我们感谢 j. 筱女士和我 Nieda 的技术和文书工作。此外, 我们感谢 Drs, Hidenori Haruta, 宪太郎 Kurashina 和葛屋高桥为他们合作的样品采集在手术室。这项工作得到了日本教育、科学、体育和文化部和日本促进科学学会 (17K10606) 的科学研究资助。

LDN 是由接受本研究的病人获得的, 并获 Jichi 医科大学机构评审委员会批准。
1. 腹腔 Lavages LDN 的分离和净检测
<ol><li>样品采集<ol>
<li>将1000毫升的正常无菌生理盐水直接注入腹腔内, 经胃肠道恶性肿瘤腹部手术的病人在伤口闭合前, 将其注射至腹腔内。 注: 样本是从病人接受胃切除, 结肠切除, 或食管切除没有偏见的基础上的年龄或性别。盐水被转移到一个容器里, 一分钟内倒入整个腹部。这通常是作为术后腹膜冲洗没有明显的影响病人。</li>
		<li>广泛冲洗腹腔, 至少1分钟。 注: 建议将输液液慢慢地与外科医生的手搅拌, 以使样品均匀。</li>
		<li>用四50毫升注射器恢复200毫升灌洗液。 注: 有时用橡胶连接器来取流体。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>用粒细胞特异性单克隆 CD66b16对腹膜 LDN 进行纯化。 注: 由于密度梯度离心后的中间层含有许多单个核细胞, CD66b 单克隆抗体进行了阳性变形。<ol>
<li>将腹腔灌洗液转移至50毫升管。 注: 在这一步, 通过100µm 尼龙过滤器的液体, 以消除杂质。</li>
		<li>以 270 x g 为7分钟, 在 RT 上离心腹膜液。</li>
		<li>并用重悬5毫升的 PBS 中的小球, 0.02% EDTA。</li>
		<li>仔细覆盖5毫升的细胞悬浮在3毫升密度梯度解决方案。</li>
		<li>离心机在 1700 x g 的15分钟, 在 RT 没有任何休息。</li>
		<li>使用吸管将含有中间层的 2-3 毫升溶液 (图 1A) 收获, 并将其与10毫升的 PBS 混合使用 0.02% EDTA。</li>
		<li>将腹膜液以 400 x g 为7分钟在 RT 上离心, 然后丢弃上清。</li>
		<li>再添加10毫升的 PBS, 0.02% EDTA, 离心机在 270 x g 在 RT 的7分钟. 弃上清。</li>
		<li>将细胞颗粒 (1 x 107) 溶解在60µL 的缓冲器中, 用于磁性细胞分离试剂盒。</li>
		<li>添加20µL 的 Fc 块到小球和孵化10分钟在4摄氏度。</li>
		<li>添加20µL 的 anti-CD66b 共轭微球和孵化的额外10分钟4摄氏度。</li>
		<li>在500µL 的 mac 缓冲器中清洗并重新悬浮小球。</li>
		<li>将细胞悬浮物应用于合适的磁选机磁场中的磁柱上, 通过用15毫升的缓冲器洗涤柱, 收集含有 CD66b (-) 细胞的流动。</li>
		<li>从磁选机中取出该列, 然后将柱塞牢固地推入柱形, 立即冲洗出磁标记的 CD66b (+) 单元格。 注: CD66b (+) 细胞的数量主要由流化分析确定的中性粒细胞组成, 这表明 > 95% 的 CD66 (+) 分数对 CD11b、CD15 和 CD16 是阳性的, 但对 CD14 是阴性的。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>世代网<ol>
<li>离心后在 270 x g 7 分钟的 RT, 重新暂停隔离 LDN (5 x 106) 在1毫升的 RPMI1640 与10% 的 FCS。</li>
		<li>在 5% CO2的37˚C 中, 在6井聚 l-赖氨酸涂层板 (直径6厘米) 上培养 LDN 2 小时。</li>
		<li>添加绿色荧光 counterstain (膜不透水染料染色的细胞核和染色体) 在最终浓度的5µM。</li>
		<li>立即观察网的形态 (在荧光显微镜下从 LDN 中排出的胞外 DNA 成分)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 用红荧光细胞链接染料染色肿瘤细胞
<ol><li>准备人类癌细胞系 MKN45, NUGC 和 OCUM-1。</li>
	<li>1 x 107细胞与 PBS + 0.02% EDTA 在15毫升管和离心机在 270 x g 为7分钟在 RT。</li>
	<li>添加1毫升的溶液染料染色的小球, 和吸管轻轻。</li>
	<li>将4µL 的红色荧光细胞链接剂染料溶于1毫升溶液中染色, 并与步骤2.2 中的细胞悬浮液混合。</li>
	<li>在 RT 中孵化4分钟的小球。</li>
	<li>添加4毫升的 DMEM (10% 的血清), 以阻止染色反应。</li>
	<li>离心机 270 x g 7 分钟, 并丢弃上清。</li>
	<li>重复步骤2.6 和2.7 两次。</li>
	<li>检查与荧光显微镜 (励磁 = 551 毫微米, 发射 = 567 毫微米) 那肿瘤细胞被染红。</li>
</ol>3. 肿瘤细胞对蚊帐黏附力的分析
<ol><li>再次暂停红色荧光染色肿瘤细胞 (1 x 106) 在1毫升的 RPMI 1640 补充与 0.1% BSA。</li>
	<li>将肿瘤细胞添加到生成网的 LDN 培养中, 如步骤1.3 所述。</li>
	<li>孵育5分钟, 在37˚C, 使肿瘤细胞接触网。 注: 长时间孵化诱导肿瘤细胞粘附到 LDN 或板上。</li>
	<li>通过添加2毫升的 prewarmed 介质 (0.1% BSA + RPMI 1640) 并旋转盘子, 去除介质并轻轻地冲洗水井。</li>
	<li>重复步骤3.4 中的洗涤过程。 注: 由于网弱附着在板材上, 洗涤应尽可能轻柔地进行, 以避免网本身的去除。</li>
	<li>添加绿色荧光染料染色的细胞核和染色体的最终浓度为5µg/毫升, 以可视化的网。</li>
	<li>观察网和附上肿瘤细胞使用适当的过滤器 (绿色, 励磁 = 504 毫微米, 发射 = 523 毫微米; 红色, 励磁 = 551 毫微米, 发射 = 567 毫微米)。</li>
	<li>合并这些数字, 以显示被网困住的肿瘤细胞。 注: 在一些实验中, DNA 降解酶添加到 LDN 培养 (100 U/毫升的最终浓度) 5 分钟前共孵化5分钟。</li>
</ol>4. 被困肿瘤细胞的时间推移视频分析
<ol><li>在35毫米的圆形盘子中培养腹膜 LDN, 如步骤1.3 所述。</li>
	<li>添加绿色荧光染料染色的细胞核和染色体, 以可视化网如步骤1.3 所述。</li>
	<li>孵化1分钟后, 取出培养基, 加入2毫升 0.1% BSA + RPMI 1640。</li>
	<li>删除介质并添加无瑕 1 x 106 MKN45 细胞悬浮在 0.1% BSA + RPMI 1640。在 RT 孵化5分钟。</li>
	<li>如步骤3.4 中所述, 通过轻轻冲洗去除任何未连接的肿瘤细胞, 并添加 DMEM 与 10% FCS 补充100毫升青霉素和100µg/毫升链霉素。</li>
	<li>在全视图细胞观察系统中安装培养皿, 并选择适当的领域, 其中肿瘤细胞被网困。</li>
	<li>继续共培养2天, 并采取连续照片的领域每6分钟的正常光和荧光, 分别检测 MKN45 细胞和网。</li>
	<li>在每个 timepoint 上叠加图像, 并使用图像查看器软件构造延时视频。</li>
</ol>

