The authors would like to thank Dr. Christina Ginkel (German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE), Dr. Michaela M&#246;hring (DZNE) and Dr. Robert Stark (DZNE) for assistance in animal breeding and animal health care. This work was financially supported by the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut f&#252;r Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM) Bonn, Germany.

伦理学声明:根据当地和机构理事会关于动物保健（波恩大学，BfArM，LANUV，德国）的指导方针进行所有的动物实验。此外，所有的动物实验是按照上级的立法， 如进行。，的1986年11月24日（86/609 / EEC）或单个区域或国家立法欧洲共同体理事会指令。具体的努力来尽量减少使用动物和他们的痛苦的数量。 1.实验动物<ol><li>实验动物和品种选择<ol><li>在啮齿类动物中进行无线电遥测研究， 即 ，小鼠和履行同源性，同构和可预测的与特定人类疾病7,9,45,46的要求影响。 注:可用其他小鼠和大鼠品系可在基本的生理和病理characterist严重差异集成电路47-49。 </li><li>考虑或进行后续的电生理实验， 例如 ，针对麻醉剂，睡眠结构和癫痫敏感性50,51的适用剂量之前评估小鼠/大鼠品系的生理和病理特点。 </li><li>注意研究设计性别具体特点。发情周期可以强烈地影响中央节律性，其生理依赖，睡眠和癫痫发作52-54。因此，性别进行具体分析。 注意:如果金融和实验的能力是有限的，限制到雄性小鼠被劝告。 </li></ol></li><li>动物住房和处理<ol><li>房子小鼠和大鼠的过滤器顶笼，甚至好于单独通风笼子里。 </li><li>从动物转移工厂小鼠放置在特殊的实验室房间专门为植入动物通风柜及其随后的记录（ 图1）。 </li><li>地面运输，地方动物一个星期在标准条件下通风柜， 即 ，21±2℃的环境温度，50后驯化- 。60％相对湿度，和常规的12小时光照/黑暗循环。 </li><li>在此之前手术植入，在3组小鼠的房子-在透明的聚碳酸酯笼II型4例（26.7厘米×20.7厘米点¯x14.0厘米，区域410 平方厘米）与自由采食饮水和标准食物颗粒。使用透明聚碳酸酯笼III型（42.5厘米×26.6厘米点¯x18.5厘米，区域800 cm 2）的老鼠。 </li><li>不要单独在这个阶段/隔离动物的隔离会导致压力以后影响实验结果。然而，下面的外科器械，房子动物分别为动物趋向于操纵伤口拆线/缝合线或金属夹（见下文）。 </li><li>避免开放住房条件，因为它们是用于各种的S判定为不当系统求解的问题， 例如 ，睡眠研究。 </li><li>使用小鼠和大鼠的特定设备，使得既不小鼠也不大鼠可以感应彼此的存在，因为这带来额外的压力到动物。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.脑电遥测系统注意:所述的协议是基于用于表面和深脑脑电图记录（ 图2）的市售的遥测系统。 <ol><li>使用适合于小鼠或大鼠植入一个射频遥测植入物， 例如 ，一信道发送或两信道发送。 注意:这两个发射机能够测量各种生物电势， 即 ，脑电图（EEG），心电图（ECG），肌电图（EMG），而且身体活动和温度。他们有一个磁性致动开闭机构。发射器和检测引线提供无菌的。如果发射机是被重新使用按照制造商对再灭菌说明。 </li><li>高频伽马分析（高达500赫兹），例如，选择具有较高标称采样率（F，高达5000赫兹）和发射机带宽（B，高达500赫兹）发射机。特别是，考虑奈奎斯特-香农采样的限制， 即 ，脑电图数据可以分析多达到f / 2的绝对值的最大值，但不超过。对于可靠的频率分析，F / 10的频率带宽（B） - 推荐F / 5。 注意:科学问题有待解决必须满足变送器​​的技术规格。 </li></ol> 3.麻醉和疼痛管理<ol><li>使用异氟醚麻醉。 <ol><li>放置动物中填充有4的"吸气室" - 5％异氟醚和0.8 - 1％的氧气或卡波金（5％CO 2和95％O 2）的升/分。维持麻醉的期望深度与硅面罩提供流动1.5- 3.0％的异氟醚和0.8 - 1％的氧气或卡波金升/分（ 图3A）。 注:将合适的异氟烷浓度按体重（分配体积），年龄，性别和动物的遗传背景而变化。如果气体麻醉设备不可用， 即 "感应室"，卡波或供氧，流量计，异氟醚蒸发，清除系统，参见3.2节。通过抽吸系统（清除系统， 图3A）将被安装，以避免实验者的异氟烷曝光排出（管不用于演示的视频文档中示出）。 </li></ol></li><li>当吸入aneesthetics是不是一种选择，通过注射麻醉药麻醉执行。在0.9％的NaCl制备esketamine盐酸盐（啮齿动物剂量100毫克/千克）和赛拉嗪盐酸盐（啮齿动物剂量10毫克/千克）的组合，并且注入腹膜内根据它的动物体重。 </li><li>观察动物小心y表示使用尾捏脚捏麻醉深度和通过监测呼吸率（小鼠150 - 220次/分钟;大鼠70 - 115次呼吸/分钟）。检查可能喘气。 注:不同的小鼠和大鼠线可表现出不同的敏感性麻醉。这同样适用于转基因小鼠模型如此。 注:气管插管是不是在啮齿类动物必须的。事实上，插管增加气管损坏的风险。 </li></ol> 4.手术方法 - 一般问题<ol><li>在应用补充的温暖和使用循环温水毯，电保温板，保温灯，强制热风单位或暖袋，以保持身体的核心温度后手术。保持后者在36.5 - 38.0℃（98.6 - 100.4°F）。 