The authors would like to thank Dr. Jhi-Joung Wang, who is the Vice Superintendent of Education at Chi-Mei Medical Center, and Dr. Chih-Chan Lin from the Laboratory Animal Center, Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901 Zhonghua, Yongkang Dist., Tainan City 701, Taiwan, for providing the shooting venue. They would also like to thank Miss Ling-Yu Tang and Mr. Chung-Ham Wang from the Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, for their valuable assistance in demonstrating the prototype system in real experiments with rats. The author gratefully acknowledges the support provided for this study by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 104- 2218-E-167-001-) of Taiwan.

伦理声明:实验过程是由科学技术实验动物中心南台科技大学，国家科学委员会，中华民国（台湾台南）的动物伦理委员会批准。 1.构建跑轮结构注:所有丙烯酸应该是透明的。用清水清洗拆卸车轮，然后用酒精擦拭每次使用后的橡胶履带和亚克力板材。 <ol><li>得到丙烯酸跑轮为55厘米，直径在宽15厘米 注意:此轮比传统传动轮（直径= 35厘米;宽度= 12cm）中较大的（F igure 1A）。 </li><li>使用切割机，切四分之一圆开口进入运行车轮的一侧充当一个入口和一个出口以及对大鼠（ 图1B）。将高摩擦橡胶履带上一层ACR的内ylic轮（ 图1B）。 </li><li>放置铁棒用轴承连接正在运行的车轮（ 图1B）。放置在运行车轮的两侧的两个丙烯酸三角形列充当支撑框架（ 图1B）。 </li><li>附加一个1mm厚的半圆形，透明压克力板用螺钉两个三角柱的外部侧面。使用此表来部署红外传感器。确保丙烯酸系片材是从正在运行的轮的每一侧约3厘米。 </li></ol> 2.部署红外传感器和定义的有效行使区注意:考虑到正在运行的车轮尺寸和在红外系统的设计大鼠长度。一只老鼠只能触发一次一个传感器。在该实验中，老鼠是厘米20和23之间长。 <ol><li>钻一个洞，压克力板材每45°（ARC间隔= 21厘米），随着距离两孔之间是大致相当于一个测试大鼠的长度。使孔的大小相同的红外传感器（ 图2A）。 注:对于传统MRWs，钻一个孔每隔70°（ARC间隔= 21厘米， 图2B）。 </li><li>期间PRW实验，维持大鼠在0℃之间运行，以135℃的稳定状态。 注:这样定义这个区域作为有效演习区域，同时鉴于所有其他部分为无效运动领域。对于传统MRWs，限定有效行使区域为140°（ 图2B）0°之间的部分。 </li></ol> 3.驾驶跑轮<ol><li>使用无刷DC电动机和电动机驱动器来驱动的运行车轮。 </li><li>安装在电机的中轴线（ 图1B）一个直径10厘米的橡胶盘。 </li><li>使用铁框和弹簧以支撑电机，从连接橡胶磁盘电机的中心轴线到正在运行的车轮的外侧。 注:弹簧必须用螺丝合作，允许动态电机高度调节，防止橡胶盘被断开，因为弹簧松动的运行轮距。 </li><li>操作马达来驱动使用微控制器10厘米直径的橡胶盘，并观察车轮转动由于橡胶盘和车轮的跑道之间的摩擦，形成一个机动运行车轮的平台。 </li><li>安装4红外传感器顺序地为0°至135°（ 图2A）之间。 注:对于传统MRWs，0°之间安装传感器以140°（ 图2B）。 </li><li>连接4双安装在两个丙烯酸类片材，使用单芯电缆，从而形成一定位跑轮系统微控制器的一般销红外线传感器。 </li></ol> 4.构建自适应Accelerati曲线上<ol><li>官方3周运动训练开始前三天，通过手动操作运转轮系老鼠。 注意:我们的目标是让大鼠熟悉的运行环境，并且是检测各大鼠是否能够忍受在20米/分钟运行。 <ol><li>在手工操作的培训，逐步加快运行速度，直到老鼠是无法跟上时代的步伐。发生这种情况时，降低速度，直到老鼠重新获得稳定的运行速度，然后逐步直到老鼠达到20米/分钟（ 图3虚线）再次提高速度。该手册的培训涉及7只构建培训曲线。 </li></ol></li><li>使用数字式，以适应在手动测试的第3天的测定数据，计算最靠近手动训练（有圆圈的曲线， 图3）的加速度曲线。拟合方程1的原始数据，其中C INI = 8，C 翅 </suB&gt; = 20，τ= 30表示的初始速度，最后的速度和时间常数，分别地）。 注:此公式适应老鼠的身体状况。因此，请参照所计算的曲线作为自适应加速训练模式。 <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54354/54354eq1.jpg" /> （1） </li><li>用公式1为正式训练1周。 </li><li>对于周2和培训3，调整公式1的参数，也就是说，改变从12到22，让速度达到30米/分钟。 </li></ol> 5.控制软件程序注:独占开发代码为基于微控制器的马达的操作和用于从红外传感器用于随后的数据分析的计算机信号传输。 <ol><li>用C编程语言编写包含一个主程序和两个中断服务例程的定时器的软件控制程序微控制器18。 <ol><li>确保主程序初始化微控制器的寄存器和构造在微控制器的存储器中的自适应加速曲线模型。 </li><li>使用定时器0的中断服务程序激活自适应加速曲线，并计算出整个训练持续时间。 </li><li>用定时器1的中断服务例程，以从红外传感器提取信号数据和将数据传送到计算机。 </li><li>使用主节目录制0°的位置来调整运行车轮的速度。 </li></ol></li><li>一旦在0℃的接收红外传感器被触发，它解释为跌倒发生率，这是由主程序积累。此刻秋季发生率的发生次数击中大鼠位置检测数的10％的阈值时，自动deaccelerate运行车轮作为训练大鼠安全措施。注:速度O˚F运行车轮降低，直到老鼠可以返回到安全区域（0°到135），并保持稳定的运行状态的安全措施。 </li></ol> 6.操作定位跑轮系统<ol><li>打开微控制器和等待操作员按下按钮开始每星期的训练模式。 <ol><li>按"开始"按钮，开始培养模式1周。 注:电机，直到达到20米/分钟，自动后30分钟停止基于自适应加速曲线自动加速。 </li><li>按"开始"按钮，开始培养模式2周。 注:电机，直到达到30米/分钟，自动后30分钟停止基于自适应加速曲线自动加速。 </li><li>按"开始"按钮，开始培养模式为3周。 注:电机自动accelera基于自适应加速度曲线上，直到达到30米/分钟，并自动TES 60分钟后停止。 注意:在整个培养过程中，发送从红外传感器接收到的计算机无线地将信号数据。 </li></ol></li><li>使用计算机，分析所述位置数据，以获得在整个锻炼过程中有效的锻炼度量（ <img alt="公式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54354/54354eq2.jpg" /> ）。见公式2。 <img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54354/54354eq3.jpg" /> （2） 注:EEE，EED和IED代表有效行使的措施，有效和无效的锻炼持续时间分别。 </li></ol> 7.训练大鼠<ol><li>随机分为成年雄性SD大鼠分为五组（n = 9每个组）:假，控制，跑步机，MRW和PRW组。 </li><li>进行3周的运动训练三个运动组， 即 TReadmill，MRW和PRW群体，而假组和对照组则没有。 注意:每个练习组3周的运动训练为20米/分钟的第1周30分钟，30米/分钟30分钟2周期间和30米/分钟60分钟3周期间。 </li></ol> 8.动物和中风模型<ol><li>如第说明。 7.1，随机分为所有涉及的成年雄性SD大鼠，250〜280 g的体重，分成5组。 </li><li>权衡所有的动物，以确保准确的药物剂量计算。麻醉用戊巴比妥钠的大鼠（25毫克/千克，腹膜内[IP]）和含混合物氯胺酮（4.4毫克/千克，肌肉注射[IM]），阿托品（0.02633毫克/千克，[IM]）和赛拉嗪（6.77毫克/公斤，[IM]）。 <ol><li>通过监测呼吸率（正常70-115次/ min），节奏，呼吸，粘膜颜色和反射的定期检测的深度， 例如脚趾捏，尾捏，眼睑/睫毛评估麻醉深度和眼睑。 </li></ol></li><li>将温度探头插入直肠，并使用独立的加热灯保持37之间的直肠温度37.5℃。 </li><li>通过插入灯丝插入内颈动脉以阻塞通过外颈动脉的方法19中脑动脉的孔诱导局灶性缺血，暂时性大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）。 <ol><li>执行在假手术动物相同的操作程序，而不要插入灯丝插入颈内动脉。维持脑缺血1小时后，取出长丝，关闭切口，然后离开1厘米尼龙缝合突出，这可以被收回，以允许再灌注。 </li></ol></li><li>辖皮下（sc）止痛剂（丁丙诺啡（0.05毫克/公斤，SC））的注射剂，成动物镇痛一天两次3天。 </li></ol> 9.评估神经损伤<ol><li> EVAL审视你们神经和运动功能，分别由神经严重性评分（MNSS）20和一个倾斜面测试21。 注:MNSS是电动机（肌肉状态，异常的运动），感觉（视觉，触觉和本体）和反射测试的复合物。给予对未执行任务一点。在0-18的刻度率神经功能（正常得分= 0;最大缺陷评分= 18）。 </li><li>前一天和每日评估所有大鼠中的行为性能方面在手术后7天的时间跨度。 </li><li>测量使用斜面的大鼠后肢握力。 <ol><li>放置在每天的基础上的倾斜攀登装置大鼠和试验前1周使其恢复的大鼠的装置和试验条件。 </li><li>放置在该装置的每个大鼠和鼓励大鼠爬上平台直到该装置的过程中的环境适应期的顶部。 </li><li>放置在老鼠与在测试过程中向下方的头装置的顶部。确保开始在25°的角度大鼠停留的体轴沿一个20×20厘米2橡胶带肋表面上的倾斜面。 </li><li>增加角度动态使用与步进电机相连的滚珠丝杠，以确定在该动物可容纳于所述平面的最大角度。增大倾斜面的角度逐渐直到鼠标未能保持在倾斜面，然后检测一个往下滑事件。倾斜面的基线程度是在开始时25°。 </li><li>请两位观察员（不知道已经给大鼠什么待遇），独立审查和评分所有的行为测试， 即左侧和右侧的最大角度的平均值。 </li></ol></li><li> Sacri科幻CE所有第7天的动物缺血后。 （100毫克/千克，IP戊巴比妥钠）用盐水灌注22深麻醉下的动物的心</SUP&gt;。删除，然后浸入冷生理盐水的脑组织进行5分钟，然后将其切成使用组织切片机222.0毫米冠状切片。 </li><li>淹没新鲜脑切片成2，3，5-三苯基氯化四唑（TTC）中于37℃进行30分钟，然后在4℃转移片至5％的甲醛溶液为音响xation 24小时。将染色的脑片上有机玻璃支架上。 </li><li>拍摄TTC染色切片用使用链接到装载有图像处理软件的个人计算机的CCD照相机校准的刻度。使用半自动化图像分析系统，以及估算从每个TTC染色的脑切片23上的梗塞面积（mm 2）。 </li><li>计算所有脑片梗死区的总和，每一片总梗死体积。标记分别对2毫米厚的片每侧未染色区域（缺血性脑），然后计算梗死体积和的平均值。 </li><li> Calcu后期修正梗死体积（CIV）作为 CIV = {长线（RT-RI）} <img alt="公式4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54354/54354eq4.jpg" /> D（3） 注意:如果Lt和Rt表示为mm 2的左和右半球的区域，分别RI为以mm 2梗塞面积，d = 2毫米是切片厚度。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

