The authors thank the Nikon Imaging Center at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy (NIC@IIT).

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

酶活性是在不同的层次，包括RNA转录，蛋白质合成，蛋白质易位，翻译后修饰，和蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用精细调节。通常，酶表达单独不占它的活性。 ABPP的开发是为了研究在其天然状态的蛋白质的活性。两个特征是必需的:共价地结合到感兴趣的酶和记者标签的活性位点的化学探针来检测探针标记的酶。 探针设计与合成的过程的关键点。探针必须具有对其靶足够亲和力和选择性。此外，记者标签的存在必须不影响目标交战。这个问题主要是由一个两步ABP，其中，所述目标已经陷入后引入记者标签的设计克服。无标签的探针特别适用于在体内研究，在这种蛋白质活性可以在活细胞或生物体，以最少的外部改变进行评估。该NAAA探头ARN14686旨在满足上述要求。的β内酰胺是基于与β内酰胺类NAAA抑制剂16,26的事先得到的结果选择反应弹头。这些化合物通过共价键结合到酶的催化半胱氨酸抑制NAAA以有效和选择性的方式。此外，被证明是全身性活性16的化合物。我们介绍了C9饱和脂族链，考虑到NAAA的增加的亲和力的长脂肪链。添加了一个末端炔允许两步标记。 另一个关键的步骤是选择的剂量和用于体内施用的时间。这取决于在等离子体探针，其靶的亲和力，并且其选择性的稳定性。正确的剂量必须选择以允许目标捕获，同时避免了宝参与ssible脱靶。我们发现，3毫克/公斤ARN14686四是最佳捕捉NAAA选择。较高剂量导致同源半胱氨酸酰胺酶，酸性神经酰胺酶的捕获。关于治疗长度，分析公充盈器官时，像肺，很短的时间（2小时）可足以允许所述探针与靶反应。对于爪子，但是，我们不得不反应时间增加一倍。 通过蛋白质印迹指标分析一个可能的问题是由于自然生物素蛋白的存在。这些将不可避免地与特定的探测目标一起鉴定。我们发现，与引入链霉亲珠子preclearing执行步骤CC之前大大提高了我们的研究结果的质量。另一方面，天然生物素化的蛋白质的存在可能会被用来控制可能装载假象。最后，通过荧光显微术方面定位研究，它要意识到的p是很重要长袍选择性，因为不同于蛋白质印迹，荧光显微镜不会从脱靶允许靶的区别。初步选择性研究应被执行以评估可行性，并设置最佳实验条件。 所描述的技术的局限性主要是涉及到避免实验条件可以影响CC反应，如用洗涤剂和含胺的缓冲器的必要性。这些方面，必须采取在制备细胞裂解物或组织匀浆时考虑到。而且，当需要一链霉富集相，起始材料的量构成另一个问题，因为当蛋白质含量为不小于250微克此过程仅适用。此限制设置由于技术问题，如工作卷，蛋白质回收率，CC-诱导析出后，和链霉树脂所使用的量。 前情Y，NAAA活性可以仅通过进行活性测定，其中需要酶的体外活化和底物溶解14使用的活化缓冲液中进行评价。这种方法提供了总NAAA表达的信息，不是主动NAAA的存在。另一种可能性是测量PEA和OEA的组织水平，但这种方法仅代表一种间接的方式来评估NAAA活性34,35。此外，FAE水平可通过其它因素，如生物合成的影响。化学探针ARN14686是NAAA第一ABP。这里所描述的协议说明了一个简单的程序，用于捕获和可视化NAAA的活性形式，无论是在体外和体内 。所有样品的操作是到探针-靶反应随后，从而使有关酶的体内状态的可靠信息。此外，在荧光显微镜使用ARN14686代表一个独特的刀具TØ本地化活跃NAAA。可用抗体，识别NAAA催化亚基，请不要将NAAA全长酶原和活性酶区别对待。 从这里所描述的协议开始，NAAA表达和活化可以在不同的细胞系和炎症的动物模型中进行分析。共定位研究可以被执行以更好地表征在生理和病理条件NAAA的作用。

常用的方法来研究的表达模式，交互和蛋白质的功能，包括用于鸟枪分析1,2，酵母液相色谱-质谱平台双杂交方法3,4和体外测定法，是有限的，因为它们是无法评估在其天然状态的蛋白质的活性。基于活动的蛋白谱（ABPP）可以用来填补这一空白。在这种方法中，小分子探针能够共价结合到所关注的酶的活性位点被偶联至一个报告基团，其允许目标检测。使用点击化学（CC），记者可以集成到探针或之后发生5,6-靶接合可以引入。后者程序需要使用含有适当的化学基团，探针如末端炔或叠氮化物，其可以与许多记者试剂经由SUC生物正交反应改性H作为铜（Ⅰ）催化胡伊斯根[3 + 2]环加成7-9或Staudinger连接10,11。 最近，我们公开的化合物ARN14686作为第一ABP为在体外和半胱氨酸水解酶，NAAA 12的体内检测。 NAAA催化饱和和单不饱和的FAE，包括油酰乙醇酰胺（OEA）和十六酰胺乙醇（PEA），这是抗炎核受体PPAR-α13-15的内源性激动剂的水解失活。 NAAA在巨噬细胞等单核细胞衍生的细胞主要表达，以及在B淋巴细胞14,16，这表明在先天免疫应答的调节作用。所述酶在粗面内质网中合成的非活性形式和通过自我蛋白酶机构17中的细胞的酸性区室被激活。该裂解自我蛋白酶生成新N端半胱氨酸（C131在小鼠和大鼠，C126在人中），即是亲核体负责FAE水解18,19。 NAAA活动的药理学抑制改变有利于现场应用工程师16,20,21增加细胞水平的FAE合成/降解的平衡。数β内酯和β内酰胺衍生物已显示出抑制NAAA活性高效力和选择性16,22-26。这些抑制剂作用通过催化半胱氨酸16,27,28号第酰化。 （ - [（S）-2-代氮杂环丁烷-3-基]氨基甲酸4- cyclohexylbutyl- N）16化合物ARN14686是基于全身活性，丝氨酸衍生的β内酰胺NAAA抑制剂的化学结构，ARN726设计。 ARN726的4-丁基环己基用C 9饱和脂族链轴承与叠氮化物载运记者标签随后CC缀合末端炔标签替换。我们选择了设计一个两步ABP到minimallý改变原始支架的结构，从而保持了探针NAAA的亲和力。此外，避免引入笨重标签，这样的探针可以是更适合于不是直接ABP 体内治疗。 ARN14686抑制NAAA具有高效力（hNAAA IC 50 = 6纳米，rNAAA IC 50 = 13纳米）通过形成与酶12的催化半胱氨酸的共价加合物。在活老鼠的实验表明，该探针是在捕捉NAAA在肺部表达选择性。采用高探针浓度（10μM 体外 ，10毫克/毫升静脉内，ⅳ）12时酸性神经酰胺，共享33-34％的同一性与NAAA另一个半胱氨酸酰胺酶，也被确定为一个低亲和力靶。我们也使用ARN14686研究活性NAAA在以下完全弗氏佐剂（CFA）29的施用发炎大鼠组织的存在。 在这里，我们列出了preparati协议上ARN14686（ 图1）并将其应用到NAAA激活体外的调查。作为一个例子，我们描述的实验程序来可视化NAAA的CFA给药后的大鼠爪子。在这个实验中，蛋白从爪组织探针静脉注射后萃取，ABP标记蛋白质进行与生物素叠氮化物以CC。生物素化的样品使用链霉珠富集，并执行蛋白质印迹。在另一应用中，我们描述了活性NAAA的荧光显微镜在小鼠肺从探针处理的小鼠的本地化。在这种情况下，将组织切片并部分经受CC为罗丹明加成。工作流方案， 如图2所示。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1209">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">1,1&#8217;-sulfonyldiimidazole&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">367818</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">2-dipyridylcarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Fluorochem</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11331</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">2-Methylbutan</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M32631</td>
			<td>Flamable, toxic,hazardous to the aquatic environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">107700</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">695092</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Acetonitrile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34998</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Activated charcoal</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">161551</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A9434</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Azide-PEG3-Biotin</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Jena Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CLK-AZ104P4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Azide-PEG3-Fluor 545</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Jena Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CLK-AZ109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">BCA protein assay kit</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bio-spin columns</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">732-6204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Biotin</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">B4501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Blocking buffer</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Li-Cor Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">927-40000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">b-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M6250</td>
			<td>Higly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bovin serum albumine (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A7030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">B0126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bruker Avance III 400</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Celite</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">419931</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ceric ammonium nitrate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">22249</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Oxidizing, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Chloral hydrate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C8383</td>
			<td>Higly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">CuSO4.5H2O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">209198</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Cyclohexadiene</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">125415</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Cyclohexane</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34855</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful, Health hazard, Environmental hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34856</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Diethyl ether</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">296082</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">348441000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide d6 (DMSO-d6)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">175943</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">2860</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ethyl acetate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34858</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Irdye 680-LT Streptavidin</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Li-Cor Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">925-68031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">IRDye680-LT Streptavidin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Licor</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">925-68031</td>
