作者要感谢西班牙政府部:EconomíaÿCompetitividad（项目MAT2013-46695-C3-1-R）和马德里自治区政府（P2013 / MIT-2862）。

1.多尺度复合材料官能石墨烯纳米薄片填充环氧树脂的制备<ol><li> 分散官能石墨烯纳米片（F-的GNP）插入环氧树脂。 <ol><li>权衡24.00克的f-的GNP，以实现最终的纳米复合材料的12重量％的无管通风柜内部。 </li><li>添加143.09克双酚A二缩水甘油醚（DGEBA）单体和手动搅拌它来实现同质化。 </li><li>通过两步法，结合超声探头和压延加工20驱散F-的GNP成单体。 <ol><li>超声处理在幅度的50％的混合物和0.5秒的45分钟的循环。 </li><li>申请使用5μm的滚筒间隙压延并在每个周期增加滚筒的速度的3个循环:以250rpm，300rpm下和350转。 </li><li>称重在完成分散之后的f-生产总值/单体的混合物。 </li></ol></li><li>脱气F-GNP /单体混合物理解过程ř真空和在80℃15分钟磁力搅拌。 </li><li>称重和在100的重量比添加固化剂:23（单体:固化剂）并手动搅拌直至达到均匀。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.玻璃布与功能化石墨烯纳米薄片填充浆纱（悬挂），多尺度复合材料涂层<ol><li> 分散功能化石墨烯纳米片成大小。 <ol><li>权衡7.5克的f-的GNP，达到5％（重量）所需的量，成无管通风柜内部（在2.1.2指定的大小/蒸馏水）142.5克的溶剂。 </li><li>制备的f的GNP的混合物中，并用蒸馏水稀释施胶:无管通风柜内部（1 1重量）。一旦蒸馏水已被添加，执行无管通风柜以外的工作。 </li><li>分散由探针超声处理所述的GNP，在50％的幅度45分钟和0.5秒的周期。 </li></ol></li><li> 大衣的G姑娘面料与F-GNP充满大小。 <ol><li>随着适用于布料裁剪剪，用浸涂机切割玻璃纤维的14层与120尺寸х120 平方毫米，然后用F-国民生产总值的（2.1.3），涂布（一个浸泡）混合物和浆纱他们的外套在F-GNP充满大小。 </li><li>干燥在真空烘箱中在f-生产总值涂覆的玻璃布在150℃下放置24小时在由制造商提供的技术片表示。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.多尺度复合材料的制造<ol><li> 制造F-GNP /环氧复合材料。 <ol><li>脱气混合物后，保持在f-生产总值填充的环氧树脂在磁力搅拌下在80℃下进行所有的制造工艺。 </li><li>该玻璃织物的14层置于在80℃的烘箱。 </li><li>可替代地，将在f-生产总值填充的环氧树脂层和玻璃纤维织物层（14层）sequentially通过使用脱气辊将每个玻璃织物层后的金属板手。 <ol><li>用剪刀剪下并放置抗粘着聚合物膜（120х120 平方毫米）上的钢板。 </li><li>上用刷子抗粘着聚合物膜应用的f生产总值/环氧树脂混合物的层。放置玻璃纤维织物的层。注意覆盖的f生产总值/环氧区域与不同织物层的对准的区域的重要性。通过使用脱气滚筒拆下空气和紧凑的层。 </li><li>重复步骤3.1.3.2直到完成所有层压体的层。 </li><li>适用的f生产总值/环氧树脂与刷混合物的最终层和覆盖抗粘着聚合物薄膜的另一层的层叠体。 </li></ol></li><li>一旦所有的织物层已经被堆放，固化该层压体中的热板压机在140℃下8小时的增加的压力最高至6巴。 </li><li>从热高原提取已固化的叠层e按。 </li></ol></li><li> 通过真空辅助树脂灌注成型（VARIM）制造的F-GNP /玻璃纤维复合材料。 <ol><li>制备，其中VARIM将要进行的金属板。 <ol><li>清洁用丙酮钢板表面。 </li><li>放置抗粘附的聚合物膜到钢板。 </li></ol></li><li>将F-GNP镀膜玻璃织物的序列（14层，120尺寸120х 平方毫米）到盘子。确保织物的各层肉眼和触摸对齐。 </li><li>密封真空袋与密封带的VARIM过程和在80℃的烘箱中预加热该体系。 </li><li>脱气真空和电磁搅拌下在80℃下进行15分钟的DGEBA单体。添加硬化剂中的重量比是100:23（单体:固化剂），搅拌至达到均匀。 </li><li>在80℃添加环氧树脂与连接到真空袋与聚合真空泵管，直到该玻璃织物桩完全由环氧树脂填充并在140℃下固化该层压体在烘箱中8小时。 </li><li>提取从烘箱固化的层压板和除去真空袋和辅助材料。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.制备样品进行应变传感器测试<ol><li>机样品（计算机数字控制-数控铣床）多尺度层压制品为弯曲试验的要求尺寸按照ASTM D790-02 21的切玻璃纤维织物带10毫米宽，以研究在f-生产总值涂覆的应变灵敏度布。 注:样品被固定到具有胶带的加工台，并使用以下参数加工:500毫米/分，为0.1毫米5000分钟-1和深度步骤怠速进给速度。 </li><li>仔细清洁机加工样品的表面用丙酮，以消除粉尘。 </li><li>银色的涂装线（亚克力导电漆）上材料的表面隔开相距20mm至最小化的电接触电阻和附着铜线至湿银线作为电极，以促进在测试期间的电阻的测量。 注:电气接点位于两面:挤压表面和拉伸受到表面。 </li><li>一旦银漆是干的，固定用热熔胶电触点，以避免电接触脱离。 </li></ol> 5.测试应变传感器<ol><li> 分析传感器的弯曲载荷（三点弯曲试验）下的电行为。 <ol><li>测量样品的宽度和厚度用游标卡尺。 </li><li>与弯曲测试配置设置在机械试验机的样品。 </li><li>设置测试速度（由应变控制），以1mm /分钟和限定试样的初始长度的开始位置。 </li><li>连接电触头的万用表。因为它是在图1中指定的测量每两个相邻的电触头之间的电阻。 </li><li>运行弯曲试验和为了研究由于在试样中产生的应变的变化同时监测电阻。 </li><li>重复所有步骤至少3个试样的f-生产总值/环氧树脂和f-生产总值/玻璃纤维复合材料，以确认该复合材料的电气性能。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig1.jpg" /> 图1.电触点设置在多尺度复合材料的弯曲试验。铜电极使用，以尽量减少接触电阻的银粉漆线（灰色）相连的复合材料的表面上。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处</a>查看该图的放大版本。 <ol start="2"><li> 分析F-GNP /玻璃纤维布作为人类运动的应变传感器。 <ol><li> 监控手指弯曲。 <ol><li>附加的玻璃纤维织物带在各带内表面上的热熔粘接剂的腈手套的手指， 如图2所示。 </li><li>重复步骤5.1.4，但衡量置于同一手指接触的电阻。 </li><li>开始手指弯曲而手指弯曲，以监测和测量的电阻的顺序。手指在这个特定情况下，弯曲的顺序是:（1）拇指，（2）指数，（3）中指，（4）无名指，（5）同时所有的手指和（6）弯曲的序列（更高的速度）:（1），（2），（3），（4），（4），（3），（2）和（1）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig2.jpg" /> 数字2.腈手套的手指的内表面上的f-生产总值/玻璃纤维条带的位置以监测手指弯曲，一旦玻璃纤维织物已被涂覆并干燥，频带宽度10mm切割和连接的不同与监测手指弯曲和佐证上述协议的可行性，目的是手套的手指。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

