感谢瑞士Landquart的"Thim van der Laan"基金会的财政支持。我们还感谢瑞士南部瑞士应用科学与艺术大学，瑞士兰德夸花园应用科学与艺术大学的Thomas Konzett以及瑞士兰德夸大学物理治疗学院的Ursula M.Küng先生，他们在实验过程中的帮助以及亚历山大·马索林（Alexander Masselink）的帮助用英语

伦理声明:苏黎世瑞士国家伦理委员会批准了该协议（KEK-ZH No. 2015-0113） 1.参与者招募<ol><li>通过社交媒体和传单招募参与者。 </li><li>筛选并包括18至30岁之间的大学生的参与者。确保他们每周至少进行两次（最少总时间:2小时）和最多三次（最多总时间:3小时）的耐力运动，他们没有目前的疼痛症状，并且他们有过去12个月，躯干或下肢没有受伤。 </li><li>筛选并排除参与者如果对感冒过敏（包括雷诺氏病），患有心血管疾病或任何其他疾病，必须服用任何药物，怀孕或有骨骼偏差。 </li></ol> 2.熟悉测试协议（第1天） <ol><li>一在实验前一周，指示参与者在跳跃垫上执行最多5 CMJ（参见材料表），每次跳跃12,27之间的休息时间为1分钟。指示他们从直立位置开始，并将手放在他们的臀部，以消除手臂摆动。在CMJ期间允许自定义的运动和收缩时间范围。 </li><li>指导参与者在无痛状态的熟悉会话后一周返回实验室，在实验前48小时未进行彻底的运动。 注意:无痛无疲劳状态将被评估为基线测量值。 </li></ol> 3.基线测量（第2天） <ol><li>测量参与者的身高，体重和估计下半身脂肪百分比三次，并计算平均值28 </suP&gt;。 </li><li>参与者在3秒持续的蹲下位置29 （90°膝盖角度）下，以视觉模拟量表（VAS; 0-10厘米） 5评估他们的正面大腿的各自的DOMS。询问参与者:"您的正面大腿有多痛？"记录VAS中的数字，单位为mm。 注意:刻度的最左端点（0厘米）表示"没有酸痛"，标尺的最右端点（10厘米）表示"严重的酸痛"。 </li><li>参加者可以使用6-20 BORG量表30将其个人感觉到的身体素质放在直立位置。询问参与者:"你实际感觉到的劳累水平是多少？"记录口头传达的号码。 注意:参与者通过告诉研究者一个数字在6（没有感觉到的运动）和20（最大的感觉到的运动）之间进行评价。 </li><li>让参与者进行最大化m的3个CMJ 12,27（在熟悉会话期间练习），在三个跳跃之间有一个30秒的暂停，在跳跃垫上。 注意:CMJ的跳跃高度被间接记录为跳台垫系统的飞行时间。 </li><li>使用最高跳跃，并根据Sayers 等人的研究中使用的公式计算峰值功率输出（PPO）。 31 : PPO =（60.7×跳跃高度[cm]）+（45.3×体重[kg]） - 2,055 注意:在完全跳转协议（见下文）后的恢复应用（0 h）和24,48和72 h后，主观评级和客观评估将直接重复。 </li><li>通过抽签随机地将参与者分配给冷组或热中性组。 </li></ol>彻底的跳转协议<ol><li>随机化后直接指导参与者准备执行详尽的跳转协议，没有任何预热练习。 </li><li>有两名研究人员目视检查跳跃的质量（每次跳跃后最大的跳跃性能，用手指触摸地面），口头纠正，并在跳跃协议期间鼓励参与者。 </li><li>参与者最多可以执行3 x 30 CMJ，或者直到用尽自己的速度，在组间间隔30秒。 注意:暂停期间让参与者坐下来喝水。 </li></ol> 5.恢复应用<ol><li> 在详尽的跳跃协议之后，让盲人研究人员将一个冷的袖口或热中性袖口（参见材料表）应用于参与者的大腿。 <ol><li>将参与者置于仰卧位置，并将两个袖口直接应用于每个大腿的皮肤，以确保完全接触，但使用最小压力以避免任何压缩效应。 注意:任选地，使用由丙二醇和软化水组成的即用型无毒润滑混合物将连续可编程冷却和加热装置的罐重新填充至最大水平。 </li></ol></li><li>启动设备，并使用冷模式（+ 8°C）或热中性模式（+ 32°C）持续20分钟。 注意:指示参与者不要报告有关其温度感觉的信息。 </li><li>在应用程序后脱下大腿袖口并关闭设备。 </li></ol> 0小时后进行非侵入性恢复评估注:执行所有恢复评估的研究人员不应通知受试者是否接受冷或热中性袖带申请。 <ol><li>让参与者对自己的DOMS和RPE进行评估，如步骤3.2和3.3所述。 </li><li>参与者最多可以执行3个CMJ并计算PPO，如步骤3.4和3.5所述。 </li><li>指导参与者保持日常生活习惯，但在72小时恢复期间不要进行酒精，运动和休闲训练。指导参与者在完全跳转协议后24,48和72小时返回实验室。 </li></ol> 7.无创恢复评估24小时（第3天），48小时（第4天）和72小时（第5天） <ol><li>让参与者对自己的DOMS和RPE进行评估，如步骤3.2和3.3所述。 </li><li>让参与者最多执行3个CMJ并计算PPO，如步骤3.4和3.5所述。 注意:协议在72小时随访期结束（第5天）。 </li></ol>