这个协议描述了用于减少在动物中的中风的影响的严重性一种高效运行的轮系统。作为一只老鼠友好的测试平台，该平台是在一个稳定的运行速度，可以由老鼠在整个运行过程中通过预定的自适应加速曲线来保持这样一种方式设计为好。在典型的培训制度，培训预置速度和持续时间手动设置。一旦运动开始，达到预设的速度很快。在这种情况下，这是非常可能的是老鼠都无法达到更高的速度，使得它们翻滚和下降，并相应地影响其运行的稳定性。的关键步骤是，1.1，4.1和4.2，这是在PRW的主要功能，而不是MRW。如在步骤中描述的宽敞跑道之间的整合。 1.1，以及自适应加速培养模式建设，在步骤提及。 4.1和4.2，是作为的一个改进版本典型MRW。这样的关键特性导致减少梗死体积比MRW。所提出的系统的整体设计是设计用于在无效运动的减少大鼠友好测试平台。更具体地，4对红外线传感器被部署以检测鼠的实时位置，提供了一个度量来量化有效锻炼活动，在步骤中定义。 6.6，对与MNSS分数相关的比较，斜面角度和脑梗死容积。这种措施可以用来量化的任何类型的神经生理学实验，在常规的训练平台仍未实现。然而，这很可能是一个有效的运动不能为一个小鼠被检测由于红外传感器的稀疏分布。此外，主要相对于跑步机的缺点是只有一个单一的鼠可以在这个平台上的时间进行训练。系统故障排除涉及两部分。一个是用于信号传输和接收的精确的传感器对准由于红外线的高指向性，而另一种是运行轮以每分钟（rpm）指定的转数转动。一个红外光源/探测器对需​​要对齐，直到一个强烈的信号可以被检测器接收。关于正在运行的轮，直径10厘米的橡胶盘磨损时逐渐当车轮转动时的时间长。因此，一个弹簧需要被松开的方式来进行正常车轮旋转补偿的橡胶盘摩擦不足。 表2给出了对脑伤害减少实验中使用的强制动物移动性系统的比较。 测试给在MNSS分数，倾斜角和梗死卷PRW组方面显著更好的结果比对照组（P &lt;0.05）。该PRW组确认为一个提供所有的运动组中最大量的有效的运动训练。在这项研究中，采用传统的MRW训练有素时，大鼠ARË经常发现守住跑道的酒吧和垃圾的速度超过20米/分钟，用一块以前的工作9的协议来运行。作为提高训练鼠性能的方式，金属跑道重新设计，在这项工作中的高密度橡胶跑道。在跑步机，心理压力不可避免地在生理学的过去的纪律施加在电击驱动大鼠，一个未解决的问题。因此，必须找到降低翻转次数，以减轻在训练期间施加在大鼠的心理压力。在这种方式下，测试结果可以更准确地解释，因为令人信服的方式来演示锻炼益处减少脑损伤。这是这背后工作的一个主要动机。 这个工作成功地提供了与梗死体积，中风损伤的最直接的证据相关的有效的运动活动的定量量度。因此，有效的锻炼在其他类型的基于动物的试验可相应地限定。如6中- 8，无论是运动强度和持续时间是用户指定的神经生理实验，但没有考虑到的有效量的运动训练。有效的运动活动被验证为中风的神经保护的关键因素，使用这种鼠型和创新的动物移动性的系统。 据认为，这个平台可以在将来被应用到可变速度训练和相关的问题。由于在24，25所指出的，变速成培训被认为是运动生理学的纪律更有效的培训。采用红外位置检测技术为基础，变速训练可以精确地对运动员进行了深刻的调查神经生理保护机制进行的。

