由美国国立卫生研究院支持的工作给予R01DC013668（D.惠伦，PI）和R03DC013152（J.普雷斯顿，PI）。

道德守则。当儿童在研究，知情同意和/或同意使用采集超声图像之前，总是需要的。在临床上使用，客户应告知的超声成像的目的。虽然诊断超声成像被认为是"风险极小"30，用户应使用超声波时，这意味着暴露于超声波应尽可能始终遵循ALARA原则"作为合理抑低"31。这涉及到在成像期间限制声功率并且还限制曝光时间。例如，如果使用超声波视觉反馈，但参加者不参加的视觉反馈，这将是审慎的做法是停止成像。 1.收集舌的超声图像注: 技术考虑 。诊断超声波探头被用于图像的舌头。 8 MHz的W - 约3之间的频率范围第i每秒约30帧的帧速率被推荐用于临床成像舌32。 注:下面的说明适用于超声诊断系统（见材料表 ）与C6-2换能器，这是基于从可用于该系统的多个传感器采集的超声图像的视觉比较选择。这些指令从该设备的诊断超声系统参考手册适于并意在用于一个超声的说明性实例。许多其他的超声系统都在使用，并且用户应咨询自己的特定设备的操作手册。 <ol><li>开启机器。接通电源后，观察屏幕上会自动显示2D成像模式。 <ol><li>等待系统完成的自诊断和校准测试。 注:自动显示的图像可以调整通过改变插件的设置，优化临床医生的看法trument。因为用于言语治疗使用超声波是新的，适合于语音期间成像舌头表面设置未通常预先安装，并且必须由从制造商（优选方法）的代表进行安装，或由临床医生。有为了正确的设置是很重要的安全，准确的图像为言语治疗目的的舌头。 注:用户应该熟悉他们的超声设备的基本操作是确保他们了解如何使包括深度，强度和对比度他们的设备，以获得最佳的图像所有控件的调整。电源应设置为低，为了安全起见合理可行，具有增益调整，以补偿低功率设置。 </li><li>要使用系统预设功能，按键盘上的预置密钥。 </li><li>观察预设画面。观察在屏幕的右侧上的左侧和选择的菜单项。 </li><li>第卷Ë轨迹球在屏幕左侧的菜单项，并按下控制面板上的SET键。请遵守选择的菜单项更多的选择。 </li><li>要保存更改并退出系统预置，在屏幕的底部点击保存按钮。 注: 表1示出了用于在视频图像的设置。注意，深度是换能器相关的。设置是在与西门子公司协商制定。 </li></ol></li><li>放置超声凝胶少量的超声换能器。 </li><li>参与者用双脚在地板上，背部挺直，下巴微微前倾椅子舒服的位置。 </li><li>为了收集矢状图像和尖端可视化的舌头根部，换能器垂直定位，使得与下巴下面的皮肤紧密接触并施加压力的坚定但不舒服的程度。定向换能器沿下颌骨的心理脊椎和舌骨B之间的中线一。 </li><li>开始与超声扫描。 </li><li>查看屏幕，以验证该换能器被适当地定向。在这些矢状图像，舌头的前面是在屏幕的右和舌头的背面是在左侧。角度的超声换能器稍微向前或向后稍微取决于什么舌头部分是利息。 注:在某些设备上，缺省设置将显示超声图像是上下颠倒。用户应检查其设备的默认设置，并进行必要的调整。 </li><li>指示参与者吞定向用户相对于腭舌的位置。 </li><li>得到冠状视图图像舌从左到右两侧。为了收集冠状，旋转超声换能器90度。指示参与者以维持要求舌中线开槽诸如/ R，S，Z，ʃ声音/。它可能有必要调整振子稍有毛皮疗法向前或向后想象舌头插削不同的声音。 </li><li>一旦成像完成后，擦去多余的胶和清洁超声批准的消毒湿巾或超声批准清洗喷雾传感器。 </li></ol> 2.舌口译超声图像<ol><li> 矢状面图像的基本解释 <ol><li>在矢状图，观察骨，这是不透明的超声波产生两大阴影之间的舌头下颌骨（前）的阴影和舌骨（后）的影子。的至少一个，并优选两个，这些标志是舌成像期间可见。 注:如果在舌尖低于空气（如通常是当舌尖延伸的情况下），舌尖的末端不会在超声图像上可见。 </li><li>指导参与者产生肺泡及软腭的声音，如/ TDN /然后/公斤/。这将有助于这两个东方参与者和临床医生对图像的哪一侧是前部/舌头尖和哪一侧是后部/舌背部。 </li></ol></li><li> 正确/ R /生产 <ol><li>指导参与者产生和维持/ R /。在一个正确的生产/ R /的矢状图，舌的前部将升高。舌背部的背部向后倾斜的正确/ R /生产。观察，如果探针是关闭中线或已转动时，图像将改变并且可能无法解释。 注意:如果该生产是一个"舌"/ R /，则舌尖升高朝向硬腭和舌尖的图像可能会丢失，或者可以被表示为伪影（ 例如 ，舌尖似乎提出通过腭）。