没有一个作者有争议或冲突的利益。

该协议描述了执行标准化详尽跳转协议，冷冻疗法恢复模式和恢复特性的非侵入性评估。与运动后恢复研究领域的传统执行方法相比，该随机对照试验的方案提供了几个优点。以前的研究表明，由100跳跃组成的跳跃协议是诱导局部肌肉损伤的有效方法36,37 。 Ferreira-Junior 等人使用了一个跳跃协议，包括五组20个跳跃从0.6米的盒子，两组间休息间隔，以引发额外的大腿36的肌肉损伤。而其他传统的耗尽协议需要昂贵的机械设备38 ，而目前的协议在不使用任何机械设备的情况下引起肌肉疲劳。研究人员否需要购买或租用昂贵的设备来诱发肌肉疲惫或损伤额叶大腿。 采用连续可编程的冷却和加热装置应用恢复干预措施，可以将冷或热传递到身体的特定区域。将两只大腿袖口在仰卧位的两只大腿周围应用20分钟。虽然CWI是增强恢复能力的最有希望的方法之一，但交通运输和必要数量的水是执行这一干预措施的两个重要因素。此外，为了保证理想的水温，需要额外的人来监测和添加冰。 本协议的优点是使用自动化和便携式的冷却和加热装置，其确保在袖带施加期间恒定的温度。描述的协议的另一个优点是评估主观和客观的可能性没有从参与者身上取血样的生态特征。许多发表的文章24,40,41,42中描述了在详尽的方案之后使用的主观评价，DOMS（VAS; 0-10cm）和RPE（BORG; 6-20）。如本协议中所述，CMJ的评估显示出高的重测信度（0.48和0.88之间的类内相关系数（ICC））和有效性25,26 。 协议中有一些关键步骤可能会产生潜在的错误来源。两名研究人员必须在详尽的CMJ（3 x 30）期间观察，口头鼓励和纠正参与者。可以使用加速度计或线性换能器来确保最大CMJ的客观监测。另一关键步骤是应用two大腿袖口为了避免任何压缩效应43,44 ，袖带必须以最低水平的压力缠绕在每个大腿周围。以最小的压力应用袖口可能需要几次练习才能掌握。 本协议有一些限制。剧组之间30秒休息时间非常短，心血管影响非常大。另一个局限性是用于恢复模式的即用型润滑混合物。重要的是考虑到该润滑混合物（ 即丙二醇和软化水）的热容量略低于普通水。当本研究人员不像本协议中描述的那样身体活跃时，5次跳跃的熟悉会话可能会太小。 最后，CMJs的评估提出了机会评估客观恢复特征。 Bishop 等人证明了使用基于移动的应用程序"我的跳跃"来评估跳跃高度的便宜和可行的方法，这已被证明是衡量该变量45,46的可靠方法。然而，Rowsell 等人表明，在穷举足球赛24场后，可观察到在5天随访期间CMJ高度明显下降。 Rupp 等人在彻底耐力试验34后观察到类似的结果。这些结果与本研究的结果一致，表明CMJ高度的评估可能不足以测量肌肉疲劳的量。 在本方案中，冷应用温度设定为8℃，而热中和应用温度设定在32°已经证明，冷水温度通常为≤20℃，热中性水温为24℃至&lt;36℃ 47 。重要的是要考虑脂肪组织的数量显着影响组织冷却速率，较厚的皮肤褶皱需要更长的使用时间48 。研究人员应根据研究人群调整冷却温度和使用时间。 未来的研究应该考虑到与CMJ相比，膝关节伸肌的最大自愿收缩的评估可能是对客观恢复特征的更敏感的评估。为使该协议有效，参与者为CMJ进行熟悉会话至关重要。使用不同于这里描述的研究人群的未来研究将增加跳跃次数ps以保证熟悉效果。此外，未来的研究可能会增加详尽的CMJ之间的休息时间，以保证最大的跳跃性能，从而不受高心血管需求的影响。 总之，目前详尽的跳跃协议是一种简单而实用的方法，可以在不使用任何机械装置的情况下诱发正面大腿肌肉疲惫。通过将主观（ 即 DOMS和RPE）和目标（ 即 CMJ和PPO）参数相结合，可以在72小时恢复期内进行回收，而无需采集任何血液样本。局部运动后冷冻治疗应用可以在几乎任何地方进行，保证恒温冷却。