注意:小型啮齿动物易患低温由于其高身体表面（鼠标，10.5×（重量以克）2/3;大鼠，10.5×（克重量）2/3）的比到机身体积。 </li><li>避免角膜干燥和覆盖在整个注入过程基于石油的人工泪液软膏或泛醇（详见视频文件）和早期恢复的眼睛，直到闪烁的反射完全恢复。 </li><li>蒸压手术器械（见材料表 ），用于消毒或将其置于消毒剂。 注意:优雅和快速的方式是用玻璃珠的基于热外科器械灭菌的使用。 </li><li>有一个双目手术显微镜的放大倍率，并通过灵活的或自支撑，可移动的光导可用于强光照射冷光源。 </li><li>穿干净的实验室外套，口罩，头罩和无菌手套。 注:最佳耗材和工具可能会从实验室变化到实验室，必须满足实验室具体和体制要求。 </li></ol> 5.手术 - 发射机安置<ol><li>清除体内海ř从使用剃须刀完全麻醉的小鼠/大鼠头皮。清洁用消毒剂如，70％的乙醇的剃区域，碘基擦洗。避免皮肤过敏或炎症由于过度曝光。放置在加热毯俯卧动物麻醉过程中保持体温。 </li><li>使用手术刀，使头皮上的正中切口从前额（使得前囟craniometric里程碑式变为可见）连接到颈（使得梯形肌肉变得可见）。从颈部切口部位开始，并用手术剪，打开沿着由钝器解剖动物的横向侧面皮下小袋。 </li><li>在皮下袋中注入1毫升的0.9％NaCl。将与侧翼接近腹腹部皮下口袋里面向颅感应导线变送器。如果发射机具有一个缝合线标签，使用一个或多个STI固定在背/外侧皮肤发射机CHES（过和悬停缝线）。 注意变送器的固定是不是必须的。要特别注意防止手术部位和发射器植入物的污染。窗帘应当被用来正确地隔离从非无菌区域无菌。 </li><li>对于手术后护理和疼痛管理，见第8。 </li></ol> 6.立体定向表面电极植入<ol><li>将麻醉下的立体框架上的动物，小心地将头与杆的帮助和鼻夹的位置，以使头骨的前囟门和lambda craniometrics景点都在同一水平（ 图3B）。用耳棒不损伤内耳。封面用棉球如有必要，耳酒吧。这种预防措施允许立体框架内的头部紧固定。 </li><li>清洁棉提示骨膜不破坏时间和枕部肌肉。预先处理的浅层薄层头骨与0.3％H 2 O 2的鼠标头骨和3％H 2 O 2的大鼠头骨。这个过程清楚地暴露颅缝和craniometrics地标，如前囟门和lambda（ 图4B，C）。 </li><li>使用一种特殊的，设备齐全的立体设置用于小鼠和大鼠包括耳棒和立体框架鼻夹的大小适应分别小鼠和大鼠。确保立体框架包括与对异氟醚蒸发器和异氟醚清道夫模块连接的气体麻醉面罩。 注意:计算机化的三维立体的设置与特定小鼠和大鼠脑坐标软件包括用户接口，用于导航和三维图谱，允许轴向，冠状和矢状的观点推荐的。 </li><li>安装在立体框架的纵臂精密钻孔机。使用垂直手臂装铅笔或钢笔在选择的坐标留下一个微小的标志头骨，如果顶部没有电脑立体定位系统是可用的。 </li><li>钻孔仔细考虑到小鼠和大鼠在颅脑骨厚度严重差异。此外，注意鼠颅骨的厚度很大程度上取决于国产化，例如在小鼠中， 操作系统前锋 :中线部分:320-390微米，横截面:300 - 430微米; OS parietale:中线部分:210 - 250微米，横截面:200 - 210微米; OS occipitale:中线部分:600 - 730微米，横截面:380 - 420微米）。 </li><li>钻孔压自由最大速度。 注意:这避免了头骨，这可能导致在钻头头部和潜在的损害主要在皮质场突然突破的强直性压平。对于开颅手术，强烈建议神经外科高速精密电机钻系统。 </li><li>在选择具有典型的钻头直径坐标钻颅骨钻孔0.3 - 0.5毫米。 注意:所述孔的直径可能会因电极直径较小。作为一般规则，直径越小，则所产生的损伤较小。 </li><li>弯曲的发射机&#39;感测头的笔尖用作硬膜外电极，并直接将其放置在在所选择的坐标的孔硬脑膜。或者，使用皮质骨螺钉和机械它们附加到发射器（ 图4A）的传感引线。 </li><li>对于从表面， 如录音，鼠运动皮层M1 / M2，定位电极， 例如，在:颅1毫米，横向1.5毫米（左半球）。放置在小脑皮层硬膜外参考电极:前囟-6毫米，横向的前囟1毫米（左半球）或前囟-6毫米，横向的前囟1毫米（右半球）（ 图4D）。 注意:小脑作为参考，因为它是一个electroencephalographically无声区域。 Stereotaxic坐标可以从小鼠和大鼠标准立体地图集导出。 </li><li>修复用玻璃离子牙科用水泥（水基），这是非常难，并给出到底层脑颅附着力强的电极。 注意:如果使用玻璃离聚物牙科水泥，无锚定螺栓是必要的，以确保电极。 </li><li>离开水泥干5分钟。收使用过和悬停缝线用非可吸收的5-0 / 6-0的缝合材料头皮。可替代地，可以使用皮胶。密切监视基于所述电极植入部位脑电图记录的质量。注意:骨化从钻孔可发生具有抬起电极随时间的能力。这可能导致降低的脑电图质量由于肌电图和心电图污染，因而可以限制最佳记录持续时间。 </li><li>对于手术后护理和疼痛管理，见第8。 </li><li>验证脑电电极位置验尸。 <ol><li>对于安乐死，将动物（收费）孵化室，引进100％的二氧化碳。使用10％的填充率 - 每分钟腔室容积与添加到现有的空气中孵育室二氧化碳的30％。这是适合于实现以最小的痛苦的动物迅速失去知觉。 注意:避免清醒动物的突然暴露于二氧化碳浓度&gt; 70％，因为这已被证明是痛苦的。 </li><li>观察每只小鼠/大鼠缺乏呼吸和褪色的眼睛的颜色。保持以下呼吸停止的最小的1分钟的 CO 2的流动。预计时间无意识是3分钟通常在2。 </li><li>如果观察到这两个星座，然后从笼中老鼠;否则继续揭露他们CO 2。如果在2至3分钟未发生意识障碍，检查室填充率。 </li><li>为了验证正确的电极放置，消灭脑死后， 例如 ，下面的CO <sUB&gt; 2安乐死并在PBS修复它们在4％多聚甲醛（pH 7.4）中过夜。