在一个经典"聚束"/ R /，舌尖和/或刀片要么水平或成角度向下朝向口腔的地板上，但舌鼻背的将前部得到提升。在这两种情况下，舌片的升高部分被缩小舌和之间的空域腭，也就是说，它是使一个声道收缩。这个收缩的位置，让英语/ R /它的主要腭发音部位。 </li><li>虽然参与者维持/ R /，可视化的舌根。 注意:根据特定类型的超声波探头的被使用，这可能需要钓鱼探头向后朝着舌骨。感知准确英语/ R /需要引起舌根向后咽壁的缩回声道的二次收缩。后咽壁通常不能用超声波来可视化，但是回缩可以推断:如果舌根缩回时，前缩颈后面舌头表面的斜率将变浅。 </li><li>旋转探头90度，以获得冠状图。探针在最高点的粗糙附近位置舌大约下巴和在矢状面喉部之间的距离的1/3。 注意:当参与者被维持/ R /，舌头的横向边缘的一些海拔一般是可见的。虽然齿是不可见的，这是很常见的个体制备成束类型的/转/感觉与背臼齿一些接触。 </li></ol></li><li> 评估扭曲/ R /生产超声 <ol><li>指导参与者模仿和维持/ R /。 注意:在一个扭曲的生产/ R /的矢状图，舌的前方面通常较低，舌鼻背通常拉高和背部。舌根回缩往往是不存在，这往往是由前收缩后面舌形状的陡峭或几乎垂直的斜率表示。 </li><li>指导参与者模仿/ R /在一些音节，如/ɝ，ɑr，ɪr，rɑ，RI，RU /的。请注意，有PE背景的任何rceptually正确识别与正确不正确对相关生产舌头的形状。 注:方言的差异会影响清晰度;这些例子都是美式英语。 </li><li>旋转探头90度，以获得冠状视图，观察舌的横向边缘。音节，如/ɝ，ɑr，ɪr，rɑ，RI，RU /重复生产。而参与者维持一个扭曲/ R /，舌头的横向边缘经常一面或两面仍然很低。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.使用实时超声图像进行反馈补救声音讲话的错误<ol><li>指示在超声波的适当定位的参与者。允许参与者持有超声波振子，如果他们能够。另外，有临床研究员握住换能器，或钳换能器的麦克风站在保持稳定，而参与者前倾和休息下巴它，保持公司的压力。 注意:有可能使探头周围滑动的倾向。临床医师应警惕校正测头的移动的正中矢状平面的两侧，随着图像变得不太一致，更难理解。 </li><li>定向参与者通过教他们的舌头部位超声矢状切面图像。参与者应能够跟踪一个矢状超声图像上采样舌轮廓。指示该/ R /需要在前面两个口服收缩和在后面咽缩颈的参与者。 注意:它常常是有帮助，以指示参加者分开识别的尖端，叶片，背部和根，因为这些对应于舌头的独立地可移动的区域。 </li><li>要求参与者点到表示与"舌前面的"前，后，或实时超声波图像的侧"舌背面"。 </li><li>引入参与者/不同舌形状为/ R使用附图，超声图像或磁共振图像33。要清楚当口腔及咽部收缩的，但也承认，每一个舌形略有不同。 注:解释从正确/ R /生产图像见2.2.1和2.2.2 </li><li>要求参与者描述/ R /是在矢状切面可见2大收缩。如果参与者无法确定刚刚描述的口腔和咽部收缩，继续指导。 注:参与者应能够报告什么描述于3.4，表明该舌的前部的一些部竖起，并且该舌根向后移动（如在2.2.1和2.2.2中所述） </li><li>定向参与者冠状切面超声图像。指示在期望的舌形参与者从左到右。要求参与者跟踪舌的形状，确定左和右边缘，并且中心线槽。要求参与者解释的所需形状。 </li><li>试图通过提供语音提示来复制不同形状的舌头，征求正确的/ R /隔离或音节。 注:可以帮助提供屏幕上的"目标"，为参加者/ R /生产过程相匹配。目标可以使用光标或通过在放置在画面的透明度绘图生成。提供明确的指令，如"如果舌头行不匹配的红色目标，尝试不同的做一些事情。改变人说声音的方式。应把重点放在背部走下来，" 等见附录1的发音器官的例子放置线索。 </li><li>有与会者提供他们后他们的一些尝试，做了什么正确或不正确的解释。 </li><li>如有必要，使用标准的整形策略，如整形/ L /到/ R /或/ɑ/到/ R /同时观看可见UAL反馈。 </li><li>实现正确的制作后，按下暂停按钮以冻结图像。讨论正确的图像看起来如何从以前的不正确制作不同。 </li><li>整个无超声会话练习，以提供休息，并提供推广机会讲话时，视觉反馈不可用。 注:由于参与者达到更精确的生产，增加语言复杂的音节单词，短语和句子，并减少反馈量，以方便概括。 注:语音目标精度应定期监测。这可以通过感知打分谁正在与超声训练有素的声音录音个人（最好谁是盲目的治疗状态）来完成。 </li></ol>

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B., McAllister Byun, T., Davidson, L., Grigos, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Multidimensional+Investigation+of+Children's+/r/+Productions:+Perceptual,+Ultrasound,+and+Acoustic+Measures.">A Multidimensional Investigation of Children's /r/ Productions: Perceptual, Ultrasound, and Acoustic Measures.</a> Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 22 (3), 540-553 (2013).</li><li>Zharkova, N., Gibbon, F. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+and+the+IRB.">Ultrasound and the IRB.</a> Clin Linguist Phon. 19 (6-7), 567-572 (2005).</li><li>Barnett, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=International+recommendations+and+guidelines+for+the+safe+use+of+diagnostic+ultrasound+in+medicine.">International recommendations and guidelines for the safe use of diagnostic ultrasound in medicine.</a> Ultrasound Med Biol. 26 (3), 355-366 (2000).</li><li>Lee, S. A. 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C., Maas, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor-based+treatment+with+and+without+ultrasound+feedback+for+residual+speech-sound+errors.">Motor-based treatment with and without ultrasound feedback for residual speech-sound errors.</a> International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders. , (2016).</li><li>Cleland, J., Mccron, C., Scobbie, J. 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Siemens Corporation provided a temporary loan of three Acuson X300 ultrasounds for research purposes at no cost to the authors.

