本文件所述各项议定书的拟订得到下列供资机构的赠款的支持: BBSRC (BB/I026359/1), 争取视力 (1429 和 1822), 青少年糖尿病研究基金会 (2-2003-525), 威康信托基金 (074648/Z/04),英国心脏基金会 (PG/11/94/29169), HSC R & D 分裂 (STL/4748/13) 和 MRC (MC_PC_15026)。

<ol><li>Kohner, E. M., Patel, V., Rassam, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Role+of+blood+flow+and+impaired+autoregulation+in+the+pathogenesis+of+diabetic+retinopathy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Diabetes%22%5BJournal%5D)">Role of blood flow and impaired autoregulation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.</a> Diabetes. 44, 603-607 (1995).</li>
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<li>Curtis, T. M., Gardiner, T. A., Stitt, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Microvascular+lesions+of+diabetic+retinopathy%3A+clues+towards+understanding+pathogenesis%3F%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Eye+%28London%29%22%5BJournal%5D)">Microvascular lesions of diabetic retinopathy: clues towards understanding pathogenesis?</a> Eye (London). 23, 1496-1508 (2009).</li>
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<li>Matsushita, K., Puro, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1779733/">Topographical heterogeneity of KIR currents in pericyte-containing microvessels of the rat retina: effect of diabetes.</a> Journal of Physiology. 573, 483-495 (2006).</li>
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<li>Kur, J., Bankhead, P., Scholfield, C. N., Curtis, T. M., McGeown, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Ca%282%2B%29+sparks+promote+myogenic+tone+in+retinal+arterioles%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22British+Journal+of+Pharmacology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Ca(2+) sparks promote myogenic tone in retinal arterioles.</a> British Journal of Pharmacology. 168 (7), 1675-1686 (2013).</li>
<li>Fernández, J. A., McGahon, M. K., McGeown, J. G., Curtis, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((CaV3.1+T-Type+Ca2%2B+Channels+Contribute+to+Myogenic+Signaling+in+Rat+Retinal+Arterioles%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Investigative+Ophthalmology+%26+Visual+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">CaV3.1 T-Type Ca2+ Channels Contribute to Myogenic Signaling in Rat Retinal Arterioles.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 56 (9), 5125-5132 (2015).</li>
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<li>Guidoboni, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Intraocular+Pressure%2C+Blood+Pressure%2C+and+Retinal+Blood+Flow+Autoregulation%3A+A+Mathematical+Model+to+Clarify+Their+Relationship+and+Clinical+Relevance%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Investigative+Ophthalmology+%26+Visual+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Intraocular Pressure, Blood Pressure, and Retinal Blood Flow Autoregulation: A Mathematical Model to Clarify Their Relationship and Clinical Relevance.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 55 (7), 4105-4118 (2014).</li>
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<li>Grynkiewicz, G., Poenie, M., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+new+generation+of+Ca2%2B+indicators+with+greatly+improved+fluorescence+properties%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 260, 3440-3450 (1985).</li>
<li>Sakmann, B., Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aSakmann%2C+B+%22Single+Channel+Recording%2C+Second+Edition%22">Single Channel Recording, Second Edition</a>. , Plenum Press. New York. 53-90 (1995).</li>
<li>Fernández, J. A., Bankhead, P., Zhou, H., McGeown, J. G., Curtis, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Automated+detection+and+measurement+of+isolated+retinal+arterioles+by+a+combination+of+edge+enhancement+and+cost+analysis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+One%22%5BJournal%5D)">Automated detection and measurement of isolated retinal arterioles by a combination of edge enhancement and cost analysis.</a> PLoS One. 9, e91791(2014).</li>
<li>McGahon, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Diabetes+downregulates+large-conductance+Ca2%2B-activated+potassium+beta+1+channel+subunit+in+retinal+arteriolar+smooth+muscle%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Circulation+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Diabetes downregulates large-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium beta 1 channel subunit in retinal arteriolar smooth muscle.</a> Circulation Research. 100 (5), 703-711 (2007).</li>
<li>Curtis, T. M., Scholfield, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Nifedipine+blocks+Ca2%2B+store+refilling+through+a+pathway+not+involving+L-type+Ca2%2B+channels+in+rabbit+arteriolar+smooth+muscle%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Physiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Nifedipine blocks Ca2+ store refilling through a pathway not involving L-type Ca2+ channels in rabbit arteriolar smooth muscle.</a> Journal of Physiology. 532 (3), 609-623 (2001).</li>
<li>Tumelty, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Endothelin+1+stimulates+Ca2%2B-sparks+and+oscillations+in+retinal+arteriolar+myocytes+via+IP3R+and+RyR-dependent+Ca2%2B+release%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Investigative+Ophthalmology+%26+Visual+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Endothelin 1 stimulates Ca2+-sparks and oscillations in retinal arteriolar myocytes via IP3R and RyR-dependent Ca2+ release.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 52 (6), 3874-3879 (2011).</li>
<li>Huynh, K. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structural+insight+into+the+assembly+of+TRPV+channels%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Structure%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structural insight into the assembly of TRPV channels.</a> Structure. 22 (2), 260-268 (2014).</li>
<li>McGahon, M. K., Dawicki, J. M., Scholfield, C. N., McGeown, J. G., Curtis, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A-type+potassium+current+in+retinal+arteriolar+smooth+muscle+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Investigative+Ophthalmology+%26+Visual+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">A-type potassium current in retinal arteriolar smooth muscle cells.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 46 (9), 3281-3287 (2005).</li>
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</ol>

