functional level.

模拟胰腺神经可塑性:<em&gt;体外</em&gt;双神经元可塑性分析

Neuroplasticity is an inherent feature of the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal (GI) innervation under pathological conditions. However, the ...

医学

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

The enteric nervous system is a vast network of neurons and glia running the length of the gastrointestinal tract that functionally controls gastrointestinal motility. A procedure for the isolation and culture of a mixed population of neurons and glia from the myenteric plexus is described. The primary cultures can be maintained for over 7 days, with connections developing among the neurons and glia. The longitudinal muscle strip with the attached myenteric plexus is stripped from the underlying circular muscle of the mouse ileum or colon and subjected to enzymatic digestion. In sterile conditions, the isolated neuronal and glia population are preserved within the pellet following centrifugation and plated on coverslips. Within 24-48 hr, neurite outgrowth occurs and neurons can be identified by pan-neuronal markers. After two days in culture, isolated neurons fire action potentials as observed by patch clamp studies. Furthermore, enteric glia can also be identified by GFAP staining. A network of neurons and glia in close apposition forms within 5 - 7 days. Enteric neurons can be individually and directly studied using methods such as immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, calcium imaging, and single-cell PCR. Furthermore, this procedure can be performed in genetically modified animals. This methodology is simple to perform and inexpensive. Overall, this protocol exposes the components of the enteric nervous system in an easily manipulated manner so that we may better discover the functionality of the ENS in normal and disease states.

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

We demonstrate a cell culture protocol for the direct study of neuronal and glial components of the enteric nervous system. A neuron/glia mixed culture on coverslips is prepared from the myenteric plexus of adult mouse providing the ability to examine individual neuron and glia function by electrophysiology, immunohistochemical, etc.

一个<em在体外</em从成年小鼠的肌间神经丛制备隔离肠道神经元和神经胶质

The enteric nervous system is a vast network of neurons and glia running the length of the gastrointestinal tract that functionally controls ...

神经科学

DNBS/TNBS Colitis Models: Providing Insights Into Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Effects of Dietary Fat

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, have long been associated with a genetic basis, and more recently host immune responses to microbial and environmental agents. Dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis allows one to study the pathogenesis of IBD associated environmental triggers such as stress and diet, the effects of potential therapies, and the mechanisms underlying intestinal inflammation and mucosal injury. In this paper, we investigated the effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on the colonic mucosal inflammatory response to DNBS-induced colitis in rats. All rats were fed identical diets with the exception of different types of fatty acids [safflower oil (SO), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO)] for three&#160;weeks prior to exposure to intrarectal DNBS. Control rats given intrarectal ethanol continued gaining weight over the 5 day study, whereas, DNBS-treated rats fed lipid diets all lost weight with FO and CO fed rats demonstrating significant weight loss by 48&#160;hr and rats fed SO by 72&#160;hr. Weight gain resumed after 72&#160;hr post DNBS, and by 5 days post DNBS, the FO group had a higher body weight than SO or CO groups. Colonic sections collected 5&#160;days post DNBS-treatment showed focal ulceration, crypt destruction, goblet cell depletion, and mucosal infiltration of both acute and chronic inflammatory cells that differed in severity among diet groups. The SO fed group showed the most severe damage followed by the CO, and FO fed groups that showed the mildest degree of tissue injury. Similarly, colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of neutrophil activity was significantly higher in SO followed by CO fed rats, with FO fed rats having significantly lower MPO activity. These results demonstrate the use of DNBS-induced colitis, as outlined in this protocol, to determine the impact of diet in the pathogenesis of IBD.

DNBS/TNBS induced colitis offers an alternative and inexpensive method to study the pathobiology of inflammatory bowel disease. The protocol discussed in this paper outlines the successful application of DNBS to induce colitis in mice and rats and allows one to thoroughly study host-mediated intestinal responses.

二硝基苯磺酸/ TNBS结肠炎模型:提供洞察炎症性肠病和膳食脂肪的影响

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, have long been associated with a genetic basis, and more recently ...

