这里描述的工作的资金来自加利福尼亚农药管理局和加州水资源部。

城市生物威胁效能监测<ol><li> 风水取样 <ol><li>样本4 L的预处理暴雨水进入生物危机入口时离开停车场，然后通过4"出口排水口离开生物威胁后的4升后处理雨水。 </li><li>使用当地天气预报，在风暴水文图的开始，中间和结束时收集样本。在风暴事件期间复合样本以表征径流变率。 </li><li>手动收集1.3升样品，并将其复合到4升琥珀色瓶中。收集入口样本在几个路边开口，暴雨水流入生物威胁。 </li><li>从连接到出口排水管（如下所述）的流量计收集1.3L出口样品，并将其复合到4升琥珀色瓶中。 </li><li>将合成的样品储存在冰上，直到收集最终的水文样品。然后将它们运送到实验室，并保持一个refr在4℃下进行化学和毒性测试的二次采样之前。在样品采集48小时内将样品送至化学实验室。 </li></ol></li><li> 负荷计算 <ol><li>在暴风雨之前，安装一个倾倒式数字记录仪雨量计，将其连接到与bioswale现场相邻的灯或其他杆。使用雨数据来表明现场的瞬时和总降雨量。 </li><li>在生物威胁的出口排水管上安装机械齿轮脉冲流量计。记录从bioswale出来的总流量。 注意:假设减少径流量可以减少LID设计中污染物的总体负荷。 </li><li>使用雨量记录下来的英寸雨量，通过外推模拟雨水期间落在停车场集水区的水量。使用这些数据确定基于停车场表面积进入处理系统的体积。 </li><li>使用t记录的总流量他出口流量计计算渗透百分比。计算入口和出口体积之间的差异，以确定雨水渗透。 </li><li>使用入口和出口体积结合污染物分析测量计算风暴期间的污染物负荷和负荷减少百分比。 </li><li>测量与地表水毒性相关的化学分析物（如下所述）。总化学基团简化负荷计算，并基于其相似的毒性作用模式（ 如总多环芳烃[PAHs]，总拟除虫菊酯和总氟虫腈和降解物）。 </li></ol></li><li> 化学 <ol><li>分析以下参数的所有样品:总悬浮固体（TSS），痕量金属（USEPA方法200.8 5 ;电感耦合等离子体质谱[ICP / MS]）和PAHs（USEPA方法625 6 ）。 </li><li>分析样品包括9种拟除虫菊酯（USEPA方法SW846 8270改性7 ;联苯菊酯，氯氰菊酯，氰戊菊酯/氰戊菊酯，氯菊酯，溴氰菊酯，氯氰菊酯，氟氯氰菊酯和烯丙菊酯），氟虫腈及其三种主要降解物（氟虫腈，氟虫腈砜，氟虫腈脱亚硫酰基）。 </li><li>使用气相色谱 - 质谱（GC / MS），使用负电化学电离或其他合适的方法分析拟除虫菊酯以提供足够的检测限。由于大多数目前使用的农药在低浓度下具有高毒性，因此其分析要求低的化学报告限值与环境风险评估相关。所有除虫菊酯除外，拟除虫菊酯的方法报告限为0.5 ng / L至1.0 ng / L（报告限为10 ng / L）。 </li><li>使用氟虫腈的分析程序，提供1.0 ng / L的方法报告限值。有机磷农药不需要测量在当地使用模式，例如在加利福尼亚州的市区8,9 。 </li><li>使用与三重四极杆质谱联用的超高效液相色谱法测量新烟碱类农药（ 如吡虫啉），其具有50ng / L的吡虫啉报告限。 </li></ol></li><li> 毒性测试 <ol><li>根据美国环境保护局（USEPA）急性试验方案，对3种试验物种进行复合入口和出口雨水样品的毒性试验10 。 96岁以上的桡足类痢疾试验测定存活率。测试与amphipod Hyalella azteca测量10天后的生存。用枸杞子（Chironomus dilutus）测试10天后的生存和生长。 </li><li>进行急性96小时生存测试与U.美国环保局指导。 <ol><li>在入口和出口雨水样本的五个重复的每一个中暴露五个C.dubia新生儿。复制品由含有15 mL测试溶液的20 mL闪烁瓶组成。 </li><li>在每天100％更新雨水测试解决方案之前，饲料将新生酵母，叶绿素，鳟鱼（= YCT，遵循美国环保署指导）和Selenastrum藻类的混合物新鲜。每天记录幸存新生儿的总数。 </li><li>比较使用t检验在96小时暴露于入口和出口暴雨水样品后，在中度硬对照水中生存的最终C.dubia存活。遵循美国环保局推荐的统计程序。 </li></ol></li><li>根据美国环保署的指导，与amphipod H. azteca进行急性10 d生存测试。 <ol><li>在五个重复的每一个中暴露10,9天到15天的两栖动物。复制品由含有200 mL测试溶液的300 mL玻璃烧杯组成。 </li><li&gt;进行两栖动物试验10天，计算每日生存的两栖动物数量，每48小时更新50％的测试溶液。每48小时喂一次烧杯，1.5升YCT更新后。 </li><li>将雨水样品中两栖动物的最终存活率与上述实验室水中的10天生存率进行比较。 </li></ol></li><li>根据美国环保局的指导，与idge藜进行慢性10 d生存和生长试验。 <ol><li>在四个重复的每一个中暴露12,7 d的老动物。复制品由含有200 mL测试溶液的300 mL玻璃烧杯组成。为每个Midge测试容器提供5 mL沙子作为幼体管建造的基底。 </li><li>对每个烧杯每48小时进行一次10天的试验，每日更换一次50％的试验溶液，每日一次，随着鱼粉的浓度越来越高（4g / L），第0至3天为0.5mL /天。第4至6天，1.0mL /天;天7至10，1.5 mL /天。 </li><li>比较最终的生存和如上所述，在实验室井水中将雨水样品的生长增加到10天生存期。测量存活动物的生长与无测试生物体的初始重量相比在10天时无灰分干燥。 </li></ol></li><li>对于所有毒性测试，使用适当的仪表和电极测量溶解氧，pH和电导率。使用分光光度计测量未离子化的氨。 <ol><li>在测试开始和结束时测量水硬度和碱度。 10 </li><li>用连续记录温度计记录水温。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>综合植被农业排水沟功效监测<ol><li> 综合沟施工 注:本例中使用的农用排水沟长152米，顶部半米宽为5米，深1米。沟渠植被是n的组合主要种植有红羊茅（ Festuca rubra ）的草本植物。在这个例子中，综合营养沟试验由颗粒状活性炭（GAC）和与植被沟结合的堆肥过滤处理组成。 <ol><li>构建两个堆肥过滤器和六个碳过滤器，并将其安装在植被沟的三个不同部分（ 图2 ）。使用2米长20厘米直径的袖子，填充碳或堆肥。 </li><li>填充六个袖子与30 L的颗粒活性炭，并将它们放置在146米点的沟渠，靠近152米植被沟的尽头。将GAC填充的套管锚定到沟槽底部，并在上游边缘的钢丝绳上。 </li><li>在每个GAC套管的下游边缘放置一个2.5米长的6"宽松松板，将松木板松开通道的两侧和底部，以最大限度地减少水旁路和​​切割碳套筒，板也将亲提供垂直支持，以最大限度地提高与碳的水接触时间。 </li><li>在堆肥套筒上填充约15公斤的每个部分分解的废弃物，从任何干净的来源，如当地垃圾填埋场。将两条长2米长的堆肥套筒沿着植被沟渠放置，长度为64米，距离152米植被沟的长度为123米（ 图2 ）。 </li></ol></li><li> 径流模拟和抽样 注意:本协议描述了进行模拟农业径流试验和相关监测的方法，以使用综合营养处理系统评估治疗效果。在当前的例子中，综合植被堆肥碳体系以两个流速进行了评估，分别代表萨利纳斯山谷商业农场的典型场外排放量，3.2升/秒和6.3升/秒。有机磷农药毒死蜱在这些试验中被用作模型农药，因为它具有适度的溶解度因此代表了常用于病虫害管理的代表性农药的中等程度的溶解度。毒死蜱也是加州中部正在进行的监管行动的主题，因为它对农业流域的影响。目标毒死蜱剂量约为2,600ng / L。流量和目标毒死蜱浓度在以前在当地灌溉径流3,11中测量的范围内。在这里给出的例子中，没有监测到经过植被沟的水脉冲的水力停留时间。在这些系统中的停留时间随着水的流入速率，先前的灌溉和下雨引起的土壤饱和度的程度，堰坝和沉积盆地的阻塞结构的存在以及被植被覆盖的表面积的数量而变化。以前的研究表明，小型沟渠系统的停留时间为数小时萨利纳斯山谷3，4 。视觉观察表明，GAC过滤器的停留时间为1或2分钟。 <ol><li>使用与悬浮泥沙混合的地下水建立模拟农业径流。对于使用模型农药毒死蜱的试验，通过将已认证的储备溶液加入已知体积的蒸馏水中，每3.2L / s试验制备10mg / L的新鲜储备溶液。每6.3L / s试验准备20mg / L的新鲜毒死蜱储备溶液。 <ol><li>在进入植被处理沟渠入口之前，使用计量泵向径流水提供一致的储备溶液体积。使用计量泵以50毫升/分钟的速度送入模拟灌溉水的流量。 </li></ol></li><li>使用数字仪表监测入口流量，并使用这些数据量化施加到沟渠入口的径流水总量。 </li><li>在呃建造堰沟槽的出口和铅垂，并连接到数字流量计的出口管。使用此仪表记录离开沟渠的径流量。 </li><li>使用连接到数字仪表的数据记录器以5分钟的间隔记录流量。编制数据记录器以激活位于入口处和沟渠入口下方各个站（ 例如 ，23 m，45 m和68 m）的蠕动泵，以5分钟间隔收集不锈钢容器的复合子样品。 </li></ol></li><li> 化学 <ol><li>在每个径流试验结束时，将试验中的径流水复合样品转移到琥珀色玻璃瓶中，并将样品保持在4℃的冰上，以进行毒性和化学分析。 </li><li>使用GC-MS或酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）分析总悬浮固体（TSS）和毒死蜱的复合材料样品。 </li><li>将"入口"复合样品（预处理）与＃＃34;出口"复合样品（后处理），以评估综合沟渠系统降低TSS和农药负荷的功效。 </li></ol></li><li> 毒性测试 <ol><li>在每次试验的入口（预处理）和出口（后处理）的复合样品中，使用96小时茜草nia毒毒性试验10确定水柱毒性，如上所述用于生物威胁监测。 C. dubia是对毒死蜱的敏感性（中位数致死浓度（LC50）= 53ng / L 12 ）的农业径流毒性的适当监测物种。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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作者宣称他们没有竞争的经济利益。

本议定书中描述的做法旨在作为消除农业灌溉和雨水径流污染物总体战略的最后步骤。使用bioswales和其他城市绿色基础设施LID做法旨在作为解决径流污染物到达相邻接收水域的最后一个难题。该协议强调监测城市生物风险的方法，以确定消除与城市污染物相关的毒性的治疗效果，重点是当前使用的农药。 设计监测研究的关键步骤包括建模方法和采样设计，以捕获暴风雨水文图，具有适当检测限的合适的分析物清单，以及适用于已知导致地表水毒性的城市污染物的毒性指标和终点。 例如，去除苯基吡唑杀虫剂fiproni的降解物l不一致，可能是由于其中等溶解度2,13。可能需要修改当前的生物威胁设计，以解决未被bioswales和其他LID实践完全消除的特定污染物。例如，使用高度可溶性的新烟碱类农药正在增加，而这些农药不易吸收植物来源。更多可溶性农药的处理可能需要额外的步骤，例如使用GAC 4进行过滤。 用于从农业灌溉径流中除去农药和其他污染物的植被处理系统将设计组件与bioswales相似。综合植被排水沟渠包括设计用于允许粗悬浮颗粒沉降的沉淀区域，然后是用于吸附农药的植被区段。研究表明，这些治疗方法通过促销来消除与农业有关的污染物通过吸附除去农药，沉淀颗粒和植物表面15,16 。 研究还表明，去除效率根据目标污染物而变化，更多的可溶性农药更难以去除3 。由于目标是在进入接收水之前将农药降至无毒浓度，因此需要进行额外的处理以作为"抛光"步骤。这些包括使用治疗酶3,4和17 ，最近使用GAC。 纳入GAC的系统可能更有效4 ，最近的实验已经证明，新烟碱类吡虫啉在GAC中以场流速和浓度完全去除（Voorheeset al。 ，在新闻21 ）。有意将GAC纳入综合植被处理系统的种植者的实际考虑将易于使用，GAC预期寿命以及采购和处置成本。例如，GAC目前的采购和处理成本约为每磅3美元。这些是正在进行的研究的主题。如本文所示，GAC在该领域的有效性可以通过在植被系统结束时将GAC填充的处理套管结合起来，在沉淀和植被沟渠部分已经去除了大多数悬浮颗粒和污染物之后才能扩展4 。城市径流农业和生物燃料综合植被处理系统的所有部件的安装和维护的成本考虑将需要更详细的技术经济可行性研究18 。 毒性监测缺点iderations 随着农药使用模式随着老年人的调节而发生变化，例如城市用途的有机磷酸盐和增加使用新类，如拟除虫菊酯，苯基吡唑（ 例如氟虫腈）和新烟碱（ 例如吡虫啉），使用敏感的试验物种很重要到最常用的农药。本文描述的城市生物风险示例中使用的两种物种是当前使用农药最敏感的物种之一。 amphipod H. azteca对拟除虫菊酯农药19和一些有机磷酸盐非常敏感，而C. dilutus是氟虫腈及其降解物中最敏感的物种之一，以及新烟碱类20 。 鉴于用于处理这些类别农药的植被系统的可变性能，重要的是对后处理监测剂进行适当的毒性试验g的城市和农业废水，以确保他们正在保护接收的水域。

地表水毒性在加利福尼亚流域普遍存在，几十年的监测表明毒性往往是由于农药和其他污染物1 。地表水污染的主要来源是城市和农业来源的雨水和灌溉径流。由于污染物被列为降解的污染物，并且从城市和农业来源鉴定出毒性，水质监管机构与国家和联邦资金来源合作，实施减少污染物负荷的做法。加州城市流域正在推广绿色基础设施，以减少洪水，并通过渗透和储存增加雨水的恢复。虽然低影响力开发（LID）设计被授权在许多地区进行新的建设，但很少有研究监测这些系统的功效，超出常规污染物的测量，如溶解固体，金属和液化气丝宝集团。更密集的监测最近已经评估了降低表面水毒性的化学浓度和化学负荷，并直接确定生物燃料游戏是否减少了径流的毒性。这表明bioswales有效地消除了与一些污染物类别2有关的毒性，但需要对新兴化学品进行额外的研究。 在加利福尼亚的农业流域也正在实施植被处理系统，这些已被证明可以有效地减少农业灌溉径流中的农药和其他污染物3,4 。这些系统代表了一套方法的组成部分，以减少污染物对地表水的负荷。因为它们旨在减轻负责地表水毒性的污染物，所以实施过程的关键组成部分是监测e确保其长期有效性。监测包括对化学品的化学分析以及敏感指标物种的毒性测试。本文介绍了城市停车场bioswale和农业植被排水沟系统的协议和监测结果。 典型的停车场生物威胁的设计属性，例如可用于治理典型的混合型城市购物区的风暴径流，取决于被处理的区域。在这里描述的例子中，53,286平方英尺的沥青产生了一个不透水的表面积，排水到一个洼地，由4,683平方英尺的美化组成。为了适应这个表面积的径流，一个215英尺长的平底半V形通道包括斜坡小于50％，纵向斜率为1％的洼地（ 图1 ）。这种麝香草包括三层，包括种植在6英寸表层土中的天然束草红色超过2.5英尺的压实路基。雨水从停车场流向沿着洼地的多个入口点。水浸入植被区域，然后渗入路基并排入4英寸穿孔排水沟。这个系统通过系统排水到相邻的湿地，最终排入当地的小溪。