<html>该议定书中的关键步骤如在步骤1.3和1.6中所述，必须获得清晰，可解释的图像。可怜的画质呈现的过程毫无意义。此外，参与者必须充分意识到他们看到在屏幕上什么。因此，定向参与者在3.2描述的图像是应该先提供视觉反馈训练强调的一个步骤。此外，步骤3.10，其中涉及参与者的感知准确和不准确的舌形状之间在舌形清楚描述的差异，是增加目标舌形状的认识为特定扬声器的一个关键步骤。 修改和故障排除图像质量是至关重要的。当图像质量被减弱，这可能是必要的重新申请凝胶和/或检查探针与皮肤接触稳定。 帐篷"&gt;另外，当图像不表示用户打算什么来识别。例如，收集矢状图像时，如果探针被定位在正中矢状平面（ 即，向下头部的中间），则是非常重要的图像将显示在槽顺着舌的中心线。如果探头定位在侧时，图像将显示更多舌的横向边缘的。该超声波的总形状"亮白线"，将类似如果图像显示更多的凹槽或多个舌边的，但它们不会完全相同。因此，使用者应定期检查探头的位置，以确定该图像是否反映正中矢状图像，并重新定位探针如果必要的。 该技术的局限性虽然超声比其他的方法来可视化语音产生显著的优点，但也不是没有局限性。一个p超声成像rimary限制是，只有舌被成像。即，其他的结构，例如硬或软腭或咽壁是不可见的;因此，舌片的其它结构的关系并不明显。此外，也可以是难以确定究竟沿舌轮廓被收集的图像。例如，解释舌矢状图像时，探头的位置是重要的考虑因素，因为图像可能不一定是正中矢状（即中线）如果探针是offcenter或已被旋转。此外，不是所有的与会者/客户容忍下巴下方的使用超声波凝胶。超声波的留意用户应该注意的优点和技术的限制两者。 关于到现有/替代方法的技术意义使用诊断模式舌超声成像可以是一种快速，安全，和EFfective技术用于实时可视化30,32舌头运动。这些信息可以被用来对比的讲话正确和不正确的声音制作，以此来理解讲话的错误，并教导预期变动的各种讲话的声音。评估和修复语音错误，如/ R传统的言语治疗方法/扭曲依靠听觉感知。因此，语音的语言临床医生不知道的说话者的舌头运动的确切性质。通常提供指示音箱修改他们的舌位没有任何目视参考的实际运动线索。因此，在舌的实时成像提供用于语音的共享讨论，传统上一直是抽象的或短暂的直接可视化。对于语音电机学现有的理论（ 例如 ，基于模式电机学），超声视觉反馈提供了绩效反馈13,15知识的一种形式</SUP&gt;。这种反馈可能有利于新的语音电机计划，谁曾难以理解目标运动的个人收购。 超声成像可用于评估26,27和补救涉及与/ R /相关的口腔和咽部收缩2,10,11,12,13,20语音错误特别有用。矢状面视图可以识别是否参与者缺乏一个前收缩或舌根回缩。冠状提供检查是否有中线切槽和/ R /生产过程中舌侧缘高程的能力。一旦在误差中的元素已被正确地识别，该信息可以被用来系统地训练新舌头运动，理想地在观看舌2,10,11,12,13,20的实时反馈。方法如electropalatography或电磁articulography不允许所有的足够的可视化，舌的各方面，如舌根而超声波可以克服这种限制。 掌握这一技术后，未来的应用方向或这里列出的协议旨在广泛，足以让他人按照程序不管可用超声波技术。该程序也意欲足够灵活，以满足各种临床研究或临床实践的需要。虽然整个讨论的重点是治疗/ R /的具体情况，这些程序可以很容易地培训其他讲话的声音，或与各种人群的工作时，当调整。对于语言的整治听起来比其他舌头超声反馈也是有用/ R /，包括元音，内膜和肺泡停止，鼻音，舌擦音和塞擦音21,23。 在过程中存在不同的形式;例如，一些研究器已经使用头的稳定技术，以防止相对于所述超声波探头声道的运动。如果打算测量舌23,35,36的轮廓和稳定也可以克服的一些问题，例如在探针随时间的位置漂移这样的程序是有用的;然而，舌超声成像期间头的稳定可导致实际的限制（ 例如 ，不舒服头戴式设备），从而使超声用户必须对这些程序的相对权衡决定。正在研究探索具体的修改的程序（ 例如 ，这是理想的超声实践的量，插入字幕只有口服收缩与口腔和咽收缩的作用），以确定是最佳有效的方法。总之，证据不断积累的结合舌超声反馈程序可以产生更好的语音清晰度与语音障碍患者。

