<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>在恒定气压下显微注射针的湿斜面协议

<ol>
	<li>Rubin, G. M., Spradling, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+transformation+of+Drosophila+with+transposable+Element+Vectors.">Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable Element Vectors.</a> Science. 218 (4570), 348-353 (1982).</li><li>O'Brochta, D. A., Atkinson, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformation+systems+in+insects.">Transformation systems in insects.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 260, 227-254 (2004).</li><li>Handler, A. M., James, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Insect Transgenesis: Methods and Applications. , (2000).</li><li>Harrell, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosquito+embryo+microinjection.">Mosquito embryo microinjection.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. , (2023).</li><li>Allen, M. L., O'Brochta, D. A., Atkinson, P. W., Levesque, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable,+germ-line+transformation+of+Culex+Quinquefasciatus+(Diptera:+Culicidae).">Stable, germ-line transformation of Culex Quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).</a> J Med Entomol. 38 (5), 701-710 (2001).</li><li>Grossman, G. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+transformation+of+the+malaria+vector,+Anopheles+gambiae,+with+the+piggyBac+transposable+element.">Germline transformation of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, with the piggyBac transposable element.</a> Insect Mol Biol. 10 (6), 597-604 (2001).</li><li>Adelman, Z. N., Jasinskiene, N., James, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+applications+of+transgenesis+in+the+yellow+fever+mosquito,+Aedes+aegypti.">Development and applications of transgenesis in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.</a> Mol Biochem Parasitol. 121 (1), 1-10 (2002).</li><li>Perera, O. P., Harrell, R. A., Handler, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germ-line+transformation+of+the+South+American+malaria+vector,+Anopheles+albimanus,+with+a+piggyBac/EGFP+transposon+vector+is+routine+and+highly+efficient.">Germ-line transformation of the South American malaria vector, Anopheles albimanus, with a piggyBac/EGFP transposon vector is routine and highly efficient.</a> Insect Mol Biol. 11 (4), 291-297 (2002).</li><li>Harrell, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosquito+embryo+microinjection+under+halocarbon+oil+or+in+aqueous+solution.">Mosquito embryo microinjection under halocarbon oil or in aqueous solution.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. , (2023).</li><li>Louradour, I., Ghosh, K., Inbar, E., Sacks, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9+mutagenesis+in+Phlebotomus+papatasi:+The+immune+deficiency+pathway+impacts+vector+competence+for+Leishmania+major.">CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in Phlebotomus papatasi: The immune deficiency pathway impacts vector competence for Leishmania major.</a> mBio. 10 (4), e01941 (2019).</li><li>Tamura, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+transformation+of+the+silkworm+Bombyx+mori+L.+using+a+piggyBac+transposon-derived+vector.">Germline transformation of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. using a piggyBac transposon-derived vector.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 18 (1), 81-84 (2000).</li><li>. BV-10 Micropipette Beveler Operation Manual Rev. 3.00 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.manualslib.com/manual/2073788/Sutter-Instrument-Bv-10.html">https://www.manualslib.com/manual/2073788/Sutter-Instrument-Bv-10.html</a> (2018)</li></ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>1.0 mm O.D. microcapillaries</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beveler pedestal oil</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bicycle fender clip</td><td>VeloOrange</td><td>R-clip 4-pack</td><td>https://velo-orange.com/products/vo-r-clip-4-pack</td></tr><tr><td>Boom Stand Microscope</td><td>AmScope</td><td></td><td>AMScope 3.5X-90X Trinocular LED Boom Stand Stereo Microscope or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>BV-10 Beveler</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>BV-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diamond abrasive plate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>104F</td><td>Diamond abrasive plate - extra fine (0.2 &amp;micro; to 1.0 &amp;micro; tip sizes)</td></tr><tr><td>Gasket, Buna-N</td><td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>11761-2-pkg</td><td>Used to seal connection on T&amp;nbsp; or L connectors, if not already included with these pieces</td></tr><tr><td>Hose Clamp</td><td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>5000-2-pkg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hose connector</td><td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>CT4-pkg</td><td>Need 5 hose connectors</td></tr><tr><td>Microinjection Needle Holder</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>MPH3-10</td><td>Needle holder for 1mm outer diameter microcapillaries</td></tr><tr><td>P-2000</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td></td><td>Any needle puller</td></tr><tr><td>Photo-Flo 200 Solution</td><td>B&amp;amp;H Photo, Video and Audio</td><td>BH #KOPF200P&amp;nbsp; MFR #1464510</td><td>wetting agent</td></tr><tr><td>Pressure Gauge</td><td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>PG-100</td><td>0-100 psi gauge</td></tr><tr><td>Reference wick</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>X050300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reference wick holder</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>M100019</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Regulator</td><td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>01-Mar</td><td>Need #10-32 ports for connections</td></tr><tr><td>Rubber Packing Sheet 6 inx 6 in</td><td>Danco</td><td>Model # 59849</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T fitting</td><td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>15002-2-pkg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Threaded Bar</td><td></td><td></td><td>Either a threaded rod or bar with threaded end. Threads must be 10-32.</td></tr><tr><td>Urethane tubing</td><td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>URH1-0804-BLT-050</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