<table><tbody><tr><td>HOBO tipping-bucket digital logger rain gauge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Onset Computer Co., Bourne MA, USA)</td><td>Onset RG3</td><td>Rain gauge</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical geared pulse flow meter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Seametrics Inc., Kent WA</td><td>Seametrics MJ-R</td><td>Flow meter for measuring bioswale outlet flow</td></tr><tr><td>Filtrexx SafteySoxx</td><td>Filtrexx Co. - info@filtrexx.com</td><td>SafetySoxx</td><td>perforated synthetic cloth for granulated activated carbon and compost</td></tr><tr><td>Granulated activated carbon&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Evoqua - Siemens Corp., Oakland CA</td><td>AC380</td><td>GAC for agriculture irrigation water treatment</td></tr><tr><td>Digital flow meters&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Seametrics Inc. Kent WA</td><td>Ag2000; WMP101</td><td>Flow meters for agriculture irrigation treatment system monitoring</td></tr><tr><td>Data Loggers</td><td>Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT</td><td>CR1000</td><td>Data loggers for recording flow data</td></tr><tr><td>Peristaltic pumps for composite sampling</td><td>Omega Engineering Inc. Stamford CT</td><td>Omegaflex FPU-122-12VDC&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pumps for composite sampling</td></tr></tbody></table>

vegetated treatment systems for removing contaminants associated with surface water toxicity in agriculture and urban runoff

城市雨水和农业灌溉径流含有对相邻接收水经常有毒的污染物的复杂混合物。径流可以通过设计用于促进污染物吸附到植被和土壤并促进渗透的简单系统进行处理。描述了两个示例系统:城市雨水处理的生物威胁处理系统和用于处理农业灌溉径流的植被排水沟。两者具有类似的属性，可以减少径流中的污染物负荷:导致污染物吸收到土壤和植物表面的植被以及水渗透。这些系统还可以包括作为抛光步骤的颗粒状活性炭的整合以去除残留的污染物。这些系统在农业和城市流域的实施需要系统监测来验证治疗效果。这包括对负责毒性的特定污染物进行化学监测。本文强调监测目前使用的农药，因为这些农药对水生无脊椎动物造成地表水的毒性。

城市生物威胁效能在风暴18.5小时内，雨量计记录下来的雨量为1.52"，这导致了从停车场流入生物圈的水流量为50,490加仑，其中出口流量计记录了5248加仑，导致90％的雨水流入生物威胁，生物威胁减少了所有化学品的监测，总悬浮固体减少了72％（ 表1 ），检测到多环芳烃浓度非常低，但所有浓度的多环芳烃降低100％，出口样品中所有金属均降低，锌和铜分别降低了97％和92％（ 表1 ），入口样品中检测到一些拟除虫菊酯类农药，所有这些都在出口样品中减少。总拟除虫菊酯浓度上涨了99％。在入口样品中检测到拟除虫菊酯联苯菊酯，氯氰菊酯，氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯的毒性浓度，并将其降低至出口样品中氨基甲酸钠的浓度低于中位数致死浓度（LC50）（ 表1 ）。例如，在入口样品中以有毒浓度检测到联苯菊酯，并在出口样品中降低了93％。 苯基吡唑农药氟虫腈的处理不一致。在入口样品中检测到氟虫腈的母体化合物，并在出口样品中减少100％。在入口样品中检测到氟虫腈降解，氟虫腈脱亚菲基和氟虫腈。出口样品中脱亚硫烷基降解物减少了100％，但是降解的砜降低了45％。氟虫腈可变治疗的可能原因包括其中等溶解度。新烟碱类农药在入口样品中没有检测到吡虫啉。 雨水的毒性因物种而异。入口样品中没有一个对芫荽有毒（ 表1 ）。所有入口样品对氨螨有毒，毒性被生物威胁降低。入口样品中两栖动物存活率为66％，出口提高至98％。在入口和出口样品中观察到对稀释细菌存活的毒性。在入口样品中观察到明显减少的稀释倍体重量，出口样品的生长显着提高了49％（ 表1 ）。 综合农业排水沟功效综合植被沟系统治疗毒死蜱的效果取决于流速，但TSS和毒死蜱在加标灌溉水在两种流速下均显着降低。以3.2L / s和6.3L / s进行的三次试验的平均TSS降低分别为79.7％和82.3％。在两个低流量试验中，毒死蜱在约750ng / L降低到低于检测（&lt;50ng / L），在第三次试验中低于78ng / L（低于报告限度）。在所有三个试验中，毒死蜱在平均707ng / L降低到小于100ng / L，流速较高。当与渗透相结合时，低流量和高流量的平均负荷分别为98％和94％（ 表2 ）。 在所有进样口样品（预处理）中都观察到了对杜鹃的完全死亡率。 3.2L / s出口样品中的两个和6.3L / s出口样品之一没有毒性（ 表2 ），对应于具有三种最低毒死蜱浓度的出口样品<html>口粮。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55391/55391fig1.jpg" /> 图1:停车场bioswale的形象。入口（未经处理）的雨水样本是从几个路边开采到生物大战。从位于图像顶部的溢流格栅（未示出）内的排水管收集出水处理的雨水样品。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55391/55391fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55391/55391fig2.jpg" /> 图2:整体植被沟渠系统（长152米，不按比例）的示意图。整个沟被红草羊草植被。堆肥和GAC安装如图所示。ftp_upload / 55391 / 55391fig2large.jpg"target ="_ blank"&gt;请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td style="width:180px"> 毒性 </td><td>单位</td><td>进口</td><td>出口</td></tr><tr><td> 阿兹台克 </td><td> ％生存</td><td> 66 </td><td> 98 </td></tr><tr><td> C.杜比亚 </td><td> ％生存</td><td> 100 </td><td> 100 </td></tr><tr><td> C. dilutus </td><td> ％生存</td><td> 81 </td><td> 71 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>干重（毫克） </td><td> 0.39 </td><td> 0.77 </td></tr><tr><td> 化学 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> TSS </td><td>毫克/升</td><td> 136 </td><td> 38 </td></tr><tr><td>联苯菊酯</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> 5.6 </td><td> 0.4 </td></tr><tr><td>氟氯氰菊酯</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> 1.2 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td>氯氰菊酯</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> 3.1 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td> （ES）氰戊菊酯</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> 0.7 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td>甲氰菊酯</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> 3.6 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td> L-氯氟氰菊酯</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> 1.3 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td>氯菊酯</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> 15 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td>氟虫腈</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> 0.8 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td>氟虫腈脱亚乙基</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> 0.6 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td>氟虫腈硫化物</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> ND </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td>氟虫腈</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> 0.6 </td><td> 1.1 </td></tr><tr><td>吡虫啉</td><td>纳克/升</td><td> ND </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td>镉</td><td>微克/升</td><td> 0.52 </td><td> 0.07 </td></tr><tr><td>铜</td><td>微克/升</td><td> 78 </td><td> 5.9 </td></tr><tr><td>铅</td><td>微克/升</td><td> 11 </td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td>镍</td><td>微克/升</td><td> 32 </td><td> 2.8 </td></tr><tr><td>锌</td><td>微克/升</td><td> 590 </td><td> 15 </td></tr><tr><td>总多环芳烃</td><td>微克/升</td><td> 0.47 </td><td> ND </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:一次风暴期间监测的生物风险进出口的毒性和化学性质。 TSS =总悬浮固体; ND =未检测到。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td></td><td colspan="3"> 3.2升/秒</td><td colspan="3"> 6.3升/秒</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 1 </td><td> 2 </td><td> 3 &lt;/ TD&gt; <td> 1 </td><td> 2 </td><td> 3 </td></tr><tr><td> 毒死蜱（ng / L） </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>进口</td><td> 638 </td><td> 738 </td><td> 879 </td><td> 282 </td><td> 973 </td><td> 966 </td></tr><tr><td>出口</td><td> ND </td><td> ND </td><td> 78 </td><td> 52 </td><td> 82 </td><td> 58 </td></tr><tr><td>百分比变化</td><td> -100 </td><td> -100 </td><td> -91 </td><td> -82 </td><td> -92 </td><td> -94 </td></tr><tr><td> TSS（mg / L） </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>进口</td><td> 422 </td><td> 588 </td><td> 448 </td><td> 238 </td><td> 218 </td><td> 258 </td></tr><tr><td>出口</td><td> 46 </td><td> 66 </td><td> 176 </td><td> 40 </td><td> 52 </td><td> 31 </td></tr><tr><td>每分更改</td><td> -89 </td><td> -89 </td><td> -61 </td><td> -83 </td><td> -76 </td><td> -88 </td></tr><tr><td> 毒性（％存活率） </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>进口</td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td>出口</td><td> 96 * </td><td> 100 * </td><td> 0 </td><td> 100 * </td><td> 0 </td><td> 4 </td></tr><tr><td>控制</td><td> 96 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 96 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 100 </td></tr><tr><td>平均。毒死蜱减少</td><td></td><td> 97％ </td><td></td><td></td><td> 89％ </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>平均。径流渗透</td><td></td><td> 52％ </td><td></td><td></td><td> 43％ </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>平均。毒死蜱负荷减少</td><td></td><td> 98％&lt;/ TD&gt; <td></td><td></td><td> 94％ </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> 表2:在两个流速（3.2L / s和6.3L / s）评价综合沟处理效果的复制试样中的毒死蜱浓度，总悬浮固体浓度和复合样品的百分比存活率。星号表示毒性显着降低。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff at JoVE.com

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

本文总结了处理城市雨水和农业灌溉径流去除与水生毒性相关的农药和其他污染物的处理系统的设计属性和有效性。

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

vegetated-treatment-systems-for-removing-contaminants-associated-with

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

10.5K 次观看.  University of California, Davis. 本文总结了处理城市雨水和农业灌溉径流去除与水生毒性相关的农药和其他污染物的处理系统的设计属性和有效性。 

视频: Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

科研

环境科学

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented protocols, based on whole-plant bioassays performed in a greenhouse, can be readily adapted to a wide range of weed species and herbicides through appropriate variants. Seed samples from plants that survived a field herbicide treatment are collected and stored dry at low temperature until used. Germination methods differ according to weed species and seed dormancy type. Seedlings at similar growth stage are transplanted and maintained in the greenhouse under appropriate conditions until plants have reached the right growth stage for herbicide treatment. Accuracy is required to prepare the herbicide solution to avoid unverifiable mistakes. Other critical steps such as the application volume and spray speed are also evaluated. The advantages of this protocol, compared to others based on whole plant bioassays using one herbicide dose, are related to the higher reliability and the possibility of inferring the resistance level. Quicker and less expensive in vivo or in vitro diagnostic screening tests have been proposed (Petri dish bioassays, spectrophotometric tests), but they provide only qualitative information and their widespread use is hindered by the laborious set-up that some species may require. For routine resistance testing, the proposed whole plant bioassay can be applied at only one herbicide dose, so reducing the costs.

A robust and flexible approach to confirm herbicide resistance in weed populations is presented. This protocol allows the herbicide resistance levels to be inferred and applied to a wide range of weed species and herbicides with minor adaptations.

协议的鲁棒抗除草剂试验在不同杂草

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented ...

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

The importance of microbial sulfate reduction relies on the various applications that it offers in environmental biotechnology. Engineered sulfate reduction is used in industrial wastewater treatment to remove large concentrations of sulfate along with the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and heavy metals. The most common approach to the process is with anaerobic bioreactors in which sulfidogenic sludge is obtained through adaptation of predominantly methanogenic granular sludge to sulfidogenesis. This process may take a long time and does not always eliminate the competition for substrate due to the presence of methanogens in the sludge. In this work, we propose a novel approach to obtain sulfidogenic sludge in which hydrothermal vents sediments are the original source of microorganisms. The microbial community developed in the presence of sulfate and volatile fatty acids is wide enough to sustain sulfate reduction over a long period of time without exhibiting inhibition due to sulfide. 
This protocol describes the procedure to generate the sludge from the sediments in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) type of reactor. Furthermore, the protocol presents the procedure to demonstrate the capability of the sludge to remove by reductive dechlorination a model of a highly toxic organic pollutant such as trichloroethylene (TCE). The protocol is divided in three stages: (1) the formation of the sludge and the determination of its sulfate reducing activity in the UASB, (2) the experiment to remove the TCE by the sludge, and (3) the identification of microorganisms in the sludge after the TCE reduction. Although in this case the sediments were taken from a site located in Mexico, the generation of a sulfidogenic sludge by using this procedure may work if a different source of sediments is taken since marine sediments are a natural pool of microorganisms that may be enriched in sulfate reducing bacteria.

Microbial sulfate reduction is a process of great importance in environmental biotechnology. The success of the sulfidogenic reactors depends among other factors on the microbial composition of the sludge. Here, we present a protocol to develop sulfidogenic sludge from hydrothermal vents sediments in a UASB reactor for reductive dechlorination purposes.

Sulfidogenic污泥海洋沉积物和三氯乙烯减少在上流式厌氧污泥床反应器开发

The importance of microbial sulfate reduction relies on the various applications that it offers in environmental biotechnology. Engineered sulfate ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes onto humans. For this reason, transferable pesticide residue experiments are required for registration and re-registration by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Although such experiments are required, limited specificity is required pertaining to experimental approach. Experimental approaches used to assess pesticide transfer to humans including hand wiping with cotton gloves, modified California roller (moving a roller of known mass over cotton cloth) and soccer ball roll (ball wrapped with sorbent strip) over three treated turfgrass species (creeping bentgrass, hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue maintained at 0.4, 5 and 9 cm, respectively) are presented. The modified California roller is the most extensively utilized approach to date, and is best suited for use at low mowing heights due to its reproducibility and large sampling area. The soccer ball roll is a less aggressive transfer approach; however, it mimics a very common occurrence in the most popular international sport, and has many implications for nondietary pesticide exposure from hand-to-mouth contact. Additionally, this approach may be adjusted for other athletic activities with limited modification. Hand wiping is the best approach to transfer pesticides at higher mowing heights, as roller-based approaches can lay blades over; however, it is more subjective due to more variable sampling pressure. Utility of these methods across turfgrass species is presented, and additional considerations to conduct transferable pesticide residue research in turfgrass systems are discussed.

Transferable pesticide residue experiments in turfgrass systems are integral components of human risk exposure assessments. Experimental approaches to measure transferable residues should be adjusted to the human interaction of interest and turfgrass system dynamics. Three transferable pesticide residue protocols are presented and the suitability across three turfgrass systems is discussed.

协议在草坪系统量化转换农药残留

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

用于从猪废沼气中获取生物甲烷的微藻培养

Biogas Purification through the use of a Microalgae-Bacterial System in Semi-Industrial High Rate Algal Ponds

In recent years, a number of technologies have emerged to purify biogas into biomethane. This purification entails a reduction in the concentration of polluting gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide to increase the content of methane. In this study, we used a microalgal cultivation technology to treat and purify biogas produced from organic waste from the swine industry to obtain ready-to-use biomethane. For cultivation and purification, two 22.2 m3 open-pond photobioreactors coupled with an absorption-desorption column system were set up in San Juan de los Lagos, Mexico. Several recirculation liquid/biogas ratios (L/G) were tested to obtain the highest removal efficiencies; other parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, and biomass growth, were measured. The most efficient L/Gs were 1.6 and 2.5, resulting in a treated biogas effluent with a composition of 6.8%vol and 6.6%vol in CO2, respectively, and removal efficiencies for H2S up to 98.9%, as well as maintaining O2 contamination values of less than 2%vol. We found that pH greatly determines CO2 removal, more so than L/G, during cultivation because of its participation in the photosynthetic process of microalgae and its ability to vary pH when solubilized due to its acidic nature. DO, and temperature oscillated as expected from the light-dark natural cycles of photosynthesis and the time of day, respectively. Biomass growth varied with CO2 and nutrient feeding as well as reactor harvesting; however, the trend remained primed for growth.

作者聚焦:扩展微藻生物技术以提高生物甲烷产量 

Air pollution impacts the quality of life of all organisms. Here, we describe the use of microalgae biotechnology for the treatment of biogas (simultaneous removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide) and the production of biomethane through semi-industrial open high-rate algal ponds and subsequent analysis of treatment efficiency, pH, dissolved oxygen, and microalgae growth.

在半工业化高速率藻类池塘中使用微藻细菌系统进行沼气净化

In recent years, a number of technologies have emerged to purify biogas into biomethane. This purification entails a reduction in the concentration of ...

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

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此视频中的章节

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

协议的鲁棒抗除草剂试验在不同杂草

Sulfidogenic污泥海洋沉积物和三氯乙烯减少在上流式厌氧污泥床反应器开发

协议在草坪系统量化转换农药残留

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

在半工业化高速率藻类池塘中使用微藻细菌系统进行沼气净化

在半工业化高速率藻类池塘中使用微藻细菌系统进行沼气净化

在半工业化高速率藻类池塘中使用微藻细菌系统进行沼气净化