替代地，执行使用冰冷的磷酸盐缓冲盐水的动物的心脏灌注;其次是溶于PBS中的4％多聚甲醛（PFA）溶液（PBS pH 7.4）中。 </li><li>随后冷冻保护在PBS中并储存大脑30％的蔗糖在4℃直到进一步的处理在RT 4小时在4％PFA - 后缀大脑2。 </li><li>使用样本矩阵低温恒温器切片，冷冻大脑到一个立体方块，并使用低温恒温器切成60微米冠状切片。片山到玻片上，空气干燥，染色和使用标准技术来可视化支渠和前电极位置尼氏蓝色。 注:这种方法也揭示了表面电极是否已放置到深不慎被留下轻微的冲击上皮层的顶部。 </li></ol></li></ol> 7.立体定向脑深部电极脑电图Implantat离子<ol><li> 6.2 - 如第6.1节所述预对待动物的头皮和头骨。选择仔细深电极的类型，同时在考虑其材料特性， 例如 ，直径和阻抗和可能连接到变送器的传感引线。 注意:帕利灵涂覆钢和钨电极常用。电极特性必须适合个别实验的需要。如果未设置电极无菌的，它们应在70％的乙醇在使用前培养。作为电极涂敷用于本实验的目的，基于热灭菌是不适用的。 </li><li>作为使用立体定位系统在第6条所述钻在选择的坐标孔。定位到例如鼠海马CA1区，它作为一个深入研究脑区域中，放置微分电极在以下坐标参照前囟:尾椎2毫米，横向1.5毫米（右半球）和背腹（深度）2毫米。将硬膜外参考电极上的小脑皮质， 例如 ，前囟-6毫米，侧的前囟门1毫米（左或右半球）（ 图4D，E）。 注意:小脑电极用作对小脑的无声区的伪参考电极。立体坐标可以从小鼠和大鼠的标准立体地图集得到。 </li><li>取决于他们如何进深脑插入缩短深电极至所需的长度。通过在两者之间的弯曲两部分，以90°角连接的电极对的发射机引线的不锈钢螺旋的颅外一部分。 </li><li>夹深电极发射机械的传感领先。不要焊接尽可能因为这可以在脑电图记录诱发显著噪音。通过的尖部移除外硅隔离短款揭露的发射机铅不锈钢螺旋使用无菌手术刀刀片发射机引线。 </li><li>重新连接发射机到脑深部电极的引线。确保这两个组件（ 图4F）的合适的和稳定的连接。附加注入的电极（其机械地连接到发射机铅）到立体定位装置的垂直臂。 </li><li>修复用玻璃离子牙科水泥（水），这是非常难，并给出到底层脑颅附着力强的电极。离开水泥干5分钟。收使用过和悬停缝线用非可吸收的5-0 / 6-0的缝合材料头皮。可替代地，可以使用皮胶。 </li><li>密切监视基于所述植入电极侧脑电图记录的质量。 注意:骨化从钻孔可发生具有抬起电极随时间的能力。这可导致降低脑电图质量由于肌电图和心电图污染，因而可以限制的最佳拍摄奥尔丁时间。这是深电极放置特殊的意义。 </li><li>对于手术后护理和疼痛管理，见第8。 </li><li>验证脑电电极放置在后段6.13验描述。 </li></ol> 8.术后护理和术后疼痛管理<ol><li>无人看管，直到它已经恢复了足够的意识，以保持胸骨斜卧不要让动物。 </li><li>不要返回已动过手术，以公司的其他动物，直到完全康复的动物。 </li><li>用于手术后疼痛控制，选择下列基团之一的一个药物:麻醉阿片样物质，阿片类激动剂/拮抗剂，α2激动剂，局部麻醉和非类固醇消炎药（NSAID）55-60请注意，由于通过。手术的严重性3天的镇痛治疗是可取的。 <ol><li>如果使用丁丙诺啡，管理以下剂量:鼠标:0.05- 0.1毫克/千克，IP，SC，每6 - 12小时;鼠:0.01 - 0.05毫克/千克，IP，SC，每8 - 12小时。 </li><li>如果使用布托啡诺，管理以下剂量:鼠标:1.0 - 5.0毫克/公斤，SC，每4小时;鼠:2.0 - 2.5毫克/千克，SC，每4小时。 </li><li>如果使用曲马多，管理以下剂量:小鼠，大鼠:10 - 30毫克/公斤，IP </li><li>如果使用氟尼辛，管理以下剂量:鼠标:2.5毫克/千克，SC，每12小时;鼠:1.1毫克/公斤，SC，每12小时。 </li><li>如果使用酮洛芬，管理以下剂量:鼠标:5毫克/公斤，SC，每12 - 24小时;鼠:5毫克/公斤，SC，每12 - 24小时。 </li><li>如果使用安乃近，辖以下剂量:小鼠，大鼠:100毫克/ kg，腹腔，每8小时。 </li><li>如果使用美洛昔康，辖以下剂量:小鼠，大鼠:1毫克/千克SC，每24小时。 </li><li>如果使用卡布洛芬，管理以下剂量:鼠标:5-10毫克/公斤，SC，每12 - 24小时;鼠:2.5 - 5.0毫克/千克，SC，每12 - 24小时。 </li><li>如果使用acetaminophen，管理以下剂量:鼠标:300毫克/公斤，PO，每4小时;鼠:100 - 300毫克/公斤，每4小时。 </li><li>如果使用利多卡因（作为辅助止痛药），给予以下剂量:小鼠，大鼠:1 - 4毫克/千克SC </li></ol></li><li>当使用卡布洛芬（啮齿动物用量5 - 10毫克/千克SC，在0.9％NaCl溶液稀释） - 外科仪器结束前15分钟，并重复随后的两个长期持久的手术后疼痛管理，执行初始注入10天，每天一次。 </li><li>术后，进料湿润粒料，以便于食物摄取。仔细观察食品（约15克/ 100克/天;约5克/ 24小时）和水（约15毫升/ 100克/天;约5毫升/ 24小时）的消费。 </li><li>密切监测动物的正常姿势和行为的回报。 注:抗生素如恩诺沙星或甲氧苄啶，磺胺全身给药通常建议但不是绝对必要的，除非在次脑膜炎或脑炎的炎症迹象检测到植入电子网站。 </li><li>给小鼠附加至少10至14天，以开始脑电图记录用于进一步分析之前完全恢复。 注:具体的实验任务，可能需要更长的恢复时间。 </li><li>通过评估体重的术后发展后续植入后术后恢复。 5手术后接着在10重量的轻微的，但不断增加 - - 14天的恢复期体重最大减少通常约4天观察到。 </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

