这项研究是献给哈利. 格林教授的记忆, 没有他, 这一切都是不可能的。我们还感谢 Jörg Renner 和 Sébastien 桑切斯在设计和实施该设备方面的影响, 以及安德烈 k. 古斯塔夫·克隆博格、凯勒 w 莲 III 和三名匿名审评员进行了卓有成效的讨论和评论。我们感谢 1月 Tullis 教我们和许多学生的基础和许多有用的技巧, 固体介质变形实验。这项研究由紧急救济 RHEOLITH (赠款 290864)、Labex 伏尔泰 (ANR-10-LABX-100-01)、Equipex PlaneX (ANR-11-EQPX-0036) 和情报局德尔夫 (ANR-12-JS06-0003) 提供资金。

<ol>
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作者没有什么可透露的。

最初, 格雷型装置的设计是为了尽可能缓慢地进行变形实验, 以接近于其他技术的地质应变率,即, 超过几周, 数月甚至几年9。因此, 格雷型实验可以运行, 只要电源和水冷却功能, 特别是一夜没有操作员是需要的。如前所述, 格雷机还可以探索岩石圈中所遇到的压力和温度的大部分范围。然而, 这种技术目前受到一些限制, 可能会降低应力确定的准确性。
格雷型实验的成功依赖于几个关键点, 主要包括热电偶鞘的质量、填料环的形状和剪切活塞的对准 (仅用于一般剪切实验)。事实上, 热电偶线应该是很好的绝缘彼此和从限制介质 (NaCl)。否则, 温度记录可以通过接触样品室外的两根导线进行修改, 导致温度急剧升高 (这可能会破坏压力容器), 或者热电偶可能破裂, 实验失败。.每个填料环的顶面 (σ1和σ3) 应该是平坦和足够大 (大约半毫米)。这是必要的, 以避免任何铅泄漏在压力增加。对于一般剪切试验, 顶部和底部的剪切活塞应完全对准, 这样在实验过程中不会发生非对称变形。如果没有, 样品可能会接触到的限制介质通过夹克泄漏, 造成可能的污染和样品失败。此外, 如果不及早停止变形活塞, 一般剪切试验中可能会出现这样的夹克泄漏。铂金夹克在没有任何断裂的情况下变形的能力可能会因实验而异。然而, 虽然剪切变形已经达到了超过伽玛 = 7 在2毫米厚度的样品 (一个例子是在 Heilbronner 和 Tullis24), 伽玛 = 5 是常规应用的一个良好的成功率和显着更高的剪切通过降低试样厚度可以达到应变。
目前, 格雷压力机受摩擦效应的影响, 降低了应力测量的准确度, 特别是当 "命中点" 由曲线拟合定义时。大部分摩擦力发生在变形活塞通过σ1填料环、铅片和围介质 (NaCl) 推进时。在变形阶段的 "运行" 步骤 (图 9) 中, 也可以从应力-时间曲线中看到这一点, 而且在命中点后加载过程中也是如此。当弹性行为不依赖于试样刚度时, 加载曲线的斜率随试样强度的增加而增大, 格雷型装置。这主要是由于非弹性试样应变, 而σ1活塞推动通过铅。事实上, 屈服应力条件前的载荷曲线斜率并不代表样品的纯弹性载荷, 而是包括摩擦和一些试样变形/压实的不同组分的组合。不幸的是, 这种类型的行为是难以重现的, 因为它取决于样品强度, 这是在高温低, 和摩擦引起的误差, 强烈变化, 从3到 9%18。一些其他较弱的材料, 如铟, 铋或锡已被使用, 而不是铅19, 但它们总是导致一些泄漏的压力高于 1 GPa。另外, 虽然公里尺度对象和非常缓慢的应变率 (10-15-10-12 s-1) 需要考虑为地质目的, 格雷类型仪器象任何其他变形仪器-在样品大小方面是有限的 (最大.格雷压力机直径为8毫米) 和应变率 (最小 10-8 s-1)。这些地质条件确实需要不切实际的力量和不切实际的试验时间。然而, 变形试验与地质环境之间的这一不可避免的差距可能会被数值模型部分取代, 前提是实验室的机械定律通过推断是完全有效的。这肯定需要开发更准确的高压装置, 至少与气体压力介质类型的设备 (即, 1 MPa) 一样好。
目前, 只有气体介质设备的精度足以进行流变实验, 而现有的大多数机械定律都来自于 0.3 GPa 的围压。应力测量的高精度主要依赖于承受围压的内部负载单元的存在, 与外部的压力容器的存在形成对比的是, 它与一个仅承受房间压强的外在压力, 以及它与气体压船的结合, 允许应用一个不能像它一样转移到固体介质中的压力机的特定设计。今天, 固体介质设备只使用外部负载单元--其中一些甚至没有任何负载单元--来测量微分应力, 导致分辨率差, 并且由于摩擦力而大幅高估。
在格雷型装置中, 熔融盐组件的使用可以显著减少试样周围的摩擦力 (系数为 3)。但如前所述, 它也引起了进一步的问题, 而应力测量的准确度仍然比百德新仪器低10倍。另一种方法将包括实现内部负载单元, 或类似的东西, 以摆脱在格雷压力机的摩擦效应。考虑到 "常规" 负载单元的大小和容量, 如在工业中发现的, 在压力容器的取样室中加入其中一些似乎不切实际。它们无法维持围压和高容量的负载单元 (最大 200 kN), 例如格雷型仪器中高压实验所需的, 而且它们太大, 不能包含在样品室中。然而, 有一种可能意味着将样本柱的基底活塞作为内部负载单元25, 但前提是它的变形可以精确测量 (安德烈 k. 古斯塔夫·克隆博格, 个人通信)。这需要在基板下面有一个房间来适应特定的负载单元, 这在新的格雷类型设备 (图 1) 中已经被预期。但今天, 在固体介质变形装置中, 这种内部载荷细胞仍有待实现。

