这项工作部分由 FDOH-7ZK15 和 NIAID 1R21AI128188-01 支助。该出版物中报告的研究部分由国家过敏和传染性疾病研究所支持, 部分由佛罗里达卫生部的生物医学研究计划提供。内容完全是作者的责任, 不一定代表 NIH 或佛罗里达卫生部的官方意见。动态组合化学有限责任公司对该项目的支持和贡献表示认可。
1登革热病毒 (应变 BOL-KW010) 是由佛罗里达州卫生局实验室提供的。疾病控制和预防中心慷慨地提供了 Zika 病毒和亚洲基孔肯亚病毒血统。基孔肯亚病毒的印度洋血统是由罗伯特. Tesh (世界新兴病毒和虫媒病毒中心) 提供的, 通过得克萨斯州加尔维斯顿的德克萨斯大学医学分支机构向超滤-FMEL。我们感谢贝拉米, b. 伊斯特蒙, 贝莱斯, k. 威金斯, R. ZimLer 和 k. Zirbel 协助感染研究。我们还感谢金硕士提供了 Q 纸。

注意: 蚊子是这项研究中唯一直接使用的动物。管理鸡的程序, 其血液被用来喂养受感染的蚊子, 被批准为 IACUC 协议 #201507682 由佛罗里达大学机构动物护理和使用委员会. 病毒传播和蚊虫感染研究是在佛罗里达州的维罗海滩医学昆虫实验室的 BSL-3 设施进行的 RT 灯实验在 FfAME 和国产生物分子科学有限责任公司在阿拉丘瓦, 佛罗里达州共享的 BSL-2 实验室进行。
1. 引物和绞线置换探头的设计
<ol><li>从广研所数据库23提取1登革热病毒序列;NIAID 病毒病原体数据库和分析资源的 Zika 和基孔肯亚序列24。<ol>
<li>使用软件肌肉 v3.8.3125为感兴趣的序列创建多个序列对齐 ()。使用生成的合作关系在目标的保守区域内搜索光源引物集, 并避免非相关或无意的目标, 如目标子类型之间的区别。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>按照在线 (http://loopamp.eiken.co.jp/e/lamp/) 中描述的灯引物的设计规则, 并允许使用底漆中的混合基来覆盖病毒发散26。为了避免引物集的交叉反应性, 请使用 NCBI27将生成的光源引到 NCBI RNA 病毒数据库。比较每个设置, 以消除引物, 将 dimerize 在复用试验中使用 NCBI 爆炸以及。</li>
	<li>将绞线置换探针的双股链部分与任何病毒基因组序列和蚊子基因组序列进行筛选。分别对 Zika、基孔肯亚和登革热1的荧光 amidite (carboxytetramethylrhodamine)、六角染料和 5-(TAMRA) 染料进行目标结合探针 5 ' 端的修改。<ol>
<li>包括一个积极的控制底漆集为尿样。设计用于靶向人类线粒体 DNA 的光源引物。标签线置换探头与春节在 5 ' 年底。标签淬火探针, 它们部分地补充了在 3 ' 端 (表 1) 上标有淬火 (例如, 爱荷华州黑色) 的每个荧光标记探针。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 病毒分离和感染的蚊子样本
<ol><li>使用 Zika 病毒 (波多黎各菌株)、基孔肯亚病毒 (La 留尼汪岛或英属维尔京群岛菌株) 和登革热 serotype-1 病毒 (主要西株) 的分离。使用斑块测定法测定病毒滴度28或定量 rt-pcr29。利用商业上可用的 RNA 提取试剂盒提取病毒 rna。 注意:表 2表示本研究中使用的每个隔离病毒的病毒滴度。</li>
	<li>按照芽儿et . 发布的文章, 了解有关Ae. 蚊雌性病毒感染的详细协议 (Zika 和基孔肯亚)20。有关感染 Zika 病毒的蚊子样本的病毒滴度, 请参见表 2 。</li>
</ol>3. RT 灯加上 Thermolabile 尿 DNA Glycosylase
<ol><li>
10X. 底漆混合制剂。
	<ol>
<li>准备100µM 的每一个底漆和探针的库存解决方案 (见步骤 1) 添加核酸酶自由水。漩涡井和存储在-20 °c, 直到使用。</li>
		<li>10X 底漆混合为每 Zika, 登革热 1, 或线粒体 DNA 靶, 混合16µL 的 FIP, 16 µL, µL F3, 2 µL B3, 5 µL 的 LF, 2 µL 的 lb, 3 µL 荧光标记探针, 4 µL 的淬火探针, 和50µL 的核酸酶水, 共提供100µL 容积。</li>
		<li>对于10X 底漆混合基孔肯亚, 混合16µL 的 FIP, 16 µL, 2 µL 的 F3, 2 µL B3, 5 µL 的 LB, 2 µL 的 lf, 3 µL 的 lf 荧光标记探针, 4 µL 的淬火探头, 50 µL 的核酸酶水, 给总共100µL 量。 注: 上述探针浓度使用300纳米的最终荧光探针和400纳米的淬火探针。或者, 使用 80 nm 的荧光标记探针和 200 nm 的淬火探针进行实时分析。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>添加5µL 10X 底漆混合 (3 丛, 添加5µL 的每10X 底漆混合), 5 µL 10X 等温放大缓冲器 (1X 缓冲成分:20 毫米三 HCl 缓冲 pH 8.8, 50 毫米氯化钾, 10 毫米 (NH4)2所以4, 8 毫米 MgSO4, 0.1% Tween-20, 1 毫米), 7 µL 的 dNTP 混合物 (10 毫米的 dATP, dCTP 和 dGTP; 5 毫米 dTTP 和 dUTP), 16 单位的 DNA 聚合酶, 15 个单位逆转录, 80 单位的重组核糖核酸抑制剂, 2 单位 thermolabile UDG, 1-2 µL 的不同数量的 viral rna 和水使总容量达到50µL 在0.25 毫升 PCR 管 (参见材料目录)。</li>