<html>冷冻治疗是一种经常使用的治疗方式，以增强运动后恢复1，2 。暴露于感冒后身体的血管收缩反应是减少炎症过程3,4的主要机制之一。经常使用的冷冻治疗方法包括冷敷5或袖口6 ，冷空气7,8 ，冷水浸泡（CWI） 9 ，全身冷冻治疗10,11 ，冷却背心12和内部冷却方法13,14 。然而，内部冷却程序已经证明了矛盾的结果15,16 。 一项研究报告说，运动后冷冻疗法并没有提高垂直跳跃性能（VJP），但与主动恢复手术相比，降低主观评分（RPE） 17相比之下，另一项研究表明，冷冻治疗对运动后主观RPE 5没有影响，Hohenauer 等的 Meta分析表明，运动后冷冻治疗可能对主观恢复特征有积极作用，对炎症无影响标记1 。 确定冷冻治疗对恢复的影响的大多数研究涉及昂贵的装置，以诱导肌肉疲劳7,18,19和侵入性程序来评估血浆标记rs或细胞因子19,20,21 。本方案的目的是在不使用任何装置的情况下诱发类似的肌肉疲劳，并提供非侵入性方法来确定局部冷冻治疗袖带应用对主观和客观恢复特征的影响。这种方法背后的理由是为其他研究人员或教练提供了一种工具来诱导肌肉疲劳，而不需要使用任何昂贵的设备;根据本协议实施地方冷却策略;并测量主观和客观的恢复，而不使用侵入性方法。这可能有助于评估主观和客观的恢复特征，在运动现实，非侵入性环境中，详尽的跳跃协议。 已发表的研究表明，用于评估主观恢复特征的经验证的非侵入性方法（ 即， </em&gt;延迟发作肌肉酸痛（DOMS） 22和RPE） 23成功使用。反移动跳跃（CMJ）性能17,24具有很高的测试重测信度25,26 ，也可以作为非侵入性方法来评估客观恢复特性。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="601">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="147">
			<td height="147" style="height:147px;width:216px;">&#160;Anthropometer 100</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">GPM Anthropometric Instruments (URL:http://www.seritex.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">not applicable&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Standing body-height can be measured with other accurate systems</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">TANITA TBF 611</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">TANITA corporation (URL:http://www.tanita.com/en/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">500314M</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:216px;">Just Jump System&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Probotics Inc. (URL:http://www.probotics.org/JustJump/JustJump.htm)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23056311</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This system includes the jump mat and the jump height recorder. Other accurate systems, measuring vertical jump height may be used alternatively</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">Zamar Therapy ZT Clinic&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Zamar Medical D.O.O (URL:http://www.zamar.care/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MG675AA00F&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This is a continous programmable cooling and heating device&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Zamar Large Thigh Thermal Wraps</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Zamar Care (URL:http://www.zamar.care/sport.html)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">not applicable&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">2 Thigh Thermal Wraps are needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Zamar Equi Insulated 4.7 m &#34;V&#34;t Pipe &#38; Safety Connector</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">http://www.zamar.care/clinic.html</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ZAM-1ACS410</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Non Tox Freeze 4&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Pakelo Motor Oil S.r.l. (URL:http://www.pakelo.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0131.34.47</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="147">
			<td height="147" style="height:147px;width:216px;">Schmerzskala (VAS 0 - 10 cm)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Mundipharma Medical Company (URL:http://www.mundipharma.ch/index.php?id=73)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">not applicable&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:216px;">BORG scale (6 - 20)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">URL:http://www.mesics.de/fileadmin/user/literature/Allgemein/Borg-Skala_Loellgen.pdf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">not applicable&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