岩石变形是最重要的地质过程之一。它强烈地助长了人为时间尺度的现象, 如地震或山体滑坡, 同时也影响了大地行星上固体外壳的大规模运动, 包括地球上的板块构造1。例如, 根据壳状岩石圈的流变性, 它定义了地壳和亚固溶体地幔的强度 (1200 °c), 板块构造和相关特征的方案可能会有显著变化<img alt="Equation" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841eq1.jpg"> 2,3 ,4,5。一方面, 需要有一个强大的最上层地幔和/或下部地壳, 以维持山脉或稳定俯冲带6。但另一方面, 数值模型也表明, 如果岩石圈太强, 板块边界不能从地幔对流中发展, 从而导致在金星7上观察到的刚性盖子行为。因此, 岩石流变学所规定的岩石圈强度直接控制着活动行星的板块状行为。
半个多世纪以来, 岩石流变学研究在高温 (> 300 °c), 产生了最先进的技术, 主要是不同的压力范围, 他们可以达到。这包括在相对较低的压力下 (< 0.5 GPa)、固态介质格雷型设备9、10、11在中间到高压 (0.5-5 gpa) 中的气中百德比型设备8 , 以及变形-直径仪器12,13 (DDia:20 gpa) 或金刚石铁砧细胞在非常高压14 (由超过 100 GPa)。因此, 在深部地球上遇到的压力和温度现在可以通过实验来实现。然而, 岩石变形也依赖于需要测量精度高、精度较高的微分应力, 从而可以形成本构关系。多亏了它的气体限制介质, 帕特森的仪器今天是唯一能够进行应力测量的技术, 具有足够的精度 (1 兆帕), 以推断数据超过6级的应变率, 但它只能探索变形在低压力下的过程。相反, 固体介质装置可以在高压下使岩石变形, 但应力测量精度较低。虽然格雷型仪器15、16的压力精度估计为30兆帕斯卡, 但基于同步加速器的 DDia 产生的机械定律的误差超过了 # 100 MPa17。在格雷型设备中, 在帕特森一15中, 应力测量也可能被高估36%。在高压力和高温下进行精确精确的应力测量, 这仍然是地球科学中的一大挑战。
除了在压力可能超过 5 GPa 的深层俯冲板之外, 格雷型设备目前是研究压力 (< 4 gpa) 和温度 (1200 °c) 中的变形过程的更合适的技术, 在很大程度上是<img alt="Equation" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841eq1.jpg">岩石圈.在此基础上, 在1990进行了重大的努力, 以改善应力测量, 特别是减少摩擦效应, 在示例11,18周围使用共晶盐混合物作为围介质。这样的熔融盐组件提高了应力测量的准确度, 将误差从30减至10兆帕斯卡15,19, 但应用此类程序集时遇到其他缺点。它们的成功率低得多, 执行非同轴 (剪切) 实验的难度很大, 更复杂的样品组装。此外, 应力测量的准确度仍然比低压帕特森型设备低十倍。这些问题限制了格雷型装置对流变过程的定量化, 目前在研究变形过程及其相关显微结构方面的应用更为普遍。因此需要一种新的方法来在高岩石圈压力下进行流变量化。
本文详细介绍了采用新设计的固体介质格雷型装置进行高压变形实验的 "常规" 程序。在在ISTO (奥尔良、法国) 和存在 (法国巴黎) 实施的新的 "格雷" 实验室框架内, 主要目的是详细说明议定书的每一步, 以便所有领域的科学家能够决定仪器是否适合或不符合他们的学习目的。还讨论了这种先进技术的关键步骤和局限性, 以及新的方法和可能的未来发展。
新型格雷型装置
基于活塞缸技术, 格雷型设备以前是由 David t 格雷在1960的9中设计的, 然后由哈利 w 绿色在1980的11中进行修改 (主要是为了在变形过程中获得更高的压力。实验)。在这两种情况下, 格雷设备的特点是金属框架, 包括: 1) 三水平压台安装在垂直列, 2) 一个主液压缸 (围压 ram) 悬浮到中间板和 3) 变形齿轮箱和活塞/执行器固定在上部压板的顶部 (图 1)。"约束" ram 和变形执行器分别连接到独立活塞, 将力传递到压力容器内的试样组件。有了这样的容器, 变形可以达到2或 5 GPa 的限制压力, 这取决于样品装配的仪器和直径。
由于电阻炉, 样品温度增加焦耳效应 (高达≈1300°c20), 而压力容器是水冷的顶部和底部。在格林的设计中, 格雷设备还包括一个端负荷系统, homogenizes 压力容器中的预应力 (图 1)。这允许在更高的压力下实现变形实验 (最高 5 GPa), 特别是在压力容器中使用一个小孔。有关格雷新闻的详细信息, 读者可参考 Rybacky et 等对修改后的格雷设备设计的优秀描述。19。
由于de 奥尔良(ISTO、法国) 和高等师范学校高等 de 巴黎(法国巴黎) 之间的密切协作, 新一代格雷型设备直接基于 H 的设计。.w 绿色11, 但已进行了一些改进, 以符合欧洲高压试验安全标准。在这台新的压力机, 限制和变形执行器由伺服控制的液压注射器泵驱动, 使有可能在高压下进行恒定负载或恒定位移实验 (高达 5 GPa)。使用油压传感器、负载单元 (最大 200 kN) 和位移传感器 (图 1) 分别对围 (静压) 压力、力和位移进行监测。压力容器是由内部碳化钨 (WC) 芯插入1°圆锥钢环和预应力使用带状缠绕技术21。对于传输力, 压力容器和试样总成位于 WC-可移动活塞之间, 其中包括变形活塞 (σ1)、限制活塞 (σ3)、端部负载活塞和底板 (图 1)。与压力容器的顶部和底部的常规冷却一起, 水流经钢容器周围的碳化钨核心在6毫米直径孔, 以更好地冷却 (图 1)。硅油流量也冷却了围压液压缸。此外, 奥尔良中的变形装置采用较大的试样尺寸, 直径可达8毫米, 因此 1) 的显微组织可以更好地开发, 2) 格雷出版社和帕特森出版社分享一个共同的样本维度, 用于未来的比较。这需要增加压力容器中 WC 孔的直径 (27 毫米, 而不是1英寸, 即25.4 毫米), 从而将最大可达到的压力降低到 3 GPa。
本文介绍了用新的格雷型装置进行实验的过程, 包括用氧化铝活塞 (图 2A和 2B) 组成常规的固体盐试样组件的所有部件的描述. ), 以及连续的步骤来生产它们并将它们引入压力容器中。这个描述在大部分跟随了在许多岁月被开发的惯例由教授 1月 Tullis 并且同事在布朗大学 (罗德岛, 美国)。所得到的样品装配是完全适当的, 以执行共轴 (纯剪切) 或非同轴 (一般剪切) 变形实验的整个范围的压力和温度的格雷型设备。虽然纯剪切实验通常需要一定长度的芯钻样本 (通常是试样直径的≈2倍), 但一般剪切变形通常适用于45°到活塞轴的区域切割 (图 2B)。样品材料可以是核心样品的切片或选择晶粒尺寸的细粒粉。所有零件都包裹在一个金属箔和套在铂管焊接 (或折叠平) 两侧。通常使用 s 型 (Pt90%Rd10%合金) 或 K 型 (镍合金) 热电偶对温度进行监视, 但仅在此处描述了使用莫来石2孔护套管制备 s 型热电偶的方法 (图 2C)。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1347">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Griggs-type apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Sanchez Technologies (Corelab)</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">TRI-X 6/1500 SD</td>
			<td style="width:659px;">Solid-medium Griggs-type deformation apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Sanchez Technologies (Corelab)</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Stigma pumps 1000/300 and 100/1500</td>
			<td>hydraulic syringe pumps to apply pressure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Arbor press</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Schiltz</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">PA.WZ.5000.530</td>
			<td>Arbor press required to insert the sample assembly into the pressure vessel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Low-speed saw</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Presi</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Mecatome T180</td>
			<td>Law-speed saw to cut alumina piston and mullite sheath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Presi</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">LR02033</td>
			<td>Diamond saw blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">40 tons hydraulic press</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">CompaC</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">APA 9040EH1-D</td>
			<td>40-ton hydraulic press to press salt/lead pieces and extract the sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pressure vessel (and pistons)</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">STRECON</td>
			<td>vessel A4071&#160;</td>
			<td>Inner tungsten-carbide core inserted into a 1&#176; conical steel ring and pre-stressed using the strip winding technique</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">STRECON</td>
			<td>Deformation piston</td>
			<td>Tungsten carbide piston to apply deformation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">STRECON</td>
			<td>Confining piston</td>
			<td>Tungsten carbide piston to apply confining pressure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">STRECON</td>
			<td>End-load piston</td>
			<td>Tungsten carbide piston to pre-stress the pressure vessel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PUK U3</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Lampert</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">PUK 5 welding microscope</td>
			<td>Fine welding system to weld the thermocouple and platinum jacket</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cooling system Ultracool</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Lauda</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">UC 4 E1 PI5 SR BSP &#176;C</td>
			<td>Cooler for the pressure vessel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Lauda</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Proline RP850</td>
			<td>Cooler for the confining/end-load ram</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Leath</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Schneider electric</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Eurotherm 2704</td>
			<td>Temperature controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Milling machine</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Enerpac</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">P-142</td>