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作者声明他们没有竞争的财政利益。

以前的研究报告说, 循环肿瘤细胞可以被网络基质所困在体内10,11。转移性乳腺癌细胞已被证明是刺激中性粒细胞和诱导形成的蚊帐, 这有助于肿瘤细胞生长的目标器官17。此外, 我们发现, 从术后灌洗液中 LDN 的短期培养可以有效地诱捕肿瘤细胞, 而无需进一步刺激15。这些观察表明, 在转移过程中, 网的机械参与可能会起到作用。然而, 介导网状与肿瘤细胞间粘接作用的详细分子机制尚不清楚。最近的研究表明, 整合素在这一过程中的参与, 通过使用从活化中性粒细胞分离的净存量作为黏附基质12,13。然而, 纯化和集中的网组分应该有主要不同的分子结构从原始的网。相比之下, 我们的方法使用完整的网没有物理操作, 这是一个很大的优势, 当检查的详细机制与网络的胶粘剂相互作用。通过这种简单的技术, 研究人员可以快速检测出许多肿瘤细胞对网的特异附着 (5 分钟以内)。
该协议最重要的特点是使用聚 l-赖氨酸涂层板修复板底部的网状结构。当完整的塑料板材用于 LDN 培养时, 在底部只检测到少量的网。此外, 许多绿色阳性簇被观察为自由漂浮在培养基中, 当它们应该已经脱离板块 (图 1D)。我们还研究了涂有胶原蛋白、纤维粘连蛋白和层粘连蛋白的平板上的网状形成, 从而能够检测底层的网状结构。然而, 网状物似乎附着在基体上, 比聚 l-赖氨酸要紧得多, 而且它们很容易被洗涤过程所分离。因此, 这些其他选择是不够的黏附力化验。事实上, 如果我们使用没有聚 l-赖氨酸涂层的盘子, 网和任何附着的肿瘤细胞都可以通过简单地将介质添加到水井中而轻易地从盘子中移除。
黏附力测定的关键步骤是与肿瘤细胞共培养的潜伏期。五分钟是足够的肿瘤细胞绑定到网。在实验条件下, 将含有肿瘤细胞的溶液添加到6井板中, 所有肿瘤细胞与板底形成的网状结构进行物理接触。然而, 长时间的共同培养 (例如,长于10分钟) 导致肿瘤细胞与 LDN 或聚 l-赖氨酸基质的结合。因此, 孵化时间应短, 以检测特定绑定到网。温和洗涤的机动是另一个关键点。我们一定要从每一个井的侧面墙上慢慢地添加温暖的介质, 轻轻地摆动盘子, 用吸引的把上清上移。由于网不弱地粘在盘子上, 这个过程应该特别谨慎地执行。
这项技术强调了一个事实, 即在几分钟内, 肿瘤细胞与网的结合需要不同的分子机制, 而不是粘附试验中所显示的, 30-60 分钟孵化到净存量12,13。利用这种方法进行阻塞实验, 可以阐明真实网诱捕各种材料的具体分子机制。然而, 这种技术的一个局限性是, 洗涤过程可能会不同, 当胶粘剂相互作用发生在体内的网和肿瘤细胞之间。在临床环境中, 肿瘤细胞的密度远低于本协议所使用的浓度, 这可能是另一种局限性。
时间推移视频分析对于监测各种细胞事件在一段时间内的结果非常有用。使用全细胞视图系统, 我们表明, 网逐渐退化, 大概是由 DNAse 所含的血清, 而 MKN45 困网开始大力增殖此后。这个视频只显示了肿瘤细胞的分裂, 附着在网格上, 与 MKN45 的连接没有比较。受污染的中性粒细胞和添加的核染色染料也可能影响肿瘤细胞的生长。因此, 对于网对肿瘤细胞生长的影响, 我们不能得出一个明确的结论。然而, 这一分析表明, 肿瘤细胞没有被网杀死, 实际上可以生存后, 网诱捕。

循环血中变形核中性粒细胞通常通过密度梯度制备方法与单个核干细胞分离。然而, 一些被称为低密度中性粒细胞的中性粒细胞 (LDN), CD11b (+), CD15 (+), CD16 (+) 和 CD14 (-) 表型, 与单个核细胞共纯化。LDN 的相对数量在各种病理条件下显著增加, 包括自身免疫性疾病1、2、脓毒症3和癌症4、5。以前的研究表明, LDN 是一种表型和功能上明显的中性粒细胞6。应注意的是, 循环血液中的 LDN 比正常密度的中性粒细胞2,7更容易产生中性粒细胞胞外陷阱 (蚊帐)。网是由核酸、组蛋白、蛋白酶、颗粒和胞浆蛋白组成的网状结构, 可以有效地诱捕和破坏病原体8。
最近, 蚊帐已被证明不仅捕获微生物, 而且还有血小板和循环肿瘤细胞, 可以帮助血栓形成9和肿瘤转移10,11。然而, 网络与血小板或肿瘤细胞之间的粘接作用背后的分子机制还不清楚。最近,体外黏附检测发现髓细胞白血病 (K56212) 和肺癌细胞 (A54913) 附着在网通过β1和β3整合。作者利用从中性粒细胞中分离的净存量, 用佛波 12-酯 13-醋酸酯 (PMA) 活化的网状物作为粘附基底14。虽然这种检测可以检测到在无中性粒细胞的情况下与净成分的实际相互作用, 但是, 高速离心分离的 "无细胞网" 是否保留了与所生产的网相同的分子结构体内。最近, 我们发现腹部手术后腹腔灌洗液含有许多成熟的 LDN, 产生大量的网状物, 附着于肿瘤细胞引起的腹膜转移15。在这项研究中, 我们成功地检查了肿瘤细胞对完整网的黏附力, 没有任何物理操作。在这里, 我们展示了一种检测网络与游离肿瘤细胞之间粘接作用的技术的细节。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll-Paque PLUS</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare, SWEDEN</td>
			<td>17-1440-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StraightFrom&#8482; Whole Blood CD66b MicroBeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany</td>
			<td>130-104-913</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fc block</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany</td>
			<td>130-059-901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS Rinsing Solution</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany</td>
			<td>130-091-222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS BSA Stock Solution</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany</td>
			<td>130-091-376</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LS Columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany</td>
			<td>130-041-306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS Magnetic Separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany</td>
			<td>130-042-501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYTOX green nucleic acid stain 5mM solution in DMSO</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>S7020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PKH26 Red Fluorescent Cell Linker Kit for General Cell Membrane Labeling</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>P9691</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diluent C</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>CGLDIL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI1640 Medium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>R8758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium-high glucose (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>D5796</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5mol/l-EDTA Solution (pH 8.0)</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque, Japan</td>
			<td>06894-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum, qualified, USDA-approved regions</td>
			<td>gibco by life technologies, Mexico</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin lyophilized powder, &#8805;96% (agarose gel electrophoresis)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Japan</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmocin Prophylactic</td>
			<td>InvivoGen, San Diego, CA-USA</td>
			<td>ant-mpp</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>Worthington, Lakewood NJ)</td>
			<td>LS002138</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-Lysine-Coated MICROPLATE 6Well</td>
			<td>IWAKI, Japan</td>
			<td>4810-040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-Lysine-Coated MICROPLATE 24Well</td>
			<td>IWAKI, Japan</td>
			<td>4820-040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fluorescein stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>BX8000, Keyence, Osaka Japan</td>
			<td>BZ-X710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whole view cell observation system</td>
			<td>Nikon, Kanagawa, Japan</td>
			<td>BioStudio (BS-M10)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MKN45 human gastric cancer cell line</td>
			<td>Riken, Tukuba Japan</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NUGC-4 human gastric cancer cell line</td>
			<td>Riken, Tukuba Japan</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCUM-1 human gastric cancer cell line</td>
			<td>Osaka City University, Japan</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Gift from Dr. M.Yashiro</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neutrophil extracellular traps generated by low density neutrophils obtained from peritoneal lavage fluid mediate tumor cell growth and attachment