non-invasive assessments of subjective and objective recovery characteristics following an exhaustive jump protocol

剧烈运动后的快速恢复在运动中很重要，通常通过冷冻治疗应用来研究。冷冻疗法具有显着的血管收缩作用，这似乎是其有效性的主要因素。所得到的增强的恢复可以通过使用客观和主观参数来测量。恢复的两个常见的主观特征是迟发性肌肉酸痛（DOMS）和感觉消耗（RPE）评分。两个重要的客观恢复特征是反移动跳跃（CMJ）性能和峰值功率输出（PPO）。在这里，我们提供了一个详细的协议，以自定进度，3 x 30反移动跳转协议（每组30秒休息）之间诱发额外大腿肌肉疲惫。该随机对照试验方案解释了如何在两只大腿上进行局部冷冻治疗袖带（+ 8℃20分钟）和高温中压袖带（+ 32℃20分钟）运动后恢复模式。最后，我们提供一种非侵入性方案来测量这两种恢复方式对主观（ 即大脑前额叶和RPE的DOMS）和客观恢复（ 即 CMJ和PPO）特征24,48和72小时后的影响-应用。这种方法的优点在于，它为研究人员或教练员提供了一种工具，可以在不使用任何昂贵的设备的情况下诱发肌肉疲劳;实施地方冷却策略;并测量主观和客观的恢复，而不使用侵入性方法。该协议的局限性在于组间30秒的休息时间非常短，心血管需求非常高。未来的研究可能会发现与CMJ相比，最大自愿收缩的评估是对肌肉疲劳的更敏感的评估。

测试协议的示意图如图1所示 。本节说明，该方案在72小时随访期间诱导肌肉疲劳和监测主观和客观恢复特征成功，而无需使用侵入性技术（ 图2和图3 ）。 Goodall 等人在肌肉损伤方案29后，在90°蹲位研究DOMS。同样，本研究也评估了DOMS在这个位置。如先前发表的文章所述，DOMS在恢复应用（0小时）后和两组中48小时后直接升高（ 图2A ）29,32。然而，在两组中，这些值在7之后没有回到基准值2小时恢复期32 。 该协议还允许观察整体感知力的变化（ 图2B ）。在本研究中，使用6-20 BORG量表，如Rowsell 等人的研究24 。根据Minett 等人的研究，RPE在恢复应用12后直接升高。然而，这些值在热中性组中24小时后恢复到基线，并保持在该水平长达72小时。在冷组中，RPE值在48小时后再次增加，并保持在该水平达72小时。 图3A和图3B显示，在恢复应用（0小时）之后，完全跳转协议在两个条件下诱导跳跃高度（CMJ）和PPO的降低sup class ="xref"&gt; 12，33。 24 h后跳高（CMJ）和PPO均升高，冷热和热中性组48,47 h后均有下降。这些结果与先前发表的第24,33,34条相符。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig1.jpg" /> 图1:测试协议的示意图。向下箭头表示测量恢复特性的时间点。 DOMS =延迟发作肌肉酸痛，RPE =额外感觉运动，CMJ =反运动跳跃，PPO =峰值功率输出。这个数字已经从Hohenauer 等人修改35 。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看</a>这个数字的较大版本。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig2.jpg" /> 图2:DOMS和RPE随时间的变化。 （ A ）延迟性肌肉酸痛（DOMS;（中位数±四分位数范围）重复测量ANOVA显示时间效应（P = 0.003）和组效应（P = 0.03），但无x组时间相互作用= 0.89），所有时间点组间差异均无统计学意义（P&gt; 0.05）;（ B ）额定感知功耗（RPE;中位数±四分位数范围）重复测量ANOVA显示时间效应（P &lt;0.001）组间效应（P = 0.09），但无x组时间相互作用（P = 0.29），所有时间点组间差异均P&gt; 0.05，*显示时间效应显着（p &lt;0.05）表明与组间基线值的显着差异（p &lt;0.05）数字已从Hohenauer 等人修改35 。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig3.jpg" /> 图3:CMJ和PPO随时间的变化。 （ A ）反移动跳跃时的跳跃高度（CMJ;平均值±SD）。重复测量方差分析显示时间效应（P &lt;0.001），但无组分效应（P = 0.35）和时间x组相互作用（P = 0.35）。各组之间的事后差异在所有时间点均为P&gt; 0.05。 （ B ）峰值功率输出（PPO;平均值±SD）。重复测量ANOVA显示时间效应（P &lt;0.001），但无组作用（P = 0.96）和时间x组相互作用（P = 0.35）。所有时间点组之间的事后差异P&gt; 0.05NTS。 *表示显着时间效应（P &lt;0.05）。这个数字已经从Hohenauer 等人修改35 。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol at JoVE.com

Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol

该方案描述了在72小时恢复期内非侵入性恢复评估的程序。该方案使用反移动跳跃诱发正面大腿的肌肉疲惫，并使用局部冷套或热中性袖带应用作为恢复模式。

根据彻底的跳跃协议进行的主观和客观恢复特征的非侵入性评估

Fast recovery after strenuous exercise is important in sports and is often studied via cryotherapy applications. Cryotherapy has a significant ...

non-invasive-assessments-subjective-objective-recovery

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.6K 次观看.  University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland. 该方案描述了在72小时恢复期内非侵入性恢复评估的程序。该方案使用反移动跳跃诱发正面大腿的肌肉疲惫，并使用局部冷套或热中性袖带应用作为恢复模式。 

视频: Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

Muscle strains are one of the most common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and physical exam alone, however the clinical presentation can vary greatly depending on the extent of injury, the patient's pain tolerance, etc. In patients with muscle injury or muscle disease, assessment of muscle damage is typically limited to clinical signs, such as tenderness, strength, range of motion, and more recently, imaging studies. Biological markers, such as serum creatine kinase levels, are typically elevated with muscle injury, but their levels do not always correlate with the loss of force production. This is even true of histological findings from animals, which provide a "direct measure" of damage, but do not account for all the loss of function. Some have argued that the most comprehensive measure of the overall health of the muscle in contractile force. Because muscle injury is a random event that occurs under a variety of biomechanical conditions, it is difficult to study. Here, we describe an in vivo animal model to measure torque and to produce a reliable muscle injury. We also describe our model for measurement of force from an isolated muscle in situ. Furthermore, we describe our small animal MRI procedure.

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

An in vivo animal model of injury is described. The method takes advantage of the subcutaneous position of the fibular nerve. Velocity, timing of muscle activation, and arc of motion are all pre-determined and synchronized using commercial software. Post injury changes are monitored in vivo using MR imaging/spectroscopy.

一个在体内收缩引起的损伤，非侵入性的监测恢复啮齿动物模型

Muscle strains are one of the most  common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and  physical ...

科研

医学

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can accurately screen for brain injury, monitor injury evolution, or assess response to therapy. The energy used by neurons is derived largely from tissue oxidative metabolism, and neural hyperactivity and cell death are reflected by corresponding changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2). Thus, measures of CMRO2 are reflective of neuronal viability and provide critical diagnostic information, making CMRO2 an ideal target for bedside measurement of brain health.
Brain-imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) yield measures of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism, but these techniques require the administration of radionucleotides, so they are used in only the most acute cases.
Continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) provides non-invasive and non-ionizing radiation measures of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen consumption. However, SO2 is less than ideal as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen metabolism as it is influenced by both oxygen delivery and consumption. Furthermore, measurements of SO2 are not sensitive enough to detect brain injury hours after the insult 1,2, because oxygen consumption and delivery reach equilibrium after acute transients 3. We investigated the possibility of using more sophisticated NIRS optical methods to quantify cerebral oxygen metabolism at the bedside in healthy and brain-injured newborns. More specifically, we combined the frequency-domain NIRS (FDNIRS) measure of SO2 with the diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measure of blood flow index (CBFi) to yield an index of CMRO2 (CMRO2i) 4,5.
With the combined FDNIRS/DCS system we are able to quantify cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics. This represents an improvement over CWNIRS for detecting brain health, brain development, and response to therapy in neonates. Moreover, this method adheres to all neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) policies on infection control and institutional policies on laser safety. Future work will seek to integrate the two instruments to reduce acquisition time at the bedside and to implement real-time feedback on data quality to reduce the rate of data rejection.