			<td>Hand pump to lift up the confining/end-load ram</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">HBM</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">1-P3TCP/2000 bar</td>
			<td style="width:659px;">Pressure transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">HBM</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">1-P3TCP/500 bar</td>
			<td style="width:659px;">Pressure transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">HBM</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">WA/10 mm</td>
			<td style="width:659px;">Displacement transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">HBM</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">WA/50 mm</td>
			<td style="width:659px;">Displacement transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">HBM&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">1-C2/200 kN</td>
			<td>Load cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Geoscience instrument</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td>Graphite furnace: graphite tube inserted between two pyrophyllite sleeves (custom-made)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">McDanel</td>
			<td>MRD028330018858</td>
			<td>Mullite Round Double Bore Tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Morgan Advanced Materials</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">WH-Feuerfestkitt</td>
			<td>Ceramic glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">PRECIS</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">T90 L</td>
			<td>Lathe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">NSK</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">EM-255</td>
			<td>Diamond tool to parallelize alumina piston using the lathe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Mecanelec</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">CDM &#8211; IP 1 &#8211; 5L/mn</td>
			<td>Flow meter for water cooling (pressure vessel)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Hedland</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">H602A-0005-F1</td>
			<td>Flow meter for oil cooling (confining/end-load ram)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Legris</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">S&#233;rie 21</td>
			<td>double-self-sealing coupler for tube of the water cooling system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Corelab</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Falcon</td>
			<td>Software to monitor the hydraulic syringe pumps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">HBM</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">CatmanEasy-HP</td>
			<td>Software to record data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Schneider electric</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Eurotherm itools</td>
			<td>Software to set programs for the temperature controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">410-0114</td>
			<td>Ceramic mortar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">231-2322</td>
			<td>Microspatule</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">459-0206</td>
			<td>Ceramic recipient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">AnalaR NORMAPUR 27810.364</td>
			<td>Sodium Chloride 99.9% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Barnstead/Thermoline 48000 furnace</td>
			<td>Benchtop Muffle furnace for melting lead</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">DP/Pr&#233;cision</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Custom made</td>
			<td>Tools needed to produce the salt and lead pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Cincinnati</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">TYPE PE-5</td>
			<td>Milling machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Memmert</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">UNB 400</td>
			<td>Oven to stock salt powder and salt pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Otelo</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Otelo 65220023</td>
			<td>Tubing cutter for Platinum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Otelo</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">BAITER 51600202</td>
			<td>File tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Otelo</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">VADIUM 65172600</td>
			<td>Diagional micro-cutter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Otelo</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">VADIUM 65172620</td>
			<td>Flat needle nose micro-pliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">SAM</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">EMP-13J</td>
			<td>Round screw hollow punch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Professional Platic</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Chemfluor MFA Tube</td>
			<td>Minitube for isolating thermocouple wires</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Radiospar</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">RS 370-6717</td>
			<td>S-type flat pin thermocouple connector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">LEMER</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td>Lead (bulk)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Goodfellow</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">FP301305</td>
			<td>Polyt&#233;trafluoro&#233;thyl&#232;ne - Film ; 0.15 mm thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Heraeus</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">81128696</td>
			<td>Pure Platinum wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Heraeus</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">81128743</td>
			<td>Platinum90%/Rhodium10% wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">M11C056</td>
			<td>Nickel foil 0.025 thickness annealed 99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">DP/precision</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td>Tools to produce the salt pieces and lead piece (custom-made)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Polyco Bodyguards</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">GL890</td>
			<td>Blue Nitrile Medical Examination gloves</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-pressure, high-temperature deformation experiment using the new generation griggs-type apparatus

为了在很大的深度处理地质过程, 最好在高压下 (> 0.5 GPa) 和高温 (> 300 °c) 测试岩石变形。然而, 由于目前的固体压力介质装置的低应力分辨率, 高分辨率测量目前仅限于气体压力介质中低压变形实验。本文介绍了新一代固体介质活塞缸 ("格雷型") 装置。能够执行高达 5 GPa 的高压变形实验, 并为适应内部负载单元而设计, 这种新型仪器为高压流变学的建立提供了技术基础。本文提供了以视频为基础的程序详细文档 (使用 "常规" 的固态盐组件) 进行高压、高温实验, 采用新设计的格雷型装置。此外, 还给出了一个在700°c、1.5 GPa 和 10-5 s-1中变形的卡拉拉大理石试样的代表性结果。相关的应力-时间曲线说明了格雷型实验的所有步骤, 从增加压力和温度到试样淬火等变形停止。并结合未来的发展, 讨论了格雷装置的关键步骤和局限性。

图 9显示了由新一代格雷型设备在卡拉拉大理石 (8 mm 长核心样品) 的纯剪切 (共轴) 变形过程中产生的应力-时间曲线的示例, 其应变速率为 10-5 s-1, 温度为700°c 和 1.5 GPa 的围压。在这样的实验中, 压力和温度都首先增加 alternatingly, 主要是防止 NaCl 融化。熔融氯化钠对样品具有很强的腐蚀性, 可能不可逆转地损坏热电偶。沿着不断增加的压力和温度的步骤-这里称为 "泵浦阶段" (图 9) –铅片具有防止样品变形的功能, 将应力从σ1转移到σ3。和相反, 在示例组件中保持或多或少的均衡应力状态。
当目标压力和温度达到时, 可以采用 "热压" 的时期。尽管可选, 这一步骤 (通常为24小时) 可能需要在变形前烧结样品粉末, 如果适用。σ1活塞/执行器然后被推进变形样品, 导致所谓的 "变形阶段"。后者的特点是, 微分应力的陡向温和增加 (σ1 -σ3), 这是由于摩擦引起 1) 填料环和 2) 在σ1活塞和铅片之间的接触面增加当σ1正通过引线移动时。此 "运行" 部分应具有足够的持续时间, 以便通过曲线拟合 (图 9) 精确确定命中点 (σ1活塞和顶部氧化铝活塞之间的接触)。为此, 在开始推进σ1之前, 必须在σ1活塞和氧化铝活塞之间有显著的引线厚度 (≥2毫米)。当接近顶部氧化铝活塞时, 铅的挤压速度快于薄试样厚度, 导致铅中的应变硬化, 并促进渐进应力增加, 直到σ1活塞推上样品柱。应力曲线然后急剧上升到屈服应力条件, 理论上定义从弹性到塑性行为的转变 (图 9)。根据需要定义微分应力, 实验的命中点随后从 "弹性" 曲线和 "运行" 曲线的扩展之间的交集中推断出来 (图 9)。
当变形最终停止时, 温度会迅速下降 (≈300摄氏度/分钟) 以保持显微组织。在 "样品淬火" 过程中, 一定会产生大量的压力, 但在这一下降之后, σ1和σ3活塞在液压公羊 (≈ 5 MPa/分钟) 的压力下缓慢地向后移动。这是限制卸荷裂缝形成的必要条件, 虽然有些裂缝是不可避免的。实验后, 应力-时间曲线随后被修正, 以产生从命中点起变形试样的应力应变曲线 (参见图 9中的插入)。这些修正包括 1) 设备的刚度/扩展和 2) 由填料环和引线片引起的摩擦力15,19。图 10还显示了实验后示例程序集的两个示例, 一个包含卡拉拉大理石的核心样本 (图 10A和10B), 另一个是橄榄粉烧结的第二个, 然后在900摄氏度的一般剪切中变形。和 1.2 GPa 使用前格雷型设备23 (图 10C和10D)。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 新一代格雷型设备.现在可在格雷奥尔良(ISTO、法国) 和高等师范学校高等 de 巴黎(巴黎, 法国) 提供的新型仪器的示意图。当试样装配位于压力容器内时, 独立的注射器泵通过液压公羊和活塞/执行器来应用高围压和差动应力。通过电阻石墨炉从组件下方注入低电压/高电流电流 (见侧面视图), 温度增加。为保持碳化钨 (WC) 模具, 压力容器也冷却的水流从底部到顶部通过冷却板/箱和容器本身。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 示例程序集.构成示例程序集的片断的详细视图。σ1活塞, σ3活塞和基板也显示-其中的一部分, 在透明度-以找到每一块的位置, 关于格雷型设备。A)同轴实验的示例程序集。B)示例程序集的分解视图, 可用于 "同轴" (白色) 或 "常规剪切" 示例 (绿色)。铅片和下盐片以透明度显示。C) 3D 视图, 用于在实验期间监视温度的莫来石2孔护套 S 型热电偶。WC = 碳化钨。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig3.jpg"> 图 3: 冷压从 NaCl 粉中的外、内盐片所需的工具.A) 3D 在冲压过程中的视图 (三十年代14吨) 和提取外盐件 (左), 以及相关工具组件的缩放绘图 (右)。B) 3D 在冲压过程中的视图 (三十年代6吨) 和提取内盐片 (左), 以及相关工具组件 (右) 的缩放绘图。有些部分以透明度显示。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig4v2.jpg"> 图 4: 钻下外层盐片所需的工具.A) 3D 视图 (顶部) 和 (底部) 钻孔。B)缩放工具的绘图 (3D、顶部和侧面视图) (仅显示一个部件)。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig5.jpg"> 图 5: 生产白金夹克所需的工具.A) 3D 视图 (左) 和缩放绘图 (右) 用于生产铂杯的工具。通过推上10毫米直径的铂盘, 其外部部分弯曲超过1毫米的厚度成一个杯子形状, 使它可以适应和被焊接在一起与8毫米直径白金夹克。B) 3D 视图 (顶部) 和缩放绘图 (底部), 用于将铂金杯焊接至铂金夹克 (仅显示顶部部分的一半)。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig6.jpg"> 图 6: 生成引线片所需的工具.A) 3D 在冲压过程中 (4 吨三十年代) 的熔融铅 (50 克) 的视图。组件 #2 以透明显示。B) 3D 视图在提取引线片断期间 (尺寸显示在左上图中)。C)缩放工具组件的绘图。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig7v2.jpg"> 图 7: 将基活塞固定在压力容器上的夹具.3D. 压力容器、基活塞和夹具 (顶部) 的视图, 以及一个夹具顶部和底部的缩放图, 包括3D 视图 (底部)。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 8" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig8.jpg"> 图 8: 水泵和冷却系统的水力学.液压系统的方案, 包括阀门 (V), 电阀 (EV) 和油箱 (T) –变形泵 (紫色)、围泵 (橙色)、压力容器 (浅蓝色) 的冷却系统和围/端负载 ram (黄色) 的冷却系统。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 9" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig9.jpg"> 图 9: 代表性结果.用新一代格雷型装置进行变形试验的应力-时间曲线实例。本实验是在卡拉拉大理石的核心样品 (8 毫米长) 上进行的, 同轴地700摄氏度, 1.5 GPa, 应变率为10 -5s-1。这一结果说明了格雷型实验的后续步骤, 其中包括 1) 一个 "抽放阶段", 以增加压力和温度, 2) 一个 "热压阶段" 烧结样品, 如果适用, 3) 一个 "变形阶段" 变形的样品, 和 4)"淬火阶段", 以减少压力和温度。在变形过程中, σ1活塞首先通过引线 ("运行" 步骤) 向前推进, 然后推上氧化铝活塞以正确地变形试样 (从命中点起), 从而产生弹性然后塑性行为 (见文本)。在修正了应力-时间曲线从摩擦和刚度/延伸的设备, 一个应力-应变曲线产生了从命中点 (插入)。σ1 = 由σ1活塞应用的应力;σ3 = 由σ3活塞应用的应力;P = 围 (等静) 压力;T = 温度。σ1-σ3 = 微分应力。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 10" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig10.jpg"> 图 10: 抽取示例.A)在图 9中描述的实验之后提取的示例程序集的下部部分。B)在新的格雷型设备中, 在700°c 和 1.5 GPa 的纯剪切变形后, 卡拉拉大理石 (仍然包裹在其白金夹克中) 的样品。C)下部分样品组件, 其中包含一个烧结橄榄粉样品, 然后在一般剪切900°c 和 1.2 GPa 上变形, 与前格雷型装置23。D)橄榄石样品和氧化铝剪切活塞 (仍然包裹在铂金夹克) 后从样品组装提取。TC = 热电偶。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56841/56841fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus at JoVE.com

High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus

岩石变形需要在高压下进行量化。本文介绍了一种新设计的固体介质格雷型装置的变形实验过程。这为未来的流变学研究提供了技术基础, 其压力可达 5 GPa。

新一代格雷型装置高压高温变形试验

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature ...

high-pressure-high-temperature-deformation-experiment-using-new

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18.7K 次观看.  Université d’Orléans. 岩石变形需要在高压下进行量化。本文介绍了一种新设计的固体介质格雷型装置的变形实验过程。这为未来的流变学研究提供了技术基础, 其压力可达 5 GPa。

视频: High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

Setaria viridis is an emerging model system for C4 grasses. It is closely related to the bioenergy feed stock switchgrass and the grain crop foxtail millet. Recently, the 510 Mb genome of foxtail millet, S. italica, has been sequenced 1,2 and a 25x coverage genome sequence of the weedy relative S. viridis is in progress. S. viridis has a number of characteristics that make it a potentially excellent model genetic system including a rapid generation time, small stature, simple growth requirements, prolific seed production 3 and developed systems for both transient and stable transformation 4. However, the genetics of S. viridis is largely unexplored, in part, due to the lack of detailed methods for performing crosses. To date, no standard protocol has been adopted that will permit rapid production of seeds from controlled crosses.
The protocol presented here is optimized for performing genetic crosses in S. viridis, accession A10.1. We have employed a simple heat treatment with warm water for emasculation after pruning the panicle to retain 20-30 florets and labeling of flowers to eliminate seeds resulting from newly developed flowers after emasculation. After testing a series of heat treatments at permissive temperatures and varying the duration of dipping, we have established an optimum temperature and time range of 48 &deg;C for 3-6 min. By using this method, a minimum of 15 crosses can be performed by a single worker per day and an average of 3-5 outcross progeny per panicle can be recovered. Therefore, an average of 45-75 outcross progeny can be produced by one person in a single day. Broad implementation of this technique will facilitate the development of recombinant inbred line populations of S. viridis X S. viridis or S. viridis X S. italica, mapping mutations through bulk segregant analysis and creating higher order mutants for genetic analysis.

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

We have developed a methodology for performing crosses in Setaria viridis (S. viridis). The method involves pruning the panicle prior to a hot water treatment to kill viable pollen. Crosses are performed following a well-controlled growth regime and typically result in the recovery of 1 to 7 cross-pollinated seed/s per panicle.

方法中进行杂交<em&gt;狗尾草</em&gt;，新模型体系的草

Setaria viridis is an emerging model system for C4 grasses. It is closely related to the bioenergy feed stock switchgrass and the grain crop foxtail ...

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A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of electrical transmission between distant cells in an organism requires in vivo, artifact-free recordings of cells embedded within their native environment. The transmission of electrical signals from wounded to unwounded areas in a plant has since long piqued the interest of botanists. The phloem, the living part of the plant vasculature that is spread throughout the plant, has been postulated as a major tissue in electrical transmission in plants. The lack of suitable electrophysiological methods poses many challenges for the study of the electrical properties of the phloem cells in vivo. Here we present a novel approach for intracellular electrophysiology of sieve elements (SEs) that uses living aphids, or other phloem-feeding hemipteran insects, integrated in the electrical penetration graph (EPG) circuit. The versatility, robustness, and accuracy of this method made it possible to record and study in detail the wound-induced electrical signals in SEs of central veins of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana1. Here we show that EPG-electrodes can be easily implemented for intracellular electrophysiological recordings of SEs in marginal veins, as well as to study the capacity of SEs to respond with electrical signals to several external stimuli. The EPG approach applied to intracellular electrophysiology of SEs can be implemented to a wide variety of plant species, in a large number of plant/insect combinations, and for many research aims.

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph EPG for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) is a well-established technique for studying the feeding behavior of stylet-bearing insects. Here we show a new application of EPG as a non-invasive tool for the acquisition of intracellular electrophysiology recordings of sieve elements (SEs), the cells that form the phloem vasculature in plants.

在电气贯穿图（EPG）的韧皮部筛分子获取和测量电信号中的新应用

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

了解溶解有机物生物地球化学通过<em&gt;原位</em&gt;在河流生态系统营养手法

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in a Wide Range of Food Matrices using Hydride Generation - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) underlined in its Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food that in order to support a sound exposure assessment to inorganic arsenic through diet, information about distribution of arsenic species in various food types must be generated. A method, previously validated in a collaborative trial, has been applied to determine inorganic arsenic in a wide variety of food matrices, covering grains, mushrooms and food of marine origin (31 samples in total). The method is based on detection by flow injection-hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry of the iAs selectively extracted into chloroform after digestion of the proteins with concentrated HCl. The method is characterized by a limit of quantification of 10 &#181;g/kg dry weight, which allowed quantification of inorganic arsenic in a large amount of food matrices. Information is provided about performance scores given to results obtained with this method and which were reported by different laboratories in several proficiency tests. The percentage of satisfactory results obtained with the discussed method is higher than that of the results obtained with other analytical approaches.

The usefulness of an analytical method to determine inorganic arsenic in a wide range of food matrices is demonstrated. The method consists of selective extraction of inorganic arsenic into chloroform with a final determination by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry.

用氢化物发生-原子吸收光谱法测定多种食品基质中的无机砷。

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) underlined in its Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food that in order to support a sound exposure assessment to ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and estimating fish abundance. We developed and implemented a rotating stereo-video camera tool that covers a full 360 degrees of sampling, which maximizes sampling effort compared to stationary camera tools. A variety of studies have detailed the ability of static, stereo-camera systems to obtain highly accurate and precise measurements of fish; the focus here was on the development of methodological approaches to quantify fish density using rotating camera systems. The first approach was to develop a modification of the metric MaxN, which typically is a conservative count of the minimum number of fish observed on a given camera survey. We redefine MaxN to be the maximum number of fish observed in any given rotation of the camera system. When precautions are taken to avoid double counting, this method for MaxN may more accurately reflect true abundance than that obtained from a fixed camera. Secondly, because stereo-video allows fish to be mapped in three-dimensional space, precise estimates of the distance-from-camera can be obtained for each fish. By using the 95% percentile of the observed distance from camera to establish species-specific areas surveyed, we account for differences in detectability among species while avoiding diluting density estimates by using the maximum distance a species was observed. Accounting for this range of detectability is critical to accurately estimate fish abundances. This methodology will facilitate the integration of rotating stereo-video tools in both applied science and management contexts.

We describe a new method for counting fishes, and estimating relative abundance (MaxN) and fish density using rotating stereo-video camera systems. We also demonstrate how to use distance from camera (Z distance) to estimate species-specific detectability.