笔画持续存在，作为一个财政负担在全球范围内的国家，留下了无数患者的身体和智力残疾1,2。有临床证据表明，经常运动可以改善神经再生和神经加强连接3，4，它也表明，锻炼可以降低患缺血性中风5的风险。无论使用哪种跑步机或正在运行的轮作为运动训练系统，啮齿动物，如老鼠，作为代理人类在绝大多数的临床实验测试6演习的有效性- 8。一个培训系统通常包括训练老鼠在一定时间内，在此期间，大鼠以一定的速度运行。 8 -因此，训练强度是根据运动速度和持续时间6一般计算。同样的方法也适用于估计的运动对神经生理学保护所需的量。然而，实验练习，有时发现是无效的，比如当老鼠绊倒，跌倒，或抓住栏杆，一旦他们无法赶上跑车轮转速9 - 11。不用说，无效运动的事件显著减少运动益处。即使没有任何普遍接受的做法目前量化减少脑损伤的有效练习，有效的锻炼水平依然矗立作为一个客观的评价，为临床研究来说明神经生理学学科锻炼的好处。 存在于在今天的脑损伤减少实验12中使用市售的动物移动系统许多限制。在跑步机上的情况下，老鼠被迫用电击的方式运行，引起了巨大的心理应力的动物，从而干扰在最终神经生理学测试结果8，13，14。运行车轮可分为两种类型，即自愿和被迫的。自愿转轮让老鼠自然运行，创造到期大鼠的身体特征和能力15的差异过大的可变性，而电动行驶轮（MRWs）采用电机转动轮子，迫使老鼠跑。尽管也被强迫训练的一种形式，MRWs强加给大鼠比跑步机13，16，17心理压力较少。然而，使用MRWs实验已经报道，大鼠通过抓住轮轨道上的轨道和拒绝在速度超过20米/分钟9运行有时中断锻炼。这些例子表明，目前可用的动物移动系统具有固有的缺点，即抑制有效锻炼。对于客观鼠训练目的，一种高效的培训体系的发展，但与低干扰，因此被视为神经生理学实验练习一个紧迫的问题。 这项研究提出关于减少的行程11的影响的严重性为实验一种高效运行的轮系统。除了干扰因素的数量减少时的训练过程中，这个系统利用嵌入在轮，从而实现有效的运动活动的更可靠的估计的红外传感器的大鼠的运行位置。由传统的跑步机和在MRWs都频繁行使中断所施加的心理应激歪斜所得运动估计的客观性。在本研究中提出的定位跑步轮（PRW）系统，以试图最小化不必要的干扰发达而用于量化有效的exe提供了可靠的训练模型rcise。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="824">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Brushless DC motor</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Oriental Motor</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">BLEM512-GFS</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Motor driver</td>
			<td>Oriental Motor</td>
			<td>BLED12A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Motor reducer</td>
			<td>Oriental Motor</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">GFS5G20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Speedometer</td>
			<td>Oriental Motor</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">OPX-2A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Treadmill</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Columbus Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Exer-6M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Infrared transmitter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Seeed Studio</td>
			<td>TSAL6200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Infrared Receiver</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Seeed Studio</td>
			<td>TSOP382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microcontroller</td>
			<td>Silicon Labs</td>
			<td>C8051F330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CCD camera</td>
			<td>Canon Inc.</td>
			<td>EOS 450D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Image processing software</td>
			<td>Adobe Systems Incorporated</td>
			<td>ADOBE Photoshop CS5 12.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Image analysis</td>
			<td>Media Cybernetics</td>
			<td>Pro Plus 4.50.29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sodium pentobarbital</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">SIGMA P-3761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Pfizer (Kent, UK)</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">&#160;1867-66-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Atropine</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Taiwan Biotech Co., Ltd. (Taoyuan, Taiwan)</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">A03BA01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">SIGMA X1126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Buprenorphine</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">B9275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anesthesia</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an innovative running wheel-based mechanism for improved rat training performance