可植入的EEG遥测是中央的相关性，因为它是一个非限制的技术，使实验动物来执行他们的行为1,3充分剧目。这是主要感兴趣的是遥测方法使得不仅自发脑电图记录但在认知任务和昼夜分析设置，如T-迷宫，迷宫，水迷宫，剥夺睡眠的任务或每当脑电图记录是必要的或有帮助也记录在复杂的认知和运动活力。 这个协议描述了在小鼠和大鼠并连接到可植入的EEG射频发射机?...

遥测是用于测量各种行为和生理特性的不同大小的自觉，奔放的动物，特别是脑电图，心电图，肌电图，血压，身体核心温度和活动测量1-7的背景下，最有价值的方式方法。从理论上说，任何物种可使用可植入的EEG遥测从实验室啮齿动物如小鼠和大鼠，以猫，狗，猪和灵长类3,8进行分析。即使是鱼类，爬行动物和两栖动物都受到无线电遥测调查9。在过去的二十年中，可植入的EEG遥测已经被证明是人类疾病的各种转基因动物模型，如癫痫，睡眠障碍，神经变性和神经精神障碍7,10-12的表征有价值。在过去，很多方式方法收集生理数据，包括生物电势小鼠和大鼠一直递减ribed。穿夹克录像机系统，物理克制方法，非植入radiotransmitters和系留系统已收到主要关注在过去的13,14。现今，对于无线电遥测植入各种系统是市售的。然而，文学的屏幕还透露29出版物描述自制无线电遥测系统15-40的发展。而自制系统很可能更便宜和更用户适于市售系统是直线前进，安装比较容易，并可以快速地进行设置。 可植入的EEG遥测具有许多比同类技术如物理约束的方法，穿在护套系统或系留的方法的优点。后者是由定义约束， 即 ，动物是无法移动或它的正常行为受到损害。它甚至可能需要麻醉动物为采集重新负责数据。然而现代系留系统有可能是抑制少，但是这需要经过科学验证。另一方面遥测允许动物表现出其行为的完整全集而不时空限制，因此，被认为是优越的，以抑制方法和更预测，可以在人类1,3-获取的结果。它是已知的相当长一段时间了抑制方法可以显着地改变基本的生理参数， 例如 ，食物摄入量，身体核心体温，血压和心脏速率和用于实施例3的体力活动。系留系统代表一个仍然被广泛使用的经典限制的做法13,14。这要么硬膜外或深电极电极通常连接到锚定到头盖骨的微型插座。插座本身被暴露的电缆，其允许动物的相对自由运动的附着。 ALTHough时下系留系统已变得极为花丝和高度灵活的，它的主要缺点之一是，它仍然是半约束。此外，还有可能是感染了在电极植入部位的危险随​​着动物倾向于操纵从其主体（头部）始发任何外部设备。虽然无线遥测技术在不同物种已经在60年代末描述并因此存在了几十年，它只是在最近才负担得起的，可靠的，而且比较容易使用的10,41,42，特别是在小啮齿类实验动物如小鼠和大鼠。小型，微型植入脑电图发射机现在可商购，并且可以在小鼠中有20克（约10周）更大的植入。因此，特别是转基因小鼠模型的电生理学表征已成为可植入的EEG遥测这些天应用的一个主要领域。动物的大小不再是一个绝对的实验restric而化发射机"电池的寿命的确是。尽管其有限的生命时间，植入式发射系统能够最大限度地减少通过抑制系统相关的潜在的录音带来的压力最不利的。鼠害可呈现的生理行为，包括休息，运动活性（探索）和睡眠（REM，慢波睡眠）43,44的完整医疗设备。重要的是，植入式遥测能强烈地减少动物使用3。目前，对如何限制实验动物科学的数量和减少他们的痛苦激烈的讨论。显然，动物实验和人类和动物疾病的动物模型是我们的底线病理生理学和治疗取得进步的了解是必不可少的。此外，动物实验是新药研发的关键。他们基本上对药物临床前牌/毒物学研究贡献因此，致力于人类和动物保健。这是值得注意的是，目前没有替代品尚未有对动物的研究来了解这将是不可能的，否则将引起复杂的病理生理机制。与此同时，在3R， 即 ，更换，减少和细化战略在欧盟和美国大力鼓励研究补充和替代方法。遥测是一个成功的3R策略，因为它可以减少与其它技术相比实验动物的数量和他们的痛苦的一个重要例子。 在这里，我们提供详细的和连续的一步一步的方式在小鼠和大鼠进行射频发射机的皮下袋注入​​。此第一序列之后是立体硬膜外和深脑脑电图电极定位的描述。特别注意的是住房条件，麻醉，围绝经期和术后疼痛管理和可能的抗感染治疗。重点是计算机化的三维立体的方式可靠地瞄准硬膜外和深脑结构。我们也会在脑电图电极植入实验频繁陷阱和战略的术后恢复过程中减少损伤和疼痛管理的优化意见。最后，表面和深脑电图记录的实例。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen (Rimadyl VET - InjektionA2:D43sl&#246;sung)</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>PZN 0110208</td>
			<td>20 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>binocular surgical magnification microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>0000001003877, 4355400000000, 0000001063306, 4170530000000, 4170959255000, 4551820000000, 4170959040000, 4170959050000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bulldog serrefine</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>18051-28</td>
			<td>28mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cages (Macrolon)</td>
			<td>Techniplast</td>
			<td>1264C, 1290D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cold light source</td>
			<td>Schott KL2500 LCD</td>
			<td>9.705&#160;202</td>
			<td>ordered at Th.Geyer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cotton tip applicators (sterile)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>EH12.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexpanthenole (Bepanthen Wund- und Heilsalbe)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>PZN: 1578818</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>drapes (sterile)</td>
			<td>Hartmann</td>
			<td>PZN 0366787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>9065.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.3% / 3% hydrogene peroxide solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>95321</td>
			<td>30% stock solution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gloves (sterile)</td>
			<td>Unigloves</td>
			<td>1570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dental glas ionomer cement</td>
			<td>KentDental /NORDENTA</td>
			<td>957 321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2% glutaraldehyde solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G6257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Forceps-curved, serrated</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11052-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsey Micro Needle Holder-Tungsten Carbide</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>12500-12</td>
			<td>12.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heat-based surgical instrument sterilizer</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>18000-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heating pad</td>
			<td>AEG HK5510</td>
			<td>520010</td>
			<td>ordered at myToolStore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>high-speed dental drill</td>
			<td>Adeor</td>
			<td>SI-1708</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors extra thin&#160;</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14058-09</td>
			<td>9 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inhalation narcotic system (isoflurane)</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus GmbH</td>
			<td>34-1352, 10-1340, 34-0422, 34-1041, 34-0401, 34-1067, 72-3044, 34-0426, 34-0387, 34-0415, 69-0230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Baxter 250 ml</td>
			<td>PZN 6497131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>PZN 07506004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lactated Ringer&#8217;s solution (sterile)</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>L7502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lexar-Baby Scissors-straight, 10 cm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14078-10</td>
			<td>10 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nissl staining solution</td>
			<td>Armin Baack</td>
			<td>BAA31712159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>non-absorbable suture material 5-0/6-0 (sterile)</td>
			<td>SABANA (Sabafil)</td>
			<td>N-63123-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Covidien (Sofsilk)</td>
			<td>S1172, S1173</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsey Needle Holder</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>12001-13</td>
			<td>13 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pads (sterile)</td>
			<td>ReWa Krankenhausbedarf</td>
			<td>2003/01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% saline (NaCl, sterile)</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>PZN:8609255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scalpel blades with handle (sterile)</td>
			<td>propraxis</td>
			<td>2029/10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Pattern Forceps</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11000-12, 11000-14</td>
			<td>12 cm and 14.5 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel and tungsten electrodes parylene coated&#160;</td>
			<td>FHC Inc., USA)</td>
			<td>UEWLGESEANND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>Neurostar</td>
			<td>51730M</td>
			<td>ordered at Stoelting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Stereo Drive-New Motorized Stereotaxic)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tapes (sterile)</td>
			<td>BSN medical GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td>626225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TA10ETA-F20&#160;</td>
			<td>DSI</td>
			<td>270-0042-001X</td>
			<td>Radiofrequency transmitter 3.9 g,&#160; 
			3.9 g, 1.9 cc, input voltage range &#177; 2.5 mV, 
			channel bandwidth (B) 1-200 Hz,&#160; 
			nominal sampling rate (f) 1000 Hz (f = 5B) 
			temperature operating range 34-41 &#176;C 
			warranted battery life 4 months</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TL11M2-F20EET&#160;</td>
			<td>DSI</td>
			<td>270-0124-001X</td>
			<td>Radiofrequency transmitter&#160; 
			3.9 g, 1.9 cc, input voltage range &#177; 1.25 mV, 
			channel bandwidth (B) 1-50 Hz,&#160; 
			nominal sampling rate (f) 250 Hz (f = 5B) 
			temperature operating range 34-41 &#176;C 
			warranted battery life 1.5 months</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Forceps- 1x2 Teeth 12 cm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11021-12</td>
			<td>12 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten carbide iris scissors</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14558-11</td>
			<td>11.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibroslicer 5000 MZ</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>5000-005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine (Rompun)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>PZN: 1320422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