	<li>在这个阶段包括阴性控制化验通过替换病毒 RNA 容量与水。在65-68 摄氏度之间孵化样品45分钟到1小时, 然后通过运行5µL 在2.5% 琼脂糖凝胶上, 溴溴化物 (0.4 µg/毫升) 的1X 缓冲液。在凝胶上使用 25 bp 或 50 bp DNA 梯子作为标记。 注意: 添加非目标特定模板是可选的。</li>
	<li>为了检测致病 RNA 的存在, 通过改变温度和/或镁浓度来测试每个底漆集及其无模板控制, 因为每个 RT 灯底漆集设计为在不同温度下工作 (65 °c 到68°c) 或镁浓度 (6 至10毫米决赛)。在室温下准备实验。</li>
</ol>4. 使用病毒 RNA 尖尿的 RT 灯
<ol><li>测试 RT 灯底漆在不同的最终浓度尿 (0%, 10%, 20% 和 50%) 在50µL 的总反应量。对于10% 最终尿浓度, 添加1µL 病毒 RNA 到5µL 尿。对于20% 最终尿浓度, 添加1µL 病毒 RNA 到10µL 尿。对于50% 最终尿浓度, 添加1µL 病毒 RNA 到25µL 尿。</li>
	<li>对于10% 尿液中的 RT 灯进行实时监测, 请使用具有不同荧光过滤器的实时 PCR 仪器 (参见材料表)。<ol>
<li>要读取 Zika 标记的 amplicons 的荧光信号, 请使用从483到 533 nm 不等的过滤器;对于基孔肯亚的十六进制标记 amplicons, 请使用从523到 568 nm 不等的过滤器;对于登革1的 TAMRA 标记 amplicons, 请使用从558到 610 nm 不等的过滤器;对于 amplicons 标记的线粒体 DNA, 使用从523到 568 nm 的过滤器。 注意: 家族的励磁和发射最大值分别为 495 nm 和 520 nm。六角的激发和发射最大值分别为 538 nm 和 555 nm。TAMRA 的激发和发射最大值分别为 559 nm 和 583 nm。其激发和发射最大值分别为 522 nm 和 539 nm。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>使用96井板, 用透明的塑料片封住盘子, 然后在65-68 摄氏度上孵化出60-90 分钟的样品, 每三十年代使用光循环仪记录荧光。最初使用80毫微米荧光标记探针, 然后测试300毫微米荧光标记探针。<ol>
<li>通过在最终尿浓度中加入序列稀释病毒 rna, 确定每个靶的检测限值10%。 注: 使用实时 RT 灯确定最佳温度、镁浓度、荧光标记探针浓度和反应时间。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>为了可视化由不可替代探针产生的荧光, 使用蓝色 LED 光源从光循环仪与励磁在470毫微米 (任何凝胶电泳盒与内置蓝光光源将工作, 见材料表), 并记录图像用手机相机在室温下在黑暗中。 注: 使用 300 nM 的荧光标记探针, 当所有三颜色的可视化使用蓝色 LED 的眼睛是需要的。</li>
</ol>5. 用 Q 纸技术检测 Zika 感染蚊虫的 RT 灯
<ol><li>根据先前发布的方法, 对30进行轻微修改, 准备季铵盐改性滤纸 (Q 纸)。<ol>
<li>浸入1克纤维素滤纸圈 (参见材料表), 直径为3.5 厘米, 50 毫升1.8% 的水氢氧化钠溶液, 用于激活15分钟。</li>
		<li>通过真空过滤收集活化的纸圈, 然后在室温下将其浸入 (23-epoxypropyl) 铵氯 (0.28 克) 的40毫升水溶液中。 注: 保持 (23-epoxypropyl) 铵氯的质量比, 过滤纸在0.28 到1。</li>
		<li>通过真空过滤收集产生的阳离子纸, 中和50毫升1% 的乙酸。</li>
		<li>用乙醇清洗纸张三次, 并在罩下风干, 保持气流。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>使用纸冲床或剪刀将 Q 纸板切成小矩形 (3 毫米 x 4 毫米)。粉碎Ae. 蚊在每张纸上都有可能感染 Zika 的雌性蚊子, 微杵。</li>
	<li>添加到每张纸20µL 1 米水氨溶液 (pH ≈ 12), 并等待5分钟。然后用20µL 50% 乙醇, 一次用20µL 的核酸酶水洗一次纸。在 BSL-2 生物安全柜中风干纸张约1小时。 注: 在这一点上, 样品可以存储在-20 °c 过夜, 直到使用。</li>
	<li>使用镊子, 将每张纸放在100µL 的 RT 反应混合物中, 在65-68 摄氏度处孵化45分钟. 请务必将纸张完全浸入溶液中;它不应该浮动。使用蓝色 LED 光源和橙色或黄色滤镜, 读取并记录 Zika 病毒产生的荧光。</li>
</ol>6. 100 µL 反应体积的 RT 灯试剂冻干
<ol><li>根据3.1 节的规定, 准备10X 灯底漆混合物, 并根据3.2 节的规定制备含 dUTP 的 dNTP 混合物。贮存底漆混合物和 dNTPs 在-20 °c, 直到使用。</li>
	<li>准备10毫升的酶透析缓冲液去除甘油, 通过混合100µL 1 米三盐酸 pH 值 7.5, 500 µL 的1米氯化钾, 2 µL 的0.5 米 EDTA, 100 µL 10% 海卫四 X-100, 100 µL 0.1 m 和9.198 毫升无核酸酶水。将透析缓冲液贮存在摄氏4摄氏度。 注: 一定要过滤 (0.2 微米过滤器) 所有的缓冲试剂解决方案之前使用和存储在4摄氏度。<ol>
<li>使用具有 10 kDa 截止限制的超滤膜 (请参阅材料表)。放置350µL 透析缓冲器, 4 µL 32 单位的 DNA 聚合酶, 2 µL 30 单位的反向逆转录酶, 2 µL 80 单位 RNase 抑制剂成超滤膜和离心机在 1.4万 x g 5 摄氏度。</li>
		<li>在超滤膜和离心机 (1.4万 x g) 中添加另外350µL 的透析缓冲液, 再加5分钟. 清空收集管并重复此步骤, 然后离心机 (1.4万 x g) 为3分钟。</li>
		<li>对于洗脱, 倒置膜和地方在一个新的收集管。旋转 1000 x g 2 分钟测量洗脱量;如果少于8µL, 则通过添加透析缓冲器, 使体积达到8µL。在4摄氏度处存储洗脱, 然后立即进行下一步。 注: 本协议适用于单管冻干, 但每次使用相同的超滤膜制备至少10反应管, 使用相同量的透析缓冲液。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>混合10µL 10X 灯底漆如果 singleplex (为3丛, 增加10µL 每10X 底漆混合), 14 µL dNTP 混合物, 8 µL 透析酵素混合, 2 µL 2 个单位 thermolabile UDG 和66µL 核酸酶自由水 (为3丛, 使用46µL) 在0.5 毫升离心管和保持盖子打开。相反, 添加另一个盖子刺穿了针, 以允许蒸汽逃脱。</li>
	<li>立即冻结管在-80 °c 为2小时, 并 lyophilize 管 4 h. 用铝箔盖住冻干室, 以保护光线。当试剂干燥, 取出穿刺盖子, 关闭原来的盖子, 并储存在4摄氏度的冻干试剂在黑暗中的管。 注: 如有必要, 试剂可以在一夜之间冻干。</li>
</ol>7. 测试含 Zika 的尿液和蚊子样本的冻干 RT 试剂
<ol><li>使用工具包中的以下项目 (请参见材料表) Zika: 一个3维打印的带有橙色过滤器的观察盒 (长通滤波器, 切割 ~ 540 nm), 2 个用于观察盒的 AAA 电池, 冻干反应管标记为 ZV Zika 检测, 以及1.1X. 1.5 毫升螺旋顶管的补液缓冲液。</li>
	<li>用 DNA 聚合酶 (参见材料表)、3.3 毫升100毫米 MgSO4、110µL 的 0.5 M 和41.09 毫升的核酸酶水来混合5.5 毫升的10X 等温放大缓冲器, 准备50毫升的1.1X 补液缓冲器。混合好, 整除1毫升的这个解决方案, 1.5 毫升螺丝顶管, 并存储在4°c, 直到使用。</li>
	<li>在每个反应管 (0.5 毫升) 中添加90µL 的1.1X 补液缓冲液。确保液体填满含有冻干试剂的管子的底部 (通过震动将其溶解, 然后简单地向下旋转 (1000 x g))。添加10µL 的尿样与病毒 RNA 的反应管 (见4.1 节详细)。<ol>
<li>如果测试蚊子, 添加一个长方形的 Q 纸持有蚊子尸体 (如5.2 和5.3 节所述步骤所准备), 连同10µL 纯净水, 而不是尿样。 注: 或者, 添加10µL 唾液或血清样本, 而不是尿液。如果样品被提取脱氧核糖核酸或 RNA, 增加2-5 µL 样品入水化混合物并且完成以核酸酶无水到10µL 最后样品容量。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>关闭反应管的盖子。放置在热块/浴缸 (或孵化器) 预先设置在65-68 摄氏度。孵育30-45 分钟, 但不超过1小时。孵化后, 从热中取出管子。为了防止未来化验的污染, 确保这些管子保持闭合。</li>
	<li>在观察箱中放置反应管;温度会下降到环境温度 (最好是25摄氏度)。打开观察框背面的开关。通过橙色过滤器观察样本, 并通过手机相机捕获图像, 该摄像头在图像中填充80% 的视野。 注意: 在低光环境中实现更好的可视化。</li>
	<li>可视化完成后, 关闭开关。在黑暗中储存密封的管子, 最好是用冷冻, 如果以后需要可视化。</li>
</ol>

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一些作者和他们的机构拥有与此化验相关的知识产权。

包括 Zika、基孔肯亚和登革热在内的蚊虫传播病毒威胁到公共卫生, 最近的 Zika 暴发突出表明需要低成本的护理点检测替代品来进行患者诊断, 以及进行蚊虫监测。等温放大方法是作为可负担的替代 PCR 系统开发的。特别是, 基于 RT 灯的平台已被用于检测范围广泛的病原体。然而, 等温平台的使用主要限于单目标检测。这里报告的方法使用一个改进的 RT 灯允许同时检测三个不同的目标在一个单一的反应混合物, 运行在一个适度的温度范围内 (65-68 °c), 证明是特别方便, 因为温度高于60°c 渲染 Zika 和其他病毒非传染性30,35。
此外, 这里提供的数据表明, RT 灯能够耐受各种生物流体中可能存在的抑制物质15。这允许病毒 rna 被放大, 没有额外的步骤 RNA 纯化通过直接添加样品到反应混合物中。根据样品的类型, 允许的最大样品量需要确定, 以不抑制反应, 不导致背景荧光 (假阳性)。本文的研究重点是使用10% 最终体积的尿样。但是, 唾液和血清样本也可以用同样的方式20应用于化验。检测到的限制在患者尿液中的病毒载量超过了报告的13, 以及病毒感染的蚊子20,36,37。
蚊子监视通常对公共卫生资源的优先级较低, 因此, 一个廉价的多路复用套件来调查一个家庭或公共区域将具有特殊的价值。因此, 该套件的修改是通过增加 Q 纸, 以允许检测蚊子尸体中的病毒。Q 纸含有高水平的共价键相连的季铵盐群, 通过库仑的相互作用, 可以在其表面捕获病毒核酸。虽然这是一个担心, Q 纸可能会抑制 rt 灯, 发现, 通过增加 Q 纸携带蚊子尸体直接进入 RT 灯混合物, 成功的病毒检测可以达到30分钟以内。对于成功的信号产生, Q 纸需要足够小 (例如, 大小为 3 x 4 毫米为100µL 反应容量) 被淹没在 RT 灯反应混合物中。如果它是太大的反应管, 或开始漂浮而不是停留在液体中, 反应可能不会发生, 结果可能会显示为假阴性。
为了成功地检测和鉴别每种病毒, 每个引物集都需要遵循 RT 灯底漆设计的指导原则、置换探针的设计规则, 并包括用于多路复用的显影的选择。每个底漆集都需要针对不同的目标进行筛选, 以避免交叉反应。此外, 每组都需要对镁的浓度和孵化温度进行优化。在这里提出的方法使用眼睛可见的荧光读数, 这是通过引入链不可替代探针的 RT 灯体系结构。当不同的显影被分配给每个目标病毒时, 可以在复用分析中可视化三种不同的颜色。这比现有的等温 Zika 检测方法具有优势, 因为大多数发布的方法都依赖于单目标检测和使用锂或荧光染料, 它们不是特定于序列的, 而且容易产生非特定 amplicons。
要考虑的一个关键步骤是确定荧光标记置换探针的最终浓度。发现80到 100 nm 的置换探针可以在15-20 分钟内产生荧光信号, 而当使用300纳米探针浓度时, 信号的时间延迟。当化验以复用的方式运行时, 反应时间进一步延迟。从 80 nm 切换到 300 nm 的原因是, 使用单一的 LED 源使所有三显影可视化。蓝色 LED 与励磁在470毫微米是适合的在有标记的探针, 但不适合于十六进制或 TAMRA 标记探针。因此, 在孵化时间作出牺牲, 以便能够可视化所有三目标。
RT 灯的问题之一是正向污染。RT 灯在短时间内产生大量的扩增子, amplicons 可以很容易地作为气溶胶释放出来。为了缓解这个问题, dUTP 与其他 dNTPs 一起被包括在化验建立期间 UDG 消化。使用热不稳定版本的 UDG 是很重要的, 因为有必要禁用 UDG, 以防止新产生的 RT 灯 amplicons 的消化。
为了允许不带制冷的套件的分发, 化验的所有成分都需要冻干, 试剂盒辅以补液缓冲剂。因此, 在商用酶中存在的任何甘油都被超滤去除, 因为甘油不能通过冻干去除。在混合物的高度浓度, 甘油可能干扰酶活性。唯一不包括在甘油去除过程中的酶是 thermolabile UDG。UDG 是一种分子量为 24.6 kDa 的小酶, 不宜作超滤实验。因此, 它被添加到冻干混合物购买。残留甘油对化验结果无不良影响。
这种荧光 RT 灯技术的一个局限性是使用单一的 LED 光源。当检测以 singleplex 或多重格式运行时, 需要更高浓度的置换探针来实现所有目标的信号可视化。但是, 此更改会导致时间到信号生成的延迟。克服这一可能性的一个可能方法是使用两个 LED 源来更好地容纳其他显影 (十六进制和 TAMRA)。这样, 较低的探针浓度就可以用来产生一个短潜伏期的信号。
另一个需要考虑的限制是在昏暗的环境中用眼睛判断荧光的颜色。如果单个目标以 singleplex 或多重格式存在, 则比较容易, 因为引物设计为不相互作用。如果在单一化验管中存在多个靶点, 如蚊子池或不止一种病毒感染的病人, 则很难解释这种化验方法。这需要改变读出的体系结构, 比如数字显示, 而不是用眼睛来判断。
未来可能的方法是通过创建一个更大的蚊子传播的虫媒病毒小组来提高多路复用的水平。这需要仔细的底漆设计, 以避免底漆底漆的相互作用, 并可能需要使用修改过的核酸类似物, 如自我回避分子识别系统 (SAMRS) 和人工扩展的基因信息系统 (盾), 以更好地容纳高水平的多路复用38。因此, 一个更高的复用系统中的信号读取解决方案是使用一个单一的荧光为每个置换探针, 并为每个目标分配一个独特的偏移序列, 并捕获在固体表面上的偏移探针 DNA杂交.这将创建一个带有单个荧光的阵列格式的平台, 并导致激发, 但判断每个目标的存在将基于它在数组39中的位置。

蚊虫传播的病毒感染, 包括登革热、基孔肯亚和 Zika 病毒正在上升, 需要立即管理战略。登革热和基孔肯亚病毒已经在许多热带地区流行, 在那里 Zika 现在在西半球传播1。Zika 病毒, 如登革热, 是Flaviviridae家族的成员, 原产于非洲, 有一个亚洲和两个非洲遗传血统2。尽管 Zika 病毒的鉴定可以追溯到 1947, 但在太平洋和美洲出现前半个世纪, 人类的 Zika 感染仍然是零星的。第一次报告说, 2007年在密克罗尼西亚联邦发生的 Zika 热爆发, 随后是在2013年和2014法属波利尼西亚。美洲第一次大规模暴发发生在2015年巴西。
Zika、基孔肯亚和登革热病毒主要由伊蚊蚊和白纹伊蚊传播。然而, Zika 有额外的下游人到人传输的可能性, 可能通过性接触传播, 母婴互动, 并通过母乳喂养3,4,5。Zika 发烧最初被认为只导致轻度疾病。然而, 它后来与成人的格林-巴利综合征, 新生儿小头和慢性肌肉骨骼疾病, 可能持续数月至数年。诊断 Zika 疾病可能是挑战, 因为 Zika 感染的症状类似于其他蚊子传播病毒6。这些病毒的常见联合感染使鉴别诊断更加具有挑战性7,8。因此, 需要对 Zika 和其他病毒的核酸进行快速、可靠的检测, 以便实时了解流行病学, 启动控制和预防措施, 并管理病人护理9。
目前对这些病毒的诊断测试包括血清学测试、病毒分离、病毒测序和反向转录 pcr (rt-pcr)。标准血清学方法往往受到不充分的敏感性, 结果可能是复杂的交叉反应的病人谁曾感染其他 flaviviruses。
因此, 核酸检测仍然是检测和鉴别这些病毒最可靠的方法。Zika 和其他蚊虫传播病毒的检测通常是使用 rt-pcr 或实时 rt-pcr 在各种生物液中进行, 如血清、尿液、唾液、精子、母乳和脑液10,11。尿液和唾液样本通常比血液更可取, 因为它们的 PCR 抑制较少, 病毒负载更高, 病毒存在时间较长, 而且收集和处理的易用性提高了12,13。然而, 基于 RT PCR 的诊断测试包括大量的样品准备步骤和昂贵的热循环设备, 使其对护理点的优化不那么理想。
反向转录环介导的等温放大 (rt 灯) 已成为一个强大的 rt-pcr 替代方案, 由于其高灵敏度和特异性14, 它对生物样品中的抑制物质的容忍15, 和单一温度下的操作, 大大降低了检测的复杂性和相关成本, 使之适合低资源环境。RT 灯, 因为它是经典的实施, 包括六引物, 绑定到八个不同的区域内的目标 RNA。它运行在恒定的温度在60°c 和70°c 之间, 并且使用一条反向逆转录酶和一根有强的链置换活动的脱氧核糖核酸 pcr。
在 RT 灯的初始阶段, 向前和向后内部引物 (FIP 和保险,图 1A) 连同外向前和向后引物 (F3 和 B3) 形成哑铃结构, 种子结构的指数灯放大。放大是进一步加速的循环向前和向后引物 (LF 和磅), 这是设计来绑定的单一搁浅地区的哑铃, 并导致形成 concatemers 与多个重复循环16。基于浊度或锂染料读数的经典光源检测方法并不完全适合 Zika 的点检, 在那里需要某种程度的多路复用17,18,19。在这些系统中, 多路复用不容易获得, 因为由于目标放大, 它们容易产生误报。
为了管理这些问题, 文献以 "线置换探针" 的形式向经典的 RT 灯体系结构20、21、22添加了一个附加组件。每个探针都有一个序列特定的双链区域和一个单链启动区域。该探针与单绞区被标记为 5 '-荧光, 互补探针是修改与 3 '-端淬火。在没有目标的情况下, 由于互补探针链的杂交, 没有发现荧光, 从而使荧光和淬火接近。在目标存在的情况下, 荧光探针的单链部分与靶上的补体相结合, 然后通过链置换聚合酶进行扩展。进一步的聚合酶引伸反向引物导致分离的淬火链从其互补荧光标记链, 允许发射荧光(图 1B)。通过这种设计, 在哑铃形成后产生信号, 减少了假阳性信号的几率。
链置换探针的双绞线可以是任意序列, 当应用多路复用时, 相同的序列可以与不同的荧光-淬火对一起使用。通过这种体系结构, 直接将病毒污染的尿液、血清或蚊子样本压扁在纸上, 而不进行样品制备。在 30-45 分钟内产生肉眼可见的三色荧光读出, 并使用蓝色 LED 和橙色过滤器在3维打印的观察框中可视化信号。冷冻干燥的 RT 灯试剂启用此工具包的部署, 以降低资源设置, 不需要制冷。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>SafeBlue Illuminator/ Electrophoresis System, MBE-150-PLUS</td>
			<td>Major Science</td>
			<td>MBE-150</td>
			<td>Gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>G:BOX F3</td>
			<td>Syngene</td>
			<td>G:BOX F3</td>
			<td>Gel imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LightCycler 480 Instrument II, 96-well</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>05 015 278 001</td>
			<td>Real-time PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra-0.5 Centrifugal Filter Unit with Ultracel-10 membrane</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>UFC501096</td>
			<td>ultrafiltraton membrane for dialysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf 5417C Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Marshall Scientific</td>
			<td>EP-5417C</td>
			<td>centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myblock Mini Drybath</td>
			<td>Benchmark Scientific</td>
			<td>BSH200</td>
			<td>drybath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FreeZone Plus 6 Liter Cascade Console Freeze Dry System</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>7934020</td>
			<td>lyophilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>all priers and probes</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td>RT-LAMP primers and probes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP set</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-39049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxyuridine Triphosphate (dUTP)</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>U1191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bst&#160;2.0 WarmStart&#160;DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0538L</td>
			<td>enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WarmStart RTx Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0380L</td>
			<td>enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase Inhibitor, Murine</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0314L</td>
			<td>enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antarctic Thermolabile UDG</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0372L</td>
			<td>enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50bp DNA Step Ladder</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G4521</td>
			<td>marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LightCycler 480 Multiwell Plate 96, white</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>4729692001</td>
			<td>real-time RT-LAMP analysis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

multiplexed isothermal amplification based diagnostic platform to detect zika, chikungunya, and dengue 1

Zika、登革热和基孔肯亚病毒是由蚊子传播的, 引起类似患者症状的疾病。然而, 他们有不同的下游病人对病人的传输潜能, 并需要非常不同的病人治疗。因此, 最近的 Zika 暴发使人们迫切需要开发快速鉴别这些病毒的患者和被困蚊子的工具, 选择正确的病人治疗, 并实时了解和管理他们的流行病学。
不幸的是, 目前的诊断测试, 包括那些收到2016紧急使用授权和快速轨道状态, 检测病毒 RNA 的反向转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR), 这需要检测, 训练有素的用户, 并大量的样品准备。因此, 他们必须被送往 "批准" 的参考实验室, 需要时间。事实上, 在 2016年8月, 疾病控制中心 (CDC) 正在询问那些被蚊子叮咬的孕妇, 并在得知他们是否感染之前, 在2周的时间里, Zika 的皮疹来等待一个不可接受的4星期。我们非常需要测试, 可以在现场进行, 很少的资源, 并由训练有素但不一定是授权的人员。
本视频演示了一种符合这些规范的检测方法, 即使用尿液或血清 (为病人) 或被粉碎的蚊子尸体 (用于环境监测), 所有这些都没有大量的样品准备。在运载季铵盐组 (Q 纸) 的纸上捕获蚊子的尸体, 然后用氨水处理来管理生物危害。这些都是直接的, 没有 RNA 分离, 放入化验管中含有冷冻干燥试剂, 无需冷藏链。改进形式的反向转录回路介导的等温放大与目标特定的荧光标记不可替代探针产生读数, 在30分钟, 作为一个三色荧光信号。这是可视化的手持式电池供电设备与橙色过滤器。前污染是防止与密封管, 并使用 thermolabile 尿 DNA glycosylase (UDG) 在存在 dUTP 在放大混合物。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Multiplexed Isothermal Amplification Based Diagnostic Platform to Detect Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue 1 at JoVE.com

Multiplexed Isothermal Amplification Based Diagnostic Platform to Detect Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue 1

基于复用等温放大诊断平台检测 Zika、基孔肯亚和登革热1

目前用于检测 Zika、基孔肯亚和登革热病毒的复用诊断程序需要复杂的样本准备和昂贵的仪器, 而且在低资源环境下很难使用。我们显示一个诊断, 使用等温放大与目标特定的链不可替代探针, 以检测和区分这些病毒具有高灵敏度和特异性。

Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, causing diseases with similar patient symptoms. However, they have different ...

multiplexed-isothermal-amplification-based-diagnostic-platform-to

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

14.2K 次观看.  Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME). 目前用于检测 Zika、基孔肯亚和登革热病毒的复用诊断程序需要复杂的样本准备和昂贵的仪器, 而且在低资源环境下很难使用。我们显示一个诊断, 使用等温放大与目标特定的链不可替代探针, 以检测和区分这些病毒具有高灵敏度和特异性。

视频: Multiplexed Isothermal Amplification Based Diagnostic Platform to Detect Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue 1

Fabricating a UV-Vis and Raman Spectroscopy Immunoassay Platform

Immunoassays are used to detect proteins based on the presence of associated antibodies. Because of their extensive use in research and clinical settings, a large infrastructure of immunoassay instruments and materials can be found. For example, 96- and 384-well polystyrene plates are available commercially and have a standard design to accommodate ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy machines from various manufacturers. In addition, a wide variety of immunoglobulins, detection tags, and blocking agents for customized immunoassay designs such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are available.
Despite the existing infrastructure, standard ELISA kits do not meet all research needs, requiring individualized immunoassay development, which can be expensive and time-consuming. For example, ELISA kits have low multiplexing (detection of more than one analyte at a time) capabilities as they usually depend on fluorescence or colorimetric methods for detection. Colorimetric and fluorescent-based analyses have limited multiplexing capabilities due to broad spectral peaks. In contrast, Raman spectroscopy-based methods have a much greater capability for multiplexing due to narrow emission peaks. Another advantage of Raman spectroscopy is that Raman reporters experience significantly less photobleaching than fluorescent tags1. Despite the advantages that Raman reporters have over fluorescent and colorimetric tags, protocols to fabricate Raman-based immunoassays are limited. The purpose of this paper is to provide a protocol to prepare functionalized probes to use in conjunction with polystyrene plates for direct detection of analytes by UV-Vis analysis and Raman spectroscopy. This protocol will allow researchers to take a do-it-yourself approach for future multi-analyte detection while capitalizing on pre-established infrastructure.

Nanoparticle-based optical probes have been designed as a vehicle for detecting antigens using Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Here we describe a protocol for preparing such probes for a UV-Vis/Raman spectroscopy immunoassay in such a way to incorporate future multiplexing capabilities.

制造的UV-Vis和拉曼光谱免疫平台

Immunoassays are used to detect proteins based on the presence of associated antibodies. Because of their extensive use in research and clinical settings, ...

科研

生物化学

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM c-Cyts) has recently emerged as a novel whole-cell analytical method to characterize the bacterial electron transport from the respiratory chain to the cell exterior, referred to as the extracellular electron transport (EET). While the pathway and kinetics of the electron flow during the EET reaction have been investigated, a whole-cell electrochemical method to examine the impact of cation transport associated with EET has not yet been established. In the present study, an example of a biochemical technique to examine the deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE) on EET through OM c-Cyts using a model microbe, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, is described. The KIE on the EET process can be obtained if the EET through OM c-Cyts acts as the rate-limiting step in the microbial current production. To that end, before the addition of D2O, the supernatant solution was replaced with fresh media containing a sufficient amount of the electron donor to support the rate of upstream metabolic reactions, and to remove the planktonic cells from a uniform monolayer biofilm on the working electrode. Alternative methods to confirm the rate-limiting step in microbial current production as EET through OM c-Cyts are also described. Our technique of a whole-cell electrochemical assay for investigating proton transport kinetics can be applied to other electroactive microbial strains.

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Here we present a protocol of whole-cell electrochemical experiments to study the contribution of proton transport to the rate of extracellular electron transport via the outer-membrane cytochromes complex in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.

电化学检测氘动力学同位素对希瓦氏菌 oneidensis MR-1 细胞外电子传输的影响

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM ...

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

N6-isopentenyladenosine RNA modifications are functionally diverse and highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One of the most highly conserved N6-isopentenyladenosine modifications occurs at the A37 position in a subset of tRNAs. This modification improves translation efficiency and fidelity by increasing the affinity of the tRNA for the ribosome. Mutation of enzymes responsible for this modification in eukaryotes are associated with several disease states, including mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer. Therefore, understanding the substrate specificity and biochemical activities of these enzymes is important for understanding of normal and pathologic eukaryotic biology. A diverse array of methods has been employed to characterize i6A modifications. Herein is described a direct approach for the detection of isopentenylation by Mod5. This method utilizes incubation of RNAs with a recombinant isopentenyl transferase, followed by RNase T1 digestion, and 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis to detect i6A modifications. In addition, the potential adaptability of this protocol to characterize other RNA-modifying enzymes is discussed.

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Here, we describe a protocol for the biochemical characterization of the yeast RNA-modifying enzyme, Mod5, and discuss how this protocol could be applied to other RNA-modifying enzymes.

体外检测 tRNA-Isopentenyl 转移酶活性的实验研究

N6-isopentenyladenosine RNA modifications are functionally diverse and highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One of the most highly conserved ...

A Rat Methyl-Seq Platform to Identify Epigenetic Changes Associated with Stress Exposure

As genomes of a wider variety of animals become available, there is an increasing need for tools that can capture dynamic epigenetic changes in these animal models. The rat is one particular model animal where an epigenetic tool can complement many pharmacological and behavioral studies to provide insightful mechanistic information. To this end, we adapted the SureSelect Target Capture System (referred to as Methyl-Seq) for the rat, which can assess DNA methylation levels across the rat genome. The rat design targeted promoters, CpG islands, island shores, and GC-rich regions from all RefSeq genes. 
To implement the platform on a rat experiment, male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to chronic variable stress for 3 weeks, after which blood samples were collected for genomic DNA extraction. Methyl-Seq libraries were constructed from the rat DNA samples by shearing, adapter ligation, target enrichment, bisulfite conversion, and multiplexing. Libraries were sequenced on a next-generation sequencing platform and the sequenced reads were analyzed to identify DMRs between DNA of stressed and unstressed rats. Top candidate DMRs were independently validated by bisulfite pyrosequencing to confirm the robustness of the platform.
Results demonstrate that the rat Methyl-Seq platform is a useful epigenetic tool that can capture methylation changes induced by exposure to stress.

Here, we describe the protocol and implementation of Methyl-Seq, an epigenomic platform, using a rat model to identify epigenetic changes associated with chronic stress exposure. Results demonstrate that the rat Methyl-Seq platform is capable of detecting methylation differences that arise from stress exposure in rats.

大鼠甲基 Seq 平台识别与应力接触相关的表观变化

As genomes of a wider variety of animals become available, there is an increasing need for tools that can capture dynamic epigenetic changes in these ...

Measuring Interactions between Fluorescent Probes and Lignin in Plant Sections by sFLIM Based on Native Autofluorescence

In lignocellulosic biomass (LB), the activity of enzymes is limited by the appearance of non-specific interactions with lignin during the hydrolysis process, which maintains enzymes far from their substrate. Characterization of these complex interactions is thus a challenge in complex substrates such as LB. The method here measures molecular interactions between fluorophore-tagged molecules and native autofluorescent lignin, to be revealed by F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Contrary to FRET measurements in living cells using two exogenous fluorophores, FRET measurements in plants using lignin is not trivial due to its complex autofluorescence. We have developed an original acquisition and analysis pipeline with correlated observation of two complementary properties of fluorescence: fluorescence emission and lifetime. sFLIM (spectral and fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy) provides the quantification of these interactions with high sensitivity, revealing different interaction levels between biomolecules and lignin.

This protocol describes an original setup combining spectral and fluorescence lifetime measurements to evaluate F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between rhodamine-based fluorescent probes and lignin polymer directly in thick plant sections.

基于原生自荧光的sFLIM测量植物部分荧光探针和木质素之间的相互作用

In lignocellulosic biomass (LB), the activity of enzymes is limited by the appearance of non-specific interactions with lignin during the hydrolysis ...

Quantification of Protein Interaction Network Dynamics using Multiplexed Co-Immunoprecipitation

Dynamic protein-protein interactions control cellular behavior, from motility to DNA replication to signal transduction. However, monitoring dynamic interactions among multiple proteins in a protein interaction network is technically difficult. Here, we present a protocol for Quantitative Multiplex Immunoprecipitation (QMI), which allows quantitative assessment of fold changes in protein interactions based on relative fluorescence measurements of Proteins in Shared Complexes detected by Exposed Surface epitopes (PiSCES). In QMI, protein complexes from cell lysates are immunoprecipitated onto microspheres, and then probed with a labeled antibody for a different protein in order to quantify the abundance of PiSCES. Immunoprecipitation antibodies are conjugated to different MagBead spectral regions, which allows a flow cytometer to differentiate multiple parallel immunoprecipitations and simultaneously quantify the amount of probe antibody associated with each. QMI does not require genetic tagging and can be performed using minimal biomaterial compared to other immunoprecipitation methods. QMI can be adapted for any defined group of interacting proteins, and has thus far been used to characterize signaling networks in T cells and neuronal glutamate synapses. Results have led to new hypothesis generation with potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This protocol includes instructions to perform QMI, from the initial antibody panel selection through to running assays and analyzing data. The initial assembly of a QMI assay involves screening antibodies to generate a panel, and empirically determining an appropriate lysis buffer. The subsequent reagent preparation includes covalently coupling immunoprecipitation antibodies to MagBeads, and biotinylating probe antibodies so they can be labeled by a streptavidin-conjugated fluorophore. To run the assay, lysate is mixed with MagBeads overnight, and then beads are divided and incubated with different probe antibodies, and then a fluorophore label, and read by flow cytometry. Two statistical tests are performed to identify PiSCES that differ significantly between experimental conditions, and results are visualized using heatmaps or node-edge diagrams.

Quantitative Multiplex Immunoprecipitation (QMI) uses flow cytometry for sensitive detection of differences in the abundance of targeted protein-protein interactions between two samples. QMI can be performed using a small amount of biomaterial, does not require genetically engineered tags, and can be adapted for any previously defined protein interaction network.

使用多路复用共免疫沉淀对蛋白质相互作用网络动力学进行量化

Dynamic protein-protein interactions control cellular behavior, from motility to DNA replication to signal transduction. However, monitoring dynamic ...

An Integrated Raman Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Platform to Study Single-Cell Drug Uptake, Metabolism, and Effects

Cells are known to be inherently heterogeneous in their responses to drugs. Therefore, it is essential that single-cell heterogeneity is accounted for in drug discovery studies. This can be achieved by accurately measuring the plethora of cellular interactions between a cell and drug at the single-cell level (i.e., drug uptake, metabolism, and effect). This paper describes a single-cell Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) platform to monitor metabolic changes of cells in response to drugs. Using this platform, metabolic changes in response to the drug can be measured by Raman spectroscopy, while the drug and its metabolite can be quantified using mass spectrometry in the same cell. The results suggest that it is possible to access information about drug uptake, metabolism, and response at a single-cell level.

This protocol presents an integrated Raman spectroscopy-mass spectrometry (MS) platform that is capable of achieving single-cell resolution. Raman spectroscopy can be used to study cellular response to drugs, while MS can be used for targeted and quantitative analysis of drug uptake and metabolism.

一个集成拉曼光谱和质谱平台，用于研究单细胞药物接受、代谢和效果

Cells are known to be inherently heterogeneous in their responses to drugs. Therefore, it is essential that single-cell heterogeneity is accounted for in ...

Platform Incubator with Movable XY Stage: A New Platform for Implementing In-Cell Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins

Fast Photochemical Oxidation of proteins (FPOP) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) has become an invaluable tool in structural proteomics to interrogate protein interactions, structure, and protein conformational dynamics as a function of solvent accessibility. In recent years, the scope of FPOP, a hydroxyl radical protein foot printing (HRPF) technique, has been expanded to protein labeling in live cell cultures, providing the means to study protein interactions in the convoluted cellular environment. In-cell protein modifications can provide insight into ligand induced structural changes or conformational changes accompanying protein complex formation, all within the cellular context. Protein footprinting has been accomplished employing a customary flow-based system and a 248 nm KrF excimer laser to yield hydroxyl radicals via photolysis of hydrogen peroxide, requiring 20 minutes of analysis for one cell sample.To facilitate time-resolved FPOP experiments, the use of a new 6-well plate-based IC-FPOP platform was pioneered. In the current system, a single laser pulse irradiates one entire well, which truncates the FPOP experimental time frame resulting in 20 seconds of analysis time, a 60-fold decrease. This greatly reduced analysis time makes it possible to research cellular mechanisms such as biochemical signaling cascades, protein folding, and differential experiments (i.e., drug-free vs. drug bound) in a time-dependent manner. This new instrumentation, entitled Platform Incubator with Movable XY Stage (PIXY), allows the user to perform cell culture and IC-FPOP directly on the optical bench using a platform incubator with temperature, CO2 and humidity control. The platform also includes a positioning stage, peristaltic pumps, and mirror optics for laser beam guidance. IC-FPOP conditions such as optics configuration, flow rates, transient transfections, and H2O2 concentration in PIXY have been optimized and peer-reviewed. Automation of all components of the system will reduce human manipulation and increase throughput.

A new static platform is used to characterize protein structure and interaction sites in the native cell environment utilizing a protein footprinting technique called in-cell fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (IC-FPOP).

具有可移动XY阶段的平台孵化器:实现蛋白质细胞内快速光化学氧化的新平台

Fast Photochemical Oxidation of proteins (FPOP) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) has become an invaluable tool in structural proteomics to interrogate ...

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

RNA adopts diverse structural folds, which are essential for its functions and thereby can impact diverse processes in the cell. In addition, the structure and function of an RNA can be modulated by various trans-acting factors, such as proteins, metabolites or other RNAs. Frameshifting RNA molecules, for instance, are regulatory RNAs located in coding regions, which direct translating ribosomes into an alternative open reading frame, and thereby act as gene switches. They may also adopt different folds after binding to proteins or other trans-factors. To dissect the role of RNA-binding proteins in translation and how they modulate RNA structure and stability, it is crucial to study the interplay and mechanical features of these RNA-protein complexes simultaneously.&#160;This work illustrates how to employ single-molecule-fluorescence-coupled optical tweezers to explore the conformational and thermodynamic landscape of RNA-protein complexes at a high resolution. As an example, the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 programmed ribosomal frameshifting element with the trans-acting factor short isoform of zinc-finger antiviral protein is elaborated. In addition, fluorescence-labeled ribosomes were monitored using the confocal unit, which would ultimately enable the study of translation elongation. The fluorescence coupled OT assay can be widely applied to explore diverse RNA-protein complexes or trans-acting factors regulating translation and could facilitate studies of RNA-based gene regulation.

This protocol presents a complete experimental workflow for studying RNA-protein interactions using optical tweezers. Several possible experimental setups are outlined including the combination of optical tweezers with confocal microscopy.

光学镊子研究翻译调控中的RNA-蛋白质相互作用

RNA adopts diverse structural folds, which are essential for its functions and thereby can impact diverse processes in the cell. In addition, the ...

DetectSyn: A Rapid, Unbiased Fluorescent Method to Detect Changes in Synapse Density

Synapses are the site of communication between neurons. Neuronal circuit strength is related to synaptic density, and the breakdown of synapses is characteristic of disease states like major depressive disorder (MDD) and Alzheimer's disease. Traditional techniques to investigate synapse numbers include genetic expression of fluorescent markers (e.g., green fluorescent protein (GFP)), dyes that fill a neuron (e.g., carbocyanine dye, DiI), and immunofluorescent detection of spine markers (e.g., postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95)). A major caveat to these proxy techniques is that they only identify postsynaptic changes. Yet, a synapse is a connection between a presynaptic terminal and a postsynaptic spine. The gold standard for measuring synapse formation/elimination requires time-consuming electron microscopy or array tomography techniques. These techniques require specialized training and costly equipment. Further, only a limited number of neurons can be assessed and are used to represent changes to an entire brain region. DetectSyn is a rapid fluorescent technique that identifies changes to synapse formation or elimination due to a disease state or drug activity. DetectSyn utilizes a rapid proximity ligation assay to detect juxtaposed pre- and postsynaptic proteins and standard fluorescent microscopy, a technique readily available to most laboratories. Fluorescent detection of the resulting puncta allows for quick and unbiased analysis of experiments. DetectSyn provides more representative results than electron microscopy because larger areas can be analyzed than a limited number of fluorescent neurons. Moreover, DetectSyn works for in vitro cultured neurons and fixed tissue slices. Finally, a method is provided to analyze the data collected from this technique. Overall, DetectSyn offers a procedure for detecting relative changes in synapse density across treatments or disease states and is more accessible than traditional techniques.

DetectSyn is an unbiased, rapid fluorescent assay that measures changes in relative synapse (pre- and postsynaptic engagement) number across treatments or disease states. This technique utilizes a proximity ligation technique that can be used both in cultured neurons and fixed tissue.