We are grateful to Drs. Mike S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein for their agreement to publish this method according to the methods described in their publications. We appreciate Dr. Peter Espenshade for sharing the GFP-SCAP plasmid. This work was supported by NIH grants NS072838 and NS079701 to D.G., American Cancer Society Research Scholar Grant RSG-14-228-01-CSM to D.G., and OSUCCC Pelotonia Postdoctoral Fellowship to C.C. We also appreciate the support from the Ohio State Neuroscience Core (P30 NS038526) and OSUCCC Translational Therapeutic Program seed grant and start-up funds to D.G.

1.内源性的检测SCAP蛋白在人类细胞中<ol><li>细胞培养和治疗<ol><li>在10cm皿用Dulbecco补充有5％胎牛血清（FBS）的改良Eagle培养基（DMEM）种子〜1×10 6个 U87细胞和孵育所述细胞在37℃和5％CO 2的处理前24小时。 </li><li>用磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）洗一次细胞，然后切换细胞新鲜DMEM培养基有或没有葡萄糖（5毫米）12小时。 </li></ol></li><li>细胞膜组份和核提取物的制备<ol><li>洗涤细胞一次，用PBS，刮成1ml的PBS，并离心在1000 xg离心在4℃下5分钟。 </li><li>悬浮细胞在含有10mM HEPES-KOH（pH值7.6），10mM的氯化钾，1.5mM的MgCl 2的，1毫钠乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA），1mM的乙烯钠乙二醇四乙酸（EGTA），250毫冰冷的缓冲蔗糖，和蛋白酶抑制剂的混合物（5μ微克/毫升胃酶抑素A，10μg/ ml的亮肽素，0.5mM的苯甲基磺酰氟（PMSF），1mM的二硫苏糖醇（DTT），和25微克/毫升的N-乙酰基亮氨酸 - 亮氨酸 - 正Leu-人（ALLN））30分钟在冰上。 </li><li>通过一个22国祥通过细胞提取物1 1/2针30倍和离心机在890 xg离心在4℃下5分钟，以分离细胞核。 </li><li>使用上清液用于膜级分（步骤1.2.7）的分离。重悬核沉淀在0.1的缓冲液C（20mM的HEPES / KOH pH 7.6中，0.42 M氯化钠，2.5％（体积/体积）甘油的溶液，1.5毫的MgCl 2，1mM的EDTA钠，1mM的钠EGTA和的混合物蛋白酶抑制剂（5微克/毫升胃酶抑素A，10μg/ ml的亮肽素，0.5mM的PMSF，1毫摩尔DTT，和25微克/毫升ALLN））。 </li><li>在4℃下旋转，在4℃进行60分钟，并离心悬浮液以20,000 xg离心在微量20分钟。上清液被指定为"核提取物"。 </li><li>加热在100℃下的核提取物10分钟，用5×上样缓冲液（312.5毫的Tris-HCl pH 6.8的，10％的SDS，50％甘油，12.5％β巯基乙醇和0.05％溴酚蓝）经受SDS-PAGE之前。 </li><li>离心从原来的890 XG自旋上清液以20,000 xg离心在4℃下20分钟。用于随后的免疫印迹分析，溶解沉淀在0.1ml SDS裂解缓冲液（10mM的Tris-HCl pH 6.8的，100毫摩尔NaCl，1％（V / V）十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS），1mM的EDTA钠和1毫EGTA钠）。这被指定为"膜部分"。 注意:我们用20000×g离心20分钟以沉淀膜。 100000×g离心10 - 20分钟已经从Brown和戈尔茨坦实验室15的文件被使用。 </li><li>孵育膜级分在37℃下30分钟，并确定由Bradford蛋白测定蛋白质浓度。对样品进行SDS-PAGE前，加入1μl100X溴酚蓝的解决方案。 </li><li>负载25 -总膜蛋白质的50微克在10％SDS-PAGE凝胶39。运行凝胶在80伏15分钟，然后换到130 V和再运行115分钟。