We combined frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of cerebral blood flow index to estimate an index of oxygen metabolism. We tested the utility of this measure as a bedside screening tool to evaluate the health and development of the newborn brain.

婴幼儿的脑代谢和血流动力学的非侵入式光学测量

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality  and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can  accurately ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function

The authors have utilized capillaroscopy and forearm blood flow techniques to investigate the role of microvascular dysfunction in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, relatively inexpensive methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. Percent capillary recruitment is assessed by dividing the increase in capillary density induced by postocclusive reactive hyperemia (postocclusive reactive hyperemia capillary density minus baseline capillary density), by the maximal capillary density (observed during passive venous occlusion). Percent perfused capillaries represents the proportion of all capillaries present that are perfused (functionally active), and is calculated by dividing postocclusive reactive hyperemia capillary density by the maximal capillary density. Both percent capillary recruitment and percent perfused capillaries reflect the number of functional capillaries. The forearm blood flow (FBF) technique provides accepted non-invasive measures of endothelial function: The ratio FBFmax/FBFbase is computed as an estimate of vasodilation, by dividing the mean of the four FBFmax values by the mean of the four FBFbase values. Forearm vascular resistance at maximal vasodilation (FVRmax) is calculated as the mean arterial pressure (MAP) divided by FBFmax. Both the capillaroscopy and forearm techniques are readily acceptable to patients and can be learned quickly.
The microvascular and endothelial function measures obtained using the methodologies described in this paper may have future utility in clinical patient cardiovascular risk-reduction strategies. As we have published reports demonstrating that microvascular and endothelial dysfunction are found in initial stages of hypertension including prehypertension, microvascular and endothelial function measures may eventually aid in early identification, risk-stratification and prevention of end-stage vascular pathology, with its potentially fatal consequences.

Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, relatively inexpensive methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. The forearm blood flow technique provides accepted non-invasive measures of endothelial function.

非侵入性的评估微血管和内皮功能

The authors have utilized capillaroscopy and forearm blood flow techniques to investigate the role of microvascular dysfunction in pathogenesis of ...

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are exacerbated when significant brain atrophy and age-related white matter changes (e.g. Leukoaraiosis) are present. Lesion Explorer (LE) is an accurate and reliable neuroimaging pipeline specifically developed to address such issues commonly observed on MRI of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. The pipeline is a complex set of semi-automatic procedures which has been previously validated in a series of internal and external reliability tests1,2. However, LE's accuracy and reliability is highly dependent on properly trained manual operators to execute commands, identify distinct anatomical landmarks, and manually edit/verify various computer-generated segmentation outputs.
LE can be divided into 3 main components, each requiring a set of commands and manual operations: 1) Brain-Sizer, 2) SABRE, and 3) Lesion-Seg. Brain-Sizer's manual operations involve editing of the automatic skull-stripped total intracranial vault (TIV) extraction mask, designation of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (vCSF), and removal of subtentorial structures. The SABRE component requires checking of image alignment along the anterior and posterior commissure (ACPC) plane, and identification of several anatomical landmarks required for regional parcellation. Finally, the Lesion-Seg component involves manual checking of the automatic lesion segmentation of subcortical hyperintensities (SH) for false positive errors.
While on-site training of the LE pipeline is preferable, readily available visual teaching tools with interactive training images are a viable alternative. Developed to ensure a high degree of accuracy and reliability, the following is a step-by-step, video-guided, standardized protocol for LE's manual procedures.

Lesion Explorer (LE) is a semi-automatic, image-processing pipeline developed to obtain regional brain tissue and subcortical hyperintensity lesion volumetrics from structural MRI of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. To ensure a high level of accuracy and reliability, the following is a video-guided, standardized protocol for LE's manual procedures.

病变资源管理器:一个视频引导，标准化为老年痴呆症准确，可靠的MRI衍生Volumetrics和正常老年人协议

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are ...

Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG

Stroke is the third leading cause of death among Americans 65 years of age or older1. The quality of life for patients who suffer from a stroke fails to return to normal in a large majority of patients2, which is mainly due to current lack of clinical treatment for acute stroke. This necessitates understanding the physiological effects of cerebral ischemia on brain tissue over time and is a major area of active research. Towards this end, experimental progress has been made using rats as a preclinical model for stroke, particularly, using non-invasive methods such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) coupled with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging3,10,17. Here we present a strategy for inducing cerebral ischemia in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) that mimics focal cerebral ischemia in humans, and imaging its effects over 24 hr using FDG-PET coupled with X-ray computed tomography (CT) with an Albira PET-CT instrument. A VOI template atlas was subsequently fused to the cerebral rat data to enable a unbiased analysis of the brain and its sub-regions4. In addition, a method for 3D visualization of the FDG-PET-CT time course is presented. In summary, we present a detailed protocol for initiating, quantifying, and visualizing an induced ischemic stroke event in a living Sprague-Dawley rat in three dimensions using FDG-PET.

Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG

Brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia may be non-invasively imaged and studied in rats using pre-clinical positron emission tomography coupled with the injectable radioactive probe, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Further, the use of modern software tools that include volume of interest (VOI) brain templates dramatically increase the quantitative information gleaned from these studies.

无创成像和脑缺血分析生活中的大鼠使用正电子发射断层扫描<sup&gt; 18</sup&gt; F-FDG

Stroke is the third leading cause of death among Americans 65 years of age or older1. The quality of life for patients who suffer from a stroke fails to ...

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of care consisting of surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy consisting of platinum and taxane compounds, almost 90% of patients recur within a few years. In these patients the development of chemoresistant disease limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy agents and therefore contributes to the high mortality. To discover novel therapy options that can target recurrent disease, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the clinical profile of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are required. The challenge in monitoring intra-peritoneal (i.p.) disease limits the use of i.p. models and thus most xenografts are established subcutaneously. We have developed a sensitive optical imaging platform that allows the detection and anatomical location of i.p. tumor mass. The platform includes the use of optical reporters that extend from the visible light range to near infrared, which in combination with 2-dimensional X-ray co-registration can provide anatomical location of molecular signals. Detection is significantly improved by the use of a rotation system that drives the animal to multiple angular positions for 360 degree imaging, allowing the identification of tumors that are not visible in single orientation. This platform provides a unique model to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

We describe a non-invasive animal imaging platform that allows the detection, quantification, and monitoring of ovarian cancer growth and recurrence. This intra-peritoneal xenograft model mimics the clinical profile of patients with ovarian cancer.

小鼠模型的非侵入性成像检测和监测卵巢癌复发

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of ...

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion

Concussion is one of the most commonly reported injuries amongst children and youth involved in sport participation. Following a concussion, youth can experience a range of short and long term neurobehavioral symptoms (somatic, cognitive and emotional/behavioral) that can have a significant impact on one&#8217;s participation in daily activities and pursuits of interest (e.g., school, sports, work, family/social life, etc.). Despite this, there remains a paucity in clinically driven research aimed specifically at exploring concussion within the youth sport population, and more specifically, multi-modal approaches to measuring recovery. This article provides an overview of a novel and multi-modal approach to measuring recovery amongst youth athletes following concussion. The presented approach involves the use of both pre-injury/baseline testing and post-injury/follow-up testing to assess performance across a wide variety of domains (post-concussion symptoms, cognition, balance, strength, agility/motor skills and resting state heart rate variability). The goal of this research is to gain a more objective and accurate understanding of recovery following concussion in youth athletes (ages 10-18 years). Findings from this research can help to inform the development and use of improved approaches to concussion management and rehabilitation specific to the youth sport community.

This article provides an overview of a multi-modal approach to assessing recovery following concussion in youth athletes. The described protocol uses pre- and post-concussion assessment of performance across a wide variety of domains and can inform the development of improved concussion rehabilitation protocols specific to the youth sport community.

多模式的方法来评估恢​​复的青少年运动员脑震荡之后

Concussion is one of the most commonly reported injuries amongst children and youth involved in sport participation. Following a concussion, youth can ...

A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology

The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Damage to the endothelium may predispose the vessel to atherosclerosis and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Assessments of peripheral endothelial function are good indicators of early abnormalities in the vascular wall and correlate well with assessments of coronary endothelial function. The present manuscript details the important methodological steps necessary for the assessment of microvascular endothelial function using laser Doppler imaging with iontophoresis, large vessel endothelial function using flow-mediated dilatation, and carotid atherosclerosis using carotid artery ultrasound. A discussion on the methodological considerations for each of the techniques is also presented, and recommendations are made for future research.

The present article describes the methodological considerations for several non-invasive assessments of vascular function and morphology that are commonly used in medical research to assess different stages of atherosclerosis.

方法论方法血管功能和形态的非侵入性评估

The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis.  Damage to the endothelium may ...

Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection and Asymmetric Behavioral Assessments in Adult Rats

Incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to impairments of sensorimotor functions and is clinically the most frequent type of SCI. Human Brown-S&#233;quard syndrome&#160;is a common type of incomplete SCI caused by a lesion to one half of the spinal cord which results in paralysis and loss of&#160;proprioception&#160;on the same (or ipsilesional) side as the injury, and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite (or contralesional) side. Adequate methodologies for producing a spinal cord lateral hemisection (HX) and assessing neurological impairments are essential to establish a reliable animal model of Brown-S&#233;quard syndrome. Although lateral hemisection model plays a pivotal role in basic and translational research, standardized protocols for creating such a hemisection and assessing unilateralized function are lacking. The goal of this study is to describe step-by-step procedures to produce a rat spinal lateral HX at the 9th thoracic (T9) vertebral level. We, then, describe a combined behavior scale for HX (CBS-HX) that provides a simple and sensitive assessment of asymmetric neurological performance for unilateral SCI. The CBS-HX, ranging from 0 to 18, is composed of 4 individual assessments which include unilateral hindlimb stepping (UHS), coupling, contact placing, and grid walking. For CBS-HX, the ipsilateral and contralateral hindlimbs are assessed separately. We found that, after a T9 HX, the ipsilateral hindlimb showed impaired behavior function whereas the contralateral hindlimb showed substantial recovery. The CBS-HX effectively discriminated behavioral functions between ipsilateral and contralateral hindlimbs and detected temporal progression of recovery of the ipsilateral hindlimb. The CBS-HX components can be analyzed separately or in combination with other measures when needed. Although we only provided visual descriptions of the surgical procedures and behavioral assessments of a thoracic HX, the principle may be applied to other incomplete SCIs and at other levels of the injury.

Here we describe surgical procedures to produce a reliable spinal cord lateral hemisection (HX) at the 9th thoracic level in adult rats and neurobehavioral assessments designed for detecting asymmetric deficits after such a unilateral injury.

成年大鼠脊髓侧性横断与不对称行为评估

Incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to impairments of sensorimotor functions and is clinically the most frequent type of SCI. Human ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Dorsiflexor Muscle Function in Mice

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively affect skeletal muscle. This can result in a loss of muscle mass (atrophy) and/or loss of muscle quality (reduced force per unit of muscle mass), both of which are prevalent in chronic disease, muscle-specific disease, immobilization, and aging (sarcopenia). Skeletal muscle function in animals can be evaluated by a range of different tests. All tests have limitations related to the physiological testing environment, and the selection of a specific test often depends on the nature of the experiments. Here, we describe an in vivo, non-invasive technique involving a helpful and easy assessment of force frequency-curve (FFC) in mice that can be performed on the same animal over time. This permits monitoring of disease progression and/or efficacy&#160;of a potential therapeutic treatment.

Measurement of rodent skeletal muscle contractile function is a useful tool that can be used to track disease progression as well as efficacy of therapeutic intervention. We describe here the non-invasive, in vivo assessment of the dorsiflexor muscles that can be repeated over time in the same mouse.

小鼠肌功能的无创评价

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively ...