研究方案通过当地道德审查委员会 (www.EKNZ.ch) 批准, 并获得了所有与会者的书面知情同意。
1. 血清采集
<ol><li>在感兴趣的时间点从人体收集血清样本。在这项研究中, 我们收集的血清在0天 (流感疫苗接种时间), + 7, + 30, + 60, 和 +180 后接种。</li>
	<li>为了获得血清, 离心的样品管在 1200 x g 为10分钟室温 (20-25 ° c)。 注: 非离心血液样品应贮存在4° c, 且不超过24小时。</li>
	<li>将血清分到不同的管中 (冷冻瓶), 并在-80 ° c 冷冻直至使用。</li>
	<li>执行随后的化验批次-明智的, 包括一个人的所有时间点, 以减少在病人的变异性。</li>
</ol>2. 抗原的制备
警告: 使用五种不同的抗原 (请参见材料表)。在生物安全2级 (BSL-2) 实验室制备抗原。
<ol><li>根据制造商的指示, 重建一个冻干流感抗原安瓿的总内容与1.0 毫升蒸馏水, 并允许溶解抗原在室温下至少站立5分钟, 然后再继续。</li>
	<li>将抗原溶液分至1.5 毫升管, 并在-80 ° c 冷冻, 直至进一步使用。</li>
</ol>3. 霍乱滤液的制备
注: 霍乱滤液根据 WHO 协议12被用作受体破坏酶 (RDE)。这将消除血清中的天然抑制剂, 这将干扰化验17。
<ol><li>根据制造商的说明重组冻干 RDE。</li>
	<li>将 RDE 溶液储存在4° c 的15毫升管中直到进一步使用。</li>
</ol>4. HA 测定
注意: 为了确保高含量的样品在几个板块之间是可比较的, 每个盘子必须使用相同数量的病毒颗粒。ha 检测 (也称为 ha 滴定) 是用来量化的病毒粒子的血凝必要的, 并记录在 ha 单位。血凝的 "单位" 是一个操作单位, 依赖于用于 HA 滴定的方法, 而不是测量绝对数量的病毒。因此, HA 单位被定义为凝集标准红细胞悬浮液的等量量所需的病毒数量。根据 WHO 的标准量, 用于高含量的检测是每25µL 4 公顷的单位。有关 HA 测定的原理的说明, 请参见图 1。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig1.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;"> 图 1: 血凝和血凝抑制的原理.在没有病毒和抗体 (左栏) 的阴性控制情况下, 没有血凝发生, 只有在流感病毒 (中柱) 存在的红细胞 hemagglutinate。然而, 当流感病毒的血被特定病毒抗体阻断时, 就不会发生血凝 (右栏)。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig1large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
注: 所使用的红细胞取决于检测中的流感病毒类型 (表 1)。此外, 对于各种类型的96井微滴板, 孵化时间以及非粘结细胞的外观不同 (表 2)。
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>流感抗原</td>
			<td>A/California/7/09 (H1N1)</td>
			<td colspan="2">A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)</td>
			<td>A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)</td>
			<td>B/Brisbane/60/08</td>
			<td colspan="2">B/Massachusetts/02/2012</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>红细胞种类</td>
			<td>鸡</td>
			<td colspan="2">豚鼠</td>
			<td>豚鼠</td>
			<td>土耳其</td>
			<td colspan="2">土耳其</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表 1: 流感抗原及相应种类的红细胞。根据制造商的说明 (NIBSC)。
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>红细胞种类</td>
			<td>鸡</td>
			<td>土耳其</td>
			<td>豚鼠</td>
			<td>人型 O</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>红细胞浓度 (v/v)</td>
			<td>0.75%</td>
			<td>0.75%</td>
			<td>1%</td>
			<td>1%</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>孔板类型</td>
			<td>V 底</td>
			<td>V 底</td>
			<td>U 底</td>
			<td>U 底</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>孵化时间, RT</td>
			<td>30分钟</td>
			<td>30分钟</td>
			<td>1小时</td>
			<td>1小时</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>非粘结细胞的外观</td>
			<td>按钮*</td>
			<td>按钮*</td>
			<td>光环</td>
			<td>光环</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表 2: 不同种类的红细胞的测定条件.根据世卫组织的议定书。(* 倾斜时流动)。
<ol><li>
红细胞悬浮液的制备
	<ol>
<li>稀释红细胞悬浮物 (10%, v/v; 除了人类类型 O) (见材料表) 与磷酸盐缓冲盐水 (PBS), 使适当浓度的鸟类和哺乳动物红细胞的0.75% 和 1%, 分别。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig2.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;"> 图 2: HA 检测的板设计.HA 滴定是重复执行的。控制行中没有添加抗原。还请参见图 4确定最佳抗原浓度。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig2large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<ol start="2"><li>
96井微滴板的制备 注意: 有关板设计的概述, 请参见图 2 。<ol>
<li>使用多通道吸管 (图 2), 在96阱微滴板的每行使用1至12的µL 中添加25的 PBS。使用 V 型微滴板时, 与禽红细胞, 如鸡肉和土耳其工作。使用 U 型微滴板时, 与哺乳动物红细胞, 如豚鼠和人类类型 O (表 2) 工作。</li>
		<li>在抗原行的第一个井中加入25µL 流感抗原, 这是以重复的方式排列的。控制行中不添加抗原。控制行不应显示血凝效果并充当负控制 (图 2)。</li>
		<li>通过使用多通道吸管将25µL 从抗原行的第一口井转移到连续井, 进行连续2倍稀释。每稀释一步由移上下轻轻10次。</li>
		<li>丢弃最后一口井的最后25µL。</li>
		<li>使用多通道吸管将 PBS 的25µL 添加到1到12的每一个行中, 以达到每井50µL 的总体积。</li>
		<li>加入50µL 的红细胞悬浮液, 每一个使用多通道吸管。</li>
		<li>小心地轻敲盘子10次在所有四边混合。</li>
		<li>用盖子盖住盘子, 在室温下孵育适当的时间, 这取决于所使用的红细胞种类 (参见表 2)。在孵化时不要移动盘子。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig3.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;"> 图 3: 鸟类和哺乳动物红细胞的凝集模式.在与禽红细胞工作时, 使用 V 型微滴板。读数是在倾斜的板块位置, 非粘结红细胞开始运行下来形成一个撕裂状的形状。U 形孔板使用时, 与哺乳动物红细胞。然后在非倾斜位置进行读数, 非粘结红细胞形成一个小光环。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig3large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<ol start="3"><li>
阅读板 注: 与哺乳动物红细胞相比, 由于不同形状的微滴度井 (图 3), 在使用禽红细胞时, 读数略有不同。<ol>
<li>禽红细胞的读数<ol>
<li>倾斜板90°二十五年代。 注: 倾斜板对禽型的分化至关重要, 因为所有三种不同类型的凝集模式 (完全粘结、部分粘结和非粘结) 在不倾斜时显示为按钮。</li>
			<li>立即标记结果, 而该板仍处于倾斜位置, 在96井板的打印方案。禽红细胞的凝集模式如图 3所示。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>哺乳动物红细胞的读数<ol>