这项研究提出的动物移动性系统，配备有定位跑步轮（PRW），作为一种方法来量化的锻炼活动的功效降低的大鼠中风的影响的严重性。该系统提供了比商用系统，如跑步机和电动跑步轮（MRWs）更有效的动物运动训练。与此相反的MRW，只有能够达到以下速度20米/分钟，只被允许在30米的速度稳定运行/分钟由15厘米宽的丙烯酸轮与支持的更宽敞，高密度橡胶跑道一个直径为55厘米的这项工作。使用预定义的自适应加速曲线，该系统不仅降低了操作错误，但也训练的老鼠，直到达到规定的强度持续运行。作为一种方法来评估锻炼效果，大鼠的实时位置被四对部署在跑轮红外线传感器检测到。一旦自适应加速曲线是使用微控制器发起的，由红外传感器得到的数据自动记录和分析的计算机。为了便于比较，3个星期的训练中使用了跑步机，MRW和PRW老鼠进行的。手术诱导大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）后，修饰的神经严重性评分（MNSS）和一个倾斜面测试进行了对神经损伤评估给大鼠。 PRW，实验验证作为该动物移动系统中最有效的。此外，运动效果的措施，根据大鼠位置分析，表明存在有效行使和梗死体积之间的高的负相关，并且可用于量化在任何类型的脑减少损伤实验的大鼠的训练。

这部分是专门的比较，手术后制成1周，在MNSS分数，斜面测试结果和脑的梗死体积五组之一。 图4A和图4B分别呈现平均MNSS分数和斜面试验结果的平均值。该PRW组作为最好的出现在MNSS改善方面。 PRW和MRW之间以及跑步机和PRW之间的差异显著清楚地表明，PRW更有效地预防中风比目前市面上其他动物的移动系统。倾斜的平面测试在所有的运动组显著陡倾斜角度超过七天的时间跨度手术后进行比在对照组中，清楚地表明运动的好处作为减少的中风的影响的严重性的方法。具体地讲，PRW组中的倾斜角被证明作为扁钢所有的运动组中害虫，而且甚至与假手术组比较的，示出回收比跑步机和MRW的更高的水平。此外， 图4C表明，提取7天后神经损害评估的脑切片后，PRW集团不仅展出了显著更小的梗死体积较对照组，但也表现出所有的运动组中最小梗死体积。所以这是清楚地表明，使用PRW训练的老鼠遭受比使用市售的训练系统的脑梗塞损伤显著量少，核实有关脑损伤减少培训PRW的优越性。 这项研究提出了一种科学的方法对脑损伤减少训练量化有效的锻炼活动。在3周的训练，存在PRW 98％有效的运动的措施，而<html>只有68％的MRW（ 表1）。在有效的锻炼率这显著的差异表明，PRW培养机制的优越性。无效锻炼度量，定义为1 -有效行使措施并与MNSS得分（ 图4A）相关，则提供与所述MNSS评分（ 表1）88％的相关性。此外，存在有效行使措施和斜面角度（ 见表1），和无效锻炼度量和梗塞体积（ 表1）之间的92％的相关性之间的85％的相关性。具体地，一个有效的锻炼度量高达98％与在PRW情况下的极端低梗死体积相关。一个显著相关性被无效的运动和神经功能损伤的程度之间，因此证明。 /54354/5​​4354fig1.jpg"/&gt; 图 1:PRW系统 （A）一PRW的设计图纸。正在运行的车轮为55厘米，直径在宽15厘米上运行的车轮的下半部，空穴已钻出每45°为红外传感器安装。 （ 二 ）PRW的实际画面。高摩擦橡胶履带的层被定位在所述丙烯酸类轮的内侧。上的运行车轮的一侧的四分之一圆开口充当入口和出口，以及用于训练的动物。铁棍与轴承跑轮连接到三角柱，支撑着跑轮。马达设置在运行轮轨道的外侧，并且由10cm的中心轴安装橡胶磁盘连接到传动轮轨道。微控制器操作马达，并由此命令的运行车轮。一对半圆形的，透明的丙烯酸系片材的附连到三角形colu<html> MNS和4对红外传感器嵌入在亚克力板材。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54354/54354fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54354/54354fig2.jpg" /> 图 2:红外线传感器部署 （A）根据本PRW的大小和大鼠的体长，一对红外线传感器被部署0之间°135°（产生总共8个传感器的）每45°。 。在0°和135°，大鼠表现正常运行的状态，因此，这个区域被定义为有效的运动区。 （B）在MRW情况下，一对红外线传感器被部署0°之间的每70°至140°。得到="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54354/54354fig3.jpg" /> 图 3:为平滑的加速运动的自适应加速训练模型的构建中的虚线表示的手动指定的加速度曲线七大鼠在第3天的培养，并且可以表征为一个指数函数。非线性曲线拟合，然后相应地进行。有圆圈的曲线表示为1周初始自适应加速曲线，简称为第1周曲线。对于周2和3的曲线是一个最终的速度第1周曲线的调整版本，以30米/分（C = 鳍 30）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54354/54354fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图 4: 手术 后 组在7 天 的时间跨度中的神经系统损害评估 （每组 9 只）， 比较 （A）平均得分MNSS（平均值±SD）。存在在所有的运动和变化显著对照组，证据表明，锻炼的好处脑损伤减少。该PRW组提供运动组中最低的得分，显示了卓越的神经保护机制，其他的训练系统。 （B）平均后腿测试角（平均值±SD）。一个更陡的角度演示了PRW比在对照组中，并表现为所有的运动组中的最陡。此外，还有的PRW和假手术组之间的差别不大，indicati吴说PRW再生老鼠的后腿握到一个更高的水平。梗死体积（C）上的比较（平均值±SD）。 PRW获得比对照组更小的体积，位列所有运动组中最低的，验证PRW对减少脑损伤效果显着。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54354/54354fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>组</td><td>有效的锻炼措施％（EEE） </td><td> MNSS </td><td>斜面夹角</td><td>梗死体积</td></tr><tr><td> PRW </td><td> 98.88±1.11 </td><td> 23.54±3.08 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 37.6±1.08 </td></tr><tr><td> MRW </td><td> 68.05±5.39 </td><td> 70.7±6.48 </td><td> 34.23±4.48 </td><td> 72.76±6.52 &lt;/ TD&gt; </tr><tr><td>控制</td><td> 0 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 100 </td></tr><tr><td>与EEE相关系数（R 2） </td><td></td><td> -0.88 </td><td> 0.85 </td><td> -0.92 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表 1:有效的锻炼活动与神经损伤之间的相关性比较 PRW，MRW与对照组之间的有效锻炼活动的比较。该PRW和MRW组给予98％和68％的平均有效行使的措施，分别经过3周的训练，这意味着PRW提供了有效的训练量较大。存在MNSS和无效运动的措施，有效地行使措施和倾斜面的角度，并无效锻炼度量和梗死体积之间的0.92相关之间的0.85的相关性，对于间的0.88相关ively。特别是，有效的运动速度高达98％与在PSW极小梗死体积相关。 MNSS的数据，斜面角度和梗塞体积进行归一化。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>功能</td><td> PRW（这项研究） </td><td> MRW </td><td>跑步机</td></tr><tr><td>运动训练</td><td>强制（横向机动项目） </td><td>强制（中央机动项目） </td><td>强制（电击） </td></tr><tr><td>同时培养动物数量</td><td>单</td><td>单</td><td>复数</td></tr><tr><td>跑道结构</td><td>织纹胶带</td><td>酒吧</td><td>橡胶带</td></tr><tr><td>训练的强度</td><td>低，中，高</td><td>低，中</td><td>低，中，高</td></tr><tr><td>自适应加速训练</td><td>是</td><td>没有</td><td>没有</td></tr><tr><td>运行位置检测</td><td>是</td><td>没有</td><td>没有</td></tr><tr><td>减速培训</td><td>是</td><td>没有</td><td>没有</td></tr><tr><td>有效的锻炼评估</td><td>是</td><td>没有</td><td>没有</td></tr></tbody></table> 表 2:动物的移动系统的比较 PRW可以在训练强度的任何级别使用。结合了定制轮与适应性训练曲线，PRW作为对口一种更好的选择。此外，红外位置检测技术是用来量化减少脑损伤的有效的锻炼活动。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Innovative Running Wheel-based Mechanism for Improved Rat Training Performance at JoVE.com

An Innovative Running Wheel-based Mechanism for Improved Rat Training Performance

这项研究提出了一个创新型轮运行动物的调动制度的大鼠量化一个有效的锻炼活动。将大鼠友好测试平台构建，使用预定义的自适应加速曲线，并有效地行使率和梗塞体积之间的高相关性表明该协议的中风预防实验潜力。

为提高训练大鼠绩效的创新运行基于轮机制

This study presents an animal mobility system, equipped with a positioning running wheel (PRW), as a way to quantify the efficacy of an exercise activity ...

an-innovative-running-wheel-based-mechanism-for-improved-rat-training

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.8K 次观看.  National Chin-Yi University of Technology. 这项研究提出了一个创新型轮运行动物的调动制度的大鼠量化一个有效的锻炼活动。将大鼠友好测试平台构建，使用预定义的自适应加速曲线，并有效地行使率和梗塞体积之间的高相关性表明该协议的中风预防实验潜力。 

视频: An Innovative Running Wheel-based Mechanism for Improved Rat Training Performance

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

There is emerging evidence supporting the use vision training, including light board training tools, as a concussion baseline and neuro-diagnostic tool and potentially as a supportive component to concussion prevention strategies. This paper is focused on providing detailed methods for select vision training tools and reporting normative data for comparison when vision training is a part of a sports management program. The overall program includes standard vision training methods including tachistoscope, Brock&#8217;s string, and strobe glasses, as well as specialized light board training algorithms. Stereopsis is measured as a means to monitor vision training affects. In addition, quantitative results for vision training methods as well as baseline and post-testing *A and Reaction Test measures with progressive scores are reported. Collegiate athletes consistently improve after six weeks of training in their stereopsis, *A and Reaction Test scores. When vision training is initiated as a team wide exercise, the incidence of concussion decreases in players who participate in training compared to players who do not receive the vision training. Vision training produces functional and performance changes that, when monitored, can be used to assess the success of the vision training and can be initiated as part of a sports medical intervention for concussion prevention.

This paper describes a protocol to conduct, quantitatively monitor, and assess the success of vision training initiated as part of a sports medical management program including intervention for concussion prevention and performance enhancement.

视觉训练方法体育震荡缓解与管理

There is emerging evidence supporting the use vision training, including light board training tools, as a concussion baseline and neuro-diagnostic tool ...

科研

行为学

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, the traditional ways to monitor behavioral changes in dogs are complicated and not efficient. In the current clinical evaluation, a new, simple monitoring system was used to assess the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the intense and restless activity of 24 dogs of different ages and breeds. This protocol describes how to easily and rapidly evaluate improvement in a set of symptoms related to generalized anxiety by using a specific sensor, a mobile phone app, a wireless router, and a computer. The results showed that dogs treated with specific diets showed significant improvement in the times spent active and at rest after 10 days (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). These dogs also showed an overall significant improvement in clinical and behavioral symptoms. A specific sensor, along with its related hardware, was demonstrated to successfully monitor behavioral changes relating to movement in dogs.

We report a simple approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the daily activity and clinical and behavioral symptoms of dogs with evident behavioral disturbances.

行为障碍:一个创新的方法来监控保健品饮食的调节作用

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, ...

Wheel Running and Environmental Complexity as a Therapeutic Intervention in an Animal Model of FASD

Aerobic exercise (e.g., wheel running (WR) extensively used in animal research) positively impacts many measures of neuroplastic potential in the brain, such as rates of adult neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and expression of neurotrophic factors in rodents. This intervention has also been shown to mitigate behavioral and neuroanatomical aspects of the negative impacts of teratogens (i.e., developmental exposure to alcohol) and age-related neurodegeneration in rodents. Environmental complexity (EC) has been shown to produce numerous neuroplastic benefits in cortical and subcortical structures and can be coupled with wheel running to increase the proliferation and survival of new cells in the adult hippocampus. The combination of these two interventions provides a robust &#34;superintervention&#34; (WR-EC) that can be implemented in a range of rodent models of neurological disorders. We will discuss the implementation of WR/EC and its constituent interventions for use as a more powerful therapeutic intervention in rats using the animal model of prenatal exposure to alcohol in humans. We will also discuss which elements of the procedures are absolutely necessary for the interventions and which ones may be altered depending on the experimenter&#39;s question or facilities.

Cardiovascular exercise and stimulating experiences in a complex environment have positive benefits on multiple measures of neuroplasticity within the rodent brain. This article will discuss the implementation of these interventions as a &#34;superintervention&#34; which combines wheel running and environmental complexity and will address the limitations of these interventions.

车轮运行环境的复杂性在胎儿酒精中毒综合症的动物模型干预治疗

Aerobic exercise (e.g., wheel running (WR) extensively used in animal research) positively impacts many measures of neuroplastic potential in the brain, ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

引进响片训练为实验室老鼠认知富集

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific responses to changing temperatures according to their physiological tolerance and adaptability. Drosophila flies also possess a temperature sensing system that has become fundamental to understanding the neural basis of temperature processing in ectotherms. We present here a temperature-controlled arena that permits fast and precise temperature changes with temporal and spatial control to explore the response of individual flies to changing temperatures. Individual flies are placed in the arena and exposed to pre-programmed temperature challenges, such as uniform gradual increases in temperature to determine reaction norms or spatially distributed temperatures at the same time to determine preferences. Individuals are automatically tracked, allowing the quantification of speed or location preference. This method can be used to rapidly quantify the response over a large range of temperatures to determine temperature performance curves in Drosophila or other insects of similar size. In addition, it can be used for genetic studies to quantify temperature preferences and reactions of mutants or wild-type flies. This method can help uncover the basis of thermal speciation and adaptation, as well as the neural mechanisms behind temperature processing.

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Here we present a protocol to automatically determine the locomotor performance of Drosophila at changing temperatures using a programmable temperature-controlled arena that produces fast and accurate temperature changes in time and space.

一种自动测定果蝇在空间和时间温度变化中的性能的方法

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific ...

A Vibrotactile Feedback Device for Seated Balance Assessment and Training

Postural perturbations, motion tracking, and sensory feedback are modern techniques used to challenge, assess, and train upright sitting, respectively. The goal of the developed protocol is to construct and operate a sitting platform that can be passively destabilized while an inertial measurement unit quantifies its motion and vibrating elements deliver tactile feedback to the user. Interchangeable seat attachments alter the stability level of the device to safely challenge sitting balance. A built-in microcontroller allows fine-tuning of the feedback parameters to augment sensory function. Posturographic measures, typical of balance assessment protocols, summarize the motion signals acquired during timed balance trials. No dynamic sitting protocol to date provides variable challenge, quantification, and sensory feedback free of laboratory constraints. Our results demonstrate that non-disabled users of the device exhibit significant changes in posturographic measures when balance difficulty is altered or vibrational feedback provided. The portable, versatile device has potential applications in rehabilitation (following skeletal, muscular, or neurological injury), training (for sports or spatial awareness), entertainment (via virtual or augmented reality), and research (of sitting-related disorders).

A sitting platform has been developed and assembled that passively destabilizes sitting posture in humans. During the user&#39;s stabilizing task, an inertial measurement unit records the device&#39;s motion, and vibrating elements deliver performance-based feedback to the seat. The portable, versatile device may be used in rehabilitation, assessment, and training paradigms.

一种用于座位平衡评估和训练的振动反馈装置

Postural perturbations, motion tracking, and sensory feedback are modern techniques used to challenge, assess, and train upright sitting, respectively. ...

Training Dogs for Awake, Unrestrained Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

We present a canine functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) training protocol that can be done in a cost-effective manner, with high-energy dogs, for acquisition of functional and structural data. This method of training dogs for awake, unrestrained fMRI employs a generalization procedure of stationing in several dissimilar locations to facilitate transfer of the stationing behavior to the real MRI scan environment; it does so without the need for extensive training time in the MRI scan environment, which can be expensive. Further, this method splits the training of a stationing (i.e., chin rest) behavior from desensitization to the MRI environment (i.e., 100+ decibel scan audio), the latter accomplished during dedicated Auditory Exposure conditioning sessions. The complete training and testing protocol required 14 hours and resulted in immediate transfer to novel locations. We also present examples of canine fMRI data that have been acquired from visual face processing and olfactory discrimination paradigms.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on unrestrained awake dogs is a new method with several advantages over imaging with physical or chemical restraint. This protocol introduces a cost-effective training method that minimizes training in the MRI environment, which can be expensive, and maximizes the subject pool available for canine functional MRI.

训练犬为觉醒，无节制的功能磁共振成像

We present a canine functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) training protocol that can be done in a cost-effective manner, with high-energy dogs, for ...

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

The efficacy of cognitive training interventions is recently highly debated. There is no consensus on what kind of training regimen is the most effective. Also, individual characteristics as predictors of training outcome are still being investigated. In this article, we show the attempt to address this issue by examining not only the impact of working memory (WM) training on cognitive effectiveness in older adults but also the influence of the initial WM capacity (WMC) on the training&#39;s outcome. We describe in detail how to perform 5 weeks of an adaptive dual n-back training with an active control group (memory quiz). We are focusing here on technical aspects of the training as well as on the initial assessment of participants&#39; WMC. The evaluation of pre and post training performance of other cognitive dimensions was based on the results of tests of memory updating, inhibition, attention shifting, short-term memory (STM) and reasoning. We have found that the initial level of WMC predicts the efficiency of the n-back training intervention. We have also noticed the post training improvement in almost all aspects of cognitive functioning we measured, but those effects were mostly intervention independent.

A cognitive training intervention in elderly population together with the assessment of the pre training cognitive abilities is presented. We show two versions of training - experimental and active control - and demonstrate their effects on the array of cognitive tests.

老年学员工作记忆培训:对照组培训方案和初始智力功能评估

The efficacy of cognitive training interventions is recently highly debated. There is no consensus on what kind of training regimen is the most effective. ...

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila larvae, customized metal nickel-titanium alloy (nitinol) filaments. These mechanical probes are similar to the von Frey filaments used in vertebrates to measure mechanical nociception. Here, we demonstrate how to make and calibrate these mechanical probes and how to generate a full behavioral dose-response from subthreshold (innocuous or non-noxious range) to suprathreshold (low to high noxious range) stimuli. To demonstrate the utility of the probes, we investigated tissue damage-induced hypersensitivity in Drosophila larvae. Mechanical allodynia (hypersensitivity to a normally innocuous mechanical stimulus) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated responsiveness to a noxious mechanical stimulus) have not yet been established in Drosophila larvae. Using mechanical probes that are normally innocuous or probes that typically elicit an aversive behavior, we found that Drosophila larvae develop mechanical hypersensitization (both allodynia and hyperalgesia) after tissue damage. Thus, the mechanical probes and assay that we illustrate here will likely be important tools to dissect the fundamental molecular/genetic mechanisms of mechanical hypersensitivity.

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

The goal of this protocol is to show how to perform an improved assay for mechanical nociception in Drosophila larvae. We use the assay here to demonstrate that mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia and hyperalgesia) exists in Drosophila larvae.

测量 果蝇 拉瓦的机械结节的改进的检测和工具

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila ...