我们感谢Khalied艾哈迈德，莱尼麦克奈特和德鲁Pinnix现场和实验室的援助，以及湖惠勒草坪现场实验室的支持人员，包括达斯汀·科贝特和马蒂教区，保持研究领域。这项工作是部分由北卡罗莱纳州立大学的中心草坪环境研究和教育的支持。

1.田间鉴定和确定<ol><li>确定研究领域代表选择的草坪制度。特别是考虑适当草种和土壤类型，以及包括生育，灌溉和修剪高度管理实践。 </li><li>进行叶面和土壤基质的初步残渣分析，以确保所关注农药（多个）是不可检测的。 </li><li>铺陈情节适当尺寸网站和样品采集方法，并纳入0.5-1.0米的小巷上积边界，允许人员客流量。 注:简介尺寸可以根据特定于站点的条件而变化，但至少应为3.3 平方米 。这将允许对一个3.7米×0.5米球行进通路，以及为脚的流量和植被取样等效相邻区域。 </li></ol> 2.启动试验<ol><li>二十四小时，以萌生刈草坪草的品种之前-system特定的高度和收集剪报。使用吹气球清除所有剩余的碎片和灌溉对土壤饱和。 注意:此时应灌溉允许在施药最佳湿度（ 即田间持水量）。 </li><li>在感兴趣的位点现在所登记的最大标记津贴选择农药施用量。施用率为特定产品和由美国环保署决定，并受法律上的所有农药的容器标签说明。 <ol><li>选择当前最小标记喷涂载体容量最大化叶面喷洒滞留。 </li></ol></li><li>在审判开始时，申请农药喷雾治疗，以图在气候条件有利于处理上保留植被。 注:适当的个人防护装备必须由喷头和nonapplicators试验区附近在治疗期间佩戴。始终保持nonapplicator人员上风喷涂应用。气候条件S于治疗植被有利于保持树冠包括水分（在应用干），风速（&lt;11公里/小时）和预测沉淀<ol><li>通过至少四个采样事件涵盖灌溉/降水期间地块。 注:地块被覆盖，以防止从处理过的植物农药洗成草坪茅草和/或土壤表面，使之少去除的和低估暴露风险。盖可通过材料和设计而变化，但应构造的无孔材料制成，以保持小区干燥并设计为使得处理过的植物不接触（例如，不直接铺设防水布上重复），这可能会危及随后农药转印采样。 </li></ol></li><li>每小时收集气象数据，包括空气温度，露点，相对湿度，日出时间，风向和风速在整个试验期间用数据解释提供帮助。 </li></ol> 3.质量控制样品<ol><li>科尔CT一个样本（50至100毫升）从研究中使用，确保农药产品的负荷率是正确的每种农药的容器。记录产品名称和每个容器的批号。 </li><li>收集通过从每个喷嘴收集输出施加各农药喷雾罐混合物的样品，使每罐混合样品（50至100毫升），以确保正确的喷雾溶液混合的过程。 </li><li>产生喷涂应用控件威尔士等人所述。 12，以确保农药的适当量被施加到图。 </li><li>作为威尔士等人生产领域强化和空白样品。 12在每个采样事件期间样本收集和储存过程量化耗散，并确定潜在的污染源。 注:设防样品浓度和溶剂可以基于化合物 - 和具体的分析考量。 </li></ol><ol><li>收集样品应用后立即，和再一次农药已在叶表面上干燥。取决于环境条件，这是应用后通常为1至3小时。 </li><li>继申请之日起，在采集样本，或者只是在日出后，当最大草坪草篷水分通常存在14。 <ol><li>确定样品的采集时序基于特定农药理化性质的应用程序之日起，与采样间隔减少农药持久性下降。时间表样品收集定时，使得在至少两个连续的nondetections通过实验完成发生。 注意:从先前的研究定量转移2,4-二甲基胺盐实施例（2,4-D;领域半衰期= 6.2天）:1）0天治疗后（DAT） - 喷雾后0小时2）0 DAT - 喷雾后1小时3）1 DAT; 4）2的DAT; 5）3 DAT; 6）6的DAT; 7）12 DAT; 8）24天14。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.转换残留样品采集注:腈手套戴在所有样品收集程序，并且应尽可能经常需要防止污染被替换。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig1.jpg" /> 图1:手抹压量化。方法用来量化从fronthand（A）和反手（B）的压力擦拭动作。这样做，喷绿色食用色素溶液（水+ 10％体积/体积食用色素+ 1％体积/体积的非离子表面活性剂）上的无孔表面（例如，玻璃或金属盘），为用于农药打跑取样和按手。如由康皮奥等人所述通过数字图像分析量化的接触表面面积。 17 determi每个已知面积的图像绿色像素的NE的比例。收集来自预期的研究领域一个核心的草坪草在土壤在田间持水量，并将其固定数字体重秤。量化的向下的力时，手抹的质量。手抹压不应该超过2千帕。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol><li> 手擦 注:需要一个人。 <ol><li>校准手擦拭压力为2帕。 <ol><li>通过计算在安全领域的土壤收集能力草坪一个核心的数字规模和紧迫的（按前去皮）150提供至200克擦力。 </li><li>量化用于草坪采样前台和反手的区域。主要使用手指而从此奠定了限制他们联系独特的草坪草的叶片。 <ol><li>制备10％（体积）的水基溶液/ v的绿色食用色素+ 1％体积/体积的非离子表面活性剂，并喷上的无孔表面以产生一个薄膜。 注:非离子表面活性是通过降低表面张力，增加解决方案覆盖了无孔的表面。 </li><li>与上一棉手套，按手无孔表面上（ 图1）。 </li><li>取出手套和通过接管每个手套的已知区域中的数字相片量化与无孔表面接触手的面积，并使用ImageJ的16选择用于绿色像素康皮奥等类似。 17。这将提供在绿色像素的总图象，它是用来计算面积的百分比。 </li></ol></li><li>结合擦力质量与擦拭面积，计算手的压力。 </li></ol></li><li>通过标记在地面上0.3米的距离校准手刮水速度1.2公里/小时调整手的速度，这样擦这个距离需要1秒。 </li><li>马克·山姆其中开口端朝下耦区域（420 cm 2）的通过将一个圆形桶（23厘米直径）倒置。施加轻微的压力，以桶的中心，并与周围的桶的外边缘相对手画（使用草皮划线漆）。 </li><li>用棉手套过上占主导地位的手丁腈手套，擦拭过30秒的采样区域。备用前端和反手表面，而垂直地调整方向（ 图2）。 <ol><li>重复步骤5.1.4用新棉手套。 注:在每个样品需手套变异可以基于感兴趣，草坪草系统和采样区域中的农药。这应该被事先确定为试验通过初步努力收集每取样面积四到六手套应用后立即开始时，以及在第二天早上当篷水分存在以确定手套的数量来传输最大农药残留。 </li></ol></li><li>下面样品采集完成后样品的采集，存储手套在玻璃罐暂时在冰或干冰在现场，并转移到冷冻3小时之内。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig2.jpg" /> 图2:手擦拭的方向。发展的目的是最大的独特股处理的植被面积联系，手套。两只手套需要避免采样&lt;415厘米当2区超载棉;然而，这应该在实验开始前除害剂和特定于站点的情况进行确认。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="2"><li> 修改加利福尼亚辊 注:需要三个人。发现设备建筑规格在Full呃等。 9 <ol><li>使用辊（滚子14.5公斤，直径10厘米61厘米长铺上1.2厘米聚氨酯泡沫;处理:1.2米长）和帧（由91厘米长62厘米宽），一个棉片（&gt; 200线程数;70厘米99厘米长宽度）固定。 </li><li>有人士B和C的安全的棉片用夹子固定帧和固定取样面积与金属钉。 注:切之前的样品收集事件棉床单，以减少时间对于给定的集合。 </li><li>有人物A和B的安全的塑料（6毫米）的辊周围，以防止在整个样品污染。 </li><li>无添加往下压，有某甲滚动滚轮在棉布5次（一跌，后滚等于一次）。辊的转速应针对1.6±0.2公里/小时</li><li>有人物C从地下取出框架，并采取到附近的抽样表。 </li><li>虽然人C的保存帧，有某甲visua<html> LLY检查布草删除/土壤碎片用小镊子。 </li><li>有某甲取出棉布，并与某乙把它折叠，使得草坪与接触的一侧，折叠在一起，并存储在玻璃样本瓶。 <ol><li>暂时存储的玻璃罐中在该领域冰或干冰冷却器，和3小时内转移到冰柜以下样品收集完成。 </li></ol></li><li>下列样品的采集，丢弃围绕辊的塑料，清洁架，采样表和镊子用1:1氨:水，水和干重复该过程之前漂洗。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig3.jpg" /> 图3:球足球辊。不包括A到B，所有路口都粘有PVC不干胶。 C部分长度可以通过供应商，由于部分B和D的不同尺寸的变化e.com/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig3large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <ol start="3"><li> 足球球滚动 注:需要一个人。 <ol><li>用聚氯乙烯（PVC）管构成的足球辊架（40号;5厘米内直径）。 <ol><li>固定手柄（122厘米长; 图3A）到一个滑三通耦合器（ 图3B）。这是不是与PVC胶水固定，使更容易储存的唯一路口。 </li><li>放置在一个平面上（与对准辅助）的辊和固定的T形联接器的两侧滑动与7厘米管长度（ 图3C）90°弯管接头（ 图3D）。 </li><li>插入24厘米管道长度（ 图3E）到肘管接头的开口端</li><li>钻方头螺栓（0.6厘米直径7.5厘米长; 图3F）通过管道perpendicul的结束芳到手柄并平行于平的表面。 <ol><li>约18.4厘米方头螺栓之间的距离设置（可以跨品牌而异/足球的质量使用）。 </li><li>使轧（ 图3G）当足球不刺破文件/磨尖点关闭滞后螺栓用一只手的文件/磨床结束。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>释放足球的空气压力至24千帕。这虽然会underinflate球的时候从PVC滚筒松动，反而会增加压力，以约42千帕当球体积固定到滚筒后还原。 </li><li>通过触摸球端点（最大直径），以方头螺栓装入足球到滚筒。 注:要减少总体采样时间和潜在的污染，具有每采样1足球在给定的时间收集。 <ol><li>用手旋转球，以确保球滚是对称的。 </li><li>轻轻地按一下安装足球的顶部确保有足够的保护。 </li></ol></li><li>双环绕，与聚氯乙烯滚筒手柄，滚动（ 图3H），当它创建恒定草坪-吸附剂条接触对准球的圆周的吸附剂带（132厘米长5cm宽）。 <ol><li>固定吸附剂带与粘合带条（2.5厘米×2.5厘米）的球。 注:切之前的样品收集事件吸附剂条，以减少时间对于给定的集合。 </li></ol></li><li>超过3.7米的距离独特的治疗草坪的滚动球以恒定的速度（1.6±0.2公里/小时）。根据情节的尺寸，该距离可能需要并排侧辊来完成。这样做时，采取预防措施，联系不上植被尚未进行采样。 注:3.7米球滚动距离可能需要基于兴趣和草坪草系统的农药进行调整。这应该是事先确定通过preliminar试验启动ý努力收集不同距离应用后立即，以及在第二天早上的样品时篷水分存在，以确定最佳距离传输最大农药残留。 </li><li>继球滚动，取出吸附剂条和折叠，使得草坪与接触的一侧，折叠在一起，并存储在一个玻璃瓶。 <ol><li>暂时存储的玻璃罐中在该领域冰或干冰冷却器，和3小时内转移到冰柜以下样品收集完成。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 6.草坪植被收藏<ol><li>移除柱塞杯刀具内部保持取样设备从处理过的叶子（ 图4A）接触。 </li></ol><img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig4.jpg" /> 图4:草坪核心种质。高尔夫球场杯刀是草坪/土壤收集一个强大的，相对便宜的设备。除去用于喷射用于转让农药残留样本的集合，以便植被不会无意中接触之前铁心内侧柱塞，这可以减少农药残留浓度。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="2"><li> 嘉实代表质量的草坪核心。 <ol><li>使用刀杯勾勒的核心和切成5-7.5厘米土层深度去除帮助。 </li><li>在芯的边缘之外的对角线角从地面取出芯:用小刀切割（10〜15厘米叶片长度）。要特别注意防止与处理地上植被手/刀接触。 </li><li>平用剪刀底部土壤表面，这样它会在样品容器坐平。土壤深度应留出足够的空间，使得草坪草植物不接触样品容器的盖子。 注:如果天气允许，球场杯刀步骤（6.2.1协议），下午通常是建成后的树叶样品采集之前是干的，第二天早晨。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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<li>Sears, M. K., Bowhey, C., Braun, H., Stephenson, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230210571_Dislodgeable_residues_and_persistence_of_diazinon_chlorpyrifos_and_isofenphos_following_their_application_to_turfgrass">Dislodgeable residues and persistence of diazinon, chloropyrifos and isofenphos following their application to turfgrass.</a> Pestic. Sci. 20 (3), 223-232 (1987).</li>
<li>Rasband, W. S. ImageJ. , U.S. National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Available from:
 <a target="_blank" href="http://imagej.nih.gov/ij">http://imagej.nih.gov/ij</a> (2007).</li>
<li>Campillo, C., Prieto, M. H., Daza, C., Mońino, M. J., García, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/43/6/1780.abstract">Using digital images to characterize canopy coverage and light interception in a processing tomato crop.</a> HortSci. 43 (6), 1780-1786 (2008).</li>
</ol>

作者没有披露作出。

调节机构还没有确定具体的方法，从草坪量化转让农药残留。本研究利用支持基于现场和曝光过程特定的标准不同的方法，因为他们都对人类的风险评估工具。然而，它们都具有局限性，研究人员应该认识到之前它们的使用。最后，草种目前尚未转让的农药残留协议规定一个选址参数，这项研究建立在以前的努力表明其列入应予说明。 所描述的足球滚动的方法是在整个采样相对强劲，只需要一个人来完成。它也模仿了国际最流行的体育运动很普遍的情况，并有从手到口接触非饮食农药暴露很多问题。此外，这个概念可能与PE最小的修改就可以应用于sticide转移到与其他运动相关联的对象。但是，它是用于农药转移同等不太积极的方法，因此，不应只在风险评估利用。 的三种方法介绍，修改后的加州辊已在草坪残留转移就业的研究最为广泛。它是在整个采样最可靠的方法，并转移了类似的2,4-D的量作为评价最低的割草坪系统的其它方法，匍匐翦股颖。这表明，此方法应被用于高尔夫球场转让农药残留研究的果岭，以及其他可能密切割系统，如高尔夫球场球道/发球台和田径场。这种方法的局限性包括潜在的铺设草叶片跌修剪高度的增加和三个人的要求来完成。另外，样品C之间所需的辊和框架制备一个非常耗时，而且以前的研究已经表明农药转印波动在相对较短的时间尺度在一天内作为篷湿气消散14。这可能会限制在给定的定时（ 即减少处理）收集样品的量，或增加的数据的混杂因素应该样品在一个广泛的时间量被收集。研究人员应该意识到这一点，因为他们计划利用修改后的加州辊实验。 手抹处理植物植被与基于棉手套通常是用来衡量在果园和烟草工人转让农药残留由于与农业生产相关的手到植被的接触频率高的方法。虽然这种方法已在草皮草系统被利用以下时，提供了优越的方法在修剪高度来量化草坪系统转让残基通常与commercia相关联L /住宅草坪和公园。此外，用手处理的草坪草接触是两个非职业性和职业危险评估常见，如草坪系统被用于各种社会的目的。三种评价的方法，手工擦拭横跨采样所述至少再现的方法，该方法可能需要额外的措施（复制，培训等 ），以产生决定性的结果。 虽然评价方法在它们的执行广泛地变化，每个协议中的关键步骤概念上重叠。以恒定的速度和压力采样是极为重要的，以产生再现的数据，因为这些影响吸附剂材料农药传输。保持恒定的速度，需要在所有三种方法取样，而压力为手仅擦拭关注的点。取样不应该把修改后的加利福尼亚州或足球辊额外的压力，同时用手擦拭是一种方法，需要substanTiAl基合金的初步努力保持内的一致性，和整个取样。这是最大的限制转让的残留研究只手抹依托，和今后的研究应该确定一个更客观的方法，提供了其独特的树冠穿透属性，同时最低限度地铺设草了。 收集草坪草植物的目的是，除了最初由占应用和随后的样本采集定时之间耗散施加的农药的量提供一个参考点。此外，在植被量化农药残留未检测时转移样品中出现增强了解释。基本上，它使研究人员，以确定是否是因为农药残留物吸附在/植被没有发生转移，使之成为不可转让的，或者残留不再检测中/植被。

草坪草在美国本土（美国）超过16300000公顷增长-超过粮食灌溉的玉米联合区域[（ 玉米 L.）2500000公顷]，大豆[（ 大豆 L.）2100000公顷]和棉花[（ 陆地棉 ）0900000公顷] -和公众提供土地使用用途，包括田径场，商业/住宅草坪，高尔夫球场和公园1，2。他们提供了许多积极的社会属性，包括防尘，散热，娱乐的表面和土壤稳定。然而，可能会出现害虫侵害这需要使用农药（多个）的草皮维持在可接受的水平3。 在建立草坪系统截获植物冠层喷洒农药。人类接触杀虫剂通过各种途径是可能的，包括治疗已经转移getation直接到人，以及通过间接的途径，如转移到维修设备，宠物和游乐项目4,5。为了解决这样的担心，人类接触杀虫剂风险评估必须农药登记和重新登记之前在美国进行估算暴露于污染环境介质6不良健康影响的性质和概率。在目前由美国环保局采用的职业和住宅暴露试验的指导方针，叶面转让残留损耗测试（OPPTS 875.2100）会传导到可以通过各种方法转移到人的皮肤/服装或吸入7,8处理过的表面上量化农药残留。 以往的研究努力已经比较了几种叶面转让农药残留方法inclu丁加州辊（移动已知质量超过棉布的辊），拖动雪橇（拉已知质量的固体对象，具有连接到它一块布），聚氨酯泡沫辊（移动已知质量的辊覆盖有聚氨酯泡沫）和鞋改组（附着棉花纱布到鞋），这是在一个已知的区域内的所有进行农药处理的草坪草9，10，11，12。在上述方法中，根据加州辊的方法提供了最可重复的方法来量化叶面转让的农药残留;然而，同等更积极的方法，比如鞋洗牌可以传递更多的农药残留，其中也有在风险评估工具。手擦拭方法提供一个相对增强的联系独特的治疗草坪植被表面的能力。这种方法提供了更多的nondieta适用的数据RY农药吞食，手到口的接触与此的暴露途径相关的通用流程。 草坪篷动态物种和使用站点之间的差别很大。种在生长习性和季节通常会发生变化，以及刀片的质地和密度，这会影响农药喷雾拦截和生理过程3中 ，13。管理投入，才能使用网站之间有很大的不同，并根据现场具体期望使用的站点内。例如，狗牙根（ 狗牙根属）是在0.3至0.4厘米，以及一个灌溉的效用地面覆盖用在适于气候作为高尔夫球场球洞表面这是典型的灌溉和割每周（收集剪辑）&gt; 5倍可割的&lt;每周1次（剪报返回）在1.5至6.3厘米此前有研究表明转让叶面残留农药可以使用一个站点内的物种之间变化，并通过灌溉和割草做法14,15的影响。最终，草坪系统之间的变异抑制量化转让叶面残留农药的通用方法的实现。因此，方法选择，以优化人类的风险评估应该包括除害剂，流程 - ，现场和物种的具体标准。本研究的目的是表征用于量化转让叶面农药残留的各种方法，并突出显示应选择用于一个给定的实验的方法时，必须考虑的条件。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;General&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrile gloves</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coolers</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Turf paint</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Field plot measuring equipment</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protective foot apparel</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Whatman 3 MM Chr Chromatography Paper</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>05-716-3E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Ball roll&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe (5 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>531137</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hacksaw for PVC cutting</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90&amp;deg; elbow (5 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>RCE-2000-S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tee coupler (5 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>PVC024001600HD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC adhesive</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lag bolt (0.6 cm diameter by 7 cm length)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>801366</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Size 4 soccer ball</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure gauge</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hand air pump</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fabric scissors</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scott Rags-In-A-Box</td><td>Uline</td><td>S-12809</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive tape</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8 oz sealable glass jar</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Hand wipe&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100% cotton heavyweight inspection gloves</td><td>Uline</td><td>S-19284</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital camera</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ software</td><td>National Institutes of Health</td><td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital scale that measures up to 400 g</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stopwatch</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic bucket (23 cm diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>209313</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16 oz sealable glass jar</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Modifed California roller&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metal conduit (1.25 cm diameter by 1.8 m length)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>101543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe (10 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>531103</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sand + reebar to bring roller to 14.5 kg</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC plug</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>33403D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyurethane foam sheet (1.25 cm thick) to cover PVC pipe</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6 mm painter&#039;s plastic</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plexiglass sheet (107 cm length by 76 cm width by 0.6 cm thick)</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Toggle clamps</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metal nails (10 to 15 cm length) to secure frame to ground</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100% cotton sheets (&gt;200 threadcount)</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>32 oz sealable glass jar</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Turfgrass vegetation core collection&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lever action golf course cup cutter</td><td>Par Aide Product Company</td><td>1001-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Knife</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiskars Herb Scissors</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>96086966J</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Turf plug plastic container</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

protocols for quantifying transferable pesticide residues in turfgrass systems

在建立了草坪系统植物冠层可以拦截喷洒杀虫剂，这可以通过各种途径被转移到人类可察觉量。为此，由美国国家环境保护局（USEPA）需要注册和重新注册转让的农药残留试验。尽管需要这样的实验，需要有限的特异性有关实验方法。在三个处理草种用来评估农药转移到人类，包括手用棉手套擦实验方法，修改加利福尼亚辊（移动已知质量比棉布的辊）和足球球滚动（球包裹着吸附剂条）（匍匐翦股颖，杂种狗牙根，分别维持在0.4，5和9厘米高羊茅）给出。改性加利福尼亚辊是最广泛使用的方法来日期，是最适合于采用在低割草高度由于其再现性和大取样区。足球滚动是一个不太积极的传输方式;但是，它模仿了国际最流行的体育运动很普遍的情况，并有从手到口接触非饮食农药暴露很多问题。此外，这种方法可能具有有限的修改其他运动活动进行调节。手抹是在更高的修剪高度转让农药，基于辊的方法才能奠定在叶片的最佳方法;然而，这是由于更多的可变取样压力比较主观。横跨草坪草这些方法的效用提出，并额外考虑进行转让的农药残留研究草坪系统进行了讨论。

在转移单农药残留方法中的前期研究工作的单一草坪系统内比较转让农药残留的方法，以及草坪系统的基础上，实地研究（发起的2016年5月24日在北卡罗来纳州罗利市，美国）进行跨比较方法草坪系统。总之，2,4-D，使用常用于草坪系统一个阔叶除草剂，从三个草坪草物种（匍匐翦股颖转移， 匍匐翦股颖 L。;杂交狗牙根， 狗牙根属点¯xC. transvaalensis伯特-戴维;高羊茅， 黑麦草茅 [茅。]通过三种方法SJ Darbyshire）（手擦，改性加利福尼亚辊或足球辊）被应用程序和1小时干燥期之后立即进行定量，以及1和3的DAT。匍匐翦股颖修剪高度模拟高尔夫球场果岭0.4厘米，而目前混合型狗牙根和tal升羊茅分别维持在5和9厘米，，这是典型的商业/住宅草坪和公园。研究领域没有割完并按照广播2,4-D喷涂（1公斤酸当量公顷-1）降雨过程覆盖。 相比以往的报告处理的草坪草评估转移的2,4-D，从所呈现的研究的数据表明条件为在所有的方法传递是有利的。平均方法，2,4-D立即转移申请后排名匍匐翦股颖（应用于21％）&gt;混合型狗牙根（16.4％）=高羊茅（15.1％），这与整个系统的郁闭度的趋势（ 见表1对齐; 图5）。平均草坪草，2,4-D转换后的应用程序排名的手擦拭（21.2％应用）&gt;修改加利福尼亚辊（16.8％）=足球球滚动（14.4％），这与以前的努力展示同意ING手/鞋抽样可以相对于其他传输技术，包括拖拽和基于辊的方法10，11传输更多的农药残留。的1 H干燥期间导致整个草坪草和改性加利福尼亚辊和手擦拭方法2至4倍的降低在转让的2,4-D残留，而转移减少从足球辊36倍。这种下降与杰弗里斯等人的同意。 14，谁报告经由足球辊2,4-D的传输从11.2％下降一个1小时干燥期之后施加于杂交狗牙根施用后立即到0.3％。这些数据强调应用效果样本采集的时间和方法，在从草坪量化转让的残留物。足球辊是在草坪系统相对特定的过程，虽然它提供了一个运动场人类接触相关的信息，它可能无法适当送是<html> olely利用一般人体暴露风险评估的其他方法。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td fo:text-align="center"></td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">匍匐翦股颖</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">混合狗牙根</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">高羊茅</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">球滚动</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">国防部。卡尔。滚筒</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">手擦</td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center"></td><td colspan="6" fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> _________________________％用于2,4-D的脱落_________________________ </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center"> DAT 0 - 0 H </td>对齐:中心;"&gt; 21 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 16.4 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 15.1 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 14.4 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 16.8 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 21.2 </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center"> LSD 0.05 </td><td colspan="3" fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> _______________ _______________ 2.8 </td><td colspan="3" fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> _______________ _______________ 2.8 </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center"> 0的DAT - 1小时</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">五</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 6.8 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 4.9 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 0.4 </td><td fo:text-alIGN ="中心"的风格="文本对齐:中心;"&gt; 7.7 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 8.5 </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center"> LSD 0.05 </td><td colspan="3" fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> _______________ _______________ 1.0 </td><td colspan="3" fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> _______________ _______________ 1.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:从田间小区转换2,4-D应用程序的一天。草种和报告为初次申请率％的转让2,4-D数据采样的方法主要作用。样品收集发生后立即应用程序和一个1小时的干燥时间后。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig5.jpg" /> 图5:草坪系统评价。 Turfgras小号郁闭度和高度可以通过系统而异。在所提出的研究，密度（从高到低）排名匍匐翦股颖（A）&gt;混合型狗牙根（B）&gt;高羊茅（C）;而高度（最高到最低）排名高羊茅&gt;混合型狗牙根&gt;匍匐翦股颖。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 从1和3 DAT数据表明，样品采集方法不从治疗植被同样横跨草坪草，这是假设，由于不同树冠动态转移2,4-D。内的1 DAT，从杂种狗牙根2,4-D转换（17.3至31.2的施加％）的样品采集方法比匍匐翦股颖（10.6至16.2％）和高羊茅（8.1至20.9％）时，这很可能是部分原因是由于不同的树冠达因AMICS和跨物种除草剂生理作用（ 表2）。阐明这发生超出了本实验的范围;然而，它突出展示草种选择了转让农药残留研究的重要性。转换的2,4-D没有在1或3的DAT，这是最好的质感，最低割草坪评价上匍匐翦股颖方法之间变化。这允许在三个评价方法相对一致的吸着剂材料处理过的植物接触。横跨在杂交狗牙根和高羊茅方法2,4-D转换而变化，以产生最大的转印手擦拭。杂种狗牙根和高羊茅被粗糙纹理比匍匐翦股颖，并在更高的高度（5和9厘米，分别），以突出的铺设植被以上（ 图6）的基于轧制的方法的固有限制被割。当这种情况发生时，吸着剂材料处理过的植物接触可以降低，因此，低估转让残基。 <table fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"></td><td colspan="4" fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> ____________________ 1 DAT - 7:00 EST ____________________ </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">草坪</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">球滚动</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">国防部。卡尔。滚筒</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">手擦</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> LSD 0.05 </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"></td><td colspan="4" fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> ____________％用于2,4-D的脱落____________ </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">匍匐翦股颖</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 10.6 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 13.6 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 16.2 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> NS </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">混合狗牙根</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 17.3 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 20.9 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 31.2 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 2.2 </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">高羊茅</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 8.1 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 9.1 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">20.9 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 2.7 </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> LSD 0.05 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 3.2 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 3.2 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 5.2 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"></td><td colspan="4" fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> ____________________ 3 DAT - 7:00 EST ____________________ </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">草坪</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">球滚动</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">国防部。卡尔。滚筒</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">手擦</td><td fo:text-align="center" stylE ="文本对齐:中心;"&gt; LSD 0.05 </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"></td><td colspan="4" fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> ____________％用于2,4-D的脱落____________ </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">匍匐翦股颖</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 1.9 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 2.8 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 3.1 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> NS </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">混合狗牙根</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 1.9 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 4.8 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 7.6 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 2.1 </td></tr><tr&gt; <td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;">高羊茅</td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 1.8 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 2 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 6.8 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 2.6 </td></tr><tr><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> LSD 0.05 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> NS </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 0.9 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"> 3.4 </td><td fo:text-align="center" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table> 表2:从田间小区1和应用后3天转换的2,4-D。关于报告作为初始APPLICA的百分之转让的2,4-D数据草坪草物种逐采样方法相互作用化率。样品收集发生在7:00:00东部标准时间。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig6.jpg" /> 图6:以下修改加州滚子采样高羊茅檐篷。这一转让农药残留抽样方法固有的限制越来越多的草叶潜力躺下的树冠高度增加。当这种情况发生时，背面表面不被棉吸附剂片接触，从而，有可能低估转让残基。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55182/55182fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems at JoVE.com

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

在草坪系统转让的农药残留试验是人类风险评估的组成部分。测量转让残实验方法应调整到感兴趣和草坪草系统动力学的人工交互。三个转让农药残留协议提出并在三种草坪草系统的适用性进行了讨论。

协议在草坪系统量化转换农药残留

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

protocols-for-quantifying-transferable-pesticide-residues-turfgrass

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.2K 次观看.  North Carolina State University. 在草坪系统转让的农药残留试验是人类风险评估的组成部分。测量转让残实验方法应调整到感兴趣和草坪草系统动力学的人工交互。三个转让农药残留协议提出并在三种草坪草系统的适用性进行了讨论。 

视频: Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

科研

环境科学

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented protocols, based on whole-plant bioassays performed in a greenhouse, can be readily adapted to a wide range of weed species and herbicides through appropriate variants. Seed samples from plants that survived a field herbicide treatment are collected and stored dry at low temperature until used. Germination methods differ according to weed species and seed dormancy type. Seedlings at similar growth stage are transplanted and maintained in the greenhouse under appropriate conditions until plants have reached the right growth stage for herbicide treatment. Accuracy is required to prepare the herbicide solution to avoid unverifiable mistakes. Other critical steps such as the application volume and spray speed are also evaluated. The advantages of this protocol, compared to others based on whole plant bioassays using one herbicide dose, are related to the higher reliability and the possibility of inferring the resistance level. Quicker and less expensive in vivo or in vitro diagnostic screening tests have been proposed (Petri dish bioassays, spectrophotometric tests), but they provide only qualitative information and their widespread use is hindered by the laborious set-up that some species may require. For routine resistance testing, the proposed whole plant bioassay can be applied at only one herbicide dose, so reducing the costs.

A robust and flexible approach to confirm herbicide resistance in weed populations is presented. This protocol allows the herbicide resistance levels to be inferred and applied to a wide range of weed species and herbicides with minor adaptations.

协议的鲁棒抗除草剂试验在不同杂草

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented ...

Measuring Rates of Herbicide Metabolism in Dicot Weeds with an Excised Leaf Assay

In order to isolate and accurately determine rates of herbicide metabolism in an obligate-outcrossing dicot weed, waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), we developed an excised leaf assay combined with a vegetative cloning strategy to normalize herbicide uptake and remove translocation as contributing factors in herbicide-resistant (R) and &#8211;sensitive (S) waterhemp populations. Biokinetic analyses of organic pesticides in plants typically include the determination of uptake, translocation (delivery to the target site), metabolic fate, and interactions with the target site. Herbicide metabolism is an important parameter to measure in herbicide-resistant weeds and herbicide-tolerant crops, and is typically accomplished with whole-plant tests using radiolabeled herbicides. However, one difficulty with interpreting biokinetic parameters derived from whole-plant methods is that translocation is often affected by rates of herbicide metabolism, since polar metabolites are usually not mobile within the plant following herbicide detoxification reactions. Advantages of the protocol described in this manuscript include reproducible, accurate, and rapid determination of herbicide degradation rates in R and S populations, a substantial decrease in the amount of radiolabeled herbicide consumed, a large reduction in radiolabeled plant materials requiring further handling and disposal, and the ability to perform radiolabeled herbicide experiments in the lab or growth chamber instead of a greenhouse. As herbicide resistance continues to develop and spread in dicot weed populations worldwide, the excised leaf assay method developed and described herein will provide an invaluable technique for investigating non-target site-based resistance due to enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism and detoxification.

This manuscript describes how herbicide metabolism rates can be effectively quantified with excised leaves from a dicot weed, thereby reducing variability and removing any possible confounding effects of herbicide uptake or translocation typically observed in whole-plant assays.

测量除草剂代谢的双子叶杂草价格与切下的叶片分析

In order to isolate and accurately determine rates of herbicide metabolism in an obligate-outcrossing dicot weed, waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), we ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

表征和被动采样的应用在农药水监测

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Measuring Stolons and Rhizomes of Turfgrasses Using a Digital Image Analysis System

Length and diameter of stolons or rhizomes are usually measured using simple rulers and calipers. This procedure is slow and laborious, so it is often used on a limited number of stolons or rhizomes. For this reason, these traits are limited in their use for morphological characterization of plants. The use of digital image analysis software technology may overcome measurement errors due to human mistakes, which tend to increase as the number and size of samples also increase. The protocol can be used for any kind of crop but is particularly suitable for forage or grasses, where plants are small and numerous. Turf samples consist of aboveground biomass and an upper soil layer to the depth of maximum rhizome development, depending on the species of interest. In studies, samples are washed from the soil, and stolons/rhizomes are cleaned by hand before analysis by digital image analysis software. The samples are further dried in a laboratory heating oven to measure dry weight; therefore, for each sample, the resultant data are total length, total dry weight, and average diameter. Scanned images can be corrected before analysis by excluding visible extraneous parts, such as remaining roots or leaves not removed with the cleaning process. Indeed, these fragments normally have much smaller diameters than stolons or rhizomes, so they can be easily excluded from analysis by fixing the minimum diameter below which objects are not considered. Stolon or rhizome density per unit area can then be calculated based on sample size. The advantage of this method is quick and efficient measurement of the length and average diameter of large sample numbers of stolons or rhizomes.

A software-based image analysis system provides an alternative method to study the morphology of stoloniferous and rhizomatous species. This protocol permits measurement of the length and diameter of stolons and rhizomes and can be applied to samples with a large amount of biomass and to a wide variety of species.