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S., Dong, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+graphene+waviness+on+the+thermal+conductivity+of+graphene+composites.">Role of graphene waviness on the thermal conductivity of graphene composites.</a> Appl Phys A. 111, 221-225 (2013).</li><li>Monti, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology+and+electrical+properties+of+graphene-epoxy+nanocomposites+obtained+by+different+solvent+assisted+processing+methods.">Morphology and electrical properties of graphene-epoxy nanocomposites obtained by different solvent assisted processing methods.</a> Compos Part A. 46, 166-172 (2013).</li><li>Moazzami Gudarzi, M., Sharif, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+dispersion+and+bonding+of+graphene-polymer+through+wet+transfer+of+functionalized+graphene+oxide.">Enhancement of dispersion and bonding of graphene-polymer through wet transfer of functionalized graphene oxide.</a> Express Polym Lett. 6, 1017-1031 (2013).</li><li>Fan, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication,+mechanical+properties+and+biocompatibility+of+graphene-reinforced+chitosan+composites.">Fabrication, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of graphene-reinforced chitosan composites.</a> Biomacromolecules. 11, 2345-2351 (2010).</li><li>Teomete, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transverse+strain+sensitivity+of+steel+fiber+reinforced+cement+composites+tested+by+compression+and+split+tensile+tests.">Transverse strain sensitivity of steel fiber reinforced cement composites tested by compression and split tensile tests.</a> Constr Build Mater. 55, 136-145 (2014).</li><li>Nauman, S., Cristian, I., Koncar, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+Application+of+Fibrous+Piezoresistive+Sensors.">Simultaneous Application of Fibrous Piezoresistive Sensors.</a> Sensors. 11, 9478-9498 (2011).</li><li>Han, B., Ding, S., Yu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+self-sensing+concrete+and+structures+A+review.">Intrinsic self-sensing concrete and structures A review.</a> Measurement. 59, 110-128 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

nanoreinforced复合材料的自传感器性能是由于通过的f的GNP通过环氧基体，沿着玻璃纤维的产生的电网络中，当应变被诱导被修改。的f的GNP的分散是那么关键，因为传感器的电行为强烈依赖于材料的微观结构。这里，我们提出一种优化过程来实现的GNP的良好分散到环氧基体，并避免纳米颗粒，这会导致导电性的损害的起皱。的关键步骤是超声处理（操作参数）和压延过程（辊间隙和速度）。这些步骤强烈影响多尺度复合材料的机械26，热27和电28的特性。一般，nanoreinforcement的分散进行到任何需要的纳米复合材料29,30的固化之前被蒸发的溶剂&lt;/ SUP&gt;。在这项工作中所提出的方法中，使用溶剂是避免了使它更加环保。的协议，该协议也强烈地影响复合材料的微观结构，因此的另一步骤中，所述传感器的电气特性，为多尺度复合材料的制造过程。在制造过程中这些材料的，即使纳米颗粒的良好分散到环氧基体最初实现的f-生产总值分布可以强烈地通过过滤现象的影响。此外，环氧基体的脱气是为了维持多尺度复合材料的机械性能，当基质填充有因大粘度的GNP这变得更加困难是必不可少的。 电接触放置需要，以保证该电接触电阻尽可能低仔细地进行。对于这一点，重要的是要确保表面s的应用银漆固定铜电极之前彻底清理。此外，施加热熔粘合剂之前，将银漆需要干燥。如果不是，溶剂蒸发和引发气泡的外观，提高了电接触电阻。之一的材料的表面上的定位的电触头，而相比之下，位于样品31内的电极的优点是，它是非侵入和不是损害任何机械性能。期间监测试验中，电触点可以从样品的表面脱离。因此，适当的固定是必要的，以确保该将要被登记的电信号仅对应于材料的固有电响应。 上述可应用于或与不同纳米填料如碳纳米管或其他导电纳米颗粒改性的协议，该协议还导致电共nductive复合材料的自感知特性32,33。监视协议可以外推到损坏检测和定量的其他的测试配置。用于电触点的系统的一个限制是，它们对样品表面的位置限制，其中的电阻被分析的材料的体积。通过设计涉及体积测量其他系统，内部损坏可检测和量化，但在这种情况下，机械性能可能受到损害。该协议可能是生物力学的应用非常有用的远程监控骨骼疾病的演变或运行过程中或物理治疗评估过程中休养数的脚步声。

结构健康监测（SHM）已经变得越来越重要，因为有必要知道结构1-3的剩余寿命。时下，难以接近的位置，例如海上风力植物，带来更高的风险中的维护操作，以及更大的成本2-4。自感应材料构成的在SHM领域的可能性之一，由于其自我监测应变和损坏5的能力。 在风力涡轮机的情况下，叶片通常在玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料，其被电绝缘体制成。为了赋予自感知特性这种复合材料，本征电网络容易受到应变和需要创建损坏。在过去的几年中，导电纳米颗粒，例如银纳米线6,7，碳纳米管（CNT）8-10，和石墨纳米片（的GNP）11-13的掺入已经研究了创建该电网。这些纳米颗粒可被掺入到系统中作为填料混入聚合物基质或通过涂覆玻璃纤维织物14。这些材料也可以应用于其他工业领域， 即，航天，汽车和民用工程5中 ，和涂覆织物可在生物力学应用7,15可以用作智能材料。 这些传感器的压阻是由三个不同的贡献来实现。第一贡献是纳米颗粒的内在压阻;结构的应变改变了纳米颗粒的导电性。然而，主要的贡献是因为在上覆那些9之间的接触面积的变化的变化在隧道电阻，由于在相邻的纳米颗粒，和电接触电阻之间的距离的修改。这压阻较高时，2Dñ由于电网呈现较高易感性几何变化和不连续性，通常大小优于16的一个顺序anoparticles用作纳米填料相比1D纳米颗粒。 由于2D原子字符17和高电导率18,19，石墨烯纳米片已在这项工作中作为多尺度复合材料的纳米增强剂选择，以获得自传感器具有增强的灵敏度。两种不同的方式，以纳入的GNP到复合材料进行了研究，以阐明在感测机制和灵敏度可能差别。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Graphene Nanoplatelets</td><td>XGScience</td><td>M25</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Epoxy resin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Huntsman</td><td>Araldite LY556</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>XB3473</td><td>NA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Probe sonication</td><td>Hielscher&amp;nbsp;</td><td>UP400S&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Three roll mill</td><td>Exakt</td><td>Exakt 80E (Exakt GmbH)</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Glass fiber fabric</td><td>Hexcel</td><td>HexForce &amp;reg; 01031 1000 TF970 E UD 4H&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Hot plate press</td><td>Fontijne&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fontijne LabEcon300</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Sizing</td><td>Nanocyl</td><td>Sizicyl&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Multimeter</td><td>Alava Ingenieros</td><td>Agilent 34410A&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Strain Gauges</td><td>Vishay</td><td>Micro-Measurement (MM&amp;reg;) CEA-06-187UW-120&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical tests machine</td><td>Zwick</td><td>Zwick/Roell 100&amp;nbsp;kN</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Conductive silver paint</td><td>Monocomp</td><td>16062 &amp;ndash; PELCO&amp;reg; Conductive Silver Paint</td><td>NA</td></tr></tbody></table>