乔安娜柯恩博士现在是美敦力 (美国明尼苏达州的双胞胎城市) 的雇员, 她目前的工作与这里提出的不冲突。

上面所述的协议需要实践, 但在进行最小故障排除时应该可以实现。在平均的一天, 我们将获得 6-8 可用的动脉从隔离和实现 3-4 成功的实验。但是, 如果遇到问题, 可以采取一些步骤来帮助提高成功率。有时我们发现, 特别是当使用小鼠 (< 8 周), 小动脉的产量可能是低的。为了规避这个问题, 我们建议离心视网膜组织 (10-三十年代在 500 x g) 之间的每个步骤 1.12-1.14 步研磨。这通常有助于提高血管的产量, 但也会增加在制剂中的细胞碎片数量。
当 cannulating 容器为压力 myography 研究, 重要的是检查的微动脉的任何侧面分支, 可能已被切割接近分岔地点。这是在试验过程中造成渗漏和压力损失的常见原因。[Ca2 +]i协议可能出现的主要问题是染料加载的水平。不良的染料负载导致低信噪比, 而超载导致正常 Ca2 +稳态的中断。为了减少上述任一问题的可能性, 可以去除小整除的视网膜匀浆, 并在装货协议期间定期检查隔离血管。在进行膜片钳实验时, gigaseal 形成的成功率高度依赖于基底叶片的消化率。当最初测试这个协议或使用新的大量的酶, 可能需要调整酶消化的浓度/持续时间。仔细监测内皮和平滑肌层的分离将确保足够的消化, 以消除足够的基础层流, 以获得进入。仔细的监测也是必要的, 以避免过度消化, 这可能表明, 当船只开始收缩。如果发生这种情况, 平滑的肌肉细胞往往过于脆弱的补丁钳录音。在应用酶时, 必须包括 DNAse I, 以确保在隔离过程中清除从受损细胞中释放出来的 DNA 链。DNA 片段是粘性的, 导致钳在清洁过程的最后阶段 (步骤 4.4) 中坚持动脉, 经常导致船只损失。对容器的清洗技术上是困难的, 最好是在高放大率 (20X) 的情况下, 用最合适的尖端直径的闭合钳进行温和清扫运动。在清扫之间, 用实验室卷清洁镊子。
正如前面所强调的, 这篇手稿中概述的各项议定书的发展背后的一个主要动机是更好地理解为什么视网膜血管疾病中的血液流动被打乱。迄今为止, 我们的大部分工作都集中在糖尿病眼病28,33。用1节所述方法, 可以从糖尿病实验性啮齿动物模型的视网膜中分离出微动脉。在对糖尿病动物的孤立性视网膜小动脉进行实验时, 重要的是要密切复制血管在体内所经历的高血糖条件。因此, 我们通常会提高我们的隔离和实验解决方案的 d-葡萄糖水平为25毫米。血管基底膜增厚是34、35糖尿病视网膜血管中公认的现象。当使用长时间糖尿病 (> 1 月疾病持续时间) 的动物时, 经常需要增加酶浓度或消化时间, 以使膜片钳记录方法得到应用。
使用体外孤立的视网膜微动脉研究视网膜血管生理学和病理生理学的一个重要局限性是周围视网膜 neuropile 的丢失。尽管视网膜胶质细胞和神经细胞的去除使视网膜血管平滑肌细胞容易进入细胞生理学研究, 但血管对血管活性介质的反应在视网膜的缺失和存在时会发生显著变化。组织。例如, 腺苷三磷酸盐 (ATP) 的作用为这一点提供了一个很好的例证。在孤立的大鼠视网膜小动脉, ATP 的增加触发了血管的强健收缩36, 而在一个完整的 neuropile 存在, 血管扩张37。因此, 在可能的情况下, 我们通常会尝试用体外视网膜全支架和体内测量血管直径和血流量16、37来验证我们分离的动脉制剂的主要发现。.值得注意的是, 最近出现的新方法研究的小动脉和毛细血管在整个灌注猪视网膜前体 38,39。这种制剂可能会大大提高我们对视网膜 neuropile 调节视网膜动脉和毛细管音的理解, 以及视网膜血流动力学的变化如何调节视网膜的神经元活动。
虽然本文所描述的程序主要是利用孤立的大鼠视网膜小动脉来了解动脉平滑肌细胞生理学, 我们目前正在开发的协议, 也使研究内皮细胞功能在这些船只。在初步工作中, 我们已经成功地修改了视网膜动脉段的酶消化, 以产生可行的内皮细胞管, 适合于 Ca2 +影像学和 patchclamp 记录研究。插管的两端孤立的动脉, 使腔内分娩的药物, 将来也可以使血管内皮依赖性的舒张反应, 在这些血管中进行调查。

了解如何控制在视网膜上的血流量是一个重要的目标, 因为异常的血液流动已牵连到各种视力威胁的视网膜疾病的发病机制1,2,3, 4。视网膜循环, 提供内视网膜神经元和胶质细胞, 有一个结束动脉安排, 所有的血液从视网膜动脉和动脉通过毛细血管到视网膜静脉和最后静脉5。视网膜血流由视网膜动脉和动脉的色调以及视网膜毛细血管壁和后毛细管静脉6、7毛细血管的收缩活动调节;8. 视网膜血管张力的控制是复杂的, 是由循环系统和周围的视网膜组织 (包括血液气体、循环分子和荷尔蒙) 的一系列输入所调制的, 以及释放出的血管活性物质。视网膜血管内皮和 macroglia9,10,11。视网膜微动脉是视网膜的小动脉分支, 由一层血管平滑肌细胞和纵向排列的内皮细胞内衬组成,12,13, 14. 这些血管构成视网膜循环中血管阻力的主要部位, 因此在局部控制视网膜血流方面起着重要作用。视网膜微动脉通过扩张或收缩其管腔直径来调节视网膜毛细血管的血流, 通过血管平滑肌收缩10、15、16的变化介导。了解视网膜微动脉调节视网膜灌注的分子机制, 因此需要准备动脉平滑肌细胞可以在尽可能接近生理的条件下访问和研究。
体外视网膜血管的制备为血管平滑肌细胞提供了通路, 同时仍保留其功能性和与底层内皮的互联性。迄今为止, 大多数使用隔离血管的研究都侧重于大型牛或猪动脉血管 (60-150 µm)。这些可以安装在商业可用的电线或压力 myograph 系统, 以使药物审讯血管平滑肌细胞收缩机制17,18。这些准备工作极大地促进了我们对正常情况下视网膜血管生理学的认识。很少有研究使用从小实验动物中分离出来的视网膜小动脉, 因为它们的直径较小 (~ 8-45 µm) 防止了它们在常规 myography 系统19、20、21、22中的使用。然而, 使用小型实验动物的船只的一个重要好处是, 广泛提供转基因、转基因和视网膜疾病模型。小型实验动物也更适于体内干预研究。
在这里, 我们描述了简单的协议, 以隔离和 cannulating 大鼠视网膜小动脉的压力 myography 实验。还详细介绍了使用这些血管的 Ca2 +成像和电生理学协议。这些可以进一步深入了解血管平滑肌收缩力和视网膜血流的调节。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Beakers</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>15409083</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Curved Scissors</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>50-109-3542</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Disposable plastic pipette/ transfer</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>86.1174</td><td>6mL is best but other sizes are acceptable; remove tip to widen aperture</td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope</td><td>Brunel Microscopes LTD</td><td></td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>Dumont #5 14095</td><td>Any equivalent fine forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Pasteur pipette</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>11546963</td><td>Fire polished to reduce friction but not enough to narrow the tip</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P7741</td><td>Or any equilavent 10cm product</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette teat</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>12426180</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Purified water supply</td><td>Merek</td><td>Milli-Q Integral Water Purification System</td><td>Or any equilavent system</td></tr><tr><td>Round bottomed test tube</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>14-958-10 B</td><td>5 mL; any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Seratted forceps</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>17-467-230</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Single edge blades</td><td>Agar Scientific</td><td>T585</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Sylgard</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>184</td><td>Or any pliable surface&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Testtube rack</td><td>Fisherbrand Derlin</td><td>10257963</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Pressure myography</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td><td>Scientifica</td><td>LBM-7&amp;nbsp;</td><td>x2 (or any equilavent product)</td></tr><tr><td>3-way taps</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>UY-30600-02</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Air table</td><td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Clean Bench</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Analysis software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Image J</td><td>https://downloads.imagej.net/fiji/</td><td>Free imaging software</td></tr><tr><td>Analysis plugin</td><td>Myotraker&amp;nbsp;</td><td>https://doi-org.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/10.1371/journal.pone.0091791.s002</td><td>Custom plugin for imageJ Freely available for download</td></tr><tr><td>Cannulation pipette glass</td><td>World Percision instruments</td><td>TW150F-4</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Dell</td><td>Optiplex 7010</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Digital Thermometer</td><td>RS</td><td>206-3722</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Fluo-4-AM</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>F14201</td><td>Make 1 mM stock in DMSO</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>Dumont #7 14097</td><td>Any equivalent fine forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Fura-2-AM</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>F1221</td><td>Make 1 mM stock in DMSO</td></tr><tr><td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>64-0759</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Helper pipette glass</td><td>World Percision instruments</td><td>IB150F-3</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>In-line heater</td><td>Custom made</td><td></td><td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td></tr><tr><td>Inverted microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>Eclypse TE 300</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Manometer</td><td>Riester</td><td>LF1459</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Microelectrode puller</td><td>Sutter instruments</td><td>P97</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Microforge +&amp;nbsp; Olympus CX 31 microscope</td><td>Glassworks</td><td>Fine Point F-550</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Sutter instruments</td><td>MP-285</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Automate Scientific</td><td>Perfusion Pencil</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette filler&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Plastipak</td><td>1mL</td><td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette holder</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>1-HL-U</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Suction pump</td><td>Interpet</td><td>AP1</td><td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>BD Plastipak</td><td>20mL Luer-lok</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten wire</td><td>Advent</td><td>W558818</td><td>75&amp;mu;m diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Tygon Tubing</td><td>VWR</td><td>miscellaneous sizes</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>USB camera</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Logitech&amp;nbsp;</td><td>HD Pro Webcam C920</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Video capture software</td><td>Hypercam</td><td>version 2.28.01</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Water bath</td><td>Grant</td><td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>x20 lens</td><td>Nikon</td><td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &amp;infin;/0.17</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>x4 lens</td><td>Nikon</td><td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &amp;infin;/-</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Y-connectors</td><td>World Percision Instruments</td><td>14012</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Patch clamping</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-way taps</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>UY-30600-02</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td><td>Scientifica</td><td>LBM-7&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Air table</td><td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Clean Bench</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Amphotericin B</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A2411</td><td>3 mg disolved daily in 50 &amp;mu;L of DMSO (sonicate to dissolve)</td></tr><tr><td>Amplifier</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>Axopatch 200a</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Analogue digital converter</td><td>Axon</td><td>Digidata 1440A</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase Type 1A</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C9891&amp;nbsp;</td><td>0.1mg/mL in LCH</td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Dell</td><td>Optiplex 7010</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Digital Thermometer</td><td>RS</td><td>206-3722</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>DNAse I</td><td>Millipore</td><td>260913</td><td>Working stock 1 MU mL-1 (10 MU diluted in 10 mL LCH)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Faraday cage</td><td>Custom made</td><td></td><td>Any equilavent commerical product</td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td>No. 7</td><td>Any superfine forcep</td></tr><tr><td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>64-0759</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Headstage</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>CV203BU</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>In-line heater</td><td>Custom made</td><td></td><td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td></tr><tr><td>Inverted microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>Eclypse TE 300</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Microelectrode puller</td><td>Sutter instruments</td><td>P97</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Microforge +&amp;nbsp; Olympus CX 31 microscope</td><td>Glassworks</td><td>Fine Point F-550</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Sutter instruments</td><td>MP-285</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Automate Scientific</td><td>Perfusion Pencil</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Patching software</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>Pclamp v10.2</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette filler&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Plastipak</td><td>1mL</td><td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette holder</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>1-HL-U</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Protease Type XIV</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P5147&amp;nbsp;</td><td>0.01mg/mL in LCH</td></tr><tr><td>Single channel pipette glass</td><td>World Percision instruments</td><td>IB150F-3</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Suction pump</td><td>Interpet</td><td>AP1</td><td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>BD Plastipak</td><td>20mL Luer-lok</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten wire</td><td>Advent</td><td>W557418</td><td>50&amp;mu;m diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Tygon Tubing</td><td>VWR</td><td>miscellaneous sizes</td><td>Any equilavent product to fit</td></tr><tr><td>USB camera</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Logitech&amp;nbsp;</td><td>HD Pro Webcam C920</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Water bath</td><td>Grant</td><td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Whole cell pipette glass</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>GC150TF-7.5</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>x20 lens</td><td>Nikon</td><td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &amp;infin;/0.17</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>x4 lens</td><td>Nikon</td><td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &amp;infin;/-</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>x40 lens</td><td>Nikon</td><td>40x/0.55, WD 2.1, &amp;infin;/1.2</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Y-connectors</td><td>World Percision Instruments</td><td>14012</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; imaging</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-way taps</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>UY-30600-02</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td><td>Scientifica</td><td>LBM-7&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cairn Research Ltd.</td><td>Acquisition Engine V1.1.5</td><td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td></tr><tr><td>Air table</td><td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Clean Bench</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Analysis software for confocal imaging</td><td>Image J</td><td>https://downloads.imagej.net/fiji/</td><td>Free imaging software</td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Dell</td><td>Optiplex 7010</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Confocal microscope</td><td>Leica Geosystems</td><td>SP5&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td></tr><tr><td>Digital Thermometer</td><td>RS</td><td>206-3722</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td>No. 7</td><td>Any superfine forcep</td></tr><tr><td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>64-0759</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>In-line heater</td><td>Custom made</td><td></td><td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td></tr><tr><td>Inverted microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>Eclipse TE2000</td><td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td></tr><tr><td>Monochromator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cairn Research Ltd.</td><td>Optoscan</td><td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Automate Scientific</td><td>Perfusion Pencil</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette filler&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Plastipak</td><td>1mL</td><td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td></tr><tr><td>Software for confocal microscope</td><td>Leica Geosystems</td><td>LAS-AF version 3.3.</td><td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td></tr><tr><td>Suction pump</td><td>Interpet</td><td>AP1</td><td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>BD Plastipak</td><td>20mL Luer-lok</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten wire</td><td>Advent</td><td>W557418</td><td>50&amp;mu;m diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Tygon Tubing</td><td>VWR</td><td>miscellaneous sizes</td><td>Any equilavent product to fit</td></tr><tr><td>Water bath</td><td>Grant</td><td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>x100 lens</td><td>Nikon</td><td>x100 N.A. 1.3 oil</td><td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td></tr><tr><td>x20 lens</td><td>Nikon</td><td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &amp;infin;/0.17</td><td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td></tr><tr><td>x20 lens</td><td>Leica Geosystems</td><td>HCX PL FLUOTAR, 20x/0.50, &amp;infin;/0.17/D</td><td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td></tr><tr><td>x4 lens</td><td>Nikon</td><td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &amp;infin;/-</td><td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td></tr><tr><td>x63 lens</td><td>Leica Geosystems</td><td>HCX PL APO, 63x/1.40 - 0.60 OIL CS &amp;infin;/0.17/E</td><td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td></tr><tr><td>Y-connectors</td><td>World Percision Instruments</td><td>14012</td><td>Or any equilavent product</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Pipettes&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Specifications and settings for fabrication of pipettes for experimentation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Helper pipette</td><td>World Percision instruments</td><td>IB150F-3</td><td>Inner diameter: 0.86 mm&lt;br/&gt; Ramp: 261&lt;br/&gt; Pressure: 300&lt;br/&gt; Heat: 280&lt;br/&gt; Pull : 0&lt;br/&gt; Velocity: 56&lt;br/&gt; Time: 250&lt;br/&gt; No of cycles: 4&lt;br/&gt; Tip diameter: 0.5-2 &amp;mu;m&lt;br/&gt; Polishing: yes&lt;br/&gt; Final Resistance: &gt;10 M&amp;Omega;</td></tr><tr><td>Cannulation pipette</td><td>World Percision instruments</td><td>TW150F-4</td><td>Inner diameter: 1.17 mm&lt;br/&gt; Ramp: 290&lt;br/&gt; Pressure: 300&lt;br/&gt; Heat: 280&lt;br/&gt; Pull : 0&lt;br/&gt; Velocity: 58&lt;br/&gt; Time: 150&lt;br/&gt; No of cycles: 4&lt;br/&gt; Tip diameter: 3-10 &amp;mu;m&lt;br/&gt; Polishing: no&lt;br/&gt; Final Resistance: &amp;lt;1 M&amp;Omega;</td></tr><tr><td>On-cell patching</td><td>World Percision instruments</td><td>IB150F-3</td><td>Inner diameter: 0.86 mm&lt;br/&gt; Ramp: 261&lt;br/&gt; Pressure: 300&lt;br/&gt; Heat: 280&lt;br/&gt; Pull : 0&lt;br/&gt; Velocity: 56&lt;br/&gt; Time: 250&lt;br/&gt; No of cycles: 4&lt;br/&gt; Tip diameter: 0.5-2 &amp;mu;m&lt;br/&gt; Polishing: yes&lt;br/&gt; Final Resistance: &gt;5 M&amp;Omega;</td></tr><tr><td>Whole-cell patching</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>GC150TF-7.5</td><td>Inner diameter: 1.17 mm&lt;br/&gt; Ramp: 296&lt;br/&gt; Pressure: 200&lt;br/&gt; Heat: 287&lt;br/&gt; Pull : 0&lt;br/&gt; Velocity: 50&lt;br/&gt; Time: 250&lt;br/&gt; No of cycles: 4&lt;br/&gt; Tip diameter: 2-3 &amp;mu;m&lt;br/&gt; Polishing: helpful but not necessary&lt;br/&gt; Final Resistance: 1-2 M&amp;Omega;</td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation of retinal arterioles for ex vivo cell physiology studies