			<td>Briefly centrifuge before use to precipitate protein complexes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34966</td>
			<td>Highly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34860</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Toxic, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:423px;">N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N&#8242;-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">E7750</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful, Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">N,N-diisopropylethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">D125806</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Corrosive, Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">N,N-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">227056</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">N-Cbz-L-Serine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Fluorochem&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M03053</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Nikon A1 confocal microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>Read&#160; the user manual</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">NuPAGE 4-12% Bis-Tris gel</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NP0335BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Palladium on carbon</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">330108</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">p-anisidine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A88255</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Toxic, Health hazard, Environmental hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">441244</td>
			<td>Toxic, respiratory harmful, corrosive, falmable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly(ethylene glycol)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P3265</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">ProLong Gold antifade mountant with DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P36931</td>
			<td>Avoid bubbles formation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">S6014</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">L3771</td>
			<td>Toxic, corrosive, falmmable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium hydride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">452912</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">239313</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Starion FLA-9000 immage scanner</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">FUJIFILM</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>Read&#160; the user manual</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Streptavidin agarose</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>20349</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">S7903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tert-butanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">360538</td>
			<td>Toxic, flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">186562</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Thiourea</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">424542500</td>
			<td>Toxic, warm at 50 &#176;C to dissolve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tris</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">RDD008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C4706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (TBTA)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">678937</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Triton-x100</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">X100</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P9416</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tween-80</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P1754</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ultra turrax IKA T18 basic tissue homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Undec-10-yn-1-ol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Fluorochem</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">13739</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">U5378</td>
			<td>Toxic, warm at 50 &#176;C to dissolve</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and in vivo use of an activity-based probe for n-acylethanolamine acid amidase

基于活动的蛋白谱（ABPP）是用于通过使用靶向酶的活性位点的化学探针的识别在复杂蛋白质组感兴趣的酶的方法。导入探针A记者标记允许通过在凝胶荧光扫描，蛋白质印迹，荧光显微镜，或液相色谱 - 质谱法检测标记的酶。这里，我们描述了制备和使用所述化合物ARN14686的，基于活动点击化学探针（CC-ABP），其选择性识别酶Ñ-acylethanolamine酸酰胺酶（NAAA）。 NAAA是半胱氨酸水解酶，通过去激活内源性过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（PPAR）-α激动剂如十六酰胺乙醇（PEA）和油酰乙醇酰胺（OEA）促进炎症。 NAAA被合成为一个无效的全长酶原，由autoproteolysis在溶酶体的酸性pH激活。定位研究ħ表明NAAA在巨噬细胞等单核细胞衍生的细胞在B淋巴细胞中表达，以及AVE。我们提供的ARN14686如何能够被用来检测和通过蛋白质印迹和荧光显微镜量化活性NAAA 离体啮齿动物组织的例子。

ARN14686是基于NAAA抑制剂ARN726的支架设计。 ARN726的4-丁基环己基用C 9饱和脂族链带有终端炔标签（ 图1）被取代。炔标签是为了允许使用两步标记过程的添加荧光团或通过CC一个生物素分子引入。这一功能使得ARN14686一个非常通用的工具，以探测NAAA 在体外和体内 。 这里，我们显示ARN14686的两个应用程序，这是代表该分子的潜在的; 图2是此处报道的实验步骤的方案。探针的静脉给药后，有两个不同的检测方法可以用于:i）在蛋白印迹活性NAAA表达的分析，和ii）通过fluorescenc细胞内活性NAAA表达和定位的分析显微术。 第一个代表性的结果，最近我们小组29日公布。我们分析了在CFA诱导爪炎症的大鼠模型NAAA表达。探针（3毫克/公斤）或载体在幼稚和CFA处理的大鼠中静脉注射。将大鼠4小时后处死。于丰富的溶酶体提取物进行CC引入生物素标记到探针标记的蛋白质。生物素蛋白是使用旁链亲和素珠丰富。洗脱蛋白通过蛋白印迹分析，显示出活性NAAA的水平相对于对照大鼠的CFA（ 图3）治疗的大鼠的爪显着增加。蛋白质印迹分析的优点是，它使所述探针反应性蛋白质，它是用凝胶电泳分离的详细检查。这种方法还允许潜在的探测脱靶揭幕。到无探头控制必须是人包括为了排除内源性生物素化的蛋白质，它们构成了实验背景的方式。在图3中的箭头表示这样的背景蛋白质，这反过来又可以作为一个装载参考对照。 在第二未发表的实验中（ 图4），我们使用ARN14686探测NAAA用于通过荧光显微镜体外检测。我们在3毫克/公斤（ⅳ）施用ARN14686到小鼠和穿心灌注治疗后2小时处死它们。肺进行收集，后缀，并在冷2- metylbutane冻结。对荧光团加入CC反应物直接在40微米厚的组织切片，用低温恒温器收集的执行。分析荧光显微镜观察显示催化活性NAAA的扩散囊泡结构属于肺泡巨噬细胞的存在。相比于使用特定的蛋白质 - 抗体中，只有一莫如酶观察。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54652/54652fig1.jpg" /> 图1:ARN14686合成反应方案十一碳-10-炔-2-醇是由dipyridylcarbonate（DPC）在催化4-二甲基氨基吡啶（DMAP）的存在下活化以产生一个混合的碳酸酯。该碳酸盐然后用氨基内酰胺获得目标分子ARN14686反应。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54652/54652fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54652/54652fig2.jpg" /> 图2:在本工作中所示的一般策略的工作流程方案的探针被注入到动物（大鼠或小鼠）和目标表达分析以下两种不同的实验步骤学生:我）将标记的蛋白质提取和生物素通过CC加入。生物素蛋白在链霉珠富集阶段后，探测目标是通过蛋白质印迹进行分析。 ⅱ）组织切片制备和荧光团通过CC加入。探测目标定位是由荧光显微镜分析。这个数字已被改编自Bonezzi 等 29 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54652/54652fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54652/54652fig3.jpg" /> 图3:在CFA处理的大鼠的爪NAAA活化分析从幼稚大鼠（泳道1和2）或CFA注射的大鼠链霉富含蛋白质注射后7天的蛋白印迹分析（泳道3和4）。大鼠接受赋形剂或ARN14686（3毫克/公斤）的静脉注射。该印迹膜用荧光链霉抗进行探测。箭头指示NAAA带;箭头表示大约90 kDa的含生物素的带，显示出了类似的蛋白质的量在每一泳道中加载。这个数字已经从Bonezzi 等进行修改。29 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54652/54652fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">，请点击这里查看本图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54652/54652fig4.jpg" /> 图 4: 的探针标记的荧光显微镜NAAA在小鼠肺媒介物（A）的肺切片或具有叠氮基PEG3-氟545 CC后ARN14686注射（B）的小鼠的代表性的图像被报道体外 检测 。在ARN14686注射小鼠中检测到阳性信号（红细胞），而v中没有检测到信号ehicle给予小鼠。叠氮化物 - PEG3-氟545阳性肺泡巨噬细胞的细节在更高的放大倍率如图℃。细胞核标记用DAPI（蓝色）。比例尺= 50微米A和10微米C. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54652/54652fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase at JoVE.com