利用水下立体视频工具量化鱼类密度的新方法研究进展

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those of suspended/sinking particles. Here, we present an all plastic (Polypropylene and Polycarbonate), multi-layer filtration system for collection of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at sea. This ultra-clean sampling device has been designed and developed specifically for trace element studies. Meticulous selection of all non-metallic materials and utilization of an in-line flow-through procedure minimizes any possible metal contamination during sampling. This system has been successfully tested and tweaked for determining trace metals (e.g., Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni) on particles of varying size in coastal and open ocean waters. Results from the South China Sea at the South East Asia Time-Series (SEATS) station indicate that diurnal variations and spatial distribution of plankton in the euphotic zone can be easily resolved and recognized. Chemical analysis of size-fractionated particles in surface waters of the Taiwan Strait suggests that the larger particles (&#62;153 &#181;m) were mostly biologically derived, while the smaller particles (10 - 63 &#181;m) were mostly composed of inorganic matter. Apart from Cd, the concentrations of metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Ni) decreased with increasing size.

Plankton and suspended particles play a major role in the biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Here, we provide an ultra-clean, low stress method for the collection of various sizes of particles and plankton at sea with the capability of handling large volumes of seawater.

海洋浮游生物和悬浮颗粒的超洁净多层采集装置

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those ...

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, lower vapor pressure, non-flammability, higher heat capacity, and tunable solubility and acidity. Here, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from the pentosan present in jute biomass in a one-pot process by utilizing a catalytic amount of Br&#248;nsted acidic 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate IL. The acidic IL is synthesized in the lab and characterized using NMR spectroscopic techniques for understanding its purity. The various properties of BAIL are measured such as acid strength, thermal and hydrothermal stability, which showed that the catalyst is stable at a higher temperature (250 &#176;C) and possesses very high acid strength (Ho 1.57). The acidic IL converts over 90% of pentosan into sugars and furfural. Hence, the presenting method in this study can also be employed for the evaluation of pentosan concentration in other kinds of lignocellulosic biomass.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from a renewable non-edible lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., jute) with the presence of Br&#248;nsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as the catalyst in water. The BAILs catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance than conventional mineral acid catalysts (H2SO4 and HCl).

利用酸性离子液体戊聚糖分析黄麻生物量及其转化为糖单体的新方法

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

海上双壳贝类悬浮饲料定量装置的设计与应用

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...

An Optimized Rhizobox Protocol to Visualize Root Growth and Responsiveness to Localized Nutrients

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive harvest or expensive equipment. We present a customizable and affordable rhizobox method that allows the non-destructive visualization of root growth over time and is particularly well-suited to studying root plasticity in response to localized resource patches. The method was validated by assessing maize genotypic variation in plasticity responses to patches containing 15N-labeled legume residue. Methods are described to obtain representative developmental measurements over time, measure root length density in resource-containing and control patches, calculate root growth rates, and determine 15N recovery by plant roots and shoots. Advantages, caveats, and potential future applications of the method are also discussed. Although care must be taken to ensure that experimental conditions do not bias root growth data, the rhizobox protocol presented here yields reliable results if carried out with sufficient attention to detail.

Visualizing and measuring root growth in situ is extremely challenging. We present a customizable rhizobox method to track root development and proliferation over time in response to nutrient enrichment. This method is used to analyze maize genotypic differences in root plasticity in response to an organic nitrogen source.

一种优化的 Rhizobox 协议, 用于可视化根系生长和对局部营养素的响应

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive ...

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems are often large and bulky, making transport to the field and operation at the source of emission or within the breathing zone difficult. Through miniaturization of these systems, the lab can be brought to the field, expediting processing time and providing a more appropriate exposure method that does not alter the aerosol prior to contacting the cells. The Portable In vitro Exposure Cassette (PIVEC) adapts a 37 mm filter cassette to allow for in vitro toxicity testing outside of a traditional laboratory setting. The PIVEC was characterized using three sizes of copper nanoparticles to determine deposition efficiency based on gravimetric and particle number concentration analysis. Initial cytotoxicity experiments were performed with exposed lung cells to determine the ability of the system to deposit particles while maintaining cell viability. The PIVEC provides a similar or increased deposition efficiency when comparing to available perpendicular flow in vitro exposure devices. Despite the lower sample throughput, the small size gives some advantages to the current in vitro ALI exposure systems. These include the ability to be worn for personal monitoring, mobility from the laboratory to the source of emission, and the option to set-up multiple systems for spatial resolution while maintaining a lower user cost. The PIVEC is a system capable of collecting aerosols in the field and within the breathing zone onto an air-interfaced, in vitro model.

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

Here, we present a protocol to perform portable cellular aerosol exposures and measure cellular response. The method uses cells, grown at the air-liquid interface, mimicking in vivo physiology. Cellular response to copper nanoparticle aerosols was observed as oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species generation and cytotoxicity as lactate dehydrogenase release.

一种用于气溶胶取样的新型便携式体外曝光盒

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) ...