视网膜是一种高度新陈代谢的活性组织, 需要大量的血液供应。视网膜循环支持内视网膜, 而脉络膜血管提供感光细胞。视网膜灌注的改变导致许多视力障碍, 包括糖尿病视网膜病变、青光眼和视网膜分支静脉闭塞。了解通过视网膜控制血液流动的分子机制, 以及这些在眼部疾病中是如何改变的, 可能会导致确定治疗这些疾病的新靶点。视网膜动脉是视网膜的主要阻力血管, 因此, 通过管腔直径的变化, 对视网膜血流动力学调控起着关键作用。近年来, 我们已经开发出了一种从大鼠视网膜中分离小动脉的方法, 适用于多种应用, 包括细胞生理学研究。这项准备工作已经开始对如何控制视网膜的血液流动产生新的洞察力, 并使我们能够确定在眼部疾病中发生的一些关键变化。本文介绍了大鼠视网膜小动脉的分离方法, 包括用于膜片钳电生理学、钙成像和压力 myography 研究的协议。这些血管也可以用于 PCR, 西方印迹和免疫组化的研究。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies at JoVE.com

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

这篇手稿描述了一个简单的协议, 从大鼠视网膜分离的小动脉, 可用于电生理, 钙成像和压力 myography 研究。

体外细胞生理学研究中视网膜微动脉的分离

The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue that requires a substantial blood supply. The retinal circulation supports the inner retina, while the ...

isolation-of-retinal-arterioles-for-ex-vivo-cell-physiology-studies

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

10.3K 次观看.  Queen's University of Belfast. 这篇手稿描述了一个简单的协议, 从大鼠视网膜分离的小动脉, 可用于电生理, 钙成像和压力 myography 研究。

视频: Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

Isolation of Primary Murine Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) by Flow Cytometry

Neurodegenerative diseases often have a devastating impact on those affected. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is implicated in an array of diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, in addition to normal aging. Despite their importance, RGCs have been extremely difficult to study until now due in part to the fact that they comprise only a small percentage of the wide variety of cells in the retina. In addition, current isolation methods use intracellular markers to identify RGCs, which produce non-viable cells. These techniques also involve lengthy isolation protocols, so there is a lack of practical, standardized, and dependable methods to obtain and isolate RGCs. This work describes an efficient, comprehensive, and reliable method to isolate primary RGCs from mice retinae using a protocol based on both positive and negative selection criteria. The presented methods allow for the future study of RGCs, with the goal of better understanding the major decline in visual acuity that results from the loss of functional RGCs in neurodegenerative diseases.

Isolation of Primary Murine Retinal Ganglion Cells RGCs by Flow Cytometry

Millions of people suffer from retinal degenerative diseases that result in irreversible blindness. A common element of many of these diseases is the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This detailed protocol describes the isolation of primary murine RGCs by positive and negative selection with flow cytometry.

通过流式细胞术分离原代小鼠视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）

Neurodegenerative diseases often have a devastating impact on those affected. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is implicated in an array of diseases, ...

科研

生物工程

Isolation of Murine Retinal Endothelial Cells for Next-Generation Sequencing

Recent improvements in next-generation sequencing have advanced researchers&#39; knowledge of molecular and cellular biology, with several studies revealing novel paradigms in vascular biology. Applying these methods to models of vascular development requires the optimization of cell isolation techniques from embryonic and postnatal tissues. Cell yield, viability, and purity all need to be maximal to obtain accurate and reproducible results from next-generation sequencing approaches. The neonatal mouse retinal vascularization model is used by researchers to study mechanisms of vascular development. Researchers have used this model to investigate mechanisms of angiogenesis and arterial-venous fate specification during blood vessel formation and maturation. Applying next-generation sequencing techniques to study the retinal vascular development model requires optimization of a method for the isolation of retinal endothelial cells that maximizes cell yield, viability, and purity. This protocol describes a method for murine retinal tissue isolation, digestion, and purification using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The results indicate that the FACS-purified CD31+/CD45- endothelial cell population is highly enriched for endothelial cell gene expression and exhibits no change in viability for 60 min post-FACS. Included are representative results of next-generation sequencing approaches on endothelial cells isolated using this method, including bulk RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing, demonstrating that this method for retinal endothelial cell isolation is compatible with next-generation sequencing applications. This method of retinal endothelial cell isolation will allow for advanced sequencing techniques to reveal novel mechanisms of vascular development.

This protocol describes a method for the isolation of murine postnatal retinal endothelial cells optimized for cell yield, purity, and viability. These cells are suitable for next-generation sequencing approaches.

小鼠视网膜内皮细胞分离用于二代测序

Recent improvements in next-generation sequencing have advanced researchers&#39; knowledge of molecular and cellular biology, with several studies ...

发育生物学

Purification of Mouse Brain Vessels

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and immune cells between the brain and the blood. Moreover, the huge neuronal metabolic demand requires a moment-to-moment regulation of blood flow. Notably, abnormalities of these regulations are etiological hallmarks of most brain pathologies; including glioblastoma, stroke, edema, epilepsy, degenerative diseases (ex: Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease), brain tumors, as well as inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, meningitis and sepsis-induced brain dysfunctions. Thus, understanding the signaling events modulating the cerebrovascular physiology is a major challenge. Much insight into the cellular and molecular properties of the various cell types that compose the cerebrovascular system can be gained from primary culture or cell sorting from freshly dissociated brain tissue. However, properties such as cell polarity, morphology and intercellular relationships are not maintained in such preparations. The protocol that we describe here is designed to purify brain vessel fragments, whilst maintaining structural integrity. We show that isolated vessels consist of endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions that are surrounded by a continuous basal lamina. Pericytes, smooth muscle cells as well as the perivascular astrocyte endfeet membranes remain attached to the endothelial layer. Finally, we describe how to perform immunostaining experiments on purified brain vessels.

We describe a protocol allowing the purification of the mouse brain's vascular compartment. Isolated brain vessels include endothelial cells linked by tight junctions and surrounded by a continuous basal lamina, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as perivascular astroglial membranes.

对小鼠脑血管净化

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and ...

神经科学

Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles

Intracerebral parenchymal arterioles (PAs), which include parenchymal arterioles, penetrating arterioles and pre-capillary arterioles, are high resistance blood vessels branching out from pial arteries and arterioles and diving into the brain parenchyma. Individual PA perfuse a discrete cylindrical territory of the parenchyma and the neurons contained within. These arterioles are a central player in the regulation of cerebral blood flow both globally (cerebrovascular autoregulation) and locally (functional hyperemia). PAs are part of the neurovascular unit, a structure that matches regional blood flow to metabolic activity within the brain and also includes neurons, interneurons, and astrocytes. Perfusion through PAs is directly linked to the activity of neurons in that particular territory and increases in neuronal metabolism lead to an augmentation in local perfusion caused by dilation of the feed PA. Regulation of PAs differs from that of better-characterized pial arteries. Pressure-induced vasoconstriction is greater in PAs and vasodilatory mechanisms vary. In addition, PAs do not receive extrinsic innervation from perivascular nerves &#8212; innervation is intrinsic and indirect in nature through contact with astrocytic endfeet. Thus, data regarding contractile regulation accumulated by studies using pial arteries does not directly translate to understanding PA function. Further, it remains undetermined how pathological states, such as hypertension and diabetes, affect PA structure and reactivity. This knowledge gap is in part a consequence of the technical difficulties pertaining to PA isolation and cannulation. In this manuscript we present a protocol for isolation and cannulation of rodent PAs. Further, we show examples of experiments that can be performed with these arterioles, including agonist-induced constriction and myogenic reactivity. Although the focus of this manuscript is on PA cannulation and pressure myography, isolated PAs can also be used for biochemical, biophysical, molecular, and imaging studies.

This manuscript describes a simple and reproducible protocol for isolation of intracerebral arterioles (a group of blood vessels encompassing parenchymal arterioles, penetrating arterioles and pre-capillary arterioles) from mice, to be used in pressure myography, immunofluorescence, biochemistry, and molecular studies.

分离及脑实质小动脉插管

Intracerebral parenchymal arterioles (PAs), which include parenchymal arterioles, penetrating arterioles and pre-capillary arterioles, are high resistance ...

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, and possibly glaucoma. Therefore, retinal microvascular preparations are pivotal tools for physiological and pharmacological studies to delineate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and to design therapies for the diseases. Despite the wide use of mouse models in ophthalmic research, studies on retinal vascular reactivity are scarce in this species. A major reason for this discrepancy is the challenging isolation procedures owing to the small size of these retinal blood vessels, which is ~ &#8804; 30 &#181;m in luminal diameter. To circumvent the problem of direct isolation of these retinal microvessels for functional studies, we established an isolation and preparation technique that enables ex vivo studies of mouse retinal vasoactivity under near-physiological conditions. Although the present experimental preparations will specifically refer to the mouse retinal arterioles, this methodology can readily be employed to microvessels from rats.

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Many vision-threatening ocular diseases are associated with dysfunctional retinal microvessels. Therefore, the measurement of retinal arteriole responses is important to investigate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. This article describes a detailed protocol for mouse retinal arteriole isolation and preparation to assess the effects of vasoactive substances on vascular diameter.

小鼠视网膜微动脉的反应性测定的制备步骤前体

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular ...

医学

Long-Term, Serum-Free Cultivation of Organotypic Mouse Retina Explants with Intact Retinal Pigment Epithelium

In ophthalmic research, there is a strong need for in vitro models of the neuroretina. Here, we present a detailed protocol for organotypic culturing of the mouse neuroretina&#160;with intact retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Depending on the research question, retinas can be isolated from wild-type animals or from disease models, to study, for instance, diabetic retinopathy or hereditary retinal degeneration. Eyes from early postnatal day 2&#8211;9 animals are enucleated under aseptic conditions. They are partially digested in proteinase K to allow for a detachment of the choroid from the RPE. Under the stereoscope, a small incision is made in the cornea creating two edges from where the choroid and sclera can be gently peeled off from the RPE and neuroretina. The lens is then removed, and the eyecup is cut in four points to give it a four-wedged shape resembling a clover leaf. The tissue is finally transferred in a hanging drop into a cell culture insert holding a polycarbonate culturing membrane. The cultures are then maintained in R16 medium, without serum or antibiotics, under entirely defined conditions, with a medium change every second day.
The procedure described enables the isolation of the retina and the preservation of its normal physiological and histotypic context for culturing periods of at least 2 weeks. These features make organotypic retinal explant cultures an excellent model with high predictive value, for studies into retinal development, disease mechanisms, and electrophysiology, while also enabling pharmacological screening.

The protocol describes organotypic explants of mouse neuroretina, cultivated together with its retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), in R16 defined medium, free of serum and antibiotics. This method is relatively simple to perform, less expensive, and time-consuming when compared to in vivo experiments, and can be adapted to numerous experimental applications.

长期，无血清培养有机小鼠视网膜外植与完整的视网膜色素上皮

In ophthalmic research, there is a strong need for in vitro models of the neuroretina. Here, we present a detailed protocol for organotypic culturing of ...

Quantification of Vascular Parameters in Whole Mount Retinas of Mice with Non-Proliferative and Proliferative Retinopathies

Retinopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases that affect the neurosensory tissue of the eye. They are characterized by neurodegeneration, gliosis&#160;and a progressive change in vascular function and structure. Although the onset of the retinopathies is characterized by subtle disturbances in visual perception, the modifications in the vascular plexus are the first signs detected by clinicians. The absence or presence of neovascularization determines whether the retinopathy is classified as either non-proliferative (NPDR) or proliferative (PDR). In this sense, several animal models tried to mimic specific vascular features of each stage to determine the underlying mechanisms involved in endothelium alterations, neuronal death and other events taking place in the retina. In this article, we will provide a complete description of the procedures required for the measurement of retinal vascular parameters in adults and early birth mice at postnatal day (P)17. We will detail the protocols to carry out retinal vascular staining with Isolectin GSA-IB4 in whole mounts for later microscopic visualization. Key steps for image processing with Image J Fiji software are also provided, therefore, the readers will be able to measure vessel density, diameter and tortuosity, vascular branching, as well as avascular and neovascular areas. These tools are highly helpful to evaluate and quantify vascular alterations in both non-proliferative and proliferative retinopathies.

This article describes a well-established and reproducible lectin stain assay for the whole mount retinal preparations and the protocols required for the quantitative measurement of vascular parameters frequently altered in proliferative and non-proliferative retinopathies.

非增殖性和增殖性视网膜病变小鼠整个视网膜血管参数的定量

Retinopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases that affect the neurosensory tissue of the eye. They are characterized by neurodegeneration, ...

Retinal Explant of the Adult Mouse Retina as an Ex Vivo Model for Studying Retinal Neurovascular Diseases

One of the challenges in retina research is studying the cross-talk between different retinal cells such as retinal neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells. Isolating, culturing, and sustaining retinal neurons in vitro have technical and biological limitations. Culturing retinal explants may overcome these limitations and offer a unique ex vivo model to study the cross-talk between various retinal cells with well-controlled biochemical parameters and independent of the vascular system. Moreover, retinal explants are an effective screening tool for studying novel pharmacological interventions in various retinal vascular and neurodegenerative diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for retinal explants' isolation and culture for an extended period. The manuscript also presents some of the technical problems during this procedure that may affect the desired outcomes and reproducibility of the retinal explant culture. The immunostaining of the retinal vessels, glial cells, and neurons demonstrated intact retinal capillaries and neuroglial cells after 2 weeks from the beginning of the retinal explant culture. This establishes retinal explants as a reliable tool for studying changes in the retinal vasculature and neuroglial cells under conditions that mimic retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.

Retinal Explant of the Adult Mouse Retina as an Ex Vivo Model for Studying Retinal Neurovascular Diseases

This protocol presents and describes steps for the isolation, dissection, culturing, and staining of retinal explants obtained from an adult mouse. This method is beneficial as an ex vivo model for studying different retinal neurovascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.

成年小鼠视网膜的视网膜外植体作为研究视网膜神经血管疾病的离 体 模型

One of the challenges in retina research is studying the cross-talk between different retinal cells such as retinal neurons, glial cells, and vascular ...

Retinal Cryo-sections, Whole-Mounts, and Hypotonic Isolated Vasculature Preparations for Immunohistochemical Visualization of Microvascular Pericytes

Retinal pericytes play an important role in many diseases of the eye. Immunohistochemical staining techniques of retinal vessels and microvascular pericytes are central to ophthalmological research. It is vital to choose an appropriate method of visualizing the microvascular pericytes. We describe retinal microvascular pericyte immunohistochemical staining in cryo-sections, whole-mounts, and hypotonic isolated vasculature using antibodies for platelet-derived growth factor receptor &#946; (PDGFR&#946;) and nerve/glial antigen 2 (NG2). This allows us to highlight advantages and shortcomings of each of the three tissue preparations for the visualization of the retinal microvascular pericytes. Cryo-sections provide transsectional visualization of all retinal layers but contain only a few occasional transverse cuts of the microvasculature. Whole-mount provides an overview of the entire retinal vasculature, but visualization of the microvasculature can be troublesome. Hypotonic isolation provides a method to visualize the entire retinal vasculature by the removal of neuronal cells, but this makes the tissue very fragile.

We demonstrate three different tissue preparation techniques for immunohistochemical visualization of rat retinal microvascular pericytes, i.e., cryo-sections, whole-mounts, and hypotonic isolation of the vascular network.

视网膜低温切片、全支架和低渗隔离血管毛细血管微血管组织免疫组化的制备

Retinal pericytes play an important role in many diseases of the eye. Immunohistochemical staining techniques of retinal vessels and microvascular ...

生物学

糖尿病视网膜病变发病机制研究的新型视网膜保护试验

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complex and progressive ocular disease characterized by two distinct phases in its pathogenesis. The first phase involves the loss of protection from diabetes-induced damage to the retina, while the second phase centers on the accumulation of this damage. Traditional assays primarily focus on evaluating capillary degeneration, which is indicative of the severity of damage, essentially addressing the second phase of DR. However, they only indirectly provide insights into whether the protective mechanisms of the retinal vasculature have been compromised. To address this limitation, a novel approach was developed to directly assess the retina's protective mechanisms - specifically, its resilience against diabetes-induced insults like oxidative stress and cytokines. This protection assay, although initially designed for diabetic retinopathy, holds the potential for broader applications in both physiological and pathological contexts. In summary, understanding the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy involves recognizing the dual phases of protection loss and damage accumulation, with this innovative protection assay offering a valuable tool for research and potentially extending to other medical conditions.

作者聚焦:了解视网膜血管弹性和疾病进展

A protection assay was developed to monitor the retinal vasculature's resilience to death from diabetes/diabetic retinopathy-related insults such as oxidative stress and cytokines.

检测小鼠视网膜血管系统免受糖尿病相关死亡保护的检测方法

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complex and progressive ocular disease characterized by two distinct phases in its pathogenesis. The first phase involves ...

体外细胞生理学研究中视网膜微动脉的分离

摘要

探索更多视频

通过流式细胞术分离原代小鼠视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）

小鼠视网膜内皮细胞分离用于二代测序

对小鼠脑血管净化

分离及脑实质小动脉插管

小鼠视网膜微动脉的反应性测定的制备步骤前体

长期，无血清培养有机小鼠视网膜外植与完整的视网膜色素上皮

非增殖性和增殖性视网膜病变小鼠整个视网膜血管参数的定量

成年小鼠视网膜的视网膜外植体作为研究视网膜神经血管疾病的离体模型

视网膜低温切片、全支架和低渗隔离血管毛细血管微血管组织免疫组化的制备

检测小鼠视网膜血管系统免受糖尿病相关死亡保护的检测方法

体外细胞生理学研究中视网膜微动脉的分离

摘要

探索更多视频

通过流式细胞术分离原代小鼠视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）

小鼠视网膜内皮细胞分离用于二代测序

对小鼠脑血管净化

分离及脑实质小动脉插管

小鼠视网膜微动脉的反应性测定的制备步骤前体

长期，无血清培养有机小鼠视网膜外植与完整的视网膜色素上皮

非增殖性和增殖性视网膜病变小鼠整个视网膜血管参数的定量

成年小鼠视网膜的视网膜外植体作为研究视网膜神经血管疾病的离 体 模型

视网膜低温切片、全支架和低渗隔离血管毛细血管微血管组织免疫组化的制备

检测小鼠视网膜血管系统免受糖尿病相关死亡保护的检测方法

成年小鼠视网膜的视网膜外植体作为研究视网膜神经血管疾病的离体模型