non-restraining eeg radiotelemetry: epidural and deep intracerebral stereotaxic eeg electrode placement

植入脑电图遥测是在神经精神病学和神经变性疾病，以及癫痫的转基因小鼠模型的神经学表征中央的相关性。这种强大的技术不仅提供了有价值的见解的基本病理生理机制， 即 ，中枢神经系统相关的疾病发病机理，这也促进了新的翻译， 即 ，治疗方法的发展。而竞争的技术，利用在外套或系留系统中使用的记录系统，从他们的非生理性抑制到半约束的性格受到影响，无线电遥测脑电图记录克服这些缺点。从技术上讲，植入脑电图遥测允许各种生理和病理条件下硬膜外深，脑脑电图精确和高度敏感的测量。首先，我们提出了一个直线前进的详细协议，成功，快速，高效的技术产生高品质electrocorticograms硬膜外（面）脑电图记录。其次，我们将演示如何植入深，脑电图脑电极， 例如 ，在海马（electrohippocampogram）。对于这两种方法，使用一个计算机化的三维立体电极注入系统。射频发射机本身被注入到在小鼠和大鼠皮下小袋。特别注意也必须支付给预，对实验动物的围绝经期和术后治疗。小鼠和大鼠，合适的麻醉的术前准备，以及术后治疗和疼痛管理中详细描述。

本节说明了从表层和深层，颅内脑电图记录获得的例子。最初，它应该指出，在生理条件下的基线录音是以下如随后的录音，药物治疗前强制性的。这样的基线记录可能会提供有关不同的行为状态或睡眠/昼夜节律的大脑节律的功能相互依存的有价值的信息。这里，我们显示以下的proconvul​​sive / psychoenergetic药物急性施用记录，癫痫发作活动的例子。如上所?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement at JoVE.com

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

非约束脑电遥测是一种有价值的方法以自由移动啮齿类动物记录在体内长期脑电图。该详细协议描述了在不同脑区，以便获得CNS节律和CNS相关的行为的阶段可靠录音立体硬膜外和深脑电极放置。

非约束脑电遥测:硬膜外和脑深部脑电立体定位放置电极

Implantable EEG radiotelemetry is of central relevance in the neurological characterization of transgenic mouse models of neuropsychiatric and ...

non-restraining-eeg-radiotelemetry-epidural-deep-intracerebral

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

18.9K 次观看.  Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM). 非约束脑电遥测是一种有价值的方法以自由移动啮齿类动物记录在体内长期脑电图。该详细协议描述了在不同脑区，以便获得CNS节律和CNS相关的行为的阶段可靠录音立体硬膜外和深脑电极放置。 

视频: Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Functional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli. We will use somatosensory stimuli to locate the hand somatosensory areas, auditory stimuli to locate the auditory cortices, visual stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field to locate the early visual areas. These type of experiments are used for functional mapping in epileptic and brain tumor patients to locate eloquent cortices. In basic neuroscience similar experimental protocols are used to study the orchestration of cortical activity. The acquisition protocol includes quality assurance procedures, subject preparation for the combined MEG/EEG study, and acquisition of evoked-response data with somatosensory, auditory, and visual stimuli. We also demonstrate analysis of the data using the equivalent current dipole model and cortically-constrained minimum-norm estimates. Anatomical MRI data are employed in the analysis for visualization and for deriving boundaries of tissue boundaries for forward modeling and cortical location and orientation constraints for the minimum-norm estimates.

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to map brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli.

同时脑磁图和脑电图的功能映射

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the ...

科研

神经科学

High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a noninvasive brain monitoring tool in cognitive neuroscience as well as a diagnostic tool for epilepsy and sleep disorders in neurology. However, the underlying mechanism of EEG rhythm generation is still under the veil. Recently introduced polyimide-based microelectrode (PBM-array) for high resolution mouse EEG1 is one of the trials to answer the neurophysiological questions on EEG signals based on a rich genetic resource that the mouse model contains for the analysis of complex EEG generation process. This application of nanofabricated PBM-array to mouse skull is an efficient tool for collecting large-scale brain activity of transgenic mice and accommodates to identify the neural correlates to certain EEG rhythms in conjunction with behavior. However its ultra-thin thickness and bifurcated structure cause a trouble in handling and implantation of PBM-array. In the presented video, the preparation and surgery steps for the implantation of PBM-array on a mouse skull are described step by step. Handling and surgery tips to help researchers succeed in implantation are also provided.

In this article, we described the surgery procedure and handling tips for implantation of ultra-thin polyimide-based microelectrode array (PBM-array) on the mouse skull for acquisition of high-density encephalography (EEG) in a mouse model.

高密度的自由移动，使用基于聚酰亚胺的微电极的小鼠的脑电图记录

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a ...

Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol

Since its introduction in early 1950s, electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) for assessment and monitoring of brain function in preterm and term babies. Most common indications are the diagnosis of epileptic seizures, assessment of brain maturity, and recovery from hypoxic-ischemic events. EEG recording techniques and the understanding of neonatal EEG signals have dramatically improved, but these advances have been slow to penetrate through the clinical traditions. The aim of this presentation is to bring theory and practice of advanced EEG recording available for neonatal units. 
In the theoretical part, we will present animations to illustrate how a preterm brain gives rise to spontaneous and evoked EEG activities, both of which are unique to this developmental phase, as well as crucial for a proper brain maturation. Recent animal work has shown that the structural brain development is clearly reflected in early EEG activity. Most important structures in this regard are the growing long range connections and the transient cortical structure, subplate. Sensory stimuli in a preterm baby will generate responses that are seen at a single trial level, and they have underpinnings in the subplate-cortex interaction. This brings neonatal EEG readily into a multimodal study, where EEG is not only recording cortical function, but it also tests subplate function via different sensory modalities. Finally, introduction of clinically suitable dense array EEG caps, as well as amplifiers capable of recording low frequencies, have disclosed multitude of brain activities that have as yet been overlooked.
In the practical part of this video, we show how a multimodal, dense array EEG study is performed in neonatal intensive care unit from a preterm baby in the incubator. The video demonstrates preparation of the baby and incubator, application of the EEG cap, and performance of the sensory stimulations.

This video explains the background theory of the neonatal EEG activity and the sensory responses, followed by a live demonstration of their recording in neonatal intensive care unit.

早产儿的脑电图:多式联运神经生理学议定书

Since its introduction in early 1950s, electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) for assessment and ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

脑电图神经影像数据:事件相关电位，光谱功率，和多尺度熵的应用

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

使用新颖的方法在自由移动的新生大鼠中记录脑电图

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in scholastic, social and familial contexts. One of the most common problems in the identification of this disorder relates to the apparent over diagnosis of the disorder due to the absence of global protocols for assessment. The research group of School Learning, Difficulties and Academic Performance (ADIR) from the University of Oviedo, has developed a complete protocol that suggests the existence of certain patterns of cortical activation and executive control for identifying ADHD more objectively. This protocol takes into consideration some of the hypothetical determinants of ADHD, including the relationship between activation of selected areas of the brain, and differences in performance on various aspects of executive functioning such as omissions, commissions or response times, using innovative tools of Continuous Performance Testing (based on Virtual Reality CPT and Traditional CPT) and brain activation measures (two different tools, based on Hemoencephalography- nirHEG; and Quantified Electroencephalography --Q-EEG, respectively). This model of assessment aims to provide an effective assessment of ADHD symptomatology in order to design an accurate intervention and make appropriate recommendations for parents and teachers.

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

This work presents a new protocol for the assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by providing a more objective diagnostic procedure for this developmental disorder based on the use of innovative tools. It also analyzes the relationship between activation measures and executive function measures.

使用脑激活 (近红外 HEG/Q 脑电图) 和执行措施 (CPTs) 的 ADHD 评估协议

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) can directly record electrical neural activity and has the unique potential to accomplish this goal. Traditionally, averaging analysis has been applied to analyze intracranial EEG data; however, several new techniques are available for depicting neural activity and intra- and inter-regional connectivity. Here, we introduce two analytical protocols we recently applied to analyze intracranial EEG data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency SPM analysis for neural activity and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity. We report our analysis of intracranial EEG data during the observation of faces as representative results. The results revealed that the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) showed gamma-band activity at very early stages (110 ms) in response to faces, and both the IOG and amygdala showed rapid intra- and inter-regional connectivity using various types of oscillations. These analytical protocols have the potential to identify the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions with high spatial and temporal profiles.

We present two analytical protocols that can be used to analyze intracranial electroencephalography data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency statistical parametric mapping analysis for neural activity, and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity.

利用 SPM 软件分析颅内脑电图数据的神经活动和连接性

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...

Noninvasive EEG Recordings from Freely Moving Piglets

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel telemetric electroencephalography system in combination with standard self-adhesive hydrogel electrodes. The piglets are calmed down without the use of sedatives. After their release into the pigpen, the piglets behave normally&#8212;they drink and sleep in the same cycle as their siblings. Their sleep phases are used for the EEG recordings.

Here, we present a protocol to record telemetric electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen without the use of a sedative, making it possible to record typical EEG patterns during non-REM sleep, like spindle bursts.

自由移动仔猪的无创脑电图记录

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel ...

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain interstitial space with the behavior and/or with the specific outcome of a pathology (e.g., seizures for epilepsy). When studying epilepsy, the microdialysis technique is often combined with short-term or even long-term video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring to assess spontaneous seizure frequency, severity, progression and clustering. The combined microdialysis-EEG is based on the use of several methods and instruments. Here, we performed in vivo microdialysis and continuous video-EEG recording to monitor glutamate and aspartate outflow over time, in different phases of the natural history of epilepsy in a rat model. This combined approach allows the pairing of changes in the neurotransmitter release with specific stages of the disease development and progression. The amino acid concentration in the dialysate was determined by liquid chromatography. Here, we describe the methods and outline the principal precautionary measures one should take during in vivo microdialysis-EEG, with particular attention to the stereotaxic surgery, basal and high potassium stimulation during microdialysis, depth electrode EEG recording and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of aspartate and glutamate in the dialysate. This approach may be adapted to test a variety of drug or disease induced changes of the physiological concentrations of aspartate and glutamate in the brain. Depending on the availability of an appropriate analytical assay, it may be further used to test different soluble molecules when employing EEG recording at the same time.

Here, we describe a method for in vivo microdialysis to analyze aspartate and glutamate release in the ventral hippocampus of epileptic and non-epileptic rats, in combination with EEG recordings. Extracellular concentrations of aspartate and glutamate may be correlated with the different phases of the disease.

自由运动大鼠脑电图记录过程中兴奋氨基酸的微透析

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain ...

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional investigation of long-range connections requires targeted recordings of single neurons combined with the specific stimulation of identified distant inputs. This is often difficult to achieve with conventional and electrical stimulation techniques, because axons from converging upstream brain areas may intermingle in the target region. The stereotaxic targeting of a specific brain region for virus-mediated expression of light-sensitive ion channels allows selective stimulation of axons originating from that region with light. Intracerebral stereotaxic injections can be used in well-delimited structures, such as the anterior thalamic nuclei, in addition to other subcortical or cortical areas throughout the brain.
Described here is a set of techniques for precise stereotaxic injection of viral vectors expressing channelrhodopsin in the mouse brain, followed by photostimulation of axon terminals in the brain slice preparation. These protocols are simple and widely applicable. In combination with whole-cell patch clamp recording from a postsynaptically connected neuron, photostimulation of axons allows the detection of functional synaptic connections, pharmacological characterization, and evaluation of their strength. In addition, biocytin filling of the recorded neuron can be used for post-hoc morphological identification of the postsynaptic neuron.

This protocol describes a set of methods to identify the cell-type specific functional connectivity of long-range inputs from distant brain regions using optogenetic stimulations in ex vivo brain slices.