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

这里，我们描述一个基于活动的探针的制备和使用（ARN14686，十一碳-10- ynyl- -N - [（3 S）-2-代氮杂环丁烷-3-基]氨基甲酸），允许的检测和定量促炎酶ñ-acylethanolamine酸酰胺酶的活性形式（NAAA）， 在体外和离体 。

制备及<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;使用基于活动的探针对<em&gt;ñ</em&gt; -acylethanolamine酸酰胺酶

Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a method for the identification of an enzyme of interest in a complex proteome through the use of a chemical ...

preparation-vivo-use-an-activity-based-probe-for-n-acylethanolamine

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

9.6K 次观看.  Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia. 这里，我们描述一个基于活动的探针的制备和使用（ARN14686，十一碳-10- ynyl- -N - [（3 S）-2-代氮杂环丁烷-3-基]氨基甲酸），允许的检测和定量促炎酶ñ-acylethanolamine酸酰胺酶的活性形式（NAAA）， 在体外和离体 。 

视频: Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

An Efficient Method for the Isolation of Highly Purified RNA from Seeds for Use in Quantitative Transcriptome Analysis

Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves comprising biodegradable organic matter. Humans rely on seed storage reserves for food and as industrial materials. Gene expression profiles are powerful tools for investigating metabolic regulation in plant cells. Therefore, detailed, accurate gene expression profiles during seed development are required for crop breeding. Acquiring highly purified RNA is essential for producing these profiles. Efficient methods are needed to isolate highly purified RNA from seeds. Here, we describe a method for isolating RNA from seeds containing large amounts of oils, proteins, and polyphenols, which have inhibitory effects on high-purity RNA isolation. Our method enables highly purified RNA to be obtained from seeds without the use of phenol, chloroform, or additional processes for RNA purification. This method is applicable to Arabidopsis, rapeseed, and soybean seeds. Our method will be useful for monitoring the expression patterns of low level transcripts in developing and mature seeds.

We have succeeded in establishing a method for RNA isolation from plant seeds containing large amounts of oils, proteins, and polyphenols, which have inhibitory effects on high-purity RNA isolation. Our method is suitable for monitoring the expression of genes with low level transcripts in seeds.

对于高度纯化RNA的种子定量转录组分析的隔离中使用的有效方法

Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves comprising biodegradable organic matter. Humans rely on seed storage reserves for food and as ...

科研

生物化学

Preparation of Giant Vesicles Encapsulating Microspheres by Centrifugation of a Water-in-oil Emulsion

The constructive biology and the synthetic biology approach to creating artificial life involve the bottom-up assembly of biological or nonbiological materials. Such approaches have received considerable attention in research on the boundary between living and nonliving matter and have been used to construct artificial cells over the past two decades. In particular, Giant Vesicles (GVs) have often been used as artificial cell membranes. In this paper, we describe the preparation of GVs encapsulating highly packed microspheres as a model of cells containing highly condensed biomolecules. The GVs were prepared by means of a simple water-in-oil emulsion centrifugation method. Specifically, a homogenizer was used to emulsify an aqueous solution containing the materials to be encapsulated and an oil containing dissolved phospholipids, and the resulting emulsion was layered carefully on the surface of another aqueous solution. The layered system was then centrifuged to generate the GVs. This powerful method was used to encapsulate materials ranging from small molecules to microspheres.

Giant vesicles containing highly packed micrometer-sized components are useful cell models. The water-in-oil emulsion centrifugation method is a simple, powerful tool for the preparation of giant vesicles with encapsulated materials.

巨囊泡封装微球通过一个水包油乳液的离心制备

The constructive biology and the synthetic biology approach to creating artificial life involve the bottom-up assembly of biological or nonbiological ...

Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry-based Identification of RNA-binding Regions

Noncoding RNAs play important roles in several nuclear processes, including regulating gene expression, chromatin structure, and DNA repair. In most cases, the action of noncoding RNAs is mediated by proteins whose functions are in turn regulated by these interactions with noncoding RNAs. Consistent with this, a growing number of proteins involved in nuclear functions have been reported to bind RNA and in a few cases the RNA-binding regions of these proteins have been mapped, often through laborious, candidate-based methods.
Here, we report a detailed protocol to perform a high-throughput, proteome-wide unbiased identification of RNA-binding proteins and their RNA-binding regions. The methodology relies on the incorporation of a photoreactive uridine analog in the cellular RNA, followed by UV-mediated protein-RNA crosslinking, and mass spectrometry analyses to reveal RNA-crosslinked peptides within the proteome. Although we describe the procedure for mouse embryonic stem cells, the protocol should be easily adapted to a variety of cultured cells.

We describe a protocol to identify RNA-binding proteins and map their RNA-binding regions in live cells using UV-mediated photocrosslinking and mass spectrometry.

RNA 结合区质量谱鉴定的样品制备

Noncoding RNAs play important roles in several nuclear processes, including regulating gene expression, chromatin structure, and DNA repair. In most ...

Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics

Keratin hydrolysates (KHs) are established standard components in hair cosmetics. Understanding the moisturizing effects of KH is advantageous for skin-care cosmetics. The goals of the protocol are: (1) to process chicken feathers into KH by alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis and purify it by dialysis, and (2) to test if adding KH into an ointment base (OB) increases hydration of the skin and improves skin barrier function by diminishing transepidermal water loss (TEWL). During alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis feathers are first incubated at a higher temperature in an alkaline environment and then, under mild conditions, hydrolyzed with proteolytic enzyme. The solution of KH is dialyzed, vacuum dried, and milled to a fine powder. Cosmetic formulations comprising from oil in water emulsion (O/W) containing 2, 4, and 6 weight% of KH (based on the weight of the OB) are prepared. Testing the moisturizing properties of KH is carried out on 10 men and 10 women at time intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, and 48 h. Tested formulations are spread at degreased volar forearm sites. The skin hydration of stratum corneum (SC) is assessed by measuring capacitance of the skin, which is one of the most world-wide used and simple methods. TEWL is based on measuring the quantity of water transported per a defined area and period of time from the skin. Both methods are fully non-invasive. KH makes for an excellent occlusive; depending on the addition of KH into OB, it brings about a 30% reduction in TEWL after application. KH also functions as a humectant, as it binds water from the lower layers of the epidermis to the SC; at the optimum KH addition in the OB, up to 19% rise in hydration in men and 22% rise in women occurs.

The goal of the protocol is to prepare keratin hydrolysate from chicken feathers by alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis and to test whether adding keratin hydrolysate into a cosmetics ointment base improves skin barrier function (heightening hydration and diminishing transepidermal water loss). Tests are conducted on men and woman volunteers.

鸡羽毛角蛋白水解物的制备及其在化妆品中的应用

Keratin hydrolysates (KHs) are established standard components in hair cosmetics. Understanding the moisturizing effects of KH is advantageous for ...

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

In addition to linear mRNAs, many eukaryotic genes generate circular RNAs. Most circular RNAs are generated by joining a 5&#39; splice site with an upstream 3&#39; splice site within a pre-mRNA, a process called back-splicing. This circularization is likely aided by secondary structures in the pre-mRNA that bring the splice sites into close proximity. In human genes, Alu elements are thought to promote these secondary RNA structures, as Alu elements are abundant and exhibit base complementarities with each other when present in opposite directions in the pre-mRNA. Here, we describe the generation and analysis of large, Alu element containing reporter genes that form circular RNAs. Through optimization of cloning protocols, reporter genes with up to 20 kb insert length can be generated. Their analysis in co-transfection experiments allows the identification of regulatory factors. Thus, this method can identify RNA sequences and cellular components involved in circular RNA formation.

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

We clone and analyze reporter genes generating circular RNAs. These reporter genes are larger than constructs to analyze linear splicing and contain Alu elements. To investigate the circular RNAs, the constructs are transfected into cells and resulting RNA is analyzed using RT-PCR after removal of linear RNA.

使用含有微型基因的Alu元素来分析圆形RNA

In addition to linear mRNAs, many eukaryotic genes generate circular RNAs. Most circular RNAs are generated by joining a 5&#39; splice site with an ...

A Plasma Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry using an Automated Workstation

Sample preparation for mass spectrometry analysis in proteomics requires enzymatic cleavage of proteins into a peptide mixture. This process involves numerous incubation and liquid transfer steps in order to achieve denaturation, reduction, alkylation, and cleavage. Adapting this workflow onto an automated workstation can increase efficiency and reduce coefficients of variance, thereby providing more reliable data for statistical comparisons between sample types. We previously described an automated proteomic sample preparation workflow1. Here, we report the development of a more efficient and better controlled workflow with the following advantages: 1) The number of liquid transfer steps is reduced from nine to six by combining reagents; 2) Pipetting time is reduced by selective tip pipetting using a 96-position pipetting head with multiple channels; 3) Potential throughput is increased by the availability of up to 45 deck positions; 4) Complete enclosure of the system provides improved temperature and environmental control and reduces the potential for contamination of samples or reagents; and 5) The addition of stable isotope labeled peptides, as well as &#946;-galactosidase protein, to each sample makes monitoring and quality control possible throughout the entire process. These hardware and process improvements provide good reproducibility and improve intra-assay and inter-assay precision (CV of less than 20%) for LC-MS based protein and peptide quantification. The entire workflow for digesting 96 samples in a 96-well plate can be completed in approximately 5 hours.

Here, we present an automated plasma protein digestion method for mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis. In this protocol, the liquid transferring and incubation steps for protein denaturation, reduction, alkylation, and trypsin digestion reactions are streamlined and automated. It takes approximately five hours to prepare a 96-well plate with desired precision.

使用自动工作站进行质谱测量的等离子体样品制备

Sample preparation for mass spectrometry analysis in proteomics requires enzymatic cleavage of proteins into a peptide mixture. This process involves ...

Sample Preparation for Probe Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool in analytical chemistry because it provides very accurate information about molecules, such as mass-to-charge ratios (m/z), which are useful to deduce molecular weights and structures. While it is essentially a destructive analytical method, recent advancements in the ambient ionization technique have enabled us to acquire data while leaving tissue in a relatively intact state in terms of integrity. Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) is a so-called direct method because it does not require complex and time-consuming pretreatment of samples. A fine needle serves as a sample picker, as well as an ionization emitter. Based on the very sharp and fine property of the probe tip, destruction of the samples is minimal, allowing us to acquire the real-time molecular information from living things in situ. Herein, we introduce three applications of PESI-MS technique that will be useful for biomedical research and development. One involves the application to solid tissue, which is the basic application of this technique for the medical diagnosis. As this technique requires only 10 mg of the sample, it may be very useful in the routine clinical settings. The second application is for in vitro medical diagnostics where human blood serum is measured. The ability to measure fluid samples is also valuable in various biological experiments where a sufficient volume of sample for conventional analytical techniques cannot be provided. The third application leans toward the direct application of probe needles in living animals, where we can obtain real-time dynamics of metabolites or drugs in specific organs. In each application, we can infer the molecules that have been detected by MS or use artificial intelligence to obtain a medical diagnosis.

This article introduces sample preparation methods for a unique real-time analytical method based on the ambient mass spectrometry. This method lets us perform real-time analysis of the biological molecules in vivo without any special pretreatments.

探头电喷电镀质谱的样品制备

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool in analytical chemistry because it provides very accurate information about molecules, such as mass-to-charge ...

Preparation of High-Quality Fermented Fish Product

This protocol provides a method for preparation of industrialized fermented fish product with sturgeon (Aquilaria sinensis) meat product. The procedures were: (1) pretreatment of farmed sturgeon including decapitation, evisceration, skinning-off, cleaning and cutting; (2) marinating fish cubes in 6-12% (w/v) salt solution (1:1, fish cube mass to solution volume); (3) drying fish cubes to a water content of 50-60% by hot air (40-60 &#176;C) or by vacuum; (4) fermentation involving inoculating fish cubes with 0.4-1.6% (w/w) S. cerevisiae in flavor solution to fish cubes and fermenting at 25-35 &#176;C for 6-10 h; (5) sealing fish cubes in vacuum packages with marinating and fermenting solutions; (6) sterilizing at 115-121 &#176;C for 10-20 min. The sturgeon meat product prepared by this method has delicious taste which is mellow and thick, has various types and large amounts of volatile flavor compounds such as alcohols and esters which could mask musty and unpleasant odor from fish, has moderate salt content but good texture properties such as high springiness, gumminess and chewiness, and has bright russet color and attractive appearance. This new technique could also be applied in the processing of other fish to provide convenient fish snack foods which could be stored at room temperature. It is appropriate for both marine and freshwater fish.

The goal of the protocol is to provide an industrialized fish fermentation technique based on inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

优质发酵鱼产品的制备

This protocol provides a method for preparation of industrialized fermented fish product with sturgeon (Aquilaria sinensis) meat product. The procedures ...

Use of Microscale Thermophoresis to Measure Protein-Lipid Interactions

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane trafficking, signal transduction and cytoskeletal remodeling. Classic tools for measuring such interactions include surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). While powerful tools, these approaches have setbacks. ITC requires large amounts of purified protein as well as lipids, which can be costly and difficult to produce. Furthermore, ITC as well as SPR are very time consuming, which could add significantly to the cost of performing these experiments. One way to bypass these restrictions is to use the relatively new technique of microscale thermophoresis (MST). MST is fast and cost effective using small amounts of sample to obtain a saturation curve for a given binding event. There currently are two types of MST systems available. One type of MST requires labeling with a fluorophore in the blue or red spectrum. The second system relies on the intrinsic fluorescence of aromatic amino acids in the UV range. Both systems detect the movement of molecules in response to localized induction of heat from an infrared laser. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. Label-free MST can use untagged native proteins; however, many analytes, including pharmaceuticals, fluoresce in the UV range, which can interfere with determination of accurate KD values. In comparison, labeled MST allows for a greater diversity of measurable pairwise interactions utilizing fluorescently labeled probes attached to ligands with measurable absorbances in the visible range as opposed to UV, limiting the potential for interfering signals from analytes.

Microscale thermophoresis obtains binding constants quickly at low material cost. Either labeled or label free microscale thermophoresis is commercially available; however, label free thermophoresis is not capable of the diversity of interaction measurements that can be performed using fluorescent labels. We provide a protocol for labeled thermophoresis measurements.

使用微尺度热泳测量蛋白质-脂质相互作用

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane ...

Plant Sample Preparation for Nucleoside/Nucleotide Content Measurement with An HPLC-MS/MS

Nucleosides/nucleotides are building blocks of nucleic acids, parts of cosubstrates and coenzymes, cell signaling molecules, and energy carriers, which are involved in many cell activities. Here, we describe a rapid and reliable method for the absolute qualification of nucleoside/nucleotide contents in plants. Briefly, 100 mg of homogenized plant material was extracted with 1 mL of extraction buffer (methanol, acetonitrile, and water at a ratio of 2:2:1). Later, the sample was concentrated five times in a freeze dryer and then injected into an HPLC-MS/MS. Nucleotides were separated on a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column and nucleosides were separated on a C18 column. The mass transitions of each nucleoside and nucleotide were monitored by mass spectrometry. The contents of the nucleosides and nucleotides were quantified against their external standards (ESTDs). Using this method, therefore, researchers can easily quantify nucleosides/nucleotides in different plants.

A precise and reproducible method for in vivo nucleosides/nucleotides quantification in plants is described here. This method employs an HPLC-MS/MS.

使用 HPLC-MS/MS 进行核苷/核苷酸含量测量的工厂样品制备

Nucleosides/nucleotides are building blocks of nucleic acids, parts of cosubstrates and coenzymes, cell signaling molecules, and energy carriers, which ...