<li>将结果标记在96井板的打印方案上, 而不倾斜板 (工作台的水平位置)。 注: 当血凝发生时, 粘结细胞不会沉淀到底部, 而非粘结细胞则会出现在井底的光环中。部分粘结的细胞的晕强度较小, 直径较大 (图 3)。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>4公顷单位的测定。 注: HA 滴定终点是完全血凝发生的最后一处井。这井包含1公顷的病毒单位。由于抗原的2倍稀释, 在 ha 滴定终点之前的两口井是包含4公顷病毒的井 (图 4)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig4.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;"> 图 4: ha 滴定与禽红细胞的读数, 以确定 4 ha 单位的效价.用血凝试验 (抗原滴定法) 测定血凝所需的最佳抗原量。最后一井, 完全血凝发生是 ha 滴定终点和包含1公顷单位。由于抗原的2倍稀释, 在 ha 滴定终点之前有两口井, 其滴度对应于4公顷的单位。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig4large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
5. HI 检测
注意: 该协议的工作流程已经过优化, 可以同时使用 PCR 管条纹和热循环更有效地处理多个样品。
<ol><li>
血清标本的制备 注: 在 BSL-2 实验室制备血清样品。<ol>
<li>在室温下解冻每个人的每个时间点的冰冻血清样本 (见步骤 1.2)。</li>
		<li>将每个解冻的血清样本的分10µL 添加到 PCR 管条 (一条带10管) 的试管中。 注: 使用 PCR 管条的最大优点是多通道吸管可用于以下步骤的 HI 测定;这节省了大量的时间, 当测试大量的血清样本和执行重复的措施相同的样本抗体滴对不同的病毒株。</li>
		<li>将 aliquoted 血清样本储存在-80 ° c 的 PCR 管条中直到使用。</li>
		<li>在进行 HI 化验前的一天, 在室温下解冻血清样品等分。</li>
		<li>在一个空的 PCR 管中加入10µL 的适当抗血清。 注意: 作为一个积极的控制, 抗血清对特定的病毒必须匹配使用的病毒。正向控制允许在多个板上对板的性能进行标准化。</li>
		<li>使用多通道吸管将30µL 的霍乱滤液溶液添加到每个血清分和抗血清 (3 卷霍乱滤液到1的血清) 中。</li>
		<li>将 pcr 管放在 pcr 的96井机架上, 或者是一个空的尖盒和 5 s 的涡流。</li>
		<li>用热循环在37° c 的夜间孵育样品。</li>
		<li>在56° c 孵育样品30分钟, 用热循环将霍乱滤液灭活。 注: 根据热循环, 此步骤可编程以进一步自动化过程。</li>
		<li>将 pcr 管放在 pcr 的96井机架上, 或者是一个空的尖盒和 5 s 的涡流。</li>
		<li>将样品储存在4° c 的冰箱中, 直到用于 HI 化验。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig5v2.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;"> 图 5: 板的设计和工作流程的 HI 检测.两个人的五时间点可以在一个板块上测量。高滴度范围从8到1024。对所用抗原的抗血清作阳性对照, 并进行反滴定检查抗原稀释是否等于 4 HA 单位。血清样本的序列稀释显示为2个人疫苗接受者。 <a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig5v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<ol start="2"><li>
HI 检测 注: 为高分析的原则的例证参见图 1。根据病毒, 不同种类的红细胞用于检测 (表 1)。不同种类的红细胞用于各种类型的 96-井板, 孵化时间以及非粘结细胞的外观不同 (表 2)。对于 HI 化验, 4 公顷的病毒或抗原的单位被添加到2倍稀释系列的样品。<ol>
<li>
抗原溶液的制备
		<ol>
<li>根据所使用的96井板的数量计算所需抗原溶液的体积 (25 µL 抗原每 96 = 2400 µL 抗原每 96-井板; 增加100µL 每盘由于多通道吸管的使用水库; 共2.5 毫升的 antigen 每盘)。 注: 例如, 如果测量100血清样本, 则需要10板 (每盘10样品): 2.5 毫升 x 10 = 25 毫升的抗原溶液总共需要。</li>
			<li>使用 PBS 为计算出的容积准备适当稀释 4 HA 单位。 注: 4 公顷单位是确定的 ha 化验。对于适当的抗原量, 除以与 4 HA 单位对应的滴度计算的体积。例如, 4 HA 单位对应于稀释 1/64, 并且我们需要1.5万µL 抗原解答是需要的: 1.5万/64 = 234.4 µL 溶解冻干流感抗原被增加。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>
红细胞悬浮液的制备
		<ol>
<li>根据所使用的96井微滴度板的数量计算红细胞悬浮液的体积 (50 µL 红细胞悬架每井 x 96 = 4800 µL 红细胞悬浮每 96-井板; 添加200µL 每板额外由于使用了一个水库为多通道吸管).</li>
			<li>稀释红细胞悬浮液 (通常为 10%, v/v; 除了人型 O) 与 PBS, 使适当的浓度为鸟类和哺乳动物红细胞的0.75% 和1% 分别。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>
96井微滴板的制备
		<ol>
<li>标签96井微滴板 (样品 ID, 阳性对照, 和背部滴定)。请仔细检查图 5中的板方向。</li>
			<li>除了 "后滴定" 行的第一个井 (图 5, 12th行), 使用多通道吸管将 PBS 的25µL 添加到每个井。 注: 采用后滴定法检查所使用的抗原稀释是否等于4公顷的单位。如果在 "后滴定" 排的前三井中发生血凝, 而在第四井则不存在, 则表明 4 HA 单位的抗原效价。</li>
			<li>在 "后滴定" 行 (12th行) 的第一个井中添加50µL 的准备抗原溶液 (在5.2.1 中描述)。</li>
			<li>使用多通道吸管, 将 RDE 处理过的血清样品的25µL 添加到每片1至10排的第一口井。</li>
			<li>将适当抗血清的25µL 添加到 11th行的第一个井中作为阳性对照。</li>
			<li>通过使用多通道吸管将25µL 从每行 (1-12) 的第一口井转移到连续井, 执行串行2倍稀释。混合由移上下 10-15 倍为每个稀释步骤。同样的提示可以用于每一个稀释步骤的每个样品。</li>
			<li>丢弃最后一口井的最后25µL。</li>
			<li>增加25µL 的抗原溶液, 使用多通道吸管, 每行1至 11 (血清样本和抗血清)。如果他们不接触水井, 也可以使用同样的技巧。</li>
			<li>在 "后滴定" 行 (12th行) 的每个井中添加25µL 的 PBS 而不是抗原。</li>
			<li>小心地轻敲盘子10次在所有四边混合。</li>
			<li>用盖子盖住盘子, 在室温下孵育30分钟。在孵化时不要移动盘子。</li>
			<li>每井加50µL 的红细胞悬浮液。</li>
			<li>小心地轻敲盘子10次在所有4边混合。</li>
			<li>用盖子盖住盘子, 在室温下孵育适当的时间, 这取决于所使用的红细胞种类 (参见表 2)。在孵化时不要移动盘子。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>
阅读板 注: HI 滴度是最后稀释 (抗) 血清的倒数, 完全抑制血凝。重要的是要考虑到, RDE 处理的血清已经稀释 1:4, 并在连续稀释步骤后, 在第一口井的血清稀释 1:8, 这相当于一个 HI 效价8。<ol>
<li>禽红细胞的读数<ol>
<li>倾斜板90°二十五年代。 注: 倾斜板对禽型的分化至关重要, 因为所有三种不同类型的凝集模式 (完全粘结、部分粘结和非粘结) 在不倾斜时显示为按钮。</li>
				<li>立即标记结果, 而该板仍处于倾斜位置, 在96井板的打印方案。禽红细胞的凝集模式如图 3所示。</li>
			</ol>
</li>
			<li>哺乳动物红细胞的读数<ol>
<li>在不倾斜板的情况下, 将结果标记为96井板的打印方案。 注: 当血凝发生时, 粘结细胞不会沉淀下来, 而非粘结细胞则会出现在井底的光环中。部分粘结的细胞的晕强度较小, 直径较大 (图 3)。</li>
				<li>确定每个示例的 HI 并将其传输到基于计算机的表 (图 6)</li>
				<li>注: 部分粘结井被确定为较低滴度。例如, 如果一个血清样本完全抑制了凝血多达第四井 (1:64 稀释) 和 5th井 (1:128 稀释) 是部分粘结, 然后高滴度是设置到较低的效价64的最终分析 (图 6,4th行)。</li>
			</ol>
</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig7.jpg"> 图 6: 使用禽红细胞的 HI 检测的读数.通过 HI 试验测定了接种前后的流感特异抗体应答。在这个例子中, 人一有高滴比人二。两人在接种疫苗后均表现出抗体应答;180天在疫苗接种以后两个人的抗体滴再减少。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