临床和研究环境已经看到在使用超声成像的增加提供视觉生物反馈干预个人有语言障碍。超声成像的语音语言病理学家的一个重要的用途是作为干预有语言障碍的个体中的可视化的生物反馈工具。随着语言病理学家的指导下，学习者可以观察到的形状和舌头的动作实时视频，并讨论如何这些图像可以从正确表达的语言声音所需要的舌头运动不同。进行这样的干预，为用户在超声图像的解释主管作为舌实时移动是很重要的。正确的关节形态典型的人士使用的范围的知识基础，以承认错误的舌头形状。 本文描述的方法处理（a）收集所述夹钳的超声图像UE，（二）解释与语音的正确和不正确制作的声音，并使用实时超声成像视觉生物反馈的一个源，以方便与语音声音错误个人语音产生的变化（c）进行相关的超声图像。虽然超声可以用于可视化的各种语言的音素，在这里实施例将集中于舌的/ R /声音的超声波图像（如在红色汽车 ），其孩子取得美国英语中描述为最常见的残余误差1。也已在迄今为止超声临床应用最广泛研究的声音。 2-14 在语音（重新）康复的一个重要目标是通过教导导致目标声音或序列的感知适当的制作程序关节，以促进更清晰的语音。因此，关键是要理解正常讲话和杜里在舌头的动作纳克生产言论错误。舌实时可视化可以在鼓励扬声器修改关节运动起到非常有益的作用，因为它提供了临床医生和客户端的什么讲话期间实际发生的共享表示。未经舌实时可视化，仅静态图片或目标舌配置的语言描述的可用于促进所期望的关节的行为的理解。在运动学习的基于模式的模型，对舌头的演讲中的运动视觉信息被认为是"知识表现"反馈的形式（ 即它提供了有关发生的具体动作的定性信息）15。以往的研究已经表明，绩效反馈详细知识，可以方便获取一个新的电机程序16。 超声较其他TECHNOLOGI几个优势ES用于可视化语音。随着超声，舌头的整个外形可直观迅速地从尖端到根部。对于超声成像准备通常需要不到一分钟。 相比之下，electropalatography（EPG），需要牙齿印模和定制pseudopalate创建（这可能需要数周），它可能需要一段时间来适应与讲伪腭17。 EPG还使舌腭接触的可视化只在由pseudopalate覆盖的区域和不能显示舌根或舌的整体形状。这限制了什么关节运动的各方面可以与EPG被有效靶向的性质。 另一种选择是电磁articulography（EMA），它可以提供关于舌形状和运动18的一般信息。然而，EMA需要传感器来粘在舌头和其它结构;从而，在设置这种类型的舌成像可以采取20 - 30分钟，并可能不经常使用的可行方法。由此，超声波可以被视为更实用。 在评估和治疗/ R /错误的临床研究的具体情况下，使用超声波已报道在几个研究为特发性的语音病症2,10,11,13,19个体，听力障碍20，童年演讲12,21的失用，并遵循脑血管意外22讲话收购失用。研究还报道了用超声波对其他语言音素，如/ skglʃʧ/ 23,24对待错误。附加种群可能的候选人包括有语言障碍的学习声音发音以非母语25个人有关腭裂，或个人。 超声成像也可以是有用的诊断， 例如 ，到在舌形表征错误，26,27，或无序的讲话28,29识别子可察觉的或隐蔽的反差。如果正在得到和比较精确关节的测量，它是必不可少的超声波被稳定，以便用于测量的坐标空间保持相当稳定。然而，一般认为，未稳定的探针产生的足够的质量为临床诊断和治疗应用，这是本文件的重点信息。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ACUSON X300&#160; ultrasound with C6-2 probe</td>
			<td>Siemens</td>
			<td>Acuson X300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trasceptic Spray</td>
			<td>Parker labs</td>
			<td>PLI 09-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acquasonic 100 ultrasound gel</td>
			<td>Parker labs</td>
			<td>01-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ultrasound images of the tongue: a tutorial for assessment and remediation of speech sound errors

诊断超声成像已经在医疗实践中的常用工具几十年。它提供了用于成像的结构内部的主体上的安全有效的方法。出现了在使用超声波技术来可视化语音期间的形状和舌头的运动，无论是在典型的扬声器，并在临床人群最近增加。演讲的超声成像，极大地扩展了我们的声音如何与舌（舌声音）产生铰接理解。这些信息可以是言语语言病理学家特别有价值。在其它优点中，超声图像可以言语治疗过程中使用，以提供（1）典型的（ 即 "正确"）舌配置的说明性模型讲话的声音，和（2）的见解的源极到异常制作的关节性质。的图像也可以被用作反馈临床人群学习DIS附加源从他们的作品不正确的tinguish更好的制作，途中建立更有效的关节习惯。 超声反馈越来越多的科学家和临床医生的用户的增加专门知识和作为设备下降为代价使用。在本教程中，过程提出了在临床方面收集舌头的超声图像。我们说明了一个扩展的例子具有一个共同的错误的声音，美国英语/ R /这些过程。正确和扭曲/ R的图像/用于演示（1）如何解释超声图像，（2）生产的语音声音，（3），如何分类舌形状误差的过程中如何评估舌的形状，和（4） ，如何提供视觉反馈以引发一个更合适的和功能性的舌头的形状。我们提出了使用舌的实时超声图像，视觉反馈补救语音声音差错的样品协议。此外，Example数据示来说明程序的结果。

图1给出/正确/ R样品矢状图像在一个9岁的女性。超声图像被配对与磁共振图像从相同的扬声器，以证明可以用两种技术要观看的相似舌形状。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55123/55123fig1.jpg" /> 图1:正确制作的美式英语/ R /用舌头的超声图像来自同一个参与者（右下）在磁共振图像的矢状位。中的所有图像时，图像的右侧表示前部和左侧表示后部。注意到前舌（右箭头）和背部（左箭头）的降低的标高。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55123/55123fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看这个大版本</a>数字。 在图2中，同样9岁的显示3个月前（超声波可视化反馈治疗前）。需要注意的是扭曲的/转/涉及高后舌头位置，低舌尖/叶片和咽收缩不足，产生听觉类似于[ʊ]声音。正确/ R /制作功能前舌抬高，降低的舌背部，和后收窄反映了舌根回缩。请注意，一系列舌形状是可能的正确/ R /。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55123/55123fig2.jpg" /> 图2: 美式英语/ R /的一种扭曲的生产与来自同一个参与者的舌头（右下）的超声图像中磁共振图像的矢状位。中的所有图像时，图像重的右侧呈现前部和左侧代表后路。注意低舌尖/刀片（右箭头）和募集舌背（左箭头）。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55123/55123fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图3示出在冠状视图样品正确和不正确/ R /制作。注意舌头的侧面的高度，以中线切槽沿，在正确的制作和畸变/ R / A相对平坦的舌头的形状。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55123/55123fig3.jpg" /> 图3: 正确 的 （上）的样品冠状超声舌象和美国英语/ R的失真（底部）制作/在这些冠状，探头垂直放置，以图像的后路舌鼻背。注意舌的正确/ R /的侧缘的高度，在中间的槽沿。注意在扭曲/ R /平舌形。这些图像是从EchoBlaster 128超声波。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55123/55123fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 迄今为止，对语音错误超声可视化反馈的研究都涉及病例或单一主题设计。已经报道2,5,9-13,21-23广泛变化到治疗的个体反应的模式。对于许多个人，提高声音的精度可与/ R /实验性治疗的仅仅几个小时进行观察。个人谁不显示眼前利益仍然可以达到提高产量较超声实践过程。在治疗环境所取得的成果几乎总是需要一些时间来推广到UNTreated字或上下文。 图4示出了在含有单词的平均精度/ R /横跨11美式英语年龄参与者10-20年谁共治疗/ R /扭曲。这些数据是从多个基线跨学科单一的情况下，设计13,34。一些参与者都对其他声音处理为好，虽然身材仅限于/ R精度/每参加一个字的位置。纵轴表示被判断为正确未处理/ R /词语百分比。横轴表示单独的会话（间隔约3 - 相距4天），其中，收集的数据。 / R /生产在词汇层面的准确性之前进行了监测，期间和7个疗程后。额定多个监听记录的话不是"正确/ R /"或"不正确/ R /"的基础上感知的语音精度制作。盒子反映了7 SE其中超声生物反馈治疗ssions提供了依据。改进的/转/精度对应于治疗的发作。此外，经过7届，治疗时被撤销，在准确度有上升的趋势继续下去，这表明保留和泛化继续发生。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55123/55123fig4.jpg" /> 图4: 平均/中/ R精度在独词为11人参加10岁- 20岁接受治疗/ R /扭曲。该框代表在超声可视反馈治疗发生的会话。误差棒代表标准偏差。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55123/55123fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

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Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Ultrasound imaging can be used to display the shape and movements of the tongue in real time during speech. The images can be used to determine the nature of speech sound errors. Visual feedback of the tongue can be used to facilitate improvements in speech sound production in clinical populations.

舌的超声图像:一个教程评估和修复声音讲话的错误

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging ...

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21.4K 次观看.  Syracuse University. Ultrasound imaging can be used to display the shape and movements of the tongue in real time during speech. The images can be used to determine the nature of speech sound errors. Visual feedback of the tongue can be used to facilitate improvements in speech sound production in clinical populations. 

视频: Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Stereotactic Injection of MicroRNA-expressing Lentiviruses to the Mouse Hippocampus CA1 Region and Assessment of the Behavioral Outcome

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory single-stranded RNA molecules around 22 nucleotides long that may each target numerous mRNA transcripts and dim an entire gene expression pathway by inducing destruction and/or inhibiting translation of these targets. Several miRNAs play key roles in maintaining neuronal structure and function and in higher-level brain functions, and methods are sought for manipulating their levels for exploring these functions. Here, we present a direct in vivo method for examining the cognitive consequences of enforced miRNAs excess in mice by stereotactic injection of miRNA-encoding virus particles. Specifically, the current protocol involves injection into the hippocampal CA1 region, which contributes to mammalian memory consolidation, learning, and stress responses, and offers a convenient injection site. The coordinates are measured according to the mouse bregma and virus perfusion is digitally controlled and kept very slow. After injection, the surgery wound is sealed and the animals recover. Lentiviruses encoding silencers of the corresponding mRNA targets serve to implicate the specific miRNA/target interaction responsible for the observed effect, with na&iuml;ve mice, mice injected with saline and mice injected with "empty" lentivirus vectors as controls. One month post-injection, the animals are examined in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) for assessing their navigation learning and memory abilities. The MWM is a round tank filled with colored water with a small platform submerged 1 cm below the water surface. Steady visual cues around the tank allow for spatial navigation (sound and the earth's magnetic field may also assist the animals in navigating). Video camera monitoring enables measuring the route of swim and the time to find and amount the platform. The mouse is first taught that mounting the hidden platform offers an escape from the enforced swimming; it is then tested for using this escape and finally, the platform is removed and probe tests examine if the mouse remembers its previous location. Repeated tests over several consecutive days highlight improved performance of tested mice at shorter latencies to find and mount the platform, and as more direct routes to reach the platform or its location. Failure to show such improvement represents impaired learning and memory and/or anxiety, which may then be tested specifically (e.g. in the elevated plus maze). This approach enables validation of specific miRNAs and target transcripts in the studied cognitive and/or stress-related processes.

MicroRNAs have significant roles in brain structure and function. Here we describe a method to enforce hippocampal miRNA over-expression using stereotactic injection of an engineered miRNA-expressing lentivirus. This approach can serve as a relatively rapid way to assess the in vivo effects of over-expressed miRNAs in specific brain regions.

立体定向注射的microRNA表达慢病毒的小鼠海马CA1区和行为结果的评估

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory single-stranded RNA molecules around 22 nucleotides long that may each target numerous mRNA transcripts and dim an ...

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Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

皮质听觉，触觉加工的残疾儿童定量评价

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most common method for assessing exercise endurance in mice utilizes forced running on a motorized treadmill equipped with a shock grid. Animals who quit running are pushed by the moving treadmill belt onto a grid that delivers an electric foot shock; to escape the negative stimulus, the mice return to running on the belt. However, avoidance behavior and psychological stress due to use of a shock apparatus can interfere with quantitation of running endurance, as well as confound measurements of postexercise serum hormone and cytokine levels. Here, we demonstrate and validate a refined method to measure running endurance in na&#239;ve C57BL/6 laboratory mice on a motorized treadmill without utilizing a shock grid. When mice are preacclimated to the treadmill, they run voluntarily with gait speeds specific to each mouse. Use of the shock grid is replaced by gentle encouragement by a human operator using a tongue depressor, coupled with sensitivity to the voluntary willingness to run on the part of the mouse. Clear endpoints for quantifying running time-to-exhaustion for each mouse are defined and reflected in behavioral signs of exhaustion such as splayed posture and labored breathing. This method is a humane refinement which also decreases the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

小鼠运动耐力的评估没有一个冲击电网的使用:另一种强迫运动

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be clearly outlined in a step-by-step manner. Navigational skills are important when trying to find symbols within a speech-generating device (SGD) that has a dynamic screen and taxonomical organization. The following skills have been found to impact children&#8217;s ability to find symbols when navigating within the levels of an SGD: sustained attention, categorization, cognitive flexibility, and fluid reasoning1,2. According to past studies, working memory was not correlated with navigation1,2.
The materials needed for this method include a computerized tablet, an augmentative and alternative communication application, a booklet of symbols, and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R)3. This method has been used in two previous studies. Robillard, Mayer-Crittenden, Roy-Charland, Minor-Corriveau and B&#233;langer1 assessed typically developing children, while Rondeau, Robillard and Roy-Charland2 assessed children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The direct observation of this method will facilitate the replication of this study for researchers. It will also help clinicians that work with children who have complex communication needs to determine the children&#8217;s ability to navigate an SGD with taxonomical categorization.

Children who have complex communication needs can benefit from the use of a speech-generating device (SGD). Cognitive skills were identified as having an impact on the ability to navigate between levels of SGDs. This protocol describes the steps needed for Speech-language Pathologists to assess cognitive skills and navigational abilities.

认知任务的实用方法在一个导航评估

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human auditory development for these age groups. This paper describes an observer-based procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity with a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Young children are trained to perform a play-based, motor response (e.g., putting a block in a bucket) whenever they hear a target signal. An experimenter observes the child&#39;s behavior and makes a judgment about whether the signal was presented during the first or second observation interval; the experimenter is blinded to the true signal interval, so this judgment is based solely on the child&#39;s behavior. These procedures were used to test 2 to 4 year-olds (n = 33) with no known hearing problems. The signal was a 1,000 Hz warble tone presented in quiet, and the signal level was adjusted to estimate a threshold corresponding to 71%-correct detection. A valid threshold was obtained for 82% of children. These results indicate that the two-interval procedure is both feasible and reliable for use with toddlers and preschoolers. The two-interval, observer-based procedure described in this paper is a powerful tool for evaluating hearing in young children because it guards against response bias on the part of the experimenter.

This paper describes a procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity in 2 to 4 year-old children. Children are trained to perform play-based responses when they hear a target signal. Thresholds are then estimated in a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, based on observations of the child&#39;s behaviors.

2听证会，以4岁儿童的行为评估:两区间，观测为基础的应用程序基于条件性播放响应

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

评估儿童工作记忆:儿童综合评估电池 - 工作记忆（CABC-WM）

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

用视觉世界范式研究自闭症普通话儿童的句子理解

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

使用五分钟言语样本程序评估家长对孩子的简短叙述的一致性

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...