strain sensing based on multiscale composite materials reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets

NH 2的电响应-functionalized石墨纳米片下应变的复合材料进行了研究。提出了两种不同的制造方法来创建在此工作的电网络:（a）该纳米片掺入环氧基体和（b）的玻璃纤维织物的涂布填充有相同的纳米片上浆。这两种类型的多尺度复合材料，具有10 -3 S / M的〜的面内的导电性，显示出随着应变增大的电阻的指数增长由于相邻官能石墨烯纳米片和上覆的人之间的接触损耗之间保持距离。本研究中进行分析，使用所描述的程序的材料的敏感性，已显示出比市售应变仪更高。对于结构复合材料的自感应的建议的程序将有利于结构健康监测ING如海上风力发电场在难以进入炮位组件。虽然多尺度复合材料的灵敏度比金属箔的用作应变仪的灵敏度，用NH 2涂覆官能石墨烯纳米片织物达到的值要高得多几乎量值优于一个数量级。这个结果阐明用作智能面料监测人的运动，如手指或膝盖弯曲他们的潜力。通过使用该方法，聪明的织物可以立即检测弯曲和立即恢复。这一事实允许的弯曲的时间精确监测以及弯曲程度。

<html>以获得两种不同材料的协议已经在过程进行了描述。所不同的是在nanoreinforcement在复合材料中，以达到可用于应变监测的电网络的方式。第一种方法包括一个玻璃纤维织物使用f-生产总值上浆可用于作为智能织物的涂层（命名的f-生产总值/玻璃纤维），或者作为聚合物基质多尺度复合材料的加强件（命名为F-生产总值/玻璃纤维复合材料）。另一种方法是使用f-的GNP复合材料的环氧树脂基体的nanoreinforcement（命名的f-生产总值/环氧树脂复合材料），使用玻璃纤维作为连续加固。树脂的注入是通过使用VARIM，因为它是在该行业中最常用的方法之一进行，但是也可以使用其他方法。一个替代的制造方法可以是树脂传递模塑（RTM）。 ve_content"FO:保持-together.within页="1"&gt;由于玻璃纤维的绝缘性质，在f-的GNP的按照以上描述的协议中掺入产生在材料内部的电网络引起的增加电导率高达〜10 -3 S / m且通过诱导应变进行修改。 图3示出了所造成的弯曲试验（三点弯曲）中的f-生产总值时引起的应变规格化电阻的变化的代表性结果/玻璃纤维带。归一化电阻指数与日益增加的菌株生长因隧道电阻的机制，当故障发生时，跳跃在可以观察到的归一化电阻，这是相关的负载的下降。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig3.jpg" /> 图3.下弯曲试验F-GNP /玻璃纤维带的应变监测的例子。 </strong&gt;的这个数字代表的归一化电阻变化（F）与梁深度弯曲试验过程中和力（ΔR/ R 0，R:瞬时电阻和RØ初始电阻）。归一化电阻的应变增大。这种现象是因为拉力引起的纳米粒子和覆国民生产总值的接触损耗之间的疏远。样品装载过程中观察到的趋势指数是由于隧道电阻引起的变化的一个重大贡献。隧道电阻随纳米颗粒之间的距离呈指数变化的时候都在在10nm 12,21顺序的距离。出于这个原因，当相邻的GNP之间的距离增加，电阻也具有指数趋势增大。这种效果是占主导地位时，GNP含量接近渗流阈值23，但其贡献减少在较高的国民生产总值含量24,25。在故障期间，电性能变化和跳跃的电反应观察。这些跳跃可以关联于由纤维断裂，从而构成不连续的电网络中引起了负载下降。这些不连续充当造成GNP /玻璃纤维带的电阻的增加障碍。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 多尺度复合材料的电气特性中，f-生产总值/环氧树脂（ 图4.A）和f-生产总值/玻璃纤维（ 图4.B）复合材料，示出了与上面的描述了用于涂覆织物一些差异。当被监控压缩遭受表面，两个区域可以识别。在低应变值，归一化的ELEctrical阻力减小到〜0.010和〜0.015毫米/毫米对于f-生产总值/分别环氧树脂和f-生产总值/玻璃纤维复合材料，。与此相反，在应变比提到的阈值时，归一化电阻具有指数趋势增大。在监测的拉伸受到表面的情况下，归电阻增强在两个系统的。在所有的配置中所示的灵敏度是在10至40（单位）的顺序。在高应变的值，测量仪的因素是-1.4和7.8（每单位）对于f-生产总值/环氧树脂和f-生产总值/玻璃纤维复合材料的压缩经受表面和17的顺序和41（每单位），用于的f-生产总值/分别环氧树脂和f-生产总值/玻璃纤维复合材料，拉伸经受表面。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig4.jpg" /> 图4（A）的F-GNP /环氧树脂及（b）F-GNP /玻璃纤维复合材料的应变监测的例子。根据弯曲试验材料用图表示的归一化电阻的变化弯曲试验期间和应力（σ）与应变（ε）（ΔR/ R 0，R:初始电阻:瞬间电阻和R○）。在这种情况下，电触点是对压缩进行（蓝线）和获取不同的电行为进行拉伸（红线）的地方。两种不同的图都包括在内，这对应于该协议提出的两个途径:（ 一 ）F-GNP /环氧树脂及（b）F-GNP /玻璃纤维复合材料显示出他们的生存能力<a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大图这个数字。</a> 为f-生产总值涂覆的玻璃纤维的应用的一个例子<html>面料， 图5.A显示手指弯曲的监控。每个手指和耦合玻璃纤维带的电响应由不同的颜色来区分，使其可以理解的。第一序列对应于拇指（ 图5.B），索引（ 图5.C），中指（ 图5.D）和无名指（ 图5.E）的弯曲。当相关的手指弯曲和当手指调理初始位置恢复初始值归一化的电阻减小。运动的第二序列包括四个手指同时弯曲和第三，更快的动作示出了归一化电阻的瞬时响应和恢复的序列。这可以用来远程监控骨骼疾病的演变或运行过程中，并在物理治疗评估休养数的脚步声。 <html> ENT"FO: - together.within页保留="1"&gt; <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig5.jpg" /> 图5.实施例的手指用f-生产总值/上的腈手套玻璃纤维带的耦合弯曲的应变监测的 （a）在手指弯曲的3序列和传感器的电响应。（ 二 - 五 ）弯曲手指的第一序列。继该协议在目前的工作解释，手指弯曲能力的监测是可能的ΔR/ R 0，R:瞬时电阻和R○:初始电阻。平直"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

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Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets

导电纳米颗粒，如石墨纳米片，在玻璃纤维复合材料的整合产生的固有电网络容易受到应变。这里，不同的方法来获得的基础上增加石墨纳米片的成环氧基体或作为对玻璃纤维织物的涂层提出了应变传感器。

基于多尺度复合材料的增强与石墨烯纳米片应变传感

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are ...

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8.7K 次观看.  University Rey Juan Carlos. 导电纳米颗粒，如石墨纳米片，在玻璃纤维复合材料的整合产生的固有电网络容易受到应变。这里，不同的方法来获得的基础上增加石墨纳米片的成环氧基体或作为对玻璃纤维织物的涂层提出了应变传感器。 

视频: Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets

Precision Milling of Carbon Nanotube Forests Using Low Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) operating with a low pressure water vapor ambient. In this technique, a portion of the electron beam interacts with the water vapor in the vicinity of the CNT sample, dissociating the water molecules into hydroxyl radicals and other species by radiolysis. The remainder of the electron beam interacts with the CNT forest sample, making it susceptible to oxidation from the chemical products of radiolysis. This technique may be used to trim a selected region of an individual CNT, or it may be used to remove hundreds of cubic microns of material by adjusting ESEM parameters. The machining resolution is similar to the imaging resolution of the ESEM itself. The technique produces only small quantities of carbon residue along the boundaries of the cutting zone, with minimal effect on the native structural morphology of the CNT forest.

Low pressure scanning electron microscopy in a water vapor ambient is used to machine nanoscale to microscale features in carbon nanotube forests.

碳纳米管森林精密铣床使用低压扫描电子显微镜

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning ...

科研

工程学

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a free-radical polymerization strategy to enable the modulation of the nanotube surface properties and produce supramolecular self-assembly of the nanostructures. First, a selective hydroxylation of the pristine nanotubes through a biphasic catalytically mediated oxidation reaction creates superficially distributed reactive sites at the sidewalls. The latter reactive sites are subsequently modified with methacrylic moieties using a silylated methacrylic precursor to create polymerizable sites. Those polymerizable groups can address further polymerization of styrene to produce a hybrid nanomaterial containing PS chains grafted to the nanotube sidewalls. The polymer-graft content, amount of silylated methacrylic moieties introduced and hydroxylation modification of the nanotubes are identified and quantified by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The presence of reactive functional groups hydroxyl and silylated methacrylate are confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Polystyrene-grafted carbon nanotube solutions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) provide wall-to-wall collinearly self-assembled nanotubes when cast samples are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those self-assemblies are not obtained when suitable blanks are similarly cast from analogous solutions containing non-grafted counterparts. Therefore, this method enables the modification of the nanotube anisotropic patchiness at the sidewalls which results into spontaneous auto-organization at the nanoscale.

A procedure for the synthesis of polystyrene-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes using successive chemical modification steps to selectively introduce the polymer chains to the sidewalls and their self-assembly via anisotropic patchiness is presented.

用聚苯乙烯接枝多壁纳米碳纳米管使自组装和各向异性斑块

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a ...

化学

A Coupled Experiment-finite Element Modeling Methodology for Assessing High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Soft Biomaterials

This study offers a combined experimental and finite element (FE) simulation approach for examining the mechanical behavior of soft biomaterials (e.g. brain, liver, tendon, fat, etc.) when exposed to high strain rates. This study utilized a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) to generate strain rates of 100-1,500 sec-1. The SHPB employed a striker bar consisting of a viscoelastic material (polycarbonate). A sample of the biomaterial was obtained shortly postmortem and prepared for SHPB testing. The specimen was interposed between the incident and transmitted bars, and the pneumatic components of the SHPB were activated to drive the striker bar toward the incident bar. The resulting impact generated a compressive stress wave (i.e. incident wave) that traveled through the incident bar. When the compressive stress wave reached the end of the incident bar, a portion continued forward through the sample and transmitted bar (i.e. transmitted wave) while another portion reversed through the incident bar as a tensile wave (i.e. reflected wave). These waves were measured using strain gages mounted on the incident and transmitted bars. The true stress-strain behavior of the sample was determined from equations based on wave propagation and dynamic force equilibrium. The experimental stress-strain response was three dimensional in nature because the specimen bulged. As such, the hydrostatic stress (first invariant) was used to generate the stress-strain response. In order to extract the uniaxial (one-dimensional) mechanical response of the tissue, an iterative coupled optimization was performed using experimental results and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), which contained an Internal State Variable (ISV) material model used for the tissue. The ISV material model used in the FE simulations of the experimental setup was iteratively calibrated (i.e. optimized) to the experimental data such that the experiment and FEA strain gage values and first invariant of stresses were in good agreement.

The current study prescribes a coupled experiment-finite element simulation methodology to obtain the uniaxial dynamic mechanical response of soft biomaterials (brain, liver, tendon, fat, etc.). The multiaxial experimental results that arose because of specimen bulging obtained from Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar testing were rendered to a uniaxial true stress-strain behavior when simulated through iterative optimization of the finite element analysis of the biomaterial.

一个耦合试验，有限元建模方法以评估生物材料软的高应变率力学响应

This study offers a combined experimental and finite element (FE) simulation approach for examining the mechanical behavior of soft biomaterials (e.g. ...

生物工程

A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D materials is still in nascent stages, scientists cannot fully rely on traditional semiconductor techniques for related research. Delicate processes from locating the materials to electrode definition need to be well controlled. In this article, a universal fabrication protocol required in manufacturing nanoscale electronics, such as 2D quasi-heterojunction bipolar transistors (Q-HBT), and 2D back-gated transistors are demonstrated. This protocol includes the determination of material position, electron beam lithography (EBL), metal electrode definition, et al. A step by step narrative of the fabrication procedures for these devices are also presented. Furthermore, results show that each of the fabricated devices has achieved high performance with high repeatability. This work reveals a comprehensive description of process flow for preparing 2D nano-electronics, enables the research groups to access this information, and pave the way toward future electronics.

The article aims to introduce a standard and reliable fabrication procedure for the development of future low dimensional nanoelectronics.

制造二维电子学的标准可靠方法

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D ...

Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces

Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing challenge in the field is the fabrication of hybrid micro-nano structures using a facile, cost-effective, and high-throughput method. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a protocol to fabricate multiscale structures using only an imprint process with an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) filter and an evaporative self-aggregation process of nanofibers. Unlike previous attempts that have aimed to straighten nanofibers, we demonstrate a unique fabrication method for multiscale aggregated nanofibers with high aspect ratios. Furthermore, the surface morphology and wettability of these structures on various liquids were investigated to facilitate their use in multifunctional surfaces.

Presented is an easy method to fabricate nano-micro multiscale structures, for functional surfaces, by aggregating nanofibers fabricated using an anodic aluminum oxide filter.

功能表面用印迹纳米纤维聚合的多尺度结构

Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing ...

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

The assembly of two-dimensional (2D) graphene into three-dimensional (3D) polyhedral structures while preserving the graphene's excellent inherent properties has been of great interest for the development of novel device applications. Here, fabrication of 3D, microscale, hollow polyhedrons (cubes) consisting of a few layers of 2D graphene or graphene oxide sheets via an origami-like self-folding process is described. This method involves the use of polymer frames and hinges, and aluminum oxide/chromium protection layers that reduce tensile, spatial, and surface tension stresses on the graphene-based membranes when the 2D nets are transformed into 3D cubes. The process offers control of the size and shape of the structures as well as parallel production. In addition, this approach allows the creation of surface modifications by metal patterning on each face of the 3D cubes. Raman spectroscopy studies show the method allows the preservation of the intrinsic properties of the graphene-based membranes, demonstrating the robustness of our method.

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Here, we present a protocol for fabrication of 3D graphene-based polyhedrons via origami-like self-folding.

基于折纸式自折叠的三维石墨烯正多面体的制备

The assembly of two-dimensional (2D) graphene into three-dimensional (3D) polyhedral structures while preserving the graphene's excellent inherent ...

Production of a Strain-Measuring Device with an Improved 3D Printer

A traditional strain measurement sensor needs to be electrified and is susceptible to electromagnetic interference. In order to solve the fluctuations in the analog electrical signal in a traditional strain gauge operation, a new strain measurement method is presented here. It uses a photographic technique to display the strain change by amplifying the change of the pointer displacement of the mechanism. A visual polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) lens with a focal length of 7.16 mm was added to a smartphone camera to generate a lens group acting as a microscope to capture images. It had an equivalent focal length of 5.74 mm. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and nylon amplifiers were used to test the influence of different materials on the sensor performance. The production of the amplifiers and PDMS lens is based on improved 3D printing technology. The data obtained were compared with the results from finite element analysis (FEA) to verify their validity. The sensitivity of the ABS amplifier was 36.03 &plusmn; 1.34 &#181;&epsilon;/&#181;m, and the sensitivity of the nylon amplifier was 36.55 &plusmn; 0.53 &#181;&epsilon;/&#181;m.

This work presents a strain measurement sensor consisting of an amplification mechanism and a polydimethylsiloxane microscope manufactured using an improved 3D printer.

使用改进的 3D 打印机生产应变测量设备

A traditional strain measurement sensor needs to be electrified and is susceptible to electromagnetic interference. In order to solve the fluctuations in ...

A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate Poly(Lactic Acid) Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size

Over the recent years, functionally graded scaffolds (FGS) gaineda crucial role for manufacturing of devices for tissue engineering. The importance of this new field of biomaterials research is due to the necessity to develop implants capable of mimicking the complex functionality of the various tissues, including a continuous change from one structure or composition to another. In this latter context, one topic of main interest concerns the design of appropriate scaffolds for bone-cartilage interface tissue. In this study, three-layered scaffolds with graded pore size were achieved by melt mixing poly(lactic acid) (PLA), sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Pore size distributions were controlled by NaCl granulometry and PEG solvation. Scaffolds were characterized from a morphological and mechanical point of view. A correlation between the preparation method, the pore architecture and compressive mechanical behavior was found. The interface adhesion strength was quantitatively evaluated by using a custom-designed interfacial strength test. Furthermore, in order to imitate the human physiology, mechanical tests were also performed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution at 37 &#176;C. The method herein presented provides a high control of porosity, pore size distribution and mechanical performance, thus offering the possibility to fabricate three-layered scaffolds with tailored properties by following a simple and eco-friendly route.

A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate PolyLactic Acid Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size

In this work, poly(lactic acid)/polyethylene glycol (PLA/PEG) scaffolds were prepared by using a combination of melt mixing and selective leaching. The method herein discussed permitted to develop three-layer scaffolds by highly controlling both porosity and pore size. The mechanical properties were also evaluated in a physiological environment.

的简便和环保路线制造聚乳酸支架与分级孔径

Over the recent years, functionally graded scaffolds (FGS) gaineda crucial role for manufacturing of devices for tissue engineering. The importance of ...

Advanced Self-Healing Asphalt Reinforced by Graphene Structures: An Atomistic Insight

Graphene can improve the self-healing properties of asphalt with high durability. However, the self-healing behaviors of graphene-modified asphalt nanocomposite and the role of incorporated graphene are still unclear at this stage. In this study, the self-healing properties of pure asphalt and graphene-modified asphalt are investigated through molecular dynamics simulations. Asphalt bulks with two crack widths and locations for graphene are introduced, and the molecular interactions among asphalt components and the graphene sheet are analyzed. The results show that the location of graphene significantly affects the self-healing behaviors of asphalt. Graphene near the crack surface can greatly accelerate the self-healing process by interacting with the aromatic molecules through &#960;-&#960; stacking, while graphene at the top area of the crack tip has a minor impact on the process. The self-healing process of asphalt goes through the reorientation of asphaltene, polar aromatic, and naphthene aromatic molecules, and the bridging of saturate molecules between crack surfaces. This in-depth understanding of the self-healing mechanism contributes to the knowledge of the enhancement for self-healing properties, which will help to develop durable asphalt pavements.

Graphene-modified asphalt nanocomposite has shown an advanced self-healing ability compared to pure asphalt. In this protocol, molecular dynamics simulations have been applied in order to understand the role of graphene in the self-healing process and to explore the self-healing mechanism of asphalt components from the atomistic level.

石墨烯结构增强的先进自愈合沥青:原子学见解

Graphene can improve the self-healing properties of asphalt with high durability. However, the self-healing behaviors of graphene-modified asphalt ...

Mechano-Node-Pore Sensing: A Rapid, Label-Free Platform for Multi-Parameter Single-Cell Viscoelastic Measurements

Cellular mechanical properties are involved in a wide variety of biological processes and diseases, ranging from stem cell differentiation to cancer metastasis. Conventional methods for measuring these properties, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and micropipette aspiration (MA), capture rich information, reflecting a cell's full viscoelastic response; however, these methods are limited by very low throughput. High-throughput approaches, such as real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC), can only measure limited mechanical information, as they are often restricted to single-parameter readouts that only reflect a cell's elastic properties. In contrast to these methods, mechano-node-pore sensing (mechano-NPS) is a flexible, label-free microfluidic platform that bridges the gap in achieving multi-parameter viscoelastic measurements of a cell with moderate throughput. A direct current (DC) measurement is used to monitor cells as they transit a microfluidic channel, tracking their size and velocity before, during, and after they are forced through a narrow constriction. This information (i.e., size and velocity) is used to quantify each cell's transverse deformation, resistance to deformation, and recovery from deformation. In general, this electronics-based microfluidic platform provides multiple viscoelastic cell properties, and thus a more complete picture of a cell's mechanical state. Because it requires minimal sample preparation, utilizes a straightforward electronic measurement (in contrast to a high-speed camera), and takes advantage of standard soft lithography fabrication, the implementation of this platform is simple, accessible, and adaptable to downstream analysis. This platform's flexibility, utility, and sensitivity have provided unique mechanical information on a diverse range of cells, with the potential for many more applications in basic science and clinical diagnostics.

Presented here is a method to mechanically phenotype single cells using an electronics-based microfluidic platform called mechano-node-pore sensing (mechano-NPS). This platform maintains moderate throughput of 1-10 cells/s while measuring both the elastic and viscous biophysical properties of cells.

机械节点孔传感:用于多参数单细胞粘弹性测量的快速、无标记平台

Cellular mechanical properties are involved in a wide variety of biological processes and diseases, ranging from stem cell differentiation to cancer ...