利用数字图像分析系统测量草坪的茎和根状茎

Length and diameter of stolons or rhizomes are usually measured using simple rulers and calipers. This procedure is slow and laborious, so it is often ...

Quantification of the Potential Impact of Glyphosate-Based Products on Microbiomes

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. The target of glyphosate is the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the shikimate pathway, which is virtually universal in plants. The inhibition of the enzyme stops the production of three essential amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. EPSPS is also present in fungi and prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria; thus, the use of GBP may have an impact on the microbiome composition of soils, plants, herbivores, and secondary consumers. This article aims to present general guidelines to assess the effect of GBP on microbiomes from field experiments to bioinformatics analyses and provide a few testable hypotheses. Two field experiments are presented to test the GBP on non-target organisms. First, plant-associated microbes from 10 replicated control and GBP treatment plots simulating no-till cropping are sampled and analyzed. In the second experiment, samples from experimental plots fertilized by either poultry manure containing glyphosate residues or non-treated control manure were obtained. Bioinformatics analysis of EPSPS protein sequences is utilized to determine the potential sensitivity of microbes to glyphosate. The first step in estimating the effect of GBP on microbiomes is to determine their potential sensitivity to the target enzyme (EPSPS). Microbial sequences can be obtained either from public repositories or by means of PCR amplification. However, in the majority of field studies, microbiome composition has been determined based on universal DNA markers such as the 16S rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). In these cases, sensitivity to glyphosate can only be estimated through a probabilistic analysis of EPSPS sequences using closely related species. The quantification of the potential sensitivity of organisms to glyphosate, based on the EPSPS enzyme, provides a robust approach for further experiments to study target and non-target resistant mechanisms.

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. In this article, we introduce general guidelines to quantify the effect of GBP on microbiomes, from field experiments to bioinformatics analyses.

量化草甘膦产品对微生物组的潜在影响

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. The target of glyphosate is the enzyme ...

Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat

Neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides, are widely used because of their novel modes of action, high insecticidal activity, and strong root uptake. Imidacloprid, the most widely used insecticide worldwide, is a representative first-generation neonicotinoid and is used in pest control for crops, vegetables, and fruit trees. With such a broad application of imidacloprid, its residue in crops has attracted increasing scrutiny. In the present study, 15 wheat seedlings were placed in a culture medium containing 0.5 mg/L or 5 mg/L imidacloprid for hydroculture. The content of imidacloprid in the wheat roots and leaves was determined after 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days of hydroculture to explore the migration and distribution of imidacloprid in wheat. The results showed that imidacloprid was detected both in the roots and leaves of the wheat plant, and the content of imidacloprid in the roots was higher than that in the leaves. Furthermore, the imidacloprid concentration in the wheat increased with increasing exposure time. After 3 days of exposure, the roots and leaves of the wheat in the 0.5 mg/L treatment group contained 4.55 mg/kg &plusmn; 1.45 mg/kg and 1.30 mg/kg &plusmn; 0.08 mg/kg imidacloprid, respectively, while the roots and leaves of the 5 mg/L treatment group contained 42.5 mg/kg &plusmn; 0.62 mg/kg and 8.71 mg/kg &plusmn; 0.14 mg/kg imidacloprid, respectively. The results from the present study allow for a better understanding of pesticide residues in crops and provide a data reference for the environmental risk assessment of pesticides.

Presented here is a protocol for the determination of the absorption, translocation, and distribution of imidacloprid in wheat under hydroponic conditions using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The results showed that imidacloprid can be absorbed by wheat, and imidacloprid was detected in both the wheat roots and leaves.

吡虫啉在小麦中吸收、易位和分布的测定

Neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides, are widely used because of their novel modes of action, high insecticidal activity, and strong root uptake. ...

Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in a Soil Sample by a Modified QuEChERS Approach Using Ammonium Formate

Currently, the QuEChERS method represents the most widely used sample preparation protocol worldwide for analyzing pesticide residues in a broad variety of matrices both in official and non-official laboratories. The QuEChERS method using ammonium formate has previously proven to be advantageous compared to the original and the two official versions. On the one hand, the simple addition of 0.5 g of ammonium formate per gram of sample is sufficient to induce phase separation and achieve good analytical performance. On the other hand, ammonium formate reduces the need for maintenance in routine analyses. Here, a modified QuEChERS method using ammonium formate was applied for the simultaneous analysis of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in agricultural soil. Specifically, 10 g of the sample was hydrated with 10 mL of water and then extracted with 10 mL of acetonitrile. Next, phase separation was carried out using 5 g of ammonium formate. After centrifugation, the supernatant was subjected to a dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up step with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, primary-secondary amine, and octadecylsilane. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used as the analytical technique. The QuEChERS method using ammonium formate is demonstrated as a successful alternative for extracting OCP residues from a soil sample.

The present protocol describes the utilization of ammonium formate for phase partitioning in QuEChERS, together with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to successfully determine organochlorine pesticide residues in a soil sample.

使用甲酸铵的改进QuEChERS方法分析土壤样品中的有机氯农药

Currently, the QuEChERS method represents the most widely used sample preparation protocol worldwide for analyzing pesticide residues in a broad variety ...