<ol>
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a.e 得到了 "SNSF Ambizione 评分" 计划 (PZ00P3_154709)、"Forschungsfond、Förderung strategischer Projekte" 巴塞尔大学、Stiftungsinfektionskrankheiten 巴塞尔和 Bangeter Rhyner 基金会的研究资助。力得到奥地利格拉茨技术大学的资助。. 承认, 在系统生物学计划 (9th调用) 的 SystemsX.ch 倡议的 iPhD 奖学金的支持。

对疫苗接种前后流感病毒特异性抗体滴的定量是一种重要的研究手段。基于保护病毒感染的替代措施, 如 seroprotection (> 1:40) 或血清 (4 倍效价增加), 疫苗接种策略可以优化9。使用所提供的协议可以确定: (i) 特定病毒的血凝潜能, 和 (ii) 抗体滴的病毒的利益。
修改和故障排除:
此协议基于 WHO 标准12。我们用 PCR 管条对血清制剂进行了修改 (见步骤 5)。这一修改有助于大大减少工作量和提高化验的吞吐量。此外, 在抗原滴定步骤中, 我们将抗原量减少了 1/4, 这是一种成本有效的加班。低量的血清 (10 µL) 可用于 RDE 治疗, 这有助于特别是当样本量有限 (例如, 老鼠血清)。抗体测量板中包括后滴定和阳性对照, 作为一种适当的内部控制, 监测红细胞的老化。
此外, 我们使用不同的红细胞浓度比那些在 WHO 标准12设置的最佳大小的红细胞凝块的良好视觉读数。为了保证这一点, 我们建议在化验前检查红细胞浓度。虽然, 我们没有优化这部分在我们的协议, 方法, 如吸光度测量与 OD 或细胞计数可以使用。
如果 RDE 没有完全灭活, 红细胞可以 desialylated 和逆转 HA 阳性井时, 血凝是在室温下测量。虽然我们从来没有观察到这个问题, 在这种情况下, 我们建议执行 HI 在4° c, 因为 RDE 活动是显着低在4° c。然而, 在4° c 执行 HI 试验则较慢。
技术的局限性:
高含量检测的几个关键方面包括以下几点: 有趣的是, 血凝是强烈依赖于特定类型的红细胞 (如, 如, 火鸡或豚鼠红细胞)。在评估特定病毒株之前, 应测试最佳血型, 并在整个化验中使用相同类型的血液。虽然病毒之间的交叉反应性的诱导可能产生免疫优势的情况下, 略有新的病毒19,20, 这可能会导致一些问题从诊断角度来看, 由于低特异性。因此, 在研究中, 应仔细讨论类似病毒之间的交叉反应。通过选择特定物种的红细胞, 可以降低交叉反应的数量。
关于现有方法的意义:
HI 是一种良好的黄金标准方法, 提供了高度的重现性和可靠的结果。其他技术, 如 ELISA 可以检测非中和抗体, 而 HI 只检测抗体绑定到 HA 循环, 从而与中和。
协议中的关键步骤:
最关键的步骤包括血清治疗与 RDE 灭活不抑制剂和约束力的 HA 的病毒。另一个关键的步骤是控制红细胞的溶血性随着时间的推移而老化。
未来应用:
该协议可用于其他具有血凝潜能的病毒。虽然我们在这里只显示了人类血清样本的结果, 但也可以用来测定小鼠血清或细胞培养上清液中带有刺激 B 细胞的抗体滴 (未显示数据)。总之, HI 允许快速和可重复的评估疫苗诱导抗体滴。

