The Print Shop at Sheffield Hallam University is thanked for providing high quality reproductions of the portraits used in this study. Michael Pickard and Jonathan Dean are thanked for their valuable insights.

该协议在谢菲尔德哈勒姆大学是经学院研究伦理委员会关于人类受试者的研究。 1.跨观察阶段<ol><li>找出美丽的公主的表情如何以及为什么会出现模糊。 <ol><li>显示了良好的品质，无框和详细尺寸的泡沫支持的数字拷贝美丽的公主的（33.2厘米高x23.8厘米宽）在漫射照明画架。 </li><li>有四个参与者讨论了美丽的公主的肖像暧昧的表情。记录在一张纸的讨论的结果。 注意:一位与会者必须在研究者和其他人必须从学术界招募。 注意:确保参与者可以自由地从任何距离或角度接近肖像。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.结构化面试阶段<ol><li>采访中四个不同的参与者逐一一时间，让他们回答包含结构化面试时间表内的问题:"请你能描述公主的表情，你认为还有在公主的表情，当你从接近或远离查看她的任何差异。如果是这样，请解释一下吗？你的答案"。 <ol><li>显示在一个照明良好的房间画架美丽的公主在一个A1纸垫休息的中心纵向（33.2厘米高x23.8厘米W）。 <ol><li>指导学员来形容公主的表情（ 如 ，快乐或忧郁），并注意表达的差异，从特写（对人像几厘米内）从观察或渐行渐远（距离超过3米）肖像。有与会者写下他们的意见在纸面上。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>开展参与者的描述，扎根理论分析，15,16,17,18，以找出最常见的词用来形容美丽的公主的表情（ 例如，微笑，快乐，知足），并改变她的表情相对于距离（ 例如，内容少的时候越近， 等 ）。 </li></ol> 3.心理物理学实验阶段<ol><li>进行五个实验来测试五个假设配制从步骤1和2的研究结果的基础上，如下所述。 <ol><li>在视距（实验1） <ol><li>进行主体间实验两个自变量（IVS）:人像（含三级:美丽的公主，蒙娜丽莎，和一个女孩的肖像的）;和观看距离（与两个层次:关闭VS远）。 注:因变量必须被视为知足（ 即多少对1至7的肖像妇女的刻度上的内容）。 <ol><li>招收60名学员，10为每个从利因素的组合所产生的六项条件埃尔斯3.1.1.1表示。确保参加具有正常或矫正到正常视力（通过自我报告确定）和幼稚对于实验设计。确保参与者不熟悉或者美丽的公主或一个女孩的肖像，并没有看到蒙娜丽莎至少一年。 </li><li>显示质量好，在A1的中心，支持美丽的公主（33.2厘米高x23.8厘米W），蒙娜丽莎（77×53厘米），和一个女孩的肖像的（45.5点¯x32.7厘米）的数字拷贝确切大小的泡沫纸垫搁在画架1.80米从地板。 </li><li>在安装在3.1.1.1.2扩散照明在长长的走廊年底分别与两个门0.5和肖像8μm时，显示的肖像，并用床单覆盖。放置在地板上两个标记，从画像为关闭状态1 0.5微米和其他8米的画像为远条件。 </li><li>随机分配参与者到t他关闭或远端条件，一个人像状态。您可以在关闭状态下进入的参与者从最近的门口走廊，并分配到远东条件的参与者进入，从最远的门走廊。 </li><li>有与会者停在由地板上的标记指示的位置，然后揭开画像。确保参与者都能够看到指定的标记，而不是只经历观看距离的任何变化的画像。 </li><li>有参加者在指定的肖像上观看的比例为1（不是内容在所有）到7（非常含量）的女人的口头表达率的感知满意。记录参与者在一张纸上反应（ 如，参与者1;关闭状态;蒙娜丽莎;知足= 5）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>上模糊程度（实验2） <ol><li>受试者实验中进行（ 即每个主题是存在ED与所有的实验条件下）与两个工具变量:人像（含三级:美丽的公主，蒙娜丽莎，和一个女孩的肖像的）;和模糊的水平（8个等级越来越模糊）。 注:因变量必须被视为满足。 <ol><li>招谁没有在研究以往任何阶段参加10人参加。 </li><li>创建具有高斯模糊12水平的增加一组用于每三个画像八个数字图像。确保模糊水平1个像素的步骤，以便在0-7范围内增加。 注意:在此过程中模糊的像素从他们的周围像素，距离市中心的捐款捐款去强调。 </li><li>设置一个22"（20"可见）CRT监视器设置在连接到计算机上1280×1024的分辨率。 </li><li>写软件19（见补充文件），显示在显示器上随机顺序肖像; AR呈现andom噪声标准（ 即 ，由黑色和白色的1个像素大点在屏幕上随机分布做了一个图）每个画面的呈现前一秒;让参与者使用键盘输入他们从1知足评级至7;并按下空格键时，记录了收视率。 注:请参阅如何能够在真实的基础19编程的实例文件的补充"为EXP 2.bak典"，虽然其他程序都可以使用。 </li><li>座椅参与者逐个在良好照明室从监视器50cm的时间。 </li><li>有与会者从1率美丽的公主，蒙娜丽莎的一个女孩的表达和人像感知知足至7使用键盘输入自己的收视率。当空格键被按下如上述步骤3.1.2.1.4记录的响应。 </li><li>为了消除影响参加者对新的评级之前的图像，存在的任何影响随机噪声面具全屏幕，一秒钟后会自动消失1秒被显示前的下一个图像。允许图像保留在屏幕上，只要参与者的欲望。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>在建立虚幻效果的来源（实验3） <ol><li>进行重复测量实验，两个工具变量:（8个等级）模糊的程度;和面膜的位置（有四个层次:没有面具，口罩，眼罩，或两者嘴和眼睛的面具）。 注:因变量必须被视为满足。 <ol><li>招谁没有在研究以往任何阶段参加10人参加。 </li><li>用美丽的公主同数字图像与实验2中使用使用图形软件（ 如 Photoshop中）不同层次的高斯模糊，创造的0.3×0.6厘米的实心黑色的矩形，并把它放在嘴里，或眼睛或在嘴和眼睛两者。 </li><li>创建三个多套蒙面图像导致一共有四套（包括每八个影像）:对于第一套创建的无屏蔽条件八个影像;第二组创造了口罩条件八个影像;对于第三套创造了眼膜条件八个影像（美丽的公主的眼睛可见的）;和第四创造的口眼条件八个影像。 注:面膜本身不能是模糊。看到这是如何在真实基本被编程为一个例子文件的补充"为EXP 3.bak代码"，虽然其他的方案都可以使用。 </li><li>使用CRT显示器和相同的条件实验2.让参加者通过按下数字键盘上的键通讯员上规模的1（不是内容全部）率美丽的公主的感知知足7（极度内容） 。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>距离上感知嘴斜（实验4）&lt;OL&gt; <li>进行主体间的实验（ 即在不同条件下的不同主体）与一个IV（观看距离有两个层次:关闭与远东）。 注:因变量必须是嘴的感知倾斜。 <ol><li>招收20名学员（10在关闭状态，10个在远东条件）谁没有在研究以往任何阶段参加。 </li><li>投影尺寸精确的在一个大房间，漫射照明（33.2厘米HX23.9厘米W）使用投影仪上连接到电脑屏幕美丽的公主的数字版本为1.80米的地板上。 </li><li>从屏幕的关闭状态放置在桌子上的无线键盘为0.5微米。广场上的表8米顶级无线键盘从屏幕远东条件。 注意:确保肖像的视网膜图像的度可视角度的大小是相同的实验1.确保partici裤子只从指定地点查看美丽的公主，并没有遇到在观看距离的任何变化。 </li><li>使用上述（3.1.3.1.3）中描述的编程软件，创建0.9厘米长的黑细线测量在屏幕上"句柄"（长度相同美丽的公主的嘴）。放置在同一水平细线4厘米到口的左侧。 </li><li>使手柄可调的右侧通过按下无线鼠标的按钮，当空格键被按下记录感知口倾斜角（见文件的补充"为EXP 4.bak代码"）。 </li><li>有与会者调节使用鼠标的"手柄"。指导参与者按下鼠标按钮直到它与女人的肖像口中的感知倾斜对齐调整手柄的倾斜。离开屏幕上的图像，只要参加者的欲望。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>模糊在感知嘴斜（实验5） <ol><li>进行重复测量实验一个IV（8个等级模糊）。 注:因变量必须是嘴的感知倾斜。 <ol><li>招谁没有在研究以往任何阶段参加10人参加。 </li><li>使用与用于实验2和实验4中使用的相同的屏幕上的设施相同的装置，呈现在屏幕上以在一个随机的顺序不同层次模糊的8个版本美丽的公主的（参见EXP 5.bak补充"代码"文件）。 </li><li>至于实验4，指导学员调整"句柄"的倾斜，直到它与女人的肖像口中的感知倾斜对齐。如实验2和在画面上3本的随机噪声掩模1秒被显示前的下一个图像。离开屏幕上的图像，只要参加者的欲望。 注:该软件记录当空格键被按下的感知口倾斜角。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kemp, M., Cotte, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> La Bella Principessa: The Story of the New Masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci. , (2010).</li><li>Livingstone, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+it+warm?+Is+it+real?+Or+just+low+spatial+frequency.">Is it warm? Is it real? Or just low spatial frequency.</a> Science. 290 (5495), 1299 (2000).</li><li>Soranzo, A., Newberry, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+uncatchable+smile+in+Leonardo+da+Vinci's+La+Bella+Principessa+portrait.">The uncatchable smile in Leonardo da Vinci's La Bella Principessa portrait.</a> Vis.Res. 113, 78-86 (2015).</li><li>Silverman, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Leonardo's Lost Princess. , (2012).</li><li>Kemp, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Leonardo. , (2011).</li><li>Kemp, M., Cotte, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> La Bella Principessa. The Story of the New Masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci. , (2010).</li><li>Bozzi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L'interosservazione+come+metodo+per+la+fenomenologia+sperimentale+[Interobservation+as+a+method+for+experimental+phenomenology].">L'interosservazione come metodo per la fenomenologia sperimentale [Interobservation as a method for experimental phenomenology].</a> Giorn. It Psic. 5, 229-239 (1978).</li><li>Bozzi, P., Martinuzzi, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Un+esperimento+di+interosservazione+[An+experiment+of+interobservation].">Un esperimento di interosservazione [An experiment of interobservation].</a> Riv. Psic. 74, 11-46 (1989).</li><li>Kubovy, M., Wilson, R. A., Keil, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gestalt+Psychology.">Gestalt Psychology.</a> The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. , 346-349 (1999).</li><li>Harr&#233;, R., Secord, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Explanation of Social Behaviour. , (1972).</li><li>Asch, S. E., Guetzkow, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+group+pressure+on+the+modification+and+distortion+of+judgments.">Effects of group pressure on the modification and distortion of judgments.</a> Groups, Leadership and Men. , 177-190 (1951).</li><li>Setlur, V., Gooch, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+that+a+smile?+Gaze+dependent+facial+expressions.">Is that a smile? Gaze dependent facial expressions.</a> NPAR 2004 Proceedings 3rd int. symp. on non-photorealistic animation and rendering. , 79-151 (2004).</li><li>Ekman, P., Friesen, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Unmasking the face. A guide to recognizing emotions from facial cues. , (1975).</li><li>Latto, R., Russell-Duff, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+oblique+effect+in+the+selection+of+line+orientation+by+twentieth+century+painters.">An oblique effect in the selection of line orientation by twentieth century painters.</a> Emp stud. Arts. 20 (1), 49-60 (2002).</li><li>Glaser, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis. , (1992).</li><li>Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. , (1967).</li><li>Strauss, A., Corbin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grounded+theory+research:+Procedures,+canons,+and+evaluative+criteria.">Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria.</a> Qual. Soc. 13, 3-21 (1990).</li><li>Strauss, A., Corbin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Grounded Theory in Practice. , (1997).</li><li>Kurtz, T. E., Arscott, J., Taggart, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Gold Edition Reference Guide for the True BASIC Language System. , (2010).</li><li>Z&#246;llner, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ueber+eine+neue+Art+von+Pseudoskopie+und+ihre+Beziehungen+zu+den+von+Plateau+und+Oppel+beschrieben+Bewegungs+phaenomenen.+[On+a+New+Kind+of+Pseudoskopics+and+its+Relationship+to+the+Motion+Phenomena+Described+by+Plateau+and+Oppel].">Ueber eine neue Art von Pseudoskopie und ihre Beziehungen zu den von Plateau und Oppel beschrieben Bewegungs phaenomenen. [On a New Kind of Pseudoskopics and its Relationship to the Motion Phenomena Described by Plateau and Oppel].</a> Annalen der Physik. 186, 500-525 (1860).</li><li>Hering, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Beitr&#228;ge zur Physiologie. I. Zur Lehre vom Ortssinne der Netzhaut [Contributions to physiology I about the doctrines of local senses of the retina. , (1861).</li><li>Orbison, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+correction+of+an+omission+in+"Shape+as+a+function+of+the+vector+field".">The correction of an omission in "Shape as a function of the vector field".</a> Am J.l of Psyc. 52, 309 (1939).</li><li>Anstis, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+furrow+illusion:+Peripheral+motion+becomes+aligned+with+stationary+contours.">The furrow illusion: Peripheral motion becomes aligned with stationary contours.</a> J. of Vis. 12, 1-11 (2012).</li><li>Ito, H., Yang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+short+line+segment+squirms+along+a+zigzag+line.">A short line segment squirms along a zigzag line.</a> i-Perc. 4, 141 (2013).</li><li>Ambadar, Z., Schooler, J. W., Cohn, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deciphering+the+Enigmatic+Face:+The+Importance+of+Facial+Dynamics+in+Interpreting+Subtle+Facial+Expressions.">Deciphering the Enigmatic Face: The Importance of Facial Dynamics in Interpreting Subtle Facial Expressions.</a> Am. Psych. Soc. 16 (5), 403-410 (2005).</li></ol>

The authors have no competing financial interests.

通过Soranzo＆纽贝里3所进行的研究结果表明，在达芬奇的美丽的公主画像表达的模糊性是由于视觉上的错觉。一种新的混合方法相结合三种方式:各国观察，结构化面试和心理实验获得通过。首先，使用了观测间的方法来洒在公主的面部表情的"模糊性"的一些情况。这种方法它涉及一起看，讨论，相互交换意见（Bozzi 7），带领参与者认识到的表达，或肖像的诱惑力是由感知变化触发。这一变化似乎涉及到肖像观看方式:公主的表情出现时，她是从不同的距离观察不同。此外，似乎外观这种变化可以归因于一个视觉上的错觉方向:嘴似乎采取从远处看时，向上的方向（引出一个开朗的表达），但似乎从近距离观察时，采取了向下的方向（引发敌对表达式）。此外，人们已经注意到，类似的变化由在所述图像的数字版本操纵模糊的水平发生。 在进行心理实验，以测试从观测方法间的调查结果制定了之前的假设，结构进行了采访，以确定心理层面负责表达的变化。有趣的是，参与者的描述并没有向外表达形式的框架，如&#39;微笑&#39;，但多与公主的内部情绪状态，比如她的"知足"的水平。该观测间和结构化面试的优点是，这些阶段导致了更清晰的数据驱动的量化阶段，红色uced炒作，以什么（潜在的）效果还是什么结构（S），它涉及到。最后，心理进行实验而证实该模糊影响美丽的公主的面部表情这种效果的和，这两个距离和水平可以归因于与她的嘴的方向的视觉错觉的假设。 方向的一个视觉上的错觉是依赖于空间频率的存在是非常有趣和新颖。虽然方向的众多视错觉的报道20，21，22，据我们对它们的认识都不是空间频率相关，至少在"静态"领域。方向的空间频率相关的变化已经报道23，24，虽然这些研究涉及动能，而不是静态的显示器。在Soranzo和纽伯里的研究3间观测阶段的结果表明，在第模糊Ë公主的表达可能从原来的空间频率相关的静态方向的错觉产生。此外，我们发现了类似的效果可以在蒙娜丽莎被观察到。由之前的蒙娜丽莎达芬奇画的画像相似的难以捉摸质量的存在是迷人的，特别是考虑到这种品质可能是什么使蒙娜丽莎如此受欢迎。 作为美丽的公主的微笑，观众试图"抓住它"就会消失，我们有一个名为这种视觉错觉的"栋笃神探微笑"。通过结合调查的不同阶段，研究具有重要意义相对于现有的方法，因为它使什么生成美丽的公主的表情（观测级间）模糊识别;在心理层面的标识进行调查（面试阶段）;和感性变化在前面的阶段确定以控制的方式（实验阶段）进行定量。前两个定性阶段启用可检验的假设不脱离研究者的先验信念影响要配制和第三量化级使假说以受控的设置进行测试。其他研究已经调查采用强迫选择响应格式的面部表情和情感。例如，在Ambadar，斯库勒和科恩的研究中25，要求参与者选择从一系列预定义选项最好地描述不同的面部表情的情感。这不会一直在Soranzo和纽贝里的3期研究合适的方法，因为提供了一组预定义的选项将有有限的参与者的反应。 该协议中的某些步骤必须加以强调。不同参与者必须招募的方法的三个不同阶段。而在间观察阶段参与者可熟悉的刺激，但重要的是在实验阶段参与者是幼稚与问候的假设。此外，刺激（肖像画数字拷贝）必须是高质量的分辨率，以及实验条件必须小心控制，例如照明条件。 该协议的一些限制必须铭记在心。一个限制是参与者间的观察阶段的选择。个体差异可能占讨论如何演变。例如，不同级别的艺术或知觉可能偏压讨论的现有知识的。由于这一阶段的目标是共同地发展通过"谈判"的过程中研究问题（S）（由Bozzi 7中引入定义，并概述）学者的招募参与者被认为是由于最适合的选择学者更可能在一个关键的和反对质疑的问题sidered方式。该协议为结构化面试阶段的一个限制是，这些问题可能导致参与者相信从不同的距离观看时，有在公主的表达差异。制定问题时，我们考虑过这个（例如，我们没有问"你觉得从远处看时公主看起来更快乐吗？"）。在所使用的李克特量表的心理阶段实验的局限性是应对方案的范围。 1至7的规模被认为是最合适的（1 =并不满足在所有7 =极为内容），因为这似乎更好地捕捉可能的情感范围公主的表情。更严格李克特量表（ 如 1 =并不满足在所有5 =极度的内容）可能没有捕捉到这一变化，而更广泛的范围（如 1 =并不满足在所有9 =极其内容）可能导致variabilit的任意增加的Y反应。 一般情况下，一些修改可以提高研究，将有助于解决使用该技术的一些限制未来的重复。例如，虽然Pollaiuolo的一个女孩的肖像被认为是美丽的公主一个合适的控制画像，因为它是从同一时期，有大小，演示文稿（无论是在轮廓画）和外观相似的题材，这是没有一个合适的控制蒙娜丽莎因为后者是花脸上，而不是个人资料。因此这将是有价值的，包括在未来的研究附加控制画像。 这种多级方法可以适用于未来的应用，研究不同虚幻现象，其中该效果的源是不明确的。例如，它可以适用于其他达芬奇绘画和那个时代的其他作品调查。它也可以是在investiga有益视错觉和灰那里是什么引起特殊效果和不确定性，其中的现象都没有明确，如反向的数字，虚幻的运动和影像后确定。

本文讨论了使用Soranzo和纽伯利3，调查达芬奇的美丽的公主画像的"栋笃神探微笑"假象的方法。采用的方法的总体目标是，以确定是什么让公主暧昧的表达。画像显示认定为比安卡，卢多维科的私生女，谁在13岁就要结婚了公爵的军队的米兰4的指挥官一名年轻女子的形象。据坎普5，画像在她1496 Kemp和柯特6结婚庆典的荣誉委托杜克指出，美丽的公主的表达含糊不清，"微妙一种说不出的程度"（第26页）虽然问题仍然是它是什么触发这种模糊性，以及是否这是类似于达芬奇的蒙娜丽莎察觉。 Soranzo和纽贝里的3个研究涉及其中结合了三个不同的研究方法三个阶段。使用这些不同的研究方法的理由是要进行，发达国家没有先验信念，从而减少潜在的研究者偏见的一个研究调查。第一阶段采用的观测方法间的调查，为什么公主的表达是模糊的;第二，结构化面试被用于识别心理层面支撑的"栋笃神探微笑&#39;的错觉;而在第三阶段进行实验，以测试配制前两个阶段的发现的基础上的假设。参与者的独立组中这三个阶段参加和每个阶段的结果影响了以下阶段。这可能是比较，如果研究人员确定了研究问题自己已经减少研究者偏见。 组合D的优点是ifferent研究方法比单一方法如下。首先，观测级间启用讨论采取什么地方歧义可能起源于（而不是研究者强行按自己预先确定的视图）的地方。二，面试阶段启用而不强加预定义的类别进行调查的心理层面的识别。第三，实验阶段启用在先前阶段中确定的感知变化以受控的方式进行量化。 跨观察 如上所述，美丽的公主的表情是"微妙一种说不出的程度"6。研究的第一步是，试图找出它是什么，使表达模糊的肖像。要做到这一点，由Paolo Bozzi和他的同事7假定的观测方法间，8个与三个参与者进行，资深作者。这种方法能够从直接经验中提取9尽可能多的信息，并涉及一起看，讨论，相互交换了意见。粘附到谁认为观察员应在观察过程中共同地参加在自然环境中（未在实验室）由Bozzi提供的准则研究的第一步;观察家应该知道研究者的假设（没有任何隐藏的假设）的;参与者指令应该是广泛的，共同讨论，而不是提供严格的指令;讨论应该超越第一印象（可以是就由阿希11发现所谓的"整合效应"这种方法的非渗透性的讨论，请参阅Bozzi 7）。据Bozzi，讨论应该超越第一印象，以探讨所有可能的解决方案。因此，结论是通过"谈判"的过程达到参与者和研究者之间，而谈判是通过一个共同帐户确定10的过程。与会者赠送了美丽的公主的画像搁在弥漫闪电画架副本。一般说明给予;被要求与会者讨论美丽的公主的暧昧表达。在谈判阶段，显然早在公主的表情，或肖像的诱惑力的模糊性，是由感性变化触发。公主的表情是模糊的，因为它是不稳定的;有时她看起来舒畅，精神愉快，而在其他时候，她看起来忧郁和敌对。然而，在此发生变化的条件还不知道。进一步检查和谈判导致了这一变化涉及肖像如何看待一致结论:公主的表情似乎改变时，她是从不同的观察迪立场。当公主从远处看她的嘴似乎采取一种向上的方向，使她显得友好和积极的，但只要肖像被接近，公主的嘴似乎采取了向下的倾斜，使她看起来悲伤和难以接近。换句话说，似乎在王妃的表达的模糊性是由于方向的视觉上的错觉，它依赖于观看距离。因为随着距离的空间频率的变化可以得出结论，这种变化涉及空间频率。 方向的空间频率相关的假象的存在还通过使用肖像的一个模糊数字版本的探讨。美丽的公主的数字版已经在计算机屏幕上模糊的水平操纵。模糊的过程本质上是将像素从他们的周围像素的捐款像素传播类型的卷积核，而脱emphas定义距离市中心12贡献。除了从远处看时，出现更多的快乐和幸福，作为一个模糊的图像查看时，美丽的公主也出现了更多的快乐和幸福。这支持的空间频率相关的错觉的想法。空间频率相关的面部表情的概念是由人的视觉系统是如何观察和解读面部表情13,14的微妙之处特别敏感广泛的理解支持。 结构化面试 该观测间阶段的结果使我们推测这种王妃的表达是不明确的，因为它是不稳定的，而且这种不稳定性可能是由于与该口的方向上的空间频率相关的知觉变化。他们认为，如果有一个"感性变化"涉及到的方式，画像观点ED，则必须有一个可控的方式来对另一个引起一次展示在观众（例如，忧郁的一个相当不是欢快的一个）。我们面临的挑战是找出如何控制美丽的公主的观众的印象，以产生比另一种印象。以定量的方式解决这一问题之前，结构进行了采访，以确定心理层面最能抓住这种感知的变化。 谁没有在研究的相互观察阶段参加四参加结构化面试的一部分。与会者展示在漫射照明画架美丽的公主的肖像休息完全相同的副本。参与者被要求描述公主的表情，并从接近或远离查看时要注意表达式中的任何差异。有趣的是，参与者的描述并没有向外EXPRES方面陷害sions如&#39;微笑&#39;，但多与公主的内部情绪状态。描述的扎根理论分析15,16,17,18中进行，发现用来形容公主的表情中最常见的词是"幸福"和"知足"。这些结果表明，在公主的表情变化可能与感知的"知足"变化的定义来更好地捕获。总之，跨观测和结构化面试阶段告知五个假设配方如下:首先，从美丽的公主的肖像观众的距离会影响他们自己的面部表情的看法。具体来说，知足的收视率会更高时，画像从更远看。二，模糊的肖像的水平会影响美丽的公主的感知满意。具体地，呈现的数字版本画像模糊水平的提高将导致增加知足的观众的看法。三，无法捕获的笑容错觉的主要原因是美丽的公主的肖像口区。第四，当肖像的距离操纵美丽的公主的嘴的感知倾斜将发生变化。具体地讲，嘴角时会出现距离增大采取向上转。第五，当肖像的数字版本呈现不同程度的模糊美丽的公主的嘴的感知倾斜将发生变化。具体地讲，嘴角时会出现模糊的水平增加采取向上转。 心理实验 在研究的定量阶段，分别进行了五次心理实验来测试上述假说。此外，因为它被假设为imilar效应将在蒙娜丽莎的表情可以观察到，这幅画像也被列入调查。此外，测试所调查的效果是否特定于美丽的公主和蒙娜丽莎或者是否可以是一般的莱昂纳多的时代的画像都还使用了控制画像。这是由纵向德尔皮耶罗画Pollaiuolo 1470左右一个女孩的。这被选为合适对照为美丽的公主作为画像是从同一时期，有在题材大小，演示和外观的相似性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>High quality same size reproductions of the following three portraits: The Mona Lisa and La Bella Principessa (Leonardo da Vinci) and Portrait of a Girl (Piero del Pollaiuolo)</td><td>The Print Shop - Sheffield Hallam University - Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S1 1WB, United Kingdom</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Easel for resting portraits on</td><td>No particular brand needed</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laptop computer with wireless mouse for experiments</td><td>Lenovo</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Programming software to write syntax to present the pictures in random order, record participant responses from the keyboard, and enable the measurement &#039;handle&#039; to be adjusted by participants</td><td>True Basic software</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image editing software</td><td>Adobe Photoshop CC 2015</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

investigating the 'uncatchable smile' in leonardo da vinci's la bella principessa: a comparison with the mona lisa and pollaiuolo's portrait of a girl

本文讨论了达芬奇的美丽的公主画像的"栋笃神探微笑"的幻觉是如何被发现。 Kemp和柯特1中描述的是公主和暧昧的表达"微妙一种说不出的程度。"三种方法的组合使用（相互观察，结构化面试，心理和实验）以确定哪些可依据该"模糊"。间的观察和结构化访谈方法被首先施加到产生依次通过一系列的心理实验测试实验的假设。这些研究方法相结合，最大限度地减少了研究者的信仰和偏见的研究设计发展的影响。它的出现，在美丽的公主的模糊性是通过在她的面部表情和满意的感知水平的变化触发此知觉变化的原因是A VIS关于她的嘴UAL错觉。此外，我们发现了类似的效果可以在蒙娜丽莎被观察到。作为美丽的公主的微笑，观众试图"抓住它"就会消失，我们命名为视觉错觉的"栋笃神探微笑"。蒙娜丽莎的微笑2难以捉摸的质量大概就是为什么画像是这么有名，所以由之前的蒙娜丽莎达芬奇画的画像相似的模糊性的存在更是有趣。

从结果可确认，在王妃的表达模糊可能是间观察阶段的谈判过程中由于方向的视觉上的错觉这取决于观看距离。因为随着距离的空间频率的变化可以得出结论，这种变化涉及空间频率。进行了结构化面试阶段获得的描述扎根理论分析，发现观察家倾向于描述知足方面她的表情变化。因此，术语&#39;满意&#39;&#39;被采纳为用于后续实验阶段的因变量。五个心理进行实验，以测试在以前定性阶段产生的假设。实验1支持假设1:当美丽的公主和蒙娜丽莎从远处观察他们的感知知足是显著高于日当一个画像是从近距离观看，而有是Pollaiuolo的一个女孩的肖像没有显著影响（ 见图1）。具体而言，在远东条件美丽的公主和蒙娜丽莎的平均感知知足约为2和1.5个单位以上（范围为1 - 7），而不是在关闭状态下，分别;,同时存在无显著差异Pollaiuolo的肖像一个女孩的。这一发现支持假设1二，模糊的水平影响美丽的公主的感知知足和蒙娜丽莎但不Pollaiuolo的肖像女孩的感知知足。如在图2中可以看出，增加模糊级别增加感知知足以线性方式，而此实验操作没有影响Pollaiuolo的肖像的女孩的感知知足。这一发现支持的假说。三，拉B的感知知足艾拉Principessa增加了与模糊中都没有面具和眼膜条件的水平，而有模糊的级别和任嘴和口都和眼膜条件感知知足之间没有显著的线性趋势（ 见图3）。这支持假设3，该抓不到笑容错觉，主要是由于肖像的口区。第四，美丽的公主的感知斜口与改变观看距离;她的嘴被认为在一定距离观看时取向上倾斜的，而它被认为从特写（参见图4）观察时采取向下方向。具体地说，在关闭状态的嘴被认为采取向下方向（平均约7.5度），而在远东条件，嘴被认为采取向上的方向（平均约1度）。这一发现支持假说4.最后，感知升斜口一个贝拉Principessa改变与模糊的程度;用模糊了她的嘴越来越水平进行观察时，认为采取更向上倾斜（ 见图5）。具体而言，口倾斜被认为采取时不施加模糊一个向下斜面（平均约8度）;并用了一个线性向上的方向时模糊的水平逐渐升高。这支持假设5。 图1-5展示了从Soranzo＆纽贝里3结果的例子来说明如何从实验的结果可能出现。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54248/54248fig1.jpg" /> 图 1. 美丽的公主，蒙娜丽莎画像的女孩的感知距离知足的影响。此图显示的距离会如何影响Ť他认为美丽的公主，蒙娜丽莎的满足感和一个女孩的肖像的。条表示标准误差。这个数字已经从Soranzo和纽伯利3修改。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54248/54248fig2.jpg" /> 图2. 模糊对美丽的公主，蒙娜丽莎画像的女孩的感知知足的效果。此图显示模糊可能如何影响美丽的公主，蒙娜丽莎的感知满意和一个女孩的肖像的。虚线利于趋势的看法。条表示标准误差。这个数字已经从Soranzo和纽伯利3修改。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54248/54248fig3.jpg" /> 图3. 模糊掩蔽和对美丽的公主的感知知足的影响。 </strong&gt;的此图显示模糊如何影响美丽的公主的感知满意时，不同的部分被屏蔽。条表示标准误差。这个数字已经从Soranzo和纽伯利3修改。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54248/54248fig4.jpg" /> 图4. 距离的感知嘴斜在美丽的公主的肖像的效果。此图显示的距离会如何影响在美丽的公主的肖像感知口倾斜。条表示标准误差。这个数字已经从Soranzo和纽伯利3修改。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54248/54248fig5.jpg" /> 图5. 模糊的感知嘴斜在美丽的公主的肖像的效果。此图显示了如何模糊可能影响在美丽的公主的肖像感知口倾斜。虚线利于趋势的看法。条表示标准误差。这个数字已经从Soranzo和纽伯利3修改。 补充文件1。规范实验2. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54248/Code_for_exp_2.BAK" target="_blank">请点击这里下载此文件。</a> 补充文件2，规范实验3. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54248/Code_for_exp_3.BAK" target="_blank">请点击这里下载此文件。</a> 补充文件3，规范实验4. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54248/Code_for_exp_4.BAK" target="_blank">请点击这里下载此文件。</a> <p类="jove_content"FO:保together.within页="1"&gt; 补充文件实验5. 4代码<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54248/Code_for_exp_5.BAK" target="_blank">，请点击此处下载该文件。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating the 'Uncatchable Smile' in Leonardo da Vinci's La Bella Principessa: A Comparison with the Mona Lisa and Pollaiuolo's Portrait of a Girl at JoVE

Investigating the 'Uncatchable Smile' in Leonardo da Vinci's La Bella Principessa: A Comparison with the Mona Lisa and Pollaiuolo's Portrait of a Girl

本文讨论了用于揭示达芬奇的美丽的公主画像的"栋笃神探微笑"假象的方法。三种方法的组合使用（相互观察，结构化面试，心理和实验），这导致调查本身形，恕不另行信念，从而减少潜在的研究者偏见。

调查达芬奇的美丽的公主的"栋笃神探微笑":与蒙娜丽莎和Pollaiuolo的一个女孩的肖像的比较

This paper discusses how the &#39;Uncatchable Smile&#39; illusion in Leonardo da Vinci&#39;s La Bella Principessa portrait was discovered. Kemp and Cotte1 ...

investigating-uncatchable-smile-leonardo-da-vinci-s-la-bella

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

6.9K 次观看.  Sheffield Hallam University. 本文讨论了用于揭示达芬奇的美丽的公主画像的"栋笃神探微笑"假象的方法。三种方法的组合使用（相互观察，结构化面试，心理和实验），这导致调查本身形，恕不另行信念，从而减少潜在的研究者偏见。 

视频: Investigating the 'Uncatchable Smile' in Leonardo da Vinci's La Bella Principessa: A Comparison with the Mona Lisa and Pollaiuolo's Portrait of a Girl

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Mori's Uncanny Valley Hypothesis1,2 proposes that the perception of humanlike characters such as robots and, by extension, avatars (computer-generated characters) can evoke negative or positive affect (valence) depending on the object's degree of visual and behavioral realism along a dimension of human likeness (DHL) (Figure 1). But studies of affective valence of subjective responses to variously realistic non-human characters have produced inconsistent findings 3, 4, 5, 6. One of a number of reasons for this is that human likeness is not perceived as the hypothesis assumes. While the DHL can be defined following Mori's description as a smooth linear change in the degree of physical humanlike similarity, subjective perception of objects along the DHL can be understood in terms of the psychological effects of categorical perception (CP) 7. Further behavioral and neuroimaging investigations of category processing and CP along the DHL and of the potential influence of the dimension's underlying category structure on affective experience are needed. This protocol therefore focuses on the DHL and allows examination of CP. Based on the protocol presented in the video as an example, issues surrounding the methodology in the protocol and the use in "uncanny" research of stimuli drawn from morph continua to represent the DHL are discussed in the article that accompanies the video. The use of neuroimaging and morph stimuli to represent the DHL in order to disentangle brain regions neurally responsive to physical human-like similarity from those responsive to category change and category processing is briefly illustrated.

Investigation of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis and affective experience requires an understanding of the hypothesis' dimension of human likeness (DHL). This protocol allows representation of the DHL and examination of categorical perception. Use of the same stimuli and fMRI to distinguish brain regions responsive to physical and category change is illustrated.

诡异谷假说“人类相似尺寸的感知和分类处理：一些方法论问题

Mori's Uncanny Valley Hypothesis1,2 proposes that the perception of humanlike characters such as robots and, by extension, avatars (computer-generated ...

科研

行为学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

观察虚拟社会交往中的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

神经科学

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

The paradigm detailed in this manuscript describes an applied experimental method based on real police investigations during which an eyewitness or victim to a crime may create from memory a holistic facial composite of the culprit with the assistance of a police operator. The aim is that the composite is recognized by someone who believes that they know the culprit. For this paradigm, participants view a culprit actor on video and following a delay, participant-witnesses construct a holistic system facial composite. Controls do not construct a composite. From a series of arrays of computer-generated, but realistic faces, the holistic system construction method primarily requires participant-witnesses to select the facial images most closely meeting their memory of the culprit. Variation between faces in successive arrays is reduced until ideally the final image possesses a close likeness to the culprit. Participant-witness directed tools can also alter facial features, configurations between features and holistic properties (e.g., age, distinctiveness, skin tone), all within a whole face context. The procedure is designed to closely match the holistic manner by which humans&#8217; process faces. On completion, based on their memory of the culprit, ratings of composite-culprit similarity are collected from the participant-witnesses. Similar ratings are collected from culprit-acquaintance assessors, as a marker of composite recognition likelihood. Following a further delay, all participants &#8212; including the controls&#160;&#8212; attempt to identify the culprit in either a culprit-present or culprit-absent video line-up, to replicate circumstances in which the police have located the correct culprit, or an innocent suspect. Data of control and participant-witness line-up outcomes are presented, demonstrating the positive influence of holistic composite construction on identification accuracy. Correlational analyses are conducted to measure the relationship between assessor and participant-witness composite-culprit similarity ratings, delay, identification accuracy, and confidence to examine which factors influence video line-up outcomes.

This applied experimental paradigm replicates circumstances by which an eyewitness to a real crime may create a holistic facial composite of the culprit from memory, and then attempt to identify the culprit from a video line-up containing the culprit or one in which he or she is not present.

整体面部复合创作以后的视频阵容目击者识别范式

The paradigm detailed in this manuscript describes an applied experimental method based on real police investigations during which an eyewitness or victim ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional rubber-hand illusion or the more recently discovered enfacement illusion. However, these examples require rather artificial experimental setups, in which the artificial effector needs to be stroked in synchrony with the participants&#39; real hand or face&#8212;a situation in which participants have no control over the stroking or the movements of their real or artificial effector. Here, we describe a technique to establish ownership illusions in a setup that is more realistic, more intuitive, and of presumably higher ecological validity. It allows creating the virtual-hand illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual hand presented on a screen or in virtual space in front of them. If the virtual hand moves in synchrony with the participants&#39; own real hand, they tend to perceive the virtual hand as part of their own body. The technique also creates the virtual-face illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual face in front of them, again with the effect that they tend to perceive the face as their own if it moves in synchrony with their real face. Studying the circumstances that illusions of this sort can be created, increased, or reduced provides important information about how people create and maintain representations of themselves.

Here, we describe virtual-hand and virtual-face illusion paradigms that can be used to study body-related self-perception/-representation. They have already been used in various studies to demonstrate that, under specific conditions, a virtual hand or face can be incorporated into one&#39;s body representation, suggesting that body representations are rather flexible.

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Investigating the Effect of Visual Imagery and Learning Shape-Audio Regularities on Bouba and Kiki

This article presents a protocol for investigating the role of visual imagery in the bouba/kiki-effect, whether training in noticing the bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities affects the bouba/kiki-effect and the recognition of individual bouba and kiki shapes, and finally what mental images these regularities produce. To generate bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities, there were two types of shapes (filled; outlined) and two types of audio (word; non-word sound). Three groups of individuals participated in three experiments: Blind, blindfold, and vision. The experiments were conducted in fixed order across participants, with no break between them. In Experiment 1 (pre-test-post-test design with three repeated within-group measures) the participants were asked to pick out the shape they associated with the auditory bouba/kiki; in Experiment 2 (within-subject design), to name one shape and some audio (sometimes congruous; sometimes incongruous) as &#8216;bouba&#8217; or &#8216;kiki;&#8217; and in Experiment 3 (post-test only design), to draw the shape they associated with the auditory bouba/kiki. The results suggest that the blindfold-group draw upon visual imagery to solve new problems, but not long term; that training in noticing bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities affects the bouba/kiki-effect and the recognition of individual bouba and kiki shapes, but differently in each experimental group; and that all experimental groups create mental images of the most characteristic shape feature of bouba (curve) and kiki (angle). In fact, the effect of visual imagery is robust across tasks, but not long term; the effect of learning shape-audio regularities is robust long term, but not across tasks. The presented protocol is appropriate for investigating the effect of visual imagery and learning shape-audio regularities, when they occur and how robust they are; in specific individuals and groups of individuals. This protocol is unique in that it keeps under control both the visual imagery and the sensory information during training and testing.

The aim of the presented protocol is to investigate the role of visual imagery in the bouba/kiki-effect, whether training in noticing the bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities affects the bouba/kiki-effect and the recognition of individual bouba and kiki shapes, and finally what mental images these regularities produce.

视觉影像与学习形状-音频规律对布巴和基基的影响

This article presents a protocol for investigating the role of visual imagery in the bouba/kiki-effect, whether training in noticing the bouba/kiki ...

Applying Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging to Investigate the Palettes and the Techniques of Painters

Reflectance Spectroscopy (RS) and Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) are well-established techniques for the investigation of works of art with particular attention to paintings. Most modern museums put at the disposal of their research groups portable equipment that, together with the intrinsic non-invasiveness of RS and FORS, makes possible the in situ collection of reflectance spectra from the surface of artefacts. The comparison, performed by experts in pigments and painting materials, of the experimental data with databases of reference spectra drives the characterization of the palettes and of the techniques used by the artists. However, this approach requires specific skills and it is time consuming especially if the number of the spectra to be investigated becomes large as is the case of Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging (HRI) datasets. The HRI experimental setups are multi-dimensional cameras that associate the spectral information, given by the reflectance spectra, with the spatial localization of the spectra over the painted surface. The resulting datasets are 3D-cubes (called hypercubes or data-cubes) where the first two dimensions locate the spectrum over the painting and the third is the spectrum itself (i.e., the reflectance of that point of the painted surface versus the wavelength in the operative range of the detector). The capability of the detector to simultaneously collect a great number of spectra (typically much more than 10,000 for each hypercube) makes the HRI datasets large reservoirs of information and justifies the need for the development of robust and, possibly, automated protocols to analyze the data. After the description of the procedure designed for the data acquisition, we present an analysis method that systematically exploits the potential of the hypercubes. Based on Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and on the manipulation of the collected spectra, the algorithm handles and analyzes thousands of spectra while at the same time it supports&#160;the user to unveil the features of the samples under investigation. The power of the approach is illustrated by applying it to Quarto Stato, the iconic masterpiece by Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo, held in the Museo del Novecento in Milan (Italy).

Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging hypercubes include remarkable information into a large amount of data. Therefore, the request for automated protocols to manage and study the datasets is widely justified. The combination of Spectral Angle Mapper, data manipulation, and a user-adjustable analysis method constitutes a key-turn for exploring the experimental results.

应用高光谱反射率成像来研究调色板和画家的技术

Reflectance Spectroscopy (RS) and Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) are well-established techniques for the investigation of works of art with ...

化学

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>用于分析 MRI 环境中对外部线索的行为反应的管道

Profiling Maternal Behavior Responses During Whole-Brain Imaging

Recent advancements in whole-brain imaging tools have enabled neuroscientists to investigate how coordinated brain activity processes external cues, influencing internal state changes and eliciting behavioral responses. For example, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive technique that allows for the measurement of whole-brain activity in awake, behaving mice using the blood oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) response. However, to fully understand BOLD responses evoked by external stimuli, it is crucial that experimenters also assess behavioral responses during scans. The MRI environment poses challenges to this goal, rendering commonly employed methods of behavioral monitoring incompatible. These challenges include (1) a restricted field of view and (2) the limited availability of equipment without ferromagnetic components. Presented here is a behavioral video analysis pipeline that overcomes these limitations by extracting valuable information from videos acquired within these environmental constraints, enabling the evaluation of behavior during the acquisition of whole-brain neural data. Employing methods such as optical flow estimation and dimensionality reduction, robust differences can be detected in behavioral responses to stimuli presented during fMRI scans. For example, representative results suggest that mouse pup vocalizations, but not pure tones, evoke significantly different behavioral responses in maternal versus virgin female mice. Moving forward, this behavioral analysis pipeline, initially tailored to overcome challenges in fMRI experiments, can be extended to various neural recording methods, providing versatile behavioral monitoring in constrained environments. The coordinated evaluation of behavioral and neural responses will offer a more comprehensive understanding of how the perception of stimuli leads to the coordination of complex behavioral outputs.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>在全脑成像过程中分析母体行为反应

Presented here is a video analysis pipeline that overcomes challenges in behavioral monitoring within MRI environments, allowing for the detection of uninstructed behavioral responses to external cues. This analysis will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of evoked internal state changes and brain-wide activity.

在全脑成像过程中分析母体行为反应

Recent advancements in whole-brain imaging tools have enabled neuroscientists to investigate how coordinated brain activity processes external cues, ...

调查达芬奇的美丽的公主的"栋笃神探微笑":与蒙娜丽莎和Pollaiuolo的一个女孩的肖像的比较

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

诡异谷假说“人类相似尺寸的感知和分类处理：一些方法论问题

观察虚拟社会交往中的神经关联的脑成像研究

整体面部复合创作以后的视频阵容目击者识别范式

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

视觉影像与学习形状-音频规律对布巴和基基的影响

应用高光谱反射率成像来研究调色板和画家的技术

在全脑成像过程中分析母体行为反应

在全脑成像过程中分析母体行为反应