wet beveling of microinjection needles utilizing constant air pressure for feedback on needle opening

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：通过湿式斜面提高显微注射针质量

利用恒定气压对针头开口进行湿式坡口

Microinjection needles are a critical tool in the delivery of genome modification reagents, CRISPR components (guide RNAs, Cas9 protein, and donor ...

wet-beveling-microinjection-needles-utilizing-constant-air-pressure

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Wet Beveling of Microinjection Needles Utilizing Constant Air Pressure for Feedback on Needle Opening

296 次观看.  University of Maryland. 昆虫转化设施，我们是一家大学服务机构，帮助客户制造转基因昆虫。他们的研究范围从神经科学（他们正在进行蚊子嗅觉研究）到公共卫生研究（他们正在制造疟疾疫苗），再到在黑水虻中表达新蛋白质。传统上，针头是通过拉动针头，然后用刷子刷在某物上以打开针头，这样可以产生非常适合显微注射或无法使用的针头。因此，这种方法使...

视频: 作者聚焦：通过湿式斜面提高显微注射针质量

Rodent Brain Microinjection to Study Molecular Substrates of Motivated Behavior

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as appropriate models, partly because the response to behaviorally relevant stimuli and the circuitry parsing stimulus-action outcomes is astonishingly similar between humans and rodents. In studying molecular substrates of complex behaviors, the microinjection of reagents that modify, augment, or silence specific systems is an invaluable technique. However, it is crucial that the microinjection site is precisely targeted in order to aid interpretation of the results. We present a method for the manufacture of surgical implements and microinjection needles that enables accurate microinjection and unlimited customizability with minimal cost. Importantly, this technique can be successfully completed in awake rodents if conducted in conjunction with other JoVE articles that covered requisite surgical procedures. Additionally, there are many behavioral paradigms that are well suited for measuring motivation. The progressive ratio is a commonly used method that quantifies the efficacy of a reinforcer to maintain responding despite an (often exponentially) increasing work requirement. This assay is sensitive to reinforcer magnitude and pharmacological manipulations, which allows reinforcing efficacy and/ or motivation to be determined. We also present a straightforward approach to program operant software to accommodate a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule.

Rodents are an appropriate model to investigate the molecular substrates of behavior and complex psychiatric disorders. Brain microinjection in awake rodents can be used to elucidate disease substrates. An efficient and customizable brain microinjection method as well as the execution of an operant paradigm that quantifies motivation is presented.

啮齿动物脑显微注射学习动机行为的分子基板

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as ...

科研

行为学

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

The threespine stickleback fish has emerged as a powerful system to study the genetic basis of a wide variety of morphological, physiological, and behavioral phenotypes. The remarkably diverse phenotypes that have evolved as marine populations adapt to countless freshwater environments, combined with the ability to cross marine and freshwater forms, provide a rare vertebrate system in which genetics can be used to map genomic regions controlling evolved traits. Excellent genomic resources are now available, facilitating molecular genetic dissection of evolved changes. While mapping experiments generate lists of interesting candidate genes, functional genetic manipulations are required to test the roles of these genes. Gene regulation can be studied with transgenic reporter plasmids and BACs integrated into the genome using the Tol2 transposase system. Functions of specific candidate genes and cis-regulatory elements can be assessed by inducing targeted mutations with TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing reagents. All methods require introducing nucleic acids into fertilized one-cell stickleback embryos, a task made challenging by the thick chorion of stickleback embryos and the relatively small and thin blastomere. Here, a detailed protocol for microinjection of nucleic acids into stickleback embryos is described for transgenic and genome editing applications to study gene expression and function, as well as techniques to assess the success of transgenesis and recover stable lines.

Transgenic manipulations and genome editing are critical for functionally testing the roles of genes and cis-regulatory elements. Here a detailed microinjection protocol for the generation of genomic modifications (including Tol2-mediated fluorescent reporter transgene constructs, TALENs, and CRISPRs) is presented for the emergent model fish, the threespine stickleback.

显微注射转基因的基因组，并在编辑Threespine刺鱼

The threespine stickleback fish has emerged as a powerful system to study the genetic basis of a wide variety of morphological, physiological, and ...

发育生物学

Real-time Measurement of Epithelial Barrier Permeability in Human Intestinal Organoids

Advances in 3D culture of intestinal tissues obtained through biopsy or generated from pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation, have resulted in sophisticated in vitro models of the intestinal mucosa. Leveraging these emerging model systems will require adaptation of tools and techniques developed for 2D culture systems and animals. Here, we describe a technique for measuring epithelial barrier permeability in human intestinal organoids in real-time. This is accomplished by microinjection of fluorescently-labeled dextran and imaging on an inverted microscope fitted with epifluorescent filters. Real-time measurement of the barrier permeability in intestinal organoids facilitates the generation of high-resolution temporal data in human intestinal epithelial tissue, although this technique can also be applied to fixed timepoint imaging approaches. This protocol is readily adaptable for the measurement of epithelial barrier permeability following exposure to pharmacologic agents, bacterial products or toxins, or live microorganisms. With minor modifications, this protocol can also serve as a general primer on microinjection of intestinal organoids and users may choose to supplement this protocol with additional or alternative downstream applications following microinjection.

This protocol describes the measurement of epithelial barrier permeability in real-time following pharmacologic treatment in human intestinal organoids using fluorescent microscopy and live cell microscopy.

人肠道 Organoids 上皮屏障通透性的实时测量

Advances in 3D culture of intestinal tissues obtained through biopsy or generated from pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation, have resulted ...

Drosophila Embryo Preparation and Microinjection for Live Cell Microscopy Performed using an Automated High Content Analyzer

Modern approaches in quantitative live cell imaging have become an essential tool for exploring cell biology, by enabling the use of statistics and computational modeling to classify and compare biological processes. Although cell culture model systems are great for high content imaging, high throughput studies of cell morphology suggest that ex vivo cultures are limited in recapitulating the morphological complexity found in cells within living organisms. As such, there is a need for a scalable high throughput model system to image living cells within an intact organism. Described here is a protocol for using a high content image analyzer to simultaneously acquire multiple time-lapse videos of embryonic Drosophila melanogaster development during the syncytial blastoderm stage. The syncytial blastoderm has traditionally served as a great in vivo model for imaging biological events; however, obtaining a significant number of experimental replicates for quantitative and high-throughput approaches has been labor intensive and limited by the imaging of a single embryo per experimental repeat. Presented here is a method to adapt imaging and microinjection approaches to suit a high content imaging system, or any inverted microscope capable of automated multipoint acquisition. This approach enables the simultaneous acquisition of 6-12 embryos, depending on desired acquisition factors, within a single imaging session.

Presented here is a protocol to microinject and simultaneously image multiple Drosophila embryos during embryonic development using a plate-based, high content imager.

使用自动高含量分析仪进行活细胞显微镜的果蝇胚胎制备和微注射

Modern approaches in quantitative live cell imaging have become an essential tool for exploring cell biology, by enabling the use of statistics and ...

Microiontophoresis and Micromanipulation for Intravital Fluorescence Imaging of the Microcirculation

Microiontophoresis entails passage of current through a micropipette tip to deliver a solute at a designated site within an experimental preparation. Microiontophoresis can simulate synaptic transmission1 by delivering neurotransmitters and neuropeptides onto neurons reproducibly2. Negligible volume (fluid) displacement avoids mechanical disturbance to the experimental preparation. Adapting these techniques to the microcirculation3 has enabled mechanisms of vasodilation and vasoconstriction to be studied at the microscopic level in vivo4,5. A key advantage of such localized delivery is enabling vasomotor responses to be studied at defined sites within a microvascular network without evoking systemic or reflexive changes in blood pressure and tissue blood flow, thereby revealing intrinsic properties of microvessels.
A limitation of microiontophoresis is that the precise concentration of agent delivered to the site of interest is difficult to ascertain6. Nevertheless, its release from the micropipette tip is proportional to the intensity and duration of the ejection current2,7, such that reproducible stimulus-response relationships can be readily determined under defined experimental conditions (described below). Additional factors affecting microiontophoretic delivery include solute concentration and its ionization in solution. The internal diameter of the micropipette tip should be &tilde; 1 &mu;m or less to minimize diffusional 'leak', which can be counteracted with a retaining current. Thus an outward (positive) current is used to eject a cation and a negative current used to retain it within the micropipette.
Fabrication of micropipettes is facilitated with sophisticated electronic pullers8. Micropipettes are pulled from glass capillary tubes containing a filament that 'wicks' solution into the tip of the micropipette when filled from the back end ("backfilled"). This is done by inserting a microcapillary tube connected to a syringe containing the solution of interest and ejecting the solution into the lumen of the micropipette. Micromanipulators enable desired placement of micropipettes within the experimental preparation. Micromanipulators mounted on a movable base can be positioned around the preparation according to the topography of microvascular networks (developed below). 
The present protocol demonstrates microiontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh+ Cl-) onto an arteriole of the mouse cremaster muscle preparation (See associated protocol: JoVE ID#2874) to produce endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Stimulus delivery is synchronized with digitized image acquisition using an electronic trigger. The use of Cx40BAC-GCaMP2 transgenic mice9 enables visualization of intracellular calcium responses underlying vasodilation in arteriolar endothelial cells in the living microcirculation.

Microiontophoresis entails movement of ions from a micropipette in response to a difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the micropipette. Biologically active molecules are thereby delivered in proportion to electrical current. We illustrate acetylcholine microiontophoresis in conjunction with micromanipulation to study endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the microcirculation.

Microiontophoresis和显微操作的微循环活体荧光成像

Microiontophoresis entails passage of current through a micropipette tip to deliver a solute at a designated site within an experimental  preparation. ...

生物学

Personalized Needles for Microinjections in the Rodent Brain

Microinjections have been used for a long time for the delivery of drugs or toxins within specific brain areas and, more recently, they have been used to deliver gene or cell therapy products. Unfortunately, current microinjection techniques use steel or glass needles that are suboptimal for multiple reasons: in particular, steel needles may cause tissue damage, and glass needles may bend when lowered deeply into the brain, missing the target region. In this article, we describe a protocol to prepare and use quartz needles that combine a number of useful features. These needles do not produce detectable tissue damage and, being very rigid, ensure reliable delivery in the desired brain region even when using deep coordinates. Moreover, it is possible to personalize the design of the needle by making multiple holes of the desired diameter. Multiple holes facilitate the injection of large amounts of solution within a larger area, whereas large holes facilitate the injection of cells. In addition, these quartz needles can be cleaned and re-used, such that the procedure becomes cost-effective.

We describe here a protocol for microinjection in the rodent brain that uses quartz needles. These needles do not produce detectable tissue damage and ensure reliable delivery even in deep regions. Moreover, they can be adapted to research needs by personalized designs and can be re-used.

啮齿动物脑 Microinjections 的个性化针

Microinjections have been used for a long time for the delivery of drugs or toxins within specific brain areas and, more recently, they have been used to ...

神经科学

Earthworm, Lumbricus Terrestris: A Novel Microinjection Vasculature In vivo Invertebrate Model

Although vertebrates are indispensable to biomedical research, studies are often limited by factors such as cost, lengthy internal review, and ethical considerations. We present the earthworm as an alternative, low-cost, invertebrate applicable to certain preliminary vasculature studies. Due to the surgical availability of the earthworm's dorsal vessels, ventral vessels, and five pairs of pseudo hearts, earthworms are readily accessible, offer low-cost maintenance, and require administration of only small doses of a given compound. The earthworm model provides a simple closed vascular circulatory system with a hemoglobin structure similar to human blood. A protocol is provided for anaesthetizing the earthworms and performing surgical incisions to expose relevant blood vessels. Micropipettes for compound administration are formed by heating and pulling glass with a pipette puller and using a beveling system to create a micron-scale fine needle tip. The tips are then used with a micropositioner and microinjector to inject arbitrary compounds into the vascular system of an earthworm, repeatably, with the availability of large sample sizes and small compound volumes. Details on the intricacies of injection procedure are provided. The small vessel size of the earthworm is challenging, particularly in the case of the ventral vessel; however, mastery of the techniques presented offers high repeatability as a low-cost solution, making studies of very large sample size practical.

Earthworms are a novel invertebrate in vivo bench-top model for vasculature studies. We present techniques and equipment that allow efficient surgery and microinjection into the earthworm vasculature. Surgical protocols, microinjection techniques and the procedure for producing custom-made micropipettes are described.

Although vertebrates are indispensable to biomedical research, studies are often limited by factors such as cost, lengthy internal review, and ethical ...

生物工程

Microinjectrode System for Combined Drug Infusion and Electrophysiology

This microinjectrode system is designed for drug infusion, electrophysiology, and delivery and retrieval of experimental probes, such as microelectrodes and nanosensors, optimized for repeated use in awake, behaving animals. The microinjectrode system can be configured for multiple purposes: (1) simple arrangement of the cannula for placement of an experimental probe that would otherwise be too fragile to penetrate the dura mater, (2) microfluidic infusion of a drug, either independently or coupled to a cannula containing an experimental probe (i.e., microelectrode, nanosensor). In this protocol we explain the step by step construction of the microinjectrode, its coupling to microfluidic components, and the protocol for use of the system in vivo. The microfluidic components of this system allow for delivery of volumes on the nanoliter scale, with minimal penetration damage. Drug infusion can be performed independently or simultaneously with experimental probes such as microelectrodes or nanosensors in an awake, behaving animal. Applications of this system range from measuring the effects of a drug on cortical electrical activity and behavior, to understanding the function of a specific region of cortex in the context of behavioral performance based on probe or nanosensor measurements. To demonstrate some of the capabilities of this system, we present an example of muscimol infusion for reversible inactivation of the frontal eye field (FEF) in rhesus macaque during a working memory task.

We present a microinjectrode system designed for electrophysiology and assisted delivery of experimental probes (i.e., nanosensors, microelectrodes), with optional drug infusion. Widely available microfluidic components are coupled to a cannula containing the probe. A step-by-step protocol for microinjectrode construction is included, with results during muscimol infusion in macaque cortex.

联合药物输液和电生理学的显微注射系统

This microinjectrode system is designed for drug infusion, electrophysiology, and delivery and retrieval of experimental probes, such as microelectrodes ...

High Throughput Microinjections of Sea Urchin Zygotes

Microinjection into cells and embryos is a common technique that is used to study a wide range of biological processes. In this method a small amount of treatment solution is loaded into a microinjection needle that is used to physically inject individual immobilized cells or embryos. Despite the need for initial training to perform this procedure for high-throughput delivery, microinjection offers maximum efficiency and reproducible delivery of a wide variety of treatment solutions (including complex mixtures of samples) into cells, eggs or embryos. Applications to microinjections include delivery of DNA constructs, mRNAs, recombinant proteins, gain of function, and loss of function reagents. Fluorescent or colorimetric dye is added to the injected solution to enable instant visualization of efficient delivery as well as a tool for reliable normalization of the amount of the delivered solution. The described method enables microinjection of 100-400 sea urchin zygotes within 10-15 min.

Microinjection is a common technique used to deliver DNA constructs, mRNAs, morpholino antisense oligonucleotides or other treatments into eggs, embryos, and cells of various species.

海胆受精卵的高通量显微注射

Microinjection into cells and embryos is a common technique that is used to study a wide range of biological processes. In this method a small amount of ...

Micromanipulation Techniques Allowing Analysis of Morphogenetic Dynamics and Turnover of Cytoskeletal Regulators

Examining the spatiotemporal dynamics of proteins can reveal their functional importance in various contexts. In this article, it is discussed how fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and photoactivation techniques can be used to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of proteins in subcellular locations. We also show how these techniques enable straightforward determination of various parameters linked to actin cytoskeletal regulation and cell motility. Moreover, the microinjection of cells is additionally described as an alternative treatment (potentially preceding or complementing the aforementioned photomanipulation techniques) to trigger instantaneous effects of translocated proteins on cell morphology and function. Micromanipulation such as protein injection or local application of plasma membrane-permeable drugs or cytoskeletal inhibitors can serve as powerful tool to record immediate consequences of a given treatment on cell behavior at the single cell and subcellular level. This is exemplified here by immediate induction of lamellipodial cell edge protrusion by the injection of recombinant Rac1 protein, as established a quarter-century ago. In addition, we provide a protocol for determining the turnover of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-VASP, an actin filament polymerase prominently accumulating at lamellipodial tips of B16-F1 cells, employing FRAP and including associated data analysis and curve fitting. We also present guidelines for estimating the rates of lamellipodial actin network polymerization, as exemplified by cells expressing EGFP-tagged &#946;-actin. Finally, instructions are given for how to investigate the rates of actin monomer mobility within the cell cytoplasm, followed by actin incorporation at sites of rapid filament assembly, such as the tips of protruding lamellipodia, using photoactivation approaches. None of these protocols is&#160;restricted to components or regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, but can easily be extended to explore in analogous fashion the spatiotemporal dynamics and function of proteins in various different subcellular structures or functional contexts.

We describe how micro- and photomanipulation techniques such as FRAP and photoactivation enable the determination of motility parameters and the spatiotemporal dynamics of proteins within migrating cells. Experimental readouts include subcellular dynamics and turnover of motility regulators or of the underlying actin cytoskeleton.