感染流感病毒与相当大的发病率, 死亡率和高医疗费用相关的1,2,3,4。特别是, 老年人、新生儿、孕妇和慢性病患者面临更严重的临床后果。因此, 预防循环流感病毒株的接种是降低高危人群疾病负担的主要措施。疫苗接种后个体免疫应答的增加,例如, 高于保护性阈值的流感特异性抗体, 降低了个体感染的风险, 并在总体上减少了病毒在人群中传播的可能性5. 详细了解不同人群及各年龄组的疫苗诱导体液免疫应答是回答重要临床问题的关键因素6、7、8,9, 例如: 为什么有些老年患者尽管曾接种过疫苗, 但仍有感染？什么是 "好" 和 "足够" 疫苗诱导的保护？疫苗应多久免疫患者才能达到保护性滴？什么是最有效的剂量？新佐剂对后接种抗体滴的影响是什么？对疫苗特异抗体的测定可以帮助回答这些重要问题, 提高疫苗接种效果。
病毒特异性抗体滴的定量可以用各种免疫学方法进行。这包括固相10或基于磁珠的 ELISA11化验、HI 化验12和中和分析13。以 ELISA 为基础的方法可以筛选相对大量的血清标本对各种抗原。另外, 可以分别探讨病原体特异免疫球蛋白 (Ig) 和 IgG。虽然抗原的特征,如例如, 线性氨基酸序列或类似病毒的微粒可能影响抗体的结合, 潜在的表位的光谱是非常宽广的并且不提供信息关于是否抗体响应具有功能相关性。
与此相反, 中和试验确定了抗体在功能上抑制细胞感染的潜能, 从而反映了中和电位。然而, 这种方法是非常劳动密集型, 需要培养特定的细胞系和活病毒, 因此, 它是费时, 昂贵, 并要求特殊设备。
本文介绍了一个循序渐进的世界卫生组织 (WHO) 为基础的 HI 协议12 , 以量化流感特异性抗体滴。血凝是某些病毒导致红细胞凝集的一种特征性效应。这种效果与患者血清的抑制, 使抑制抗体浓度的测量, 这反映了中和效应。
我们修改了 WHO 协议的工作流程, 以便在同一时间更有效地处理多个样本, 从而减少所需的时间。第一个协议描述了特定流感抗原的凝集电位的测定。这样做, 确定了正确的流感抗原浓度的第二个协议。这部分应重复每一个新的病毒抗原, 以及每一批血液。
第二个协议描述了流感特异性抗体滴的测定。针对流感病毒和人血清样本的研究, 提出的协议进行了优化但是, 它也可以用于小鼠血清样本或细胞培养清的刺激免疫细胞,例如, 特定病毒 B 细胞。结果可以确定为绝对测量滴。在许多疫苗研究中, 每个特定种群都显示了几何平均滴和95% 置信区间。对于解释, seroprotection 或血清经常被用来描述人口对某种病毒的易感性。Seroprotection 被定义为≥1:40 的效价, 血清为超过4倍的效价增加与 seroprotective 滴在两个时间点之间的成就 (最常见的预接种和30天后接种使用)。
这两种协议都很容易使用, 而且可以适应范围广泛的研究问题。特别是, 他们可以用来确定可靠和快速的抗体滴对其他各种病毒的血凝能力, 如麻疹, polyomaviruses, 腮腺炎, 或风疹14,15,16.

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;width:716pt" width="955">
	<colgroup>
		<col style="width:263pt" width="351" />
		<col style="width:100pt" width="133" />
		<col style="width:85pt" width="113" />
		<col style="width:269pt" width="358" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl67" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">25 ml Disposable Multichannel Pipette Reservoirs</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:100pt" width="133">Integra</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">4312</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:269pt" width="358"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">8-well PCR tubes</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Brand GMBH</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">781332</td>
			<td class="xl66">For serum aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">96-well microtiter plate, U-shaped</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">TPP</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">92097</td>
			<td class="xl66">For HI assay when using mammalian RBCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">96-well microtiter plate, V-shaped</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Corning Costar</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">3897</td>
			<td class="xl66">For HI assay when using avian RBCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Aqua ad iniect. Steril</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Bichsel AG</td>
			<td align="right" class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">1000004</td>
			<td class="xl66">For preparing influenza antigen and cholera filtrate solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Chicken RBC (10%)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Cedarlane</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">CLC8800</td>
			<td class="xl66">10% suspension of chicken red blood cells in Alsever&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Cholera filtrate</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">C8772</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as receptor destroying enzyme (RDE)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Dulbecco&#39;s PBS</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">D8537</td>
			<td class="xl66">For diluting the serum samples, RBCs and antigens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Eppendorf Multichannel pipette, 12-channel, 10-100 &#181;l</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">Z683949</td>
			<td class="xl66"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Eppendorf Multichannel pipette, 8-channel, 10-100 &#181;l</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">Z683930</td>
			<td class="xl66"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Guinea Pig RBC (10%)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Cedarlane</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">CLC1800</td>
			<td class="xl66">10% suspension of guinea pig red blood cells in Alsever&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza Anti-A/California/7/09 HA serum&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">14/134&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as positive control at the HI assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Influenza Anti-A/Switzerland/9715293/2013-like HA serum&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">14/272</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as positive control at the HI assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza Anti-A/Texas/50/2012-Like HA Serum&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/178</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as positive control at the HI assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza Anti-B/Brisbane/60/2008-HA serum&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/254&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as positive control at the HI assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza Anti-B/Massachusetts/02/2012 HA serum&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/182</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as positive control at the HI assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Influenza antigen A/California/7/09 (H1N1)(NYMC-X181)&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">12/168</td>
			<td class="xl66">Inactivated, partially purified A/California/7/09 (H1N1)(NYMC-X181)&#160; virus (ca. 46&#181;gHA/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Influenza antigen A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (NIB88)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">14/254</td>
			<td class="xl66">Inactivated, partially purified A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (NIB88) virus (ca. 55&#181;gHA/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Influenza antigen A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)(NYMCX-223)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/112</td>
			<td class="xl66">Inactivated, partially purified A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)(NYMCX-223) virus (ca. 74&#181;gHA/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza antigen B/Brisbane/60/2008</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/234</td>
			<td class="xl66">Inactivated, partially purified B/Brisbane/60/2008 virus (ca. 42&#181;gHA/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza antigen B/Massachusetts/02/2012</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/134</td>
			<td class="xl66">Inactivated, partially purified B/Massachusetts/02/2012 virus (ca. 35&#181;gHA/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Serum-Tubes</td>
			<td class="xl75" style="width:100pt" width="133">S-Monovette, Sardstedt</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">01.1601.100</td>
			<td class="xl66">For serum extraction with clotting activator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Single Donor Human RBC, Type 0</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Innovative Research</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">IPLA-WB3&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl66">Suspension of single donor human red blood cells in Alsever&#39;s solution (ca. 26%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Turkey RBC (10%)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Cedarlane</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">CLC1180</td>
			<td class="xl66">10% suspension of turkey red blood cells in Alsever&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Gibco</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113"></td>
			<td class="xl66"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an optimized hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay to quantify influenza-specific antibody titers

抗体滴是常用的替代标志, 用于血清保护流感和其他病原体。对抗体产生前和后接种的详细知识需要了解疫苗诱导免疫。本文介绍了一个可靠的点对点协议来确定流感特异抗体滴。第一个协议描述了一种方法来指定血凝所需的抗原量, 它标准化了第二个协议中随后使用的浓度 (血凝试验, HA 测定)。第二个协议描述了对不同病毒株的流感特异性抗体滴的定量化, 使用人血清或细胞培养清 (血凝抑制法, HI 测定) 的序列稀释。
作为一个应用实例, 我们展示了一个健康的队列的抗体应答, 它接受了三价灭活流感疫苗。此外, 还说明了不同流感病毒之间的交叉反应性, 并解释了使用不同类型的动物红细胞 (红细胞) 减少交叉反应性的方法。讨论突出了所提出的化验的优缺点, 以及如何确定流感特异抗体滴可以提高对疫苗相关免疫的认识。

预防流感 H3N2 前和后接种诱导抗体应答 26健康志愿者接受了疫苗诱导的抗体应答, 他们在2014之前收到了含有流感 A/H1N1/California/2009、A/H3N2/Texas/2012 和 B/Massachusetts/02/2012 的灭活三价亚基流感疫苗。2015流感季节。图 6显示了2疫苗接收者的代表性示例。有趣的是, 在那个特定的流感季节, A/H3N2/Texas/2012 没有循环, 相反, 这个季节包括了一些不同的病毒株: A/H3N2/Switzerland/2013。病毒血的 A/H3N2/Texas/2012 和 A/H3N2/Switzerland/2013 显示97% 序列的身份和不同的只有十一氨基酸 (参见表 4), 其位置突出显示在图 7。
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig8.jpg"> 图 7: 血 A/H3N2 流感菌株的比较.我们比较了 A/Texas/50/2012 和 A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 病毒株的血。由于没有血晶体结构的这些菌株, 我们使用的晶体结构的高度相似的血流感应变 A/Victoria/361/201118, 显示98% 序列的身份与得克萨斯州的应变和95%序列身分与瑞士劳损。在得克萨斯州和瑞士菌株不同的氨基酸位置被强调。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
我们观察了 A/H3N2/Switzerland/2013 和 A/H3N2/Texas/2012 病毒株的交叉反应免疫反应。HI 滴抗流感 A/H3N2/Switzerland/2013 是显着较低的几何平均滴和诱导 seroprotection (图 8A) 相比, 流感 A/H3N2/Texas/2012 (图 8B)。
<img alt="Figure 8" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig9.jpg"> 图 8: 健康献血者的几何平均抗体-滴.用两种不同抗原测定25例健康献血者的滴 (GMTs) 的几何平均抗体。显示了 A/H3N2/Switzerland/2013 (A) 和 A/H3N2/Texas/2012 (B) 的平均滴。免疫应答由于接种可以被观察作为增加滴在接种以后 (d7-d60), 与 GMTs 在接种之前 (d0)。接种后180天, GMTs 再次减少。注意, 只有 A/H3N2/Texas/2012 (在疫苗中) 达到保护性滴。条形表示几何平均滴, 而晶须表示95% 置信区间。虚线指示 seroprotection 阈值。图中显示了 seroprotected 人的百分比 (滴度 > 1:40)。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
疫苗接种后, 大多数受试者的抗体滴 A/H3N2/Texas/2012 增加;虽然疫苗中不存在 A/H3N2/Switzerland/2013 菌株, 但在某些科目中, A/H3N2/Switzerland/2013 的效价也有所增加。图 9显示了两个滴在所有时间点之间的相关性, 其中的线性回归模型的 R2为0.745。正如人们所期望的那样, 诱导抗体对 A/H3N2/Switzerland/2013 的反应是不那么有效的。
<img alt="Figure 9" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig10.jpg"> 图 9: A/H3N2 流感菌株之间的交叉反应.每个个体和时间点的 A/H3N2/Texas 滴是针对相应的 A/H3N2/Switzerland 滴的。线性回归模型显示 R2的0.745。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55833/55833fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
血凝电位是基于血液的类型 病毒血显示不同物种依赖性的潜能, 以 hemagglutinate 红细胞。这种物种依赖性效应也影响血凝抑制试验。为了提高测定的抗病毒滴的特异性, 我们评估了五种病毒抗原 (流感 B/Brisbane/60/2008 和 B/Massachusetts/02/2012、流行性感冒 A/H1N1/California/2009、A/H3N2/Texas/2012 和/H3N2/Switzerland/2013), 以达到最大的血凝, 但也最低的交叉反应。我们利用国家生物标准和控制研究所 (NIBSC) 的阳性对照血清对每个抗原进行这些化验。
对于 B 型流感, 我们可以观察到, B/Massachusetts/02/2012 诱导的抗体应答不提供预防 B/Brisbane/60/2008。相反, 抗 B/Brisbane/60/2008 抗体显示交叉反应对 B/Massachusetts/02/2012 在4倍的低效价在不同的红细胞 (参见表 3)。利益, 几内亚猪血液没有适当地 hemagglutinate 与流行性感冒 b. 土耳其血液在显示潜力 hemagglutinate 和最高的滴以相对地低发怒反应性除早先被提及的 A/H3N2/Texas 和/瑞士菌株。
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td>土耳其</td>
			<td>豚鼠</td>
			<td>鸡</td>
			<td>人型 O</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>B/布里斯班</td>
			<td>1024</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>1024</td>
			<td>1024</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>B/马萨诸塞州</td>
			<td>1024</td>
			<td>384</td>
			<td>768</td>
			<td>1024</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>A/H3N2/Switzerland</td>
			<td>1024</td>
			<td>1024</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>1024</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>A/H3N2/Texas</td>
			<td>1024</td>
			<td>1024</td>
			<td>512</td>
			<td>1024</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>A/H1N1/California</td>
			<td>1024</td>
			<td>1024</td>
			<td>768</td>
			<td>768</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表 3:阳性对照滴不同种类的流感 HA 抗原.
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>不</td>
			<td>A/H3N2/Texas/2012 菌株</td>
			<td>A/H3N2/Switzerland/2013 菌株</td>
			<td>位置</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
			<td>胺 (N)</td>
			<td>丙氨酸 (A)</td>
			<td>128</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
			<td>丙氨酸 (A)</td>
			<td>丝氨酸</td>
			<td>138</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
			<td>异亮氨酸 (I)</td>
			<td>精氨酸 (R)</td>
			<td>140</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
			<td>精氨酸 (R)</td>
			<td>甘氨酸 (G)</td>
			<td>142</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
			<td>胺 (N)</td>
			<td>丝氨酸</td>
			<td>145</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
			<td>苯丙氨酸 (F)</td>
			<td>丝氨酸</td>
			<td>159</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
			<td>甘氨酸 (G)</td>
			<td>缬氨酸 (V)</td>
			<td>186</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
			<td>脯氨酸 (P)</td>
			<td>丝氨酸</td>
			<td>198</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
			<td>丝氨酸</td>
			<td>苯丙氨酸 (F)</td>
			<td>219</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
			<td>胺 (N)</td>
			<td>天门冬氨酸 (D)</td>
			<td>225</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>11 *</td>
			<td>赖氨酸 (K)</td>
			<td>精氨酸 (R)</td>
			<td>326</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td colspan="3">* 不显示在图8的晶体结构, 因为血是切在残渣325。</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表 4: A/H3N2/Texas/2012 与 A/H3N2/Switzerland/2013 菌株间血不同氨基酸的列表

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition HI Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers at JoVE.com

An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition HI Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers

本协议描述了如何进行血凝抑制试验, 以量化流感疫苗接受者血清样本中的流感特异性抗体滴。第一种方法是通过血凝法确定最佳病毒抗原浓度。第二种方法通过血凝抑制来量化流感特异抗体滴。

一种优化的血凝抑制 (HI) 测定流感特异抗体滴

Antibody titers are commonly used as surrogate markers for serological protection against influenza and other pathogens. Detailed knowledge of antibody ...

an-optimized-hemagglutination-inhibition-hi-assay-to-quantify

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers

35.7K 次观看.  University of Basel. 本协议描述了如何进行血凝抑制试验, 以量化流感疫苗接受者血清样本中的流感特异性抗体滴。第一种方法是通过血凝法确定最佳病毒抗原浓度。第二种方法通过血凝抑制来量化流感特异抗体滴。

视频: An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition HI Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers

Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disorder, which produces profound deficits in volitional motor control. Following medical stabilization, recovery from SCI typically involves long term rehabilitation. While recovery of walking ability is a primary goal in many patients early after injury, those with a motor incomplete SCI, indicating partial preservation of volitional control, may have the sufficient residual descending pathways necessary to attain this goal. However, despite physical interventions, motor impairments including weakness, and the manifestation of abnormal involuntary reflex activity, called spasticity or spasms, are thought to contribute to reduced walking recovery. Doctrinaire thought suggests that remediation of this abnormal motor reflexes associated with SCI will produce functional benefits to the patient. For example, physicians and therapists will provide specific pharmacological or physical interventions directed towards reducing spasticity or spasms, although there continues to be little empirical data suggesting that these strategies improve walking ability.
In the past few decades, accumulating data has suggested that specific neuromodulatory agents, including agents which mimic or facilitate the actions of the monoamines, including serotonin (5HT) and norepinephrine (NE), can initiate or augment walking behaviors in animal models of SCI. Interestingly, many of these agents, particularly 5HTergic agonists, can markedly increase spinal excitability, which in turn also increases reflex activity in these animals. Counterintuitive to traditional theories of recovery following human SCI, the empirical evidence from basic science experiments suggest that this reflex hyper excitability and generation of locomotor behaviors are driven in parallel by neuromodulatory inputs (5HT) and may be necessary for functional recovery following SCI. 
The application of this novel concept derived from basic scientific studies to promote recovery following human SCI would appear to be seamless, although the direct translation of the findings can be extremely challenging. Specifically, in the animal models, an implanted catheter facilitates delivery of very specific 5HT agonist compounds directly onto the spinal circuitry. The translation of this technique to humans is hindered by the lack of specific surgical techniques or available pharmacological agents directed towards 5HT receptor subtypes that are safe and effective for human clinical trials. However, oral administration of commonly available 5HTergic agents, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may be a viable option to increase central 5HT concentrations in order to facilitate walking recovery in humans. Systematic quantification of how these SSRIs modulate human motor behaviors following SCI, with a specific focus on strength, reflexes, and the recovery of walking ability, are missing.
This video demonstration is a progressive attempt to systematically and quantitatively assess the modulation of reflex activity, volitional strength and ambulation following the acute oral administration of an SSRI in human SCI. Agents are applied on single days to assess the immediate effects on motor function in this patient population, with long-term studies involving repeated drug administration combined with intensive physical interventions.

This video demonstrates modulation of reflex activity, volitional strength and ambulation through clinical and quantitative assessments in individuals with motor incomplete SCI as a result of acute oral administration of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).

量化人类不完全脊髓损伤运动功能的药理学诱导改建的方法

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disorder, which produces profound deficits in volitional motor control. Following medical stabilization, ...

科研

医学

An in vivo Assay to Test Blood Vessel Permeability

This method is based on the intravenous injection of Evans Blue in mice as the test animal model. Evans blue is a dye that binds albumin. Under physiologic conditions the endothelium is impermeable to albumin, so Evans blue bound albumin remains restricted within blood vessels. In pathologic conditions that promote increased vascular permeability endothelial cells partially lose their close contacts and the endothelium becomes permeable to small proteins such as albumin. This condition allows for extravasation of Evans Blue in tissues. A healthy endothelium prevents extravasation of the dye in the neighboring vascularized tissues. Organs with increased permeability will show significantly increased blue coloration compared to organs with intact endothelium. The level of vascular permeability can be assessed by simple visualization or by quantitative measurement of the dye incorporated per milligram of tissue of control versus experimental animal/tissue. Two powerful aspects of this assay are its simplicity and quantitative characteristics. Evans Blue dye can be extracted from tissues by incubating a specific amount of tissue in formamide. Evans Blue absorbance maximum is at 620 nm and absorbance minimum is at 740 nm. By using a standard curve for Evans Blue, optical density measurements can be converted into milligram dye captured per milligram of tissue. Statistical analysis should be used to assess significant differences in vascular permeability.

An in vivo Assay to Test Blood Vessel Permeability

We are presenting an in vivo assay to test blood vessel permeability. This assay is based on intravenous injection of a dye and subsequent visualization of its diffusion into interstitial spaces.

一个<em在体内</em分析测试血管通透性

This method is based on the intravenous injection of Evans Blue in mice as the test animal model. Evans blue is a dye that binds albumin. Under ...

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

采用实时定量PCR检测供体细胞植入一个具有竞争力的小鼠骨髓移植模型

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. Several cellular mechanisms, such as telomere shortening and abnormal expression of mitogenic oncogenes, have been shown to cause senescence. Senescence is not restricted to normal cells; cancer cells have also been reported to senesce.
	Chemotherapeutical drugs have been shown to induce senescence in cancer cells. However, it remains controversial whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis. As it might eventually be patient-specific, a rapid and sensitive method to assess senescence in cancer cell will soon be required.
	To this end, the standard &beta;-galactosidase assay, the currently used method, presents major drawbacks: it is time consuming and not sensitive. We propose here a flow cytometry-based assay to study senescence on live cells. This assay offers the advantage of being rapid, sensitive, and can be coupled to the immunolabeling of various cellular markers.

Whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis remains controversial. Since chemotherapeutical drugs can induce cancer cells to senesce, studying senescence is essential for proposing new therapies. However, the standard and broadly used &beta;-galactosidase assay presents major drawbacks. We propose here a rapid and sensitive flow cytometry-based assay to quantify senescence.

量化衰老癌症细胞的敏感方法

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic  cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. ...

A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be important in the development of future novel therapies. Often&#160;potential new biomarkers do not make it&#160;into the clinic&#160;due to limitations&#160;in their development and&#160;high costs.&#160;However,&#160;targeted proteomics using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Liquid Chromatography-tandem/Mass Spectrometry (MRM LC-MS/MS), specifically using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, is one method that can be used to rapidly evaluate and validate biomarkers&#160;for clinical translation into diagnostic laboratories. Traditionally, this platform has been used extensively for measurement of small molecules&#160;in clinical laboratories, but it is the potential to analyze proteins, that makes it an attractive alternative to ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)-based methods. We describe here how targeted proteomics can be used to measure multiplexed markers of dementia, including the detection and quantitation of the known risk factor apolipoprotein E isoform 4 (ApoE4).
In order to make the assay suitable for translation, it is designed to be rapid, simple, highly specific and cost effective. To achieve this, every step in the development of the assay must be optimized for the individual proteins and tissues they are analyzed in. This method describes a typical workflow including various tips and tricks to developing a targeted proteomics MRM LC-MS/MS for translation.
The method development is optimized using custom synthesized versions of tryptic quantotypic peptides, which calibrate&#160;the MS for detection and then spiked into CSF to determine correct identification of the endogenous peptide in the chromatographic separation prior to analysis in the MS. To achieve absolute quantitation, stable isotope-labeled internal standard versions of the peptides with short amino acid sequence tags and containing a trypsin cleavage site, are included in the assay.

We describe a high-throughput, multiplex, and targeted proteomic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assay developed with potential for clinical translation. The test can quantitate potential markers and risk factors for neurodegeneration, such as the apolipoprotein E variants (E2, E3 and E4), and measure their allelic expression.

高通量，复用和有针对性的蛋白质组学分析脑脊液量化神经退行性生物标志物和载脂蛋白E亚型状态

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be ...

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method

This protocol shows the measurement of the apoptotic activity neutralization of TNF&#945; in a mouse fibroblast cell model (WEHI 164) using an anti-TNF&#945; mAb. In addition, this protocol can be used to evaluate other anti-TNF&#945; molecules, such as fusion proteins. The cellular model employed here is sensitive to TNF&#945;-mediated apoptosis when an additional stress factor is induced in cell culture conditions (e.g., serum deprivation). This procedure exemplifies how to execute this analytical assay, highlighting the key operations relating to the sample preparation, cell dilution, apoptosis induction, and spectrophotometric measurements that are critical to ensure successful results. This protocol reveals the best-performance conditions relating to apoptosis induction and efficient signal recording, leading to low uncertainty values.

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody mAb by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method

A protocol for the determination of the relative anti-apoptotic activity of an anti-TNF&#945; mAb using a neutralization mechanism with WEHI 164 cells is presented here. This protocol is useful for comparing the neutralization strength of different molecules with the same biological functionality.

使用体外生物法测定抗 tnf 单克隆抗体 (抗体) 的相对效力

This protocol shows the measurement of the apoptotic activity neutralization of TNF&#945; in a mouse fibroblast cell model (WEHI 164) using an ...

An Optimized Evans Blue Protocol to Assess Vascular Leak in the Mouse

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ultimately lead to new knowledge concerning the causes of or new ways to inhibit or treat plasma extravasation. It is important that researchers have the proper tools, including the best methods available, for studying plasma extravasation. In this article, we describe a protocol, using the Evans blue dye method, for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice. This protocol is intentionally simple, to as great a degree as possible, but provides high quality data. Evans blue dye has been chosen primarily because it is easy for the average laboratory to use. We have used this protocol to provide evidence and support for the hypothesis that the enzyme neprilysin may protect the vasculature against plasma extravasation. However, this protocol may be experimentally used and easily adapted for use in other strains of mice or in other species, in many different organs or tissues, for studies which may involve other factors that are important in understanding, preventing, or treating plasma extravasation. This protocol has been extensively optimized and modified from existing protocols, and combines reliability, ease of use, economy, and general availability of materials and equipment, making this protocol superior for the average laboratory to use in quantifying plasma extravasation from organs.

In this article, an economical, optimized, and simple protocol is described which uses the Evans blue dye method for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice that can be adapted for use in other strains, species, and other organs or tissues.

一种优化的埃文斯蓝协议对小鼠血管泄漏的评估

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ...

Optimized Griess Reaction for UV-Vis and Naked-eye Determination of Anti-malarial Primaquine

Primaquine (PMQ), an important anti-malarial drug, has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the treatment of life-threatening infections caused by P. vivax and ovale. However, PMQ has unwanted adverse effects that lead&#160;to acute hemolysis in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. There is a need to develop simple and reliable methods for PMQ determination with the purpose of dosage monitoring. In early 2019, we have reported an UV-Vis and naked-eye based approach for PMQ colorimetric quantification. The detection was based on a Griess-like reaction between PMQ and anilines, which can generate colored azo products. The detection limit for direct measurement of PMQ in synthetic urine is in the nanomolar range. Moreover, this method has shown great potential for PMQ quantification from human serum samples at clinically relevant concentrations. In this protocol, we will describe the technical details regarding the syntheses and characterization of colored azo products, the reagent preparation, and the procedures for PMQ determination.

This protocol describes a novel colorimetric method for antimalarial primaquine (PMQ) detection in synthetic urines and human serums.

抗疟药的紫外线-Vis和裸眼测定优化的格里斯反应

Primaquine (PMQ), an important anti-malarial drug, has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the treatment of life-threatening ...

A Simple Pit Assay Protocol to Visualize and Quantify Osteoclastic Resorption In Vitro

Mature osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that can degrade bone through the secretion of acids and enzymes. They play a crucial role in various diseases (e.g., osteoporosis and bone cancer) and are therefore important objects of research. In vitro, their activity can be analyzed by the formation of resorption pits. In this protocol, we describe a simple pit assay method using calcium phosphate (CaP) coated cell culture plates, which can be easily visualized and quantified. Osteoclast precursors derived from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured on the coated plates in the presence of osteoclastogenic stimuli. After 9 days of incubation, osteoclasts were fixed and stained for fluorescence imaging while the CaP coating was counterstained by calcein. To quantify the resorbed area, the CaP coating on plates was stained with 5% AgNO3 and visualized by brightfield imaging. The resorption pit area was quantified using ImageJ.

A Simple Pit Assay Protocol to Visualize and Quantify Osteoclastic Resorption In Vitro

Here, we present a simple and effective assay procedure for resorption pit assays using calcium phosphate coated cell culture plates.

一种简单的坑式检测方案，用于可视化和定量体外碎屑病再吸收

Mature osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that can degrade bone through the secretion of acids and enzymes. They play a crucial role in various diseases ...

Endothelial Cell Transcytosis Assay as an In Vitro Model to Evaluate Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier Permeability

Dysfunction of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) contributes to the pathophysiology of several vascular eye diseases, often resulting in retinal edema and subsequent vision loss. The inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) is mainly composed of retinal vascular endothelium with low permeability under physiological conditions. This feature of low permeability is tightly regulated and maintained by low rates of paracellular transport between adjacent retinal microvascular endothelial cells, as well as transcellular transport (transcytosis) through them. The assessment of retinal transcellular barrier permeability may provide fundamental insights into iBRB integrity in health and disease. In this study, we describe an endothelial cell (EC) transcytosis assay, as an in vitro model for evaluating iBRB permeability, using human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs). This assay assesses the ability of HRMECs to transport transferrin and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in receptor- and caveolae-mediated transcellular transport processes, respectively. Fully confluent HRMECs cultured on porous membrane were incubated with fluorescent-tagged transferrin (clathrin-dependent transcytosis) or HRP (caveolae-mediated transcytosis) to measure the levels of transferrin or HRP transferred to the bottom chamber, indicative of transcytosis levels across the EC monolayer. Wnt signaling, a known pathway regulating iBRB, was modulated to demonstrate the caveolae-mediated HRP-based transcytosis assay method. The EC transcytosis assay described here may provide a useful tool for investigating the molecular regulators of EC permeability and iBRB integrity in vascular pathologies and for screening drug delivery systems.

Endothelial Cell Transcytosis Assay as an In Vitro Model to Evaluate Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier Permeability

This protocol illustrates an in vitro endothelial cell transcytosis assay as a model to evaluate inner blood-retinal barrier permeability by measuring the ability of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells to transport horseradish peroxidase across cells in caveolae-mediated transcellular transport processes.

内皮细胞转吞测定作为 体外 模型评估内部血-视网膜屏障通透性

Dysfunction of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) contributes to the pathophysiology of several vascular eye diseases, often resulting in retinal edema and ...

一种优化的血凝抑制 (HI) 测定流感特异抗体滴

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量化人类不完全脊髓损伤运动功能的药理学诱导改建的方法

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采用实时定量PCR检测供体细胞植入一个具有竞争力的小鼠骨髓移植模型

量化衰老癌症细胞的敏感方法

高通量，复用和有针对性的蛋白质组学分析脑脊液量化神经退行性生物标志物和载脂蛋白E亚型状态

使用体外生物法测定抗 tnf 单克隆抗体 (抗体) 的相对效力

一种优化的埃文斯蓝协议对小鼠血管泄漏的评估

抗疟药的紫外线-Vis和裸眼测定优化的格里斯反应

一种简单的坑式检测方案，用于可视化和定量体外碎屑病再吸收

内皮细胞转吞测定作为体外模型评估内部血-视网膜屏障通透性

一种优化的血凝抑制 (HI) 测定流感特异抗体滴

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

量化人类不完全脊髓损伤运动功能的药理学诱导改建的方法

一个

采用实时定量PCR检测供体细胞植入一个具有竞争力的小鼠骨髓移植模型

量化衰老癌症细胞的敏感方法

高通量，复用和有针对性的蛋白质组学分析脑脊液量化神经退行性生物标志物和载脂蛋白E亚型状态

使用体外生物法测定抗 tnf 单克隆抗体 (抗体) 的相对效力

一种优化的埃文斯蓝协议对小鼠血管泄漏的评估

抗疟药的紫外线-Vis和裸眼测定优化的格里斯反应

一种简单的坑式检测方案，用于可视化和定量体外碎屑病再吸收

内皮细胞转吞测定作为 体外 模型评估内部血-视网膜屏障通透性

内皮细胞转吞测定作为体外模型评估内部血-视网膜屏障通透性