转移在140毫安130分钟39。 <ol><li>对于Western印迹分析，使用抗SCAP抗体检测总蛋白SCAP。使用蛋白质二硫键异构酶（PDI），一个ER驻留蛋白40，作为内部对照。使用抗SREBP-1抗体来检测SREBP-1的N末端带。使用拉明A作为内部控制的核提取物31。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. SCAP分析ň-glycosylation在人类细胞<ol><li>细胞培养，转染，和治疗<ol><li>用于膜分析，在10cm皿用DMEM种子〜1×10 6个 HEK293T细胞补充有5％FBS和孵育在37℃下将细胞与5％CO 2的转染前24小时。 </li><li>稀释4 - 8微克GFP-SCAP质粒（彼得Espenshade博士的礼物）22在1毫升降低血清培养基，轻轻混匀。 </li><li>通过直接吹打成1ml的降低含质粒的血清的培养基16微升DNA转染试剂，轻轻混匀 - 添加8。 </li><li>孵育转染试剂/质粒复合物，在室温下25分钟。 </li><li>添加转染复合物与新鲜培养基中的细胞，并继续培养在5％CO 2和37℃24小时。 </li><li>用PBS洗一次并具有或不具有在衣霉素（1微克/毫升） 中，N -glycosylation抑制剂的存在或不存在葡萄糖（5毫摩）处理细胞12小时。 </li></ol></li><li>在步骤1.2.1，1.2.2，1.2.3，1.2.7和介绍准备细胞膜颗粒。 </li><li> SCAPñ-glycosylation检测<ol><li>胰蛋白酶蛋白水解<ol><li>从细胞中114微升含有10mM HEPES·KOH（pH 7.4）中，10毫米氯化钾，1.5mM的MgCl 2的，1毫钠EDTA和100mM NaCl的缓冲液中过表达的GFP-SCAP重悬膜粒料。 </li><li> 57孵育81;在无或1微升胰蛋白酶（1微克/微升）存在膜蛋白质的等分试样，在58微升在30℃下的总体积，为30分钟。 </li><li>通过加入大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的2微升（400单位）停止反应。 </li></ol></li><li>通过肽N-糖苷酶F去糖基化（PNG酶F） <ol><li>用于与酶F随后的治疗中，添加10微升含3.5％（重量/体积）SDS和7％（体积/体积）溶液2-巯基乙醇至每个样品。 </li><li>在100℃下加热10分钟后，按顺序添加的0.5M磷酸钠（pH 7.5），7微升10％（V / V）的Nonidet P-40的12×蛋白酶抑制剂，和2微升的7微升（0.5单位PNG酶F的/微升） </li><li>在37℃下3小时温育后，通过加入5×上样缓冲液（312.5毫的Tris-HCl pH 6.8的，10％的SDS，50％甘油，12.5％β巯基乙醇和0.05％溴酚蓝）的停止反应。加热在100℃下的混合物为10米在并受到SDS-PAGE。负载25-50在10％SDS-PAGE凝胶39总的膜蛋白的微克。在运行80伏的凝胶15分钟，然后换到130 V代表另一个115分钟。转移在140毫安130分钟。 </li><li>对于Western印迹，使用10μg/ ml的抗SCAP（9D5）抗体来检测Ñ-glycosylation和总SCAP蛋白。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3.从ER到高尔基贩运SCAP检测由人体细胞用GFP-SCAP <ol><li>在60毫米培养皿用DMEM种子2.5×10 5个 U87细胞补充有5％FBS和孵育在37℃下将细胞与5％CO 2的转染前24小时。 </li><li>稀释0.5ml的4微克GFP-SCAP质粒降低血清培养基混合。 </li><li>吹打直接进入0.5毫升含质粒的降低血清中添加8微升DNA转染试剂，轻轻混匀。 </li><li>孵育转染试剂/质粒复合物，在室温25分钟温度。 </li><li>添加转染复合物与新鲜培养基中的细胞，并继续培养在5％CO 2和37℃24小时。 </li><li>补种5 - 10×10 4个细胞到含玻璃盖玻片（22毫米×22毫米）6孔板，并继续培养，在37℃和5％CO 2的24小时。 </li><li>用PBS洗一次并具有或不具有在衣霉素（1微克/毫升）的存在或不存在葡萄糖（5毫摩）处理细胞12小时。 </li><li>用PBS洗涤细胞一次，并在4％的甲醛固定10分钟。 </li><li>洗涤细胞三次，用PBS，反转盖玻片，在幻灯片上与抗淬灭剂一起安装，并且使用指甲油密封盖玻片。 </li><li>检查激光扫描共聚焦显微镜41使用63X油浸物镜的GFP-SCAP贩卖。 </li></ol>