An In Vitro Model for the Study of Cellular Pathophysiology in Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy

The precise function of multi-nucleated microglia, called globoid cells, that are uniquely abundant in the central nervous system of globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) is unclear. This gap in knowledge has been hindered by the lack of an appropriate in vitro model for study. Herein, we describe a primary murine glial culture system in which treatment with psychosine results in multinucleation of microglia resembling the characteristic globoid cells found in GLD. Using this novel system, we defined the conditions and modes of analysis for study of globoid cells. The potential use of this model system was validated in our previous study, which identified a potential role for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 in GLD. This novel in vitro system may be a useful model in which to study the formation and function, but also the potential therapeutic manipulation, of these unique cells.

An In Vitro Model for the Study of Cellular Pathophysiology in Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy

Globoid cells are a defining pathological feature of Krabbe disease, a leukodystrophy currently lacking an effective long-term therapy. We have developed a cell culture model to study the innate biology and pathogenic potential of activated microglia and their transformation into globoid cells.

一<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;模型细胞病理生理学的球细胞脑​​白质营养不良的研究

The precise function of multi-nucleated microglia, called globoid cells, that are uniquely abundant in the central nervous system of globoid cell ...

In Situ Ca2+ Imaging of the Enteric Nervous System

Reflex behaviors of the intestine are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is an integrative network of neurons and glia in two ganglionated plexuses housed in the gut wall. Enteric neurons and enteric glia are the only cell types within the enteric ganglia. The activity of enteric neurons and glia is responsible for coordinating intestinal functions. This protocol describes methods for observing the activity of neurons and glia within the intact ENS by imaging intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients with fluorescent indicator dyes. Our technical discussion focuses on methods for Ca2+ imaging in whole-mount preparations of the myenteric plexus from the rodent bowel. Bulk loading of ENS whole-mounts with a high-affinity Ca2+ indicator such as Fluo-4 permits measurements of Ca2+ responses in individual neurons or glial cells. These responses can be evoked repeatedly and reliably, which permits quantitative studies using pharmacological tools. Ca2+ responses in cells of the ENS are recorded using a fluorescence microscope equipped with a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Fluorescence measurements obtained using Ca2+ imaging in whole-mount preparations offer a straightforward means of characterizing the mechanisms and potential functional consequences of Ca2+ responses in enteric neurons and glial cells.

In Situ Ca2+ Imaging of the Enteric Nervous System

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a network of neurons and glia located in the gut wall that controls intestinal reflexes. This protocol describes methods for recording the activity of enteric neurons and glia in live preparations of ENS using Ca2+ imaging.

在肠神经系统的原位 钙成像

Reflex behaviors of the intestine are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is an integrative network of neurons and glia in two ...

A Novel Method for the Culture and Polarized Stimulation of Human Intestinal Mucosa Explants

Few models currently exist to realistically simulate the complex human intestine's micro-environment, where a variety of interactions take place. Proper homeostasis directly depends on these interactions, as they shape an entire immunological response inducing tolerance against food antigens while at the same time mounting effective immune responses against pathogenic microbes accidentally ingested with food.
Intestinal homeostasis is preserved also through various complex interactions between the microbiota (including food-associated beneficial bacterial strains) and the host, that regulate the attachment/degradation of mucus, the production of antimicrobial peptides by the epithelial barrier, and the "education" of epithelial cells' that controls the tolerogenic or immunogenic phenotype of unique, gut-resident lymphoid cells' populations. These interactions have been so far very difficult to reproduce with in vitro assays using either cultured cell lines or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, mouse models differ substantially in components of the intestinal mucosa (mucus layer organization, commensal bacteria community) with respect to the human gut. Thus, studies of a variety of treatments to be brought in the clinics for important stress-related or pathological conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer have been difficult to carry out.
To address these issues, we developed a novel system that enables us to stimulate explants of human intestinal mucosa that retain their in situ conditioning by the host microbiota and immune response, in a polarized fashion. Polarized apical stimulation is of great importance for the outcome of the elicited immune response. It has been repeatedly shown that the same stimuli can produce completely different responses when they bypass the apical face of the intestinal epithelium, stimulating epithelial cells basolaterally or coming into direct contact with lamina propria components, switching the phenotype from tolerogenic to immunogenic and causing unnecessary and excessive inflammation in the area.
We achieved polarized stimulation by gluing a cave cylinder which delimited the area of stimulation on the apical face of the mucosa as will be described in the protocol. We used this model to examine, among others, differential effects of three different Lactobacilli strains. We show that this model system is very powerful to assess the immunomodulatory properties of probiotics in healthy and disease conditions.

We introduce a novel method for the maintenance of human intestinal mucosa in culture and monitoring of the response to various types of stimuli over at least 24 hrs. With our method, the polarity of the tissue is maintained, allowing for a physiological stimulation via the apical route.

文化与偏振刺激人体肠道黏膜植的新方法

Few models currently exist to realistically simulate the complex human intestine's micro-environment, where a variety of interactions take place. Proper ...

生物学

共培养 AdMSC 和神经胶质细胞以减少朊病毒诱导的炎症

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Co-Cultured with Primary Mixed Glia to Reduce Prion-Induced Inflammation

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are potent regulators of inflammation through the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. These cells show an ability to regulate neuroinflammation in the context of neurodegenerative diseases such as prion disease and other protein misfolding disorders. Prion diseases can be sporadic, acquired, or genetic; they can result from the misfolding and aggregation of the prion protein in the brain. These diseases are invariably fatal, with no available treatments.
One of the earliest signs of disease is the activation of astrocytes and microglia and associated inflammation, which occurs prior to detectable prion aggregation and neuronal loss; thus, the anti-inflammatory and regulatory properties of MSCs can be harvested to treat astrogliosis in prion disease. Recently, we showed that adipose-derived MSCs (AdMSCs) co-cultured with BV2 cells or primary mixed glia reduce prion-induced inflammation through paracrine signaling. This paper describes a reliable treatment using stimulated AdMSCs to decrease prion-induced inflammation.
A heterozygous population of AdMSCs can easily be isolated from murine adipose tissue and expanded in culture. Stimulating these cells with inflammatory cytokines enhances their ability to both migrate toward prion-infected brain homogenate and produce anti-inflammatory modulators in response. Together, these techniques can be used to investigate the therapeutic potential of MSCs on prion infection and can be adapted for other protein misfolding and neuroinflammatory diseases.

作者聚焦:深入了解朊病毒病研究进展

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AdMSCs) have potent immunomodulatory properties useful for treating diseases associated with inflammation. We demonstrate how to isolate and culture murine AdMSCs and primary mixed glia, stimulate AdMSCs to upregulate anti-inflammatory genes and growth factors, assess migration of AdMSCs, and co-culture AdMSCs with primary mixed prion-infected glia.

脂肪来源的间充质基质细胞与原代混合胶质细胞共培养，以减少朊病毒诱导的炎症

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are potent regulators of inflammation through the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth ...

马肠胶质细胞培养及其在马肠神经炎症机制研究中的应用

副本

摘要

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免疫组化可视化小鼠肠神经系统的发展

培养小胶质细胞的新生和成年的中枢神经系统

模拟胰腺神经可塑性:

一个

二硝基苯磺酸/ TNBS结肠炎模型:提供洞察炎症性肠病和膳食脂肪的影响

一

在肠神经系统的原位 ^钙成像

文化与偏振刺激人体肠道黏膜植的新方法

脂肪来源的间充质基质细胞与原代混合胶质细胞共培养，以减少朊病毒诱导的炎症

脂肪来源的间充质基质细胞与原代混合胶质细胞共培养，以减少朊病毒诱导的炎症

马肠胶质细胞培养及其在马肠神经炎症机制研究中的应用

副本

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

免疫组化可视化小鼠肠神经系统的发展

培养小胶质细胞的新生和成年的中枢神经系统

模拟胰腺神经可塑性:

一个

二硝基苯磺酸/ TNBS结肠炎模型:提供洞察炎症性肠病和膳食脂肪的影响

一

在肠神经系统的原位 钙成像

文化与偏振刺激人体肠道黏膜植的新方法

脂肪来源的间充质基质细胞与原代混合胶质细胞共培养，以减少朊病毒诱导的炎症

脂肪来源的间充质基质细胞与原代混合胶质细胞共培养，以减少朊病毒诱导的炎症

在肠神经系统的原位 ^钙成像