活化中性粒细胞释放中性粒细胞胞外陷阱 (网), 可以捕获和破坏微生物。最近的研究表明蚊帐参与了各种疾病过程, 如自身免疫性疾病、血栓形成和肿瘤转移。在这里, 我们展示了一个详细的体外技术, 以检测在游离肿瘤细胞的诱捕过程中的净活动, 它生长后, 附着在网。首先, 我们收集了 laparotomies 患者术后腹腔灌洗液中的低密度中性粒细胞 (LDN)。LDN 的短期培养导致了大量的网状形成, 可见绿色荧光核和染色体 counterstain。在人类胃癌细胞系 MKN45、OCUM-1 和 NUGC-4 与网的共同孵化后, 许多肿瘤细胞被网所困住。随后, 由于网 DNase 的降解, 附着物完全被取消了. 时间推移视频显示, 网陷的肿瘤细胞没有死亡, 而是在持续的文化中大力生长。这些方法可用于检测网与各种类型的细胞和材料之间的粘接作用。

在2小时的文化中, 从腹膜灌洗液中提取的 CD66b (+) LDN 显示了用绿色荧光染料染色核和染色体的弦结构 (图 1B), 而 CD66b (-) 单个核细胞没有 (图 1C)。然而, 当 LDN 培养的 100 U/毫升 DNase I, 特征结构被破坏 (图 1D), 表明它们是由细胞外 DNA 排出的中性粒细胞。当 LDN 在没有涂层的塑料板上进行培养时, 大量的网状簇在介质中被观察到, 底部的网数很少 (图 1E)。
其次, 为了检查肿瘤细胞系对网的黏附力, 用红色荧光染料标记的 MKN45 细胞添加到网中, 共孵化5分钟。经过温和的洗涤, 许多 MKN45 细胞被发现附上 (图 2A和2C)。相比之下, LDN DNase I (图 2B和2C) 预处理时, 很少 MKN45 细胞附着。合并后的数字清楚地表明, 大多数附着的 MKN45 细胞与网状物共同定位, 被看作是在板块底部形成的结构 (图 2D)。OCUM-1 和 NUGC-4 也观察到类似的黏附模式 (图 2E和2F)。
由于蚊帐已经被证明对细菌有细胞毒性, 我们然后检查被网困住的肿瘤细胞是死是活, 还是在连续的共培养中使用时间推移视频。有趣的是, 当蚊帐在几个小时内逐渐消失后, 被网所困的 MKN45 细胞开始强烈的繁殖 (视频 1)。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58201/58201fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 网络形成后腹膜 LDN 的培养。(A)术后灌洗液密度梯度离心后, 显示从中间层恢复的细胞。(B)然后, CD66b (+) LDN 与 CD66b (-) 单核细胞分离, 在聚 l-赖氨酸涂层6井板上培养, 其次为核染色染料添加物和荧光显微术即刻观察。(C)同一条件下培养的 CD66b (-) 单个核细胞数量相同。(D) LDN 单层在核染色前5分钟用 DNase I 孵化。(E) CD66b (+) LDN 在无涂层的塑料板材上培养。白色酒吧代表100µm。这个数字是从以前的出版物15修改的。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58201/58201fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58201/58201fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 肿瘤细胞与蚊帐的黏附力。(A)在聚 l-赖氨酸包覆的6井板上培养了腹膜 LDN, 生产了大量的蚊帐。然后添加了红色荧光素标记的 MKN45。在5分钟的孵化后, 用温和的洗涤去除未连接的细胞, 并在荧光显微镜下观察剩余的肿瘤细胞。(b ) 在添加 MKN45 之前, LDN 单层 DNase I. (C)在实验(A)和(B)中进行了5分钟的预处理, 在荧光显微镜下将所附 MKN45 细胞的数量计算在3个随机场中, 并意思是表示。(D)在温和洗涤后, 将绿色荧光染料用于核和染色体, 加入共培养。在代表性领域, 采用适当的光学波长滤波器对附着的 MKN45 和网状结构进行了拍照, 并合并了两个数字。在(D)中也对 OCUM-1 (E ) 和 NUGC-4 (F)进行了同样的实验。白色酒吧代表100µm。这个数字是从以前的出版物15修改的。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58201/58201fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Video 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/58201/58201video1.jpg"> 视频 1: 被困肿瘤细胞的后粘连行为.在聚 l-赖氨酸包覆的6井板上培养了2小时的 LDN, 并通过绿色荧光染料对核和染色体进行了净形成。然后, 无瑕 MKN45 细胞增加, 共孵化5分钟, 并通过温和洗涤去除独立细胞, 并继续在 10% FCS + DMEM 共培养。采用全视细胞观察系统, 寻找肿瘤细胞被网陷的区域。该领域的照片, 然后每6分钟, 在正常的光和荧光, 使肿瘤细胞和网的清晰数字分别。最后, 将图像与图像查看器软件叠加, 并以3600x 以上的实时速度创建了一个时间推移视频。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58201/NET+MKN.mp4" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此视频。(右键单击可下载.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Generated by Low Density Neutrophils Obtained from Peritoneal Lavage Fluid Mediate Tumor Cell Growth and Attachment at JoVE.com

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Generated by Low Density Neutrophils Obtained from Peritoneal Lavage Fluid Mediate Tumor Cell Growth and Attachment

在这里, 我们提出一种方法, 其中人类低密度中性粒细胞 (LDN), 从术后腹腔灌洗液中恢复, 产生大量的中性粒细胞外圈闭 (网), 并有效地诱捕后生长的游离肿瘤细胞。

腹腔灌洗液中低密度中性粒细胞分泌的中性粒细胞胞外陷阱介导肿瘤细胞生长与附着

Activated neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which can capture and destroy microbes. Recent studies suggest that NETs are involved ...

neutrophil-extracellular-traps-generated-low-density-neutrophils

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.7K 次观看.  Jichi Medical University. 在这里, 我们提出一种方法, 其中人类低密度中性粒细胞 (LDN), 从术后腹腔灌洗液中恢复, 产生大量的中性粒细胞外圈闭 (网), 并有效地诱捕后生长的游离肿瘤细胞。

视频: Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Generated by Low Density Neutrophils Obtained from Peritoneal Lavage Fluid Mediate Tumor Cell Growth and Attachment

Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we demonstrate a simple assay to evaluate tumor cell extravasation or micrometastasis. In this assay, tumor cells were injected through the tail vein, and after a short period, the lungs were dissected and digested to count the accumulated labeled tumor cells. This assay skips the initial step of primary tumor invasion into the blood vessel and facilitates the study of events in the distant organ where tumor metastasis occurs. The number of cells injected into the blood vessel can be optimized to observe a limited number of metastases. It has been reported that stromal cells in the distant organ contribute to metastasis. Thus, this assay could be a useful tool to explore potential therapeutic drugs or devices for prevention of tumor metastasis.

This manuscript describes a method to quantify tumor cell accumulation in the lungs in an animal model of tumor metastasis.

肺肿瘤细胞招募分析

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we ...

科研

癌症研究

Target Cell Pre-enrichment and Whole Genome Amplification for Single Cell Downstream Characterization

Rare target cells can be isolated from a high background of non-target cells using antibodies specific for surface proteins of target cells. A recently developed method uses a medical wire functionalized with anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibodies for in vivo isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs)1. A patient-matched cohort in non-metastatic prostate cancer showed that the in vivo isolation technique resulted in a higher percentage of patients positive for CTCs as well as higher CTC counts as compared to the current gold standard in CTC enumeration. As cells cannot be recovered from current medical devices, a new functionalized wire (referred to as Device) was manufactured allowing capture and subsequent detachment of cells by enzymatic treatment. Cells are allowed to attach to the Device, visualized on a microscope and detached using enzymatic treatment. Recovered cells are cytocentrifuged onto membrane-coated slides and harvested individually by means of laser microdissection or micromanipulation. Single-cell samples are then subjected to single-cell whole genome amplification allowing multiple downstream analysis including screening and target-specific approaches. The procedure of isolation and recovery yields high quality DNA from single cells and does not impair subsequent whole genome amplification (WGA). A single cell&#39;s amplified DNA can be forwarded to screening and/or targeted analysis such as array comparative genome hybridization (array-CGH) or sequencing. The device allows ex vivo isolation from artificial rare cell samples (i.e. 500 target cells spiked into 5 mL of peripheral blood). Whereas detachment rates of cells are acceptable (50 - 90%), the recovery rate of detached cells onto slides spans a wide range dependent on the cell line used (&#60;10 - &#62;50%) and needs some further attention. This device is not cleared for the use in patients.

This protocol is to recover and prepare rare target cells from a mixture with non-target background cells for molecular genetic characterization at the single-cell level. DNA quality is equal to non-treated single cells and allows for single-cell application (both screening based and targeted analysis).

单细胞下游特征的靶细胞预富集与全基因组扩增

Rare target cells can be isolated from a high background of non-target cells using antibodies specific for surface proteins of target cells. A recently ...

High-sensitivity Detection of Micrometastases Generated by GFP Lentivirus-transduced Organoids Cultured from a Patient-derived Colon Tumor

Despite current advances in human colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, few radical therapies are effective for the late stages of CRC. To overcome this clinical challenge, tumor xenograft mouse models using long-established human carcinoma cell lines and many transgenic mouse models with tumors have been developed as preclinical models. They partially mimic the features of human carcinomas, but often fail to recapitulate the key aspects of human malignancies including invasion and metastasis. Thus, alternative models that better represent the malignant progression in human CRC have long been awaited.
We herein show generation of patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDXs) by subcutaneous implantation of small CRC fragments surgically dissected from a patient. The colon PDXs develop and histopathologically resemble the CRC in the patient. However, few spontaneous micrometastases are detectable in conventional cross-sections of affected distant organs in the PDX model. To facilitate the detection of metastatic dissemination into distant organs, we extracted the tumor organoid cells from the colon PDXs in culture and infected them with GFP lentivirus prior to injection into highly immunodeficient NOD/Shi-scid IL2R&#947;null (NOG) mice. Orthotopically injected PDX-derived CRC organoid cells consistently form primary tumors positive for GFP in recipient mice. Moreover, spontaneously developing micrometastatic colonies expressing GFP are notably detected in the lungs of these mice by fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, intrasplenic injection of CRC organoids frequently produces hepatic colonization. Taken together, these findings indicate GFP-labelled PDX-derived CRC organoid cells to be visually detectable during a multistep process termed the invasion-metastasis cascade. The described protocols include the establishment of PDXs of human CRC and 3D culture of the corresponding CRC organoid cells transduced by GFP lentiviral particles.

To allow highly sensitive detection of the disseminating human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells colonizing tissues, we herein show a protocol for efficient transduction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) lentiviral particles into PDX-derived CRC organoid cells prior to their injection into recipient mice, with stereo-fluorescence microscopic observation.

淋巴结慢病毒北疆-转基因 Organoids 培养的大鼠结肠肿瘤的高灵敏度检测

Despite current advances in human colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, few radical therapies are effective for the late stages of CRC. To overcome this ...

Live-Cell Imaging Assays to Study Glioblastoma Brain Tumor Stem Cell Migration and Invasion

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include rapid proliferation and pervasive invasion into the normal brain. Recurrence is thought to result from the presence of radio- and chemo-resistant brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) that invade away from the initial cancerous mass and, thus, evade surgical resection. Hence, therapies that target BTSCs and their invasive abilities may improve the otherwise poor prognosis of this disease. Our group and others have successfully established and characterized BTSC cultures from GBM patient samples. These BTSC cultures demonstrate fundamental cancer stem cell properties such as clonogenic self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, and tumor initiation in immune-deficient mice. In order to improve on the current therapeutic approaches for GBM, a better understanding of the mechanisms of BTSC migration and invasion is necessary. In GBM, the study of migration and invasion is restricted, in part, due to the limitations of existing techniques which do not fully account for the in vitro growth characteristics of BTSCs grown as neurospheres. Here, we describe rapid and quantitative live-cell imaging assays to study both the migration and invasion properties of BTSCs. The first method described is the BTSC migration assay which measures the migration toward a chemoattractant gradient. The second method described is the BTSC invasion assay which images and quantifies a cellular invasion from neurospheres into a matrix. The assays described here are used for the quantification of BTSC migration and invasion over time and under different treatment conditions.

Here, we describe live-cell imaging techniques to quantitatively measure the migration and invasion of glioblastoma brain tumor stem cells over time and under multiple treatment conditions.

活体细胞成像技术研究胶质瘤脑干细胞的迁移和侵袭

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include ...

Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models for Human Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Colorectal Cancer Tumor Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis

Cancer patients have poor prognoses when lymph node (LN) involvement is present in both high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma (HG-UCC) of the bladder and colorectal cancer (CRC). More than 50% of patients with muscle-invasive UCC, despite curative therapy for clinically-localized disease, will develop metastases and die within 5 years, and metastatic CRC is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. Xenograft models that consistently mimic UCC and CRC metastasis seen in patients are needed. This study aims to generate patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models of UCC and CRC for primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastases under the influence of LN stromal cells mimicking the progression of human metastatic diseases for drug screening. Fresh UCC and CRC tumors were obtained from consented patients undergoing resection for HG-UCC and colorectal adenocarcinoma, respectively. Co-inoculated with LN stromal cell (LNSC) analog HK cells, luciferase-tagged UCC cells were intra-vesically (IB) instilled into female non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice, and CRC cells were intra-rectally (IR) injected into male NOD/SCID mice. Tumor growth and metastasis were monitored weekly using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Upon sacrifice, primary tumors and mouse organs were harvested, weighed, and formalin-fixed for Hematoxylin and Eosin and immunohistochemistry staining. In our unique PDOX models, xenograft tumors resemble patient pre-implantation tumors. In the presence of HK cells, both models have high tumor implantation rates measured by BLI and tumor weights, 83.3% for UCC and 96.9% for CRC, and high distant organ metastasis rates (33.3% detected liver or lung metastasis for UCC and 53.1% for CRC). In addition, both models have zero mortality from the procedure. We have established unique, reproducible PDOX models for human HG-UCC and CRC, which allow for tumor formation, growth, and metastasis studies. With these models, testing of novel therapeutic drugs can be performed efficiently and in a clinically-mimetic manner.

This protocol describes the generation of patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models by intra-vesically instilling high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma cells or intra-rectally injecting colorectal cancer cells into non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice for primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastases under the influence of lymph node stromal cells, which mimics the progression of human metastatic diseases.

患者衍生的人类泌尿细胞癌和结肠直肠癌肿瘤生长和自发转移的正交异种移植模型

Cancer patients have poor prognoses when lymph node (LN) involvement is present in both high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma (HG-UCC) of the bladder and ...

Transfer of Manipulated Tumor-associated Neutrophils into Tumor-Bearing Mice to Study their Angiogenic Potential In Vivo

The contribution of neutrophils to the regulation of tumorigenesis is getting increased attention. These cells are heterogeneous, and depending on the tumor milieu can possess pro- or anti-tumor capacity. One of the important cytokines regulating neutrophil functions in a tumor context are type I interferons. In the presence of interferons, neutrophils gain anti-tumor properties, including cytotoxicity or stimulation of the immune system. Conversely, the absence of an interferon signaling results in prominent pro-tumor activity, characterized with strong stimulation of tumor angiogenesis. Recently, we could demonstrate that pro-angiogenic properties of neutrophils depend on the activation of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) signaling pathway in these cells. Inhibition of this pathway in tumor-associated neutrophils leads to their potent anti-angiogenic phenotype. Here, we demonstrate our newly established model allowing in vivo evaluation of tumorigenic potential of manipulated tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs). Shortly, pro-angiogenic tumor-associated neutrophils can be isolated from tumor-bearing interferon-deficient mice and repolarized into anti-angiogenic phenotype by blocking of NAMPT signaling. The angiogenic activity of these cells can be subsequently evaluated using an aortic ring assay. Anti-angiogenic TANs can be transferred into tumor-bearing wild type recipients and tumor growth should be monitored for 14 days. At day 14 mice are sacrificed, tumors removed and cut with their vascularization assessed. Overall, our protocol provides a novel tool to in vivo evaluate angiogenic capacity of primary cells, such as tumor-associated neutrophils, without a need to use artificial neutrophil cell line models. vc

Here, we show therapeutic potential of anti-angiogenic tumor-associated neutrophils after their transfer into tumor-bearing mice. This protocol can be used to manipulate neutrophil activity ex vivo and to subsequently evaluate their functionality in vivo&#160;in developing tumors. It is an appropriate model for studying potential neutrophil-based immunotherapies.

将操纵的肿瘤相关中性粒细胞转移到肿瘤携带小鼠中,以研究其血管生成潜力在Vivo

The contribution of neutrophils to the regulation of tumorigenesis is getting increased attention. These cells are heterogeneous, and depending on the ...

Semi-automatic PD-L1 Characterization and Enumeration of Circulating Tumor Cells from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients by Immunofluorescence

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) derived from the primary tumor are shed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These rare cells (1&#8722;10 cells per mL of blood) warrant a poor prognosis and are correlated with shorter overall survival in several cancers (e.g., breast, prostate and colorectal). Currently, the anti-EpCAM-coated magnetic bead-based CTC capturing system is the gold standard test approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for enumerating CTCs in the bloodstream. This test is based on the use of magnetic beads coated with anti-EpCAM markers, which specifically target epithelial cancer cells. Many studies have illustrated that EpCAM is not the optimal marker for CTC detection. Indeed, CTCs are a heterogeneous subpopulation of cancer cells and are able to undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated with metastatic proliferation and invasion. These CTCs are able to reduce the expression of cell surface epithelial marker EpCAM, while increasing mesenchymal markers such as vimentin. To address this technical hurdle, other isolation methods based on physical properties of CTCs have been developed. Microfluidic technologies enable a label-free approach to CTC enrichment from whole blood samples. The spiral microfluidic technology uses the inertial and Dean drag forces with continuous flow in curved channels generated within a spiral microfluidic chip. The cells are separated based on the differences in size and plasticity between normal blood cells and tumoral cells. This protocol details the different steps to characterize the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression of CTCs, combining a spiral microfluidic device with customizable immunofluorescence (IF) marker set.

The characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is a popular topic in translational research. This protocol describes a semi-automatic immunofluorescence (IF) assay for PD-L1 characterization and enumeration of CTCs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient samples.

免疫荧光对非小细胞肺癌患者循环肿瘤细胞的半自动PD-L1特征化及枚举

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) derived from the primary tumor are shed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These rare cells (1&#8722;10 cells per mL ...

A Mouse Model to Investigate the Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Tumor Growth

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can play an important role in tumor growth by creating a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Models to study the role of CAFs in the tumor microenvironment can be helpful for understanding the functional importance of fibroblasts, fibroblasts from different tissues, and specific genetic factors in fibroblasts. Mouse models are essential for understanding the contributors to tumor growth and progression in an in vivo context. Here, a protocol in which cancer cells are mixed with fibroblasts and introduced into mice to develop tumors is provided. Tumor sizes over time and final tumor weights are determined and compared among groups. The protocol described can provide more insight into the functional role of CAFs in tumor growth and progression.

A protocol to co-inject cancer cells and fibroblasts and monitor tumor growth over time is provided. This protocol can be used to understand the molecular basis for the role of fibroblasts as regulators of tumor growth.

研究癌症相关成纤维细胞在肿瘤生长中的作用的小鼠模型

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can play an important role in tumor growth by creating a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Models to study the role ...

Automated Dissection Protocol for Tumor Enrichment in Low Tumor Content Tissues

Tumor enrichment in low tumor content tissues, those below 20% tumor content depending on the method, is required to generate quality data reproducibly with many downstream assays such as next generation sequencing. Automated tissue dissection is a new methodology that automates and improves tumor enrichment in these common, low tumor content tissues by decreasing the user-dependent imprecision of traditional macro-dissection and time, cost, and expertise limitations of laser capture microdissection by using digital image annotation overlay onto unstained slides. Here, digital hematoxylin and eosin (H&#38;E) annotations are used to target small tumor areas using a blade that is 250 &#181;m2 in diameter in unstained formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) or fresh frozen sections up to 20 &#181;m in thickness for automated tumor enrichment prior to nucleic acid extraction and whole exome sequencing (WES). Automated dissection can harvest annotated regions in low tumor content tissues from single or multiple sections for nucleic acid extraction. It also allows for capture of extensive pre- and post-harvest collection metrics while improving accuracy, reproducibility, and increasing throughput with utilization of fewer slides. The described protocol enables digital annotation with automated dissection on animal and/or human FFPE or fresh frozen tissues with low tumor content and could also be used for any region of interest enrichment to boost adequacy for downstream sequencing applications in clinical or research workflows.

Digital annotation with automated tissue dissection provides an innovative approach to enriching tumor in low tumor content cases and is adaptable to both paraffin and frozen tissue types. The described workflow improves accuracy, reproducibility and throughput and could be applied to both research and clinical settings.

用于低肿瘤含量组织中肿瘤富集的自动解剖方案

Tumor enrichment in low tumor content tissues, those below 20% tumor content depending on the method, is required to generate quality data reproducibly ...

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

Immunogenic cell death of tumors, caused by chemotherapy or irradiation, can trigger tumor-specific T cell responses by releasing danger-associated molecular patterns and inducing the production of type I interferon. Immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibition, primarily rely on preexisting tumor-specific T cells to unfold a therapeutic effect. Thus, synergistic therapeutic approaches that exploit immunogenic cell death as an intrinsic anti-cancer vaccine may improve their responsiveness. However, the spectrum of immunogenic factors released by cells under therapy-induced stress remains incompletely characterized, especially regarding extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs, nano-scale membranous particles emitted from virtually all cells, are considered to facilitate intercellular communication and, in cancer, have been shown to mediate cross-priming against tumor antigens. To assess the immunogenic effect of EVs derived from tumors under various conditions, adaptable, scalable, and valid methods are sought-for. Therefore, herein a relatively easy and robust approach is presented to assess EVs' in vivo immunogenicity. The protocol is based on flow cytometry analysis of splenic T cells after in vivo immunization of mice with EVs, isolated by precipitation-based assays from tumor cell cultures under therapy or steady-state conditions. For example, this work shows that oxaliplatin exposure of B16-OVA murine melanoma cells resulted in the release of immunogenic EVs that can mediate the activation of tumor-reactive cytotoxic T cells. Hence, screening of EVs via in vivo immunization and flow cytometry identifies conditions under which immunogenic EVs can emerge. Identifying conditions of immunogenic EV release provides an essential prerequisite to testing EVs' therapeutic efficacy against cancer and exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms to ultimately unveil new insights into EVs' role in cancer immunology.

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

This manuscript describes how to assess in vivo immunogenicity of tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) using flow cytometry. EVs derived from tumors undergoing treatment-induced immunogenic cell death seem particularly relevant in tumor immunosurveillance. This protocol exemplifies the assessment of oxaliplatin-induced immunostimulatory tumor EVs but can be adapted to various settings.

体内 通过脾T细胞流式细胞术筛选肿瘤来源的细胞外囊泡的免疫原性

Immunogenic cell death of tumors, caused by chemotherapy or irradiation, can trigger tumor-specific T cell responses by releasing danger-associated ...

腹腔灌洗液中低密度中性粒细胞分泌的中性粒细胞胞外陷阱介导肿瘤细胞生长与附着

摘要

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此视频中的章节

肺肿瘤细胞招募分析

单细胞下游特征的靶细胞预富集与全基因组扩增

淋巴结慢病毒北疆-转基因 Organoids 培养的大鼠结肠肿瘤的高灵敏度检测

活体细胞成像技术研究胶质瘤脑干细胞的迁移和侵袭

患者衍生的人类泌尿细胞癌和结肠直肠癌肿瘤生长和自发转移的正交异种移植模型

将操纵的肿瘤相关中性粒细胞转移到肿瘤携带小鼠中,以研究其血管生成潜力在Vivo

免疫荧光对非小细胞肺癌患者循环肿瘤细胞的半自动PD-L1特征化及枚举

研究癌症相关成纤维细胞在肿瘤生长中的作用的小鼠模型

用于低肿瘤含量组织中肿瘤富集的自动解剖方案

体内通过脾T细胞流式细胞术筛选肿瘤来源的细胞外囊泡的免疫原性

腹腔灌洗液中低密度中性粒细胞分泌的中性粒细胞胞外陷阱介导肿瘤细胞生长与附着

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

肺肿瘤细胞招募分析

单细胞下游特征的靶细胞预富集与全基因组扩增

淋巴结慢病毒北疆-转基因 Organoids 培养的大鼠结肠肿瘤的高灵敏度检测

活体细胞成像技术研究胶质瘤脑干细胞的迁移和侵袭

患者衍生的人类泌尿细胞癌和结肠直肠癌肿瘤生长和自发转移的正交异种移植模型

将操纵的肿瘤相关中性粒细胞转移到肿瘤携带小鼠中,以研究其血管生成潜力在Vivo

免疫荧光对非小细胞肺癌患者循环肿瘤细胞的半自动PD-L1特征化及枚举

研究癌症相关成纤维细胞在肿瘤生长中的作用的小鼠模型

用于低肿瘤含量组织中肿瘤富集的自动解剖方案

体内 通过脾T细胞流式细胞术筛选肿瘤来源的细胞外囊泡的免疫原性

体内通过脾T细胞流式细胞术筛选肿瘤来源的细胞外囊泡的免疫原性