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autocatalytic+processing+of+site-1+protease+removes+propeptide+and+permits+cleavage+of+sterol+regulatory+element-binding+proteins.">Autocatalytic processing of site-1 protease removes propeptide and permits cleavage of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins.</a> The Journal of biological chemistry. 274, 22795-22804 (1999).</li><li>Guo, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SCAP+links+glucose+to+lipid+metabolism+in+cancer+cells.">SCAP links glucose to lipid metabolism in cancer cells.</a> Mol Cell Oncol. 3, (2016).</li><li>Cheng, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose-Mediated+N-glycosylation+of+SCAP+Is+Essential+for+SREBP-1+Activation+and+Tumor+Growth.">Glucose-Mediated N-glycosylation of SCAP Is Essential for SREBP-1 Activation and Tumor Growth.</a> Cancer Cell. 28, 569-581 (2015).</li><li>Shao, W., Espenshade, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sugar+Makes+Fat+by+Talking+to+SCAP.">Sugar Makes Fat by Talking to SCAP.</a> Cancer Cell. 28, 548-549 (2015).</li><li>Guo, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EGFR+signaling+through+an+Akt-SREBP-1-dependent,+rapamycin-resistant+pathway+sensitizes+glioblastomas+to+antilipogenic+therapy.">EGFR signaling through an Akt-SREBP-1-dependent, rapamycin-resistant pathway sensitizes glioblastomas to antilipogenic therapy.</a> Sci Signal. 2, 82 (2009).</li><li>Guo, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+LXR+agonist+promotes+GBM+cell+death+through+inhibition+of+an+EGFR/AKT/SREBP-1/LDLR-dependent+pathway.">An LXR agonist promotes GBM cell death through inhibition of an EGFR/AKT/SREBP-1/LDLR-dependent pathway.</a> Cancer Discov. 1, 442-456 (2011).</li><li>Guo, D., Bell, E. H., Mischel, P., Chakravarti, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+SREBP-1-driven+lipid+metabolism+to+treat+cancer.">Targeting SREBP-1-driven lipid metabolism to treat cancer.</a> Curr Pharm Des. 20, 2619-2626 (2014).</li><li>Bell, E. H., Guo, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomarkers+for+malignant+gliomas.">Biomarkers for malignant gliomas.</a> Malignant Gliomas, Radiation Medicine Rounds. 3, 339-357 (2012).</li><li>Geng, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+SOAT1+suppresses+glioblastoma+growth+via+blocking+SREBP-1-mediated+lipogenesis.">Inhibition of SOAT1 suppresses glioblastoma growth via blocking SREBP-1-mediated lipogenesis.</a> Clin Cancer Res. , (2016).</li><li>Ru, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feedback+Loop+Regulation+of+SCAP/SREBP-1+by+miR-29+Modulates+EGFR+Signaling-Driven+Glioblastoma+Growth.">Feedback Loop Regulation of SCAP/SREBP-1 by miR-29 Modulates EGFR Signaling-Driven Glioblastoma Growth.</a> Cell Rep. , (2016).</li><li>Green, M. R., Sambrook, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Fourth Edition). , (2012).</li><li>Uehara, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=S-nitrosylated+protein-disulphide+isomerase+links+protein+misfolding+to+neurodegeneration.">S-nitrosylated protein-disulphide isomerase links protein misfolding to neurodegeneration.</a> Nature. 441, 513-517 (2006).</li><li>Miyashita, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+microscopy+for+intracellular+co-localization+of+proteins.">Confocal microscopy for intracellular co-localization of proteins.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1278, 515-526 (2015).</li><li>Cao, J., Guo, S., Arai, K., Lo, E. H., Ning, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+extracellular+signaling+utilizing+a+glycoproteomic+approach:+lectin+blot+surveys,+a+first+and+important+step.">Studying extracellular signaling utilizing a glycoproteomic approach: lectin blot surveys, a first and important step.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1013, 227-233 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

在这项研究中，我们描述了在人细胞中膜部分的分离和用于通过使用免疫印迹制备样品用于检测SCAPÑ-glycosylation和总蛋白的一个协议。我们还提供采用GFP标记和共聚焦显微镜监测SCAP贩卖的方法。该方法是专门用于分析膜蛋白是研究SCAPñ-glycosylation和贩卖人口的重要工具。 使用各种凝集素识别不同氮肥 -glycan链，并确定ñ糖基蛋白42的方法相比?...

脂质代谢的失调是癌症和代谢性疾病1-6的一个共同特点。在这些方法中，固醇调节元件结合蛋白（SREBPs），一个家族的转录因子，在控制基因的摄取和胆固醇，脂肪酸的合成，和磷脂7-10重要的表达中起关键作用。 SREBPs，包括SREBP-1a中，SREBP-1c和SREBP-2，合成为凭借两个跨膜结构域7的结合于内质网（ER）膜活性的前体。 SREBPs的N-末端包含靶基因11的转录的DNA结合结构域。 SREBP前体的C末端结合至SREBP裂解激活蛋白（SCAP）12,13，即起着SREBP稳定性和活化14-16的调节中发挥关键作用一个多面体膜蛋白。 该implemen转录功能的塔季翁需要从ER到高尔基体，其中两个蛋白酶顺序裂解SREBP并释放其N-末端片段，然后进入细胞核为生脂基因7的反式激活的SCAP / SREBP复合物的转运。在这些过程中，甾醇的在ER膜的水平从ER 7,17控制SCAP / SREBP复合物的出口。下高固醇的条件下，固醇结合SCAP或ER驻留胰岛素诱导的基因蛋白-1（INSIG-1）或-2（INSIG-2），从而增强与保留SCAP / SREBP复杂的Insigs SCAP的关联ER 18-20。当固醇水平降低，SCAP解离与Insigs。这导致了SCAP构象变化，这允许具有共同的外壳蛋白（COP）的二复杂SCAP相互作用。复合介导SCAP / SREBP复合物的掺入出芽囊泡和从ER到高尔基体21,22指示其传输。当transloc通货膨胀到高尔基体，SREBPs依次由站点1和站点2蛋白酶裂解，导致N末端7,23-29的释放。 SCAP蛋白携带三个N天冬酰胺-连接低聚糖（N）位置N263，N590，N641和15。最近，我们发现，在这些网站SCAP的葡萄糖介导ñ-glycosylation是从低固醇条件下30-32内质网向高尔基SCAP / SREBP贩卖的先决条件。通过以谷氨酰胺（NNN到QQQ）所有三个天冬酰胺的突变SCAP糖基化的损失禁用SCAP / SREBP复杂并且导致SCAP蛋白和减少SREBP活化31的不稳定的贩卖。我们最近的数据还表明，SREBP-1在胶质母细胞瘤是高度激活和SCAPñ-glycosylation 4,31,33,34调节。针对SCAP / SREBP-1信号正在成为一个新的战略来治疗恶性肿瘤和代谢小号yndromes 1,3,35-38。因此，开发以分析SCAP蛋白和N -glycosylation水平和监测其在人类细胞和患者组织贩卖一种有效的方法是重要的。 SCAP蛋白质（氨基酸540-707）在ER腔区域包含了保护，当蛋白水解胎膜与胰蛋白酶处理15两个N -glycosylation网站（N590和N641）。这个管腔片段的分子量〜30kDa的的足够小，以允许通过十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）15,31的SCAP的个别糖基化变体的分辨率。这里，我们提供了用于检测SCAP 氮 -glycosylation和人类细胞中的总蛋白的方法。此协议是从由布朗和戈尔茨坦实验室15和我们最近出版31出版物中描述的方法的。该协议可以在T使用他从哺乳动物细胞SCAP蛋白的研究。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="634">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">X-treme GENE HP DNA Transfection Reagent&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">6366236001</td>
			<td style="width:91px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Opti-MEMI medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31985-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">trypsin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T6567</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">soybean trypsin inhibitor</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9777</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PNGase F&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-SCAP (9D5) antibody&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-13553</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GFP antibody&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11814460001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SREBP-1 antibody (IgG-2A4)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>557036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PDI Antibody (H-17)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">sc-30932</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lamin A Antibody (H-102)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">sc-20680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SCAP antibody (a.a 450-500)</td>
			<td>Bethyl Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>A303-554A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (DMEM) without glucose, pyruvate and glutamine&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>17-207-CV</td>
			<td>Add 1 Mm Pyravate and 4 mM Glutamine before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">22G x 1 1/2 needle&#160;</td>
			<td>BD&#160;</td>
			<td>305156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pepstatin A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">leupeptin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PMSF</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DTT</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>43819</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ALLN</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A6185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitrocellulose membrane</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td>RPN3032D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA Solution 0.5 M PH8.5 100 ml&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82023-102&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGTA 0.5 M sterile (PH 8.0) 50 ml</td>
			<td>Fisher Scentific</td>
			<td>50255956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HyClone FBS</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>SH3007103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B8026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">prolong gold antifade reagent with dapi</td>
			<td>life technologies</td>
			<td>P36935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-glutamine (200 mM)</td>
			<td>life technologies</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>life technologies</td>
			<td>11360-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of scap n-glycosylation and trafficking in human cells

Elevated lipogenesis is a common characteristic of cancer and metabolic diseases. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), a family of membrane-bound transcription factors controlling the expression of genes important for the synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids and phospholipids, are frequently upregulated in these diseases. In the process of SREBP nuclear translocation, SREBP-cleavage activating protein (SCAP) plays a central role in the trafficking of SREBP from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi and in subsequent proteolysis activation. Recently, we uncovered that glucose-mediated N-glycosylation of SCAP is a prerequisite condition for the exit of SCAP/SREBP from the ER and movement to the Golgi. N-glycosylation stabilizes SCAP and directs SCAP/SREBP trafficking. Here, we describe a protocol for the isolation of membrane fractions in human cells and for the preparation of the samples for the detection of SCAP N-glycosylation and total protein by using western blot. We further provide a method to monitor SCAP trafficking by using confocal microscopy. This protocol is appropriate for the investigation of SCAP N-glycosylation and trafficking in mammalian cells.

图1示出了响应于人脑胶质瘤U87细胞内源性SCAP蛋白和SREBP-1的核形式的检测通过使用免疫印迹对葡萄糖刺激。膜蛋白SCAP在"膜部分"检测的。 SREBP-1的核形式（N末端）中的"核提取物"被检测。 SCAP蛋白的水平（PDI作为ER膜蛋白内部对照）和SREBP-1的核形式由葡萄糖刺激都显着增强。这些结果表明，该协议能够检测在人类细胞中的内源性SCAP蛋白。 <p class="jove_con...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of SCAP N-glycosylation and Trafficking in Human Cells at JoVE.com

Analysis of SCAP N-glycosylation and Trafficking in Human Cells

我们通过使用蛋白质印迹描述了从人类细胞的膜级分的分离和样品制备用于检测SCAPÑ-glycosylation和总蛋白的改进方法。我们还引进了GFP标记法使用共聚焦显微镜监测SCAP贩卖。这种协议可以在常规生物学实验室使用。

SCAP分析<em&gt;ñ</em&gt; -glycosylation和贩卖人体细胞

Elevated lipogenesis is a common characteristic of cancer and metabolic diseases. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), a family of ...

analysis-of-scap-n-glycosylation-and-trafficking-in-human-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Analysis of SCAP N-glycosylation and Trafficking in Human Cells

8.6K 次观看.  The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine. 我们通过使用蛋白质印迹描述了从人类细胞的膜级分的分离和样品制备用于检测SCAPÑ-glycosylation和总蛋白的改进方法。我们还引进了GFP标记法使用共聚焦显微镜监测SCAP贩卖。这种协议可以在常规生物学实验室使用。 

视频: Analysis of SCAP N-glycosylation and Trafficking in Human Cells

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer software.  Video bioinformatics is a powerful quantitative approach for extracting spatio-temporal data from video images using computer software to perform dating mining and analysis. In this article, we introduce a video bioinformatics method for quantifying the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by analyzing time-lapse videos collected in a Nikon BioStation CT incubator equipped with a camera for video imaging. In our experiments, hESC colonies that were attached to Matrigel were filmed for 48 hours in the BioStation CT.  To determine the rate of growth of these colonies, recipes were developed using CL-Quant software which enables users to extract various types of data from video images.  To accurately evaluate colony growth, three recipes were created. The first segmented the image into the colony and background, the second enhanced the image to define colonies throughout the video sequence accurately, and the third measured the number of pixels in the colony over time.  The three recipes were run in sequence on video data collected in a BioStation CT to analyze the rate of growth of individual hESC colonies over 48 hours. To verify the truthfulness of the CL-Quant recipes, the same data were analyzed manually using Adobe Photoshop software. When the data obtained using the CL-Quant recipes and Photoshop were compared, results were virtually identical, indicating the CL-Quant recipes were truthful. The method described here could be applied to any video data to measure growth rates of hESC or other cells that grow in colonies. In addition, other video bioinformatics recipes can be developed in the future for other cell processes such as migration, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.  

Video bioinformatics is the automated processing, analysis, understanding, and data mining of biological spatio-temporal data extracted from microscopic videos. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a method for measuring human embryonic stem cell colony growth using a video bioinformatics method.

视频人类胚胎干细胞克隆生长的生物信息学分析

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

科研

生物学

Phenotypic Analysis and Isolation of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Lineage-committed Progenitors

The bone marrow is the principal site where HSCs and more mature blood cells lineage progenitors reside and differentiate in an adult organism. HSCs constitute a minute cell population of pluripotent cells capable of generating all blood cell lineages for a life-time1. The molecular dissection of HSCs homeostasis in the bone marrow has important implications in hematopoiesis, oncology and regenerative medicine. We describe the labeling protocol with fluorescent antibodies and the electronic gating procedure in flow cytometry to score hematopoietic progenitor subsets and HSCs distribution in individual mice (Fig. 1). In addition, we describe a method to extensively enrich hematopoietic progenitors as well as long-term (LT) and short term (ST) reconstituting HSCs from pooled bone marrow cell suspensions by magnetic enrichment of cells expressing c-Kit. The resulting cell preparation can be used to sort selected subsets for in vitro and in vivo functional studies (Fig. 2).
Both trabecular osteoblasts2,3 and sinusoidal endothelium4 constitute functional niches supporting HSCs in the bone marrow. Several mechanisms in the osteoblastic niche, including a subset of N-cadherin+ osteoblasts3 and interaction of the receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2 expressed in HSCs with its ligand angiopoietin-15 concur in determining HSCs quiescence. "Hibernation" in the bone marrow is crucial to protect HSCs from replication and eventual exhaustion upon excessive cycling activity6. Exogenous stimuli acting on cells of the innate immune system such as Toll-like receptor ligands7 and interferon-&alpha;6 can also induce proliferation and differentiation of HSCs into lineage committed progenitors. Recently, a population of dormant mouse HSCs within the lin- c-Kit+ Sca-1+ CD150+ CD48- CD34- population has been described8. Sorting of cells based on CD34 expression from the hematopoietic progenitors-enriched cell suspension as described here allows the isolation of both quiescent self-renewing LT-HSCs and ST-HSCs9. A similar procedure based on depletion of lineage positive cells and sorting of LT-HSC with CD48 and Flk2 antibodies has been previously described10. In the present report we provide a protocol for the phenotypic characterization and ex vivo cell cycle analysis of hematopoietic progenitors, which can be useful for monitoring hematopoiesis in different physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we describe a FACS sorting procedure for HSCs, which can be used to define factors and mechanisms regulating their self-renewal, expansion and differentiation in cell biology and signal transduction assays as well as for transplantation.

A method to analyse the distribution of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors in flow cytometry as well as to efficiently isolate highly purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is described. The isolation procedure is essentially based on magnetic enrichment of c-Kit+ cells and cell sorting to purify HSCs for cellular and molecular studies.

表型分析和分离小鼠造血干细胞和传承的承诺祖

The bone marrow is the principal site where HSCs and more mature blood cells lineage progenitors reside and differentiate in an adult organism. HSCs ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

诱导上皮和分析间质转化

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs include modeling pathogenesis of human genetic diseases, autologous cell therapy after gene correction, and personalized drug screening by providing a source of patient-specific and symptom relevant cells. However, there are several hurdles to overcome, such as eliminating the remaining reprogramming factor transgene expression after human iPSCs production. More importantly, residual transgene expression in undifferentiated human iPSCs could hamper proper differentiations and misguide the interpretation of disease-relevant in vitro phenotypes. With this reason, integration-free and/or transgene-free human iPSCs have been developed using several methods, such as adenovirus, the piggyBac system, minicircle vector, episomal vectors, direct protein delivery and synthesized mRNA. However, efficiency of reprogramming using integration-free methods is quite low in most cases.
Here, we present a method to isolate human iPSCs by using Sendai-virus (RNA virus) based reprogramming system. This reprogramming method shows consistent results and high efficiency in cost-effective manner.

Here, we present our established method to reprogram human somatic cells into transgene-free human iPSCs with Sendai virus, which shows consistent outcome and enhanced efficiency.

从人类体细胞与仙台病毒高效的新一代人类诱导多能干细胞

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR

Heterogeneity of stem cell population hampers detailed understanding of stem cell biology, such as their differentiation propensity toward different lineages. A single cell transcriptome assay can be a new approach for dissecting individual variation. We have developed the single cell qRT-PCR method, and confirmed that this method works well in several gene expression profiles. In single cell level, each human embryonic stem cell, sorted by OCT4::EGFP positive cells, has high expression in OCT4, but a different level of NANOG expression. Our single cell gene expression assay should be useful to interrogate population heterogeneities.

Single cell gene expression assay is needed for understanding stem cell heterogeneities.

分析单个人类胚胎干细胞通过定量RT-PCR

Heterogeneity of stem cell population hampers detailed understanding of stem cell biology, such as their differentiation propensity toward different ...

Tracking Drug-induced Changes in Receptor Post-internalization Trafficking by Colocalizational Analysis

The intracellular trafficking of receptors is a collection of complex and highly controlled processes. Receptor trafficking modulates signaling and overall cell responsiveness to ligands and is, itself, influenced by intra- and extracellular conditions, including ligand-induced signaling. Optimized for use with monolayer-plated cultured cells, but extendable to free-floating tissue slices, this protocol uses immunolabelling and colocalizational analysis to track changes in intracellular receptor trafficking following both chronic/prolonged and acute interventions, including exogenous drug treatment. After drug treatment, cells are double-immunolabelled for the receptor and for markers for the intracellular compartments of interest. Sequential confocal microscopy is then used to capture two-channel photomicrographs of individual cells, which are subjected to computerized colocalizational analysis to yield quantitative colocalization scores. These scores are normalized to permit pooling of independent replicates prior to statistical analysis. Representative photomicrographs may also be processed to generate illustrative figures. Here, we describe a powerful and flexible technique for quantitatively assessing induced receptor trafficking.

Receptor trafficking modulates signaling and cell responsiveness to ligands and is, itself, responsive to cell conditions, including ligand-induced signaling. Here, we describe a powerful and flexible technique for quantitatively assessing drug-induced receptor trafficking using immunolabeling and colocalizational analysis.

追踪药物诱导Colocalizational变化分析受体后内部贩运

The intracellular trafficking of receptors is a collection of complex and highly controlled processes. Receptor trafficking modulates signaling and ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

高分辨率成像定时，并在活体人脐静脉内皮细胞微管动力学自动分析

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

Live Cell Imaging and 3D Analysis of Angiotensin Receptor Type 1a Trafficking in Transfected Human Embryonic Kidney Cells Using Confocal Microscopy

Live-cell imaging is used to simultaneously capture time-lapse images of angiotensin type 1a receptors (AT1aR) and intracellular compartments in transfected human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK) cells following stimulation with angiotensin II (Ang II). HEK cells are transiently transfected with plasmid DNA containing AT1aR tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Lysosomes are identified with a red fluorescent dye. Live-cell images are captured on a laser scanning confocal microscope after Ang II stimulation and analyzed by software in three dimensions (3D, voxels) over time. Live-cell imaging enables investigations into receptor trafficking and avoids confounds associated with fixation, and in particular, the loss or artefactual displacement of EGFP-tagged membrane receptors. Thus, as individual cells are tracked through time, the subcellular localization of receptors can be imaged and measured. Images must be acquired sufficiently rapidly to capture rapid vesicle movement. Yet, at faster imaging speeds, the number of photons collected is reduced. Compromises must also be made in the selection of imaging parameters like voxel size in order to gain imaging speed. Significant applications of live-cell imaging are to study protein trafficking, migration, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy and protein-protein interaction and dynamics, to name but a few.

Here we present a protocol to image cells expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged angiotensin type 1a receptors during endocytosis initiated by angiotensin II treatment. This technique includes labeling lysosomes with a second fluorescent marker, and then utilizing software to analyze the co-localization of receptor and lysosome in three dimensions over time.

活细胞成像和血管紧张素的三维分析受体1a型贩运转染人胚肾细胞使用共聚焦显微镜

Live-cell imaging is used to simultaneously capture time-lapse images of angiotensin type 1a receptors (AT1aR) and intracellular compartments in ...

A Graphical User Interface for Software-assisted Tracking of Protein Concentration in Dynamic Cellular Protrusions

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex signaling mechanisms underlying filopodial initiation, elongation and subsequent stabilization or retraction, it is crucial to determine the spatio-temporal protein activity in these dynamic structures. To analyze protein function in filopodia, we recently developed a semi-automated tracking algorithm that adapts to filopodial shape-changes, thus allowing parallel analysis of protrusion dynamics and relative protein concentration along the whole filopodial length. Here, we present a detailed step-by-step protocol for optimized cell handling, image acquisition and software analysis. We further provide instructions for the use of optional features during image analysis and data representation, as well as troubleshooting guidelines for all critical steps along the way. Finally, we also include a comparison of the described image analysis software with other programs available for filopodia quantification. Together, the presented protocol provides a framework for accurate analysis of protein dynamics in filopodial protrusions using image analysis software.

We present a software solution for semi-automated tracking of relative protein concentration along the length of dynamic cellular protrusions.

软件辅助跟踪动态细胞突变中蛋白质浓度的图形用户界面

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex ...

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

The post-translational modifications of proteins are critical for the proper regulation of intracellular signal transduction. Among these modifications, small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is a ubiquitin-like protein that is covalently attached to the lysine residues of a variety of target proteins to regulate cellular processes, such as gene transcription, DNA repair, protein interaction and degradation, subcellular transport, and signal transduction. The most common approach to detecting protein SUMOylation is based on the expression and purification of recombinant tagged proteins in bacteria, allowing for an in vitro biochemical reaction which is simple and suitable for addressing mechanistic questions. However, due to the complexity of the process of SUMOylation in vivo, it is more challenging to detect and analyze protein SUMOylation in cells, especially when under endogenous conditions. A recent study by the authors of this paper revealed that endogenous retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, a tumor suppressor that is vital to the negative regulation of the cell cycle progression, is specifically SUMOylated at the early G1 phase. This paper describes a protocol for the detection and analysis of Rb SUMOylation under both endogenous and exogenous conditions in human cells. This protocol is appropriate for the phenotypical and functional investigation of the SUMO-modification of Rb, as well as many other SUMO-targeted proteins, in human cells.

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) family proteins are conjugated to the lysine residues of target proteins to regulate various cellular processes. This paper describes a protocol for the detection of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein SUMOylation under endogenous and exogenous conditions in human cells.

在体内人细胞 Rb 蛋白 sumo 的检测与分析

The post-translational modifications of proteins are critical for the proper regulation of intracellular signal transduction. Among these modifications, ...