Name: assessment of social transmission of food preferences behaviors
Uploaded: 2018-01-25T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 56 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors at JoVE.com

FWO 博士后研究资助 AVdJ。作者希望感谢 Aerschot 和 Ilse 布鲁门的技术支持。

比利时鲁汶大学动物实验委员会已对所有议定书进行了审查和批准, 并按照欧洲共同体理事会指令 (86/609/EEC) 进行了研究。
1. 设备、仪器和房间设置:
<ol><li>准备一个克劳利的三室箱23 , 其中包括三室 (19 x 45 厘米, 高度30厘米) 与透明的隔墙, 允许自由进入每个会议厅。</li>
	<li>利用透明塑料制成的两个食品杯 (直径3.8 厘米, 高度为3.2 厘米), 并把它们放在合适的食品杯持有人组成的一个金属斜坡 (10x10 厘米, 高度7厘米), 与一个中心孔配件的食品杯。</li>
	<li>使用一个大得足以容纳鼠标的金属丝杯状容器 (直径12厘米, 高10厘米)。安置它在中间房间为示威者在阶段6。</li>
	<li>每次试验后用70% 乙醇清洗器械, 防止老鼠嗅迹, 让它晾干。 注意: 行为测试最好在上午9:00 和下午6:00 之间完成. 仪器和实验室的一般房间照明是650勒克斯。使用视频跟踪软件程序来记录鼠标活动。</li>
</ol>2. 调味食品的配制:
<ol><li>定期吃食物, 加入2% 的芹菜或辣椒粉。把食物拌匀, 放在食物容器内作进一步用途。</li>
</ol>3. 动机阶段 (1-2 天):
<ol><li>将所有啮齿类动物放在一个23小时、食物匮乏的时间表上, 连续两天在一个12小时的灯/暗循环的房间里接受1小时的日常饮食, 并使用ad 随意获取水。上午8点把灯打开 注意: 在最初的协议中, 在启动阶段, 每一个示威者提供了, 1 小时, 与食物含有一种新奇的味道。我们给示威者的调味食品已经在他们的1小时喂养时间, 所以在总2小时, 而不是原来的1小时使用。</li>
	<li>对于演示鼠标, 使用相同背景, 年龄, 性别和重量的鼠标, 没有任何事先接触 (非窝) 与主题/观察鼠标。 注意: 同样的实验小鼠可能在社会传播试验中使用。</li>
</ol>4. 埋地曲奇测试 (3 天):
<ol><li>在开始 STFP 程序之前, 使用埋藏的 cookie 测试20评估受试者的嗅觉功能。在一个干净的单独的住宅笼子的一个角落里, 在表面下面埋一个大约1厘米的巧克力曲奇饼。</li>
	<li>接下来, 将观察器鼠标放到笼子里, 并记录下延迟, 以找到15分钟的 cookie。不要让老鼠吃饼干。 注意: 这个简单的测试可以排除嗅觉检测缺陷, 防止耗时不必要的 STFP 测试。</li>
</ol>5. 适应阶段 (天 3):
<ol><li>通过降低墙壁来分隔左右车厢。</li>
	<li>在三室装置的每个角落放上两个食物容器, 里面装满食物颗粒 (常规食物)。</li>
	<li>轻轻地将观察鼠放在中心室。</li>
	<li>让主体鼠标习惯到仪器上10分钟。</li>
	<li>10分钟后, 打开滑动门, 让主体鼠标自由探索整个设备10分钟。 注意: 在这一阶段, 老鼠应该留在食物匮乏的时间内。</li>
</ol>6. 社会传播阶段 (4 天):
<ol><li>通过降低墙壁来分隔左右车厢。</li>
	<li>把一个演示鼠标放进一个金属线的容器里, 放在中间的房间里。在装有摄像头的铁丝杯的盖子上, 写上示威者所用的食物的缩写。</li>
	<li>轻轻地把主题鼠标放在中心的房间, 让它自由探索的示威者30分钟, 而记录的持续时间 (s) 和接触的数量之间的主题鼠标和遏制杯住房的演示鼠 (在5厘米的面积在杯子附近)。</li>
</ol>7. 食品偏好测试阶段:
<ol><li>为每只老鼠准备两个食物盆。称量每只老鼠, 并用观察者 ID 和味道给它贴上标签。</li>
	<li>拆卸墙上的分隔器, 并放置两个食物容器, 其中任一包含的线索或一个新奇的 (uncued) 食品, 在每个角落的三室设备 (图 2)。</li>
	<li>轻轻地将主题鼠标放在中间的房间, 让它自由探索整个竞技场120分钟, 同时记录的时间 (s) 和数量的接触主题鼠标和两个食品杯 (在5厘米的面积周围的杯子)。</li>
	<li>通过称量剩余食物 (g) 来衡量食物偏好。</li>
	<li>如果发生泄漏, 将所有食物放回食品杯中, 并将其与食物杯中剩下的食物一起称量。中间舱内的溢漏应不予理会。</li>
</ol>8. 统计分析:
<ol><li>使用视频跟踪程序来评估鼠标的行为, 包括在6阶段和观察鼠在7阶段使用两个食物杯时的方法的数量, 在主题和演示鼠之间的方法的持续时间。</li>
	<li>计算在靠近 uncued 的食物中所花费的时间百分比, 以及所吃的线索和 uncued 食物的百分比。</li>
	<li>通过单向方差分析对数据进行分析。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

动物行为的剧目可以广泛地追溯到四基本的原因, 定位食物和水, 避免捕食者, 社会互动, 并繁殖。一个社会团体的一个个体所产生的行为模式的实施, 由另一个人直接促进收养和展览被创造社会传输24。这种行为会对物种的生态产生深远的影响, 因为 (一些) 个体所引发的行为可能会迅速扩展到社会网络中的其他人, 如嗅觉信息25。这种类型的信息从一个动物传递到下一个可以机械非常简单。例如, 小家鼠是一个社会物种全面参与社会诱导的行为和相互的社会互动。在这里, 我们提出了一个测试, 以评估社会诱导的嗅觉记忆的小鼠。STFP 测试最初是由 Galef 和威格莫尔开发的, 并且在过去的几年中获得了越来越多的兴趣。后来的研究采用类似的程序, 包括改进, 以提高数据的可靠性分析的社会性和嗅觉记忆和偏好26,27。这项试验的主要特异性是社会传播阶段, 在这种情况下, 一个主题/观察者的老鼠遇到一个被喂食含有新奇味道的食物的演示动物。在这个单一的, 社会的接触, 示威者和观察员能够交换有关食物的信息。24小时的互动后, 观察小鼠必须在被暗示的食物或新奇的食物之间做出选择。因此, STFP 可以用来研究动物的长期记忆。
在以前版本的 STFP 协议中, 包含演示程序的鼠标比自由交互有几个优点。例如, 侵略, 有时发生在转基因广告鼠标模型, 是有限的。此外, 它可以防止性接触。因此, 演示者所包含的可以是一个较小的厌恶选项, 观察鼠标的互动, 在一个广告鼠标的情况下, 有时发现是少交际和不情愿与自由移动的老鼠互动。缺点是, 金属丝杯本身需要清洗每次在老鼠之间, 可以被视为一个厌恶刺激本身。
这种测试不需要动物执行复杂的或非自然的行为, 如许多操作性条件反射任务, 或莫里斯水迷宫。虽然这个测试是相对耗时的, 它允许监测和重新编码的多个曲目的具体参数, 如社交在社会传输阶段。或者简单地重复 STFP 测试阶段, 鼠标可以被重新检测, 延迟时间更长。关于动物模式, 应该注意一些考虑。观察到的 (社交) 焦虑可能是由于观察小鼠对器械或装置的适应不足, 或者是由于基因修饰或疾病诱发的 neophobia。例如, 社交性的改变是抑郁症、自闭症谱系障碍和精神分裂症的核心特征28,29,30。因此, 在这些疾病的动物模型中, 应谨慎使用该试验。应该避免动物模型被证明对饮食改变或食物匮乏敏感。结论, 受损气味识别行为已被牵连为一个独特的特点, 一些精神疾病。因此, STFP 试验的全部潜力有待于发现。

嗅觉识别缺陷被建议作为临床标志, 以区分阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 受试者的正常衰老组1,2,3,4。一系列神经精神疾病的特点是在嗅觉识别和记忆的干扰, 包括 AD 和帕金森的5,6。已经建立了一些行为测试和协议来评估动物模型中的嗅觉识别和辨别7。因此, 使用适当和经过验证的动物模型和嗅觉记忆试验的转化研究可以促进神经退行性疾病的更好的诊断和治疗。因此, 最初在80代初的8中发明的食品偏好 (STFP) 测试的社会传播是适应的。在这项任务中, 动物被评估他们的先天能力, 以了解食品安全从他们的 conspecifics。基础选择-拒绝决定, 过程涉及评估的感官特征的食物和动物必须能够审查和忘恩负义不同的特点 (i. e, 味道和气味)。
STFP 测试由一个相当简单的现象组成: 在天真的 "观察者" 啮齿类动物与先前消耗食物的 "示威者" 的相互作用之后, 观察者通常表现出对此食物更大的偏爱8,9,10. 分析导致这种偏好的必要条件, 表明直接的主题--演示者暴露 (吃或撒食物) 足以提高观察者的喜好。然而, 纯粹嗅到或吃食物不足以诱发这种类型的偏好11,12。
STFP 协议包括五天内的四步骤。第一步是增加动物的动力, 使它们吃一种新奇的食物。为了做到这一点, 所有啮齿类动物都被放在一个23小时的食物匮乏的时间表上, 连续两天每天接受1小时的日常饮食。在第二步, 启动阶段, 每一个演示是提供 1 h 与食物含有一种新奇的味道 (与可可或肉桂混合在原来的实验)。在第三步, 社会互动阶段, 每个示威者被放置在一个主题观察员啮齿动物30分钟的笼子。在第四步, 24 h 在社会互作用以后, 每个主题被提供两种口味的饮食的选择。观察者摄入的食物和偏好百分比的两个饮食的主题被评估。
海马-subiculum 的选择性神经毒性损害表现为损害此任务的性能13。此外, 还报告了影响小鼠海马功能的突变, 以防止食物偏好设置14,15,16,17。重要的是, STFP 的表现并不完全依赖于正常的海马功能。据报道, 在一些药理学, 遗传操作, 和病变研究, 其他大脑结构的海马体可能发挥作用, 调解不同方面的社会诱导的饮食选择学习和记忆。例如, 建议对角带或核金鸡 magnocellularis/黑 innominata 的内侧隔膜/垂直肢的胆碱能神经元在获取和检索嗅觉的非空间社会记忆方面具有不同的作用。提示18。此外, 前额皮层已经牵连到气味引导学习, 和整个大脑皮层的胆碱能损耗导致 STFP 赤字, 表明这些脑区是必不可少的这种类型的联想学习19。
可能的混杂因素尽可能避免, 如传播的气味或拖动的食物外的杯子。在实际 STFP 任务之前增加了对仪器和补充测试的一个另外的适应步, 评估, 如果啮齿目动物能实际上嗅到并且愿意吃新颖的食物, 被埋没的曲奇饼测试20。此外, 通过包括自动视频跟踪, 也可以测量在社会互动过程中探索两个演示的时间以及在测试阶段的食物。每个主题的路径的探索是使用一个摄像头连接到一个视频跟踪-软件装备的计算机。因此, 可以计算不同方面的勘探表现, 如每个区域的时间和区域访问次数。这在测试阶段提供了关于动物活动的更详细的信息, 除了在原始的 STFP 协议中消耗的食物的数量。
在以前的实验与 AD 鼠标模型, THY-Tau22 模型, 它发现, 这 STFP 记忆从9-10 月的年龄可以回升, 这些共同发生的缺陷海马突触可塑性和 tau 病理在海马16。由于 tau 病发生在疾病进展后期, 根据淀粉样级联假说后, 淀粉斑块的处置21, 它假设, STFP 赤字可以检测在早期年龄的淀粉样蛋白转基因小鼠。因此, STFP 试验应用于3月大的 APP/PS1 小鼠22, 这是最常用的 AD 模型。这种类型的社会诱导的食物选择确实被发现在 APP/PS1 小鼠受损。重要的是, 这些小鼠, 至少在这个年龄, 没有一般的嗅觉, 运动, 或社会探索的障碍。结论: 嗅觉识别功能障碍是人类和小鼠的一种重要的早期筛查方法。这种可靠, 廉价和容易的早期广告筛选可能是有益的治疗研究。如果我们能更有效地筛选早期广告, 我们就可以在早期的疾病过程中进行干预。

<table><tbody><tr><td>3-chamber apparatus</td><td>custom made</td><td></td><td>19 x 45 cm, height 30 cm</td></tr><tr><td>wire cages to hold mouse</td><td>custom made</td><td></td><td>diameter of 12 cm, height 10 cm</td></tr><tr><td>ramp to hold food cup</td><td>custom made</td><td></td><td>10 x 10 cm, height 7 cm</td></tr><tr><td>food cups</td><td>sunlessbody via ebay</td><td>http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/Plastic-Sample-Jars-Pots-Cups-Containers-with-Hinged-Lid-x-200-Small-25ml-/251708415240</td><td>diameter of 3.8 cm, height 3.2 cm</td></tr><tr><td>lux meter</td><td>Volcraft</td><td>BL-10 L 0 - 40000 lx</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paprika herb</td><td>Delhaize</td><td>ID:716703</td><td>Gemalen paprika,| 40 g</td></tr><tr><td>celery herb</td><td>Delhaize</td><td>ID:716301</td><td>Selderzout, 57 g</td></tr><tr><td>vide-tracking software</td><td>Ethovision (Noldus)</td><td>http://www.noldus.com/animal-behavior-research/products/ethovision-xt</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>ANYmaze (Stoelting)</td><td>https://www.stoeltingco.com/any-maze-video-tracking-software-1218.html</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

assessment of social transmission of food preferences behaviors

嗅觉识别缺陷被认为能够作为临床标志, 以区分阿尔茨海默氏病 (AD) 受试者与健康的衰老群体。例如, AD 中的嗅觉功能障碍可以作为嗅觉识别的障碍, 在疾病的早期阶段出现, 而在疾病进展过程中恶化。食物偏好的社会传播 (STFP) 任务是建立在啮齿类动物之间的一种基本形式的沟通, 有关遥远的食物依赖于嗅觉线索的传递。健康的野生型小鼠更喜欢吃一种新颖的、风味的食物, 以前被同种, 这种食物偏好在转基因的小鼠中会受到阻碍, 比如 APP/PS1 模型。事实上, 在3月龄的 C57Bl6/J 小鼠中, 有一种强烈偏爱的食物被发现, 这在3月的转基因 APP/PS1 小鼠中被减少。总之, STFP 的任务可能是一个强有力的措施, 以集成在目前的亚临床检测的 AD。

社会探索阶段的一个示例显示在图 1A-b中。这一阶段允许估计的社会探索的主题鼠标与示范鼠标, 刚刚消耗了风味食品。在最初的协议中, 允许老鼠自由地互相探索。在本文所描述的协议中, 演示鼠被包含在一个允许鼻子和非生殖器接触的金属丝杯中。此外, 小鼠相遇的竞技场是小的 (三箱的中心室措施 19 x 45 cm)。因此, 我们增加了主题鼠标的概率来探索包含演示鼠的包容杯。比较野生型小鼠对 APP/PS1 小鼠, 我们发现在移动的总距离 (图 1A), 也没有与演示鼠使用的时间 (图 1B), 表明在这个广告模型正常的社交。实际的食物偏好测试阶段是用来估计社会诱发的食物记忆 (图 1C-d)。在这个阶段, 主题鼠标可以自由选择在被暗示的风味食物和一个新颖的 uncued 食物之间。典型地, 一个重量级动物记得它以前的接触与气味, 并且喜欢吃更多和花费更多时间与匹配的调味食物, 表明原封社会导致的食物记忆 (图 1C-d)。与野生型小鼠不同, APP/PS1 突变的动物不显示在小说, uncued 食品 (图 1C-d) 的食物偏好。在这项试验中, APP/PS1 小鼠的冷漠行为表明社会诱导的食物记忆减少。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57029/57029fig1v2.jpg"> 图1。在3月大的野生型和 APP/PS1 小鼠中, 实验鼠的社会探索并无差异, 但在 APP/PS1 小鼠中却存在社会诱导的嗅觉记忆丧失.小鼠以及 AD 小鼠与实验鼠在笼子周围的距离相等。同时, 两种基因型在笼中的时间都没有显著差异。STFP 测试显示, 在社交遭遇后1天, 小鼠表现出明显的偏好, 与那些从两个杯子中平均摄入等量食物的 AD 小鼠相比, 它们对食物的偏爱。d. 这种模式也反映在老鼠花在探索那些被暗示的和不被暗示的食物上的时间: 小鼠花了相当多的时间去探索与 AD 小鼠相比的食物。e-F。APP/PS1 小鼠一般不吃比小鼠少的食物。(平均± SEM 是给定的, 体重 = 野生类型, AD = 阿尔茨海默病, n=10 在每个组, NS = 非显著, 双星号 p < 0.01)。
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57029/57029fig2.jpg"> 图2。测试阶段的实验设置.a. 从3室和两个两端的斜坡上的食物盆和一只老鼠探索其中一只, 在设置的旁边拍摄的图片。b. 从上面拍摄的图片被视频跟踪程序捕获, 使用预定义的竞技场进行自动和视频控制的行为分析。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57029/57029fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

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Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

本文提出了一种研究小鼠食物偏好的社会传播的协议。这一过程的优点和可能的应用, 例如, 在检测 AD 鼠标模型的早期变化, 突出。最后, 根据关键细节对结果进行了解释。

食品偏好行为的社会传播评价

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...

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7.9K 次观看.  KU Leuven. 本文提出了一种研究小鼠食物偏好的社会传播的协议。这一过程的优点和可能的应用, 例如, 在检测 AD 鼠标模型的早期变化, 突出。最后, 根据关键细节对结果进行了解释。

视频: Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to this multifactorial disorder is the consumption of a high fat diet, a behavior that has been shown to increase both caloric intake and body fat content. However, the elements regulating preference for high fat food over other foods remain understudied.
To overcome this deficit, a model to quickly and easily test changes in the preference for dietary fat was developed. The Fat Preference model presents rats with a series of choices between foods with differing fat content. Like humans, rats have a natural bias toward consuming high fat food, making the rat model ideal for translational studies. Changes in preference can be ascribed to the effect of either genetic differences or pharmacological interventions. This model allows for the exploration of determinates of fat preference and screening pharmacotherapeutic agents that influence acquisition of obesity.

Dietary fat content influences both energy intake and body fat composition in mammals. By examining rats&#8217; preference for high fat food in a series of choice experiments, it is possible to test genetic differences and pharmacological interventions on their preference for high fat food.

脂肪偏好：饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

科研

行为学

Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors

Social interactions are a fundamental and adaptive component of the biology of numerous species. Social recognition is critical for the structure and stability of the networks and relationships that define societies. For animals, such as mice, recognition of conspecifics may be important for maintaining social hierarchy and for mate choice 1.
A variety of neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by disruptions in social behavior and social recognition, including depression, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and schizophrenia. Studies of humans as well as animal models (e.g., Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus) have identified genes involved in the regulation of social behavior 2. To assess sociability in animal models, several behavioral tests have been developed (reviewed in 3). Integrative research using animal models and appropriate tests for social behavior may lead to the development of improved treatments for social psychopathologies.
The three-chamber paradigm test known as Crawley's sociability and preference for social novelty protocol has been successfully employed to study social affiliation and social memory in several inbred and mutant mouse lines (e.g. 4-7). The main principle of this test is based on the free choice by a subject mouse to spend time in any of three box's compartments during two experimental sessions, including indirect contact with one or two mice with which it is unfamiliar. To quantitate social tendencies of the experimental mouse, the main tasks are to measure a) the time spent with a novel conspecific and b) preference for a novel vs. a familiar conspecific. Thus, the experimental design of this test allows evaluation of two critical but distinguishable aspects of social behavior, such as social affiliation/motivation, as well as social memory and novelty. "Sociability" in this case is defined as propensity to spend time with another mouse, as compared to time spent alone in an identical but empty chamber 7. "Preference for social novelty" is defined as propensity to spend time with a previously unencountered mouse rather than with a familiar mouse 7. This test provides robust results, which then must be carefully analyzed, interpreted and supported/confirmed by alternative sociability tests. In addition to specific applications, Crawley's sociability test can be included as an important component of general behavioral screen of mutant mice.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for examination of sociability in mice by using Crawley's sociability and preference for social novelty test. We describe the advantages and possible applications for this procedure, including critical details important for correct interpretation of the results.

社会交往行为的评估

Social interactions are a fundamental and adaptive component of the biology of numerous species. Social recognition is critical for the structure and ...

神经科学

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

一个疗程装没有逃脱灭绝解决粮食选择性

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Hyponeophagia: A Measure of Anxiety in the Mouse

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often hampered by a phenomenon known as "bait shyness". Mice and rats cannot vomit, due to the tightness of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach, so to overcome the problem of potential food toxicity they have evolved a strategy of first ingesting only very small amounts of novel substances. The amounts ingested then gradually increase until the animal has determined whether the substance is safe and nutritious. So the old rat-catchers would first put a palatable substance such as oatmeal, which was to be the vehicle for the toxin, in the infested area. Only when large amounts were being readily consumed would they then add the poison, in amounts calculated not to affect the taste of the vehicle. The poisoned bait, which the animals were now readily eating in large amounts, would then swiftly perform its function.
Bait shyness is now used in the behavioural laboratory as a way of measuring anxiety. A highly palatable but novel substance, such as sweet corn, nuts or sweetened condensed milk, is offered to the mice (or rats) in a novel situation, such as a new cage. The latency to consume a defined amount of the new food is then measured.
Robert M.J. Deacon can be reach at <a href="mailto:robert.deacon@psy.ox.ac.uk">robert.deacon@psy.ox.ac.uk</a>

Mice and rats, due to their innate cautiousness, are initially slow in consuming a novel food, particularly in a novel place. This hyponeophagia can readily be measured in the laboratory, even though laboratory animals are much less anxious than their wild counterparts

Hyponeophagia：在小鼠的焦虑测量

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

心理跟踪方法来衡量儿童和成人的口味偏好

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

A System for Tracking the Dynamics of Social Preference Behavior in Small Rodents

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and observer-independent manner. Since the beginning of the millennium, the three-chamber test has been widely used as a standard paradigm to evaluate sociability (social preference) and social novelty preference in small rodents. However, this test suffers from multiple limitations, including its dependence on spatial navigation and negligence of behavioral dynamics. Presented and validated here is a novel experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test, while also solving some of its caveats. The system requires a simple and affordable experimental apparatus and publicly available open-source analysis system, which automatically measures and analyzes multiple behavioral parameters at individual and population levels. It allows detailed analysis of the behavioral dynamics of small rodents during any social discrimination test. We demonstrate the efficiency of the system in analyzing the dynamics of social behavior during the social preference and social novelty preference tests as performed by adult male mice and rats. Moreover, we validate the ability of the system to reveal modified dynamics of social behavior in rodents following manipulations such as whisker trimming. Thus, the system allows for rigorous investigation of social behavior and dynamics in small rodent models and supports more accurate comparisons between strains, conditions, and treatments.

Described here is a novel automated experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test and also solves several caveats. This system supplies multiple behavioral parameters that enable rigorous analysis of small rodent behavioral dynamics during the social preference and social novelty preference tests.

跟踪小啮齿动物社会偏好行为动态的系统

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and ...

Concept Development and Use of an Automated Food Intake and Eating Behavior Assessment Method

The vast majority of dietary and eating behavior assessment methods are based on self-reports. They are burdensome and also prone to measurement errors. Recent technological innovations allow for the development of more accurate and precise dietary and eating behavior assessment tools that require less effort for both the user and the researcher. Therefore, a new sensor-based device to assess food intake and eating behavior was developed. The device is a regular dining tray equipped with a video camera and three separate built-in weighing stations. The weighing stations measure the weight of the bowl, plate, and drinking cup continuously over the course of a meal. The video camera positioned to the face records eating behavior characteristics (chews, bites), which are analyzed using artificial intelligence (AI)-based automatic facial expression software. The tray weight and the video data are transported at real-time to a personal computer (PC) using a wireless receiver. The outcomes of interest, such as the amount eaten, eating rate and bite size, can be calculated by subtracting the data of these measures at the timepoints of interest. The information obtained by the current version of the tray can be used for research purposes, an upgraded version of the device would also facilitate the provision of more personalized advice on dietary intake and eating behavior. Contrary to the conventional dietary assessment methods, this dietary assessment device measures food intake directly within a meal and is not dependent on memory or the portion size estimation. Ultimately, this device is therefore suited for daily main meal food intake and eating behavior measures. In the future, this technology based dietary assessment method can be linked to health applications or smart watches to obtain a complete overview of exercise, energy intake, and eating behavior.

This protocol shows and explains a new technology-based dietary assessment method. The method consists of a dining tray with multiple built-in weighing scales and a video camera. The device is unique in the sense that it incorporates automated measures of food and drink intake and eating behavior over the course of a meal.

自动食物摄入和饮食行为评估方法的概念开发和使用

The vast majority of dietary and eating behavior assessment methods are based on self-reports. They are burdensome and also prone to measurement errors. ...

A Rapid Food-Preference Assay in Drosophila

To select food with nutritional value while avoiding the consumption of harmful agents, animals need a sophisticated and robust taste system to evaluate their food environment. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a genetically tractable model organism that is widely used to decipher the molecular, cellular, and neural underpinnings of food preference. To analyze fly food preference, a robust feeding method is needed. Described here is a two-choice feeding assay, which is rigorous, cost-saving, and fast. The assay is Petri-dish-based and involves the addition of two different foods supplemented with blue or red dye to the two halves of the dish. Then, ~70 prestarved, 2-4-day-old flies are placed in the dish and&#160;allowed to choose between blue and red foods in the dark for about 90 min. Examination of the abdomen of each fly is followed by the calculation of the preference index. In contrast to multiwell plates, each Petri dish takes only ~20 s to fill and saves time and effort. This feeding assay can be employed to quickly determine whether flies like or dislike a particular food.

A Rapid Food-Preference Assay in Drosophila

We present a protocol for a two-choice feeding assay for flies. This feeding assay is fast and easy to run and is suitable not only for small-scale laboratory research, but also for high-throughput behavioral screens in flies.

果蝇的快速食物偏好分析

To select food with nutritional value while avoiding the consumption of harmful agents, animals need a sophisticated and robust taste system to evaluate ...

Feeding Test: Assessment of Feeding Preferences in Drosophila melanogaster

Source: Bovier, T. F., et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/video/59535/" target="_blank">Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
This video describes a feeding assay for fruit flies in which colored food is used to monitor feeding and the effect added compounds may have on feeding activity. The example protocol tests the effects of several endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC).

喂养测试:黑腹果蝇喂养偏好的评估

Source: Bovier, T. F., et al. Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
This video describes a feeding assay ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

生物学

黑腹果蝇（果蝇）

成虫

Taste Preference Assay: A Method for Measuring Feeding Behavior in Drosophila

Source: Bantel, A. P. and Tessier, C. R. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/video/54403/" target="_blank">Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video describes the taste preference assay, a behavioral method used to measure attraction or avoidance towards colored solutions that taste differently by assessing the fly&#39;s abdominal coloration after ingestion of the preferred substance. The featured protocol demonstrates the procedure used to measure flies&#39; preference towards solutions of varying sucrose concentrations.

味觉偏好测定:一种测量果蝇摄食行为的方法

Source: Bantel, A. P. and Tessier, C. R. Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video describes the taste preference ...