我们感谢参与这项工作的各个方面，尤其是唐娜·哈特曼，亚伦麦克斯韦，埃里克·米勒和安德森艾莉森了大量的现场和实验室助手。这项研究的经费是由美国地质调查局通过从美国环境保护局（EPA）三区提供支持。该研究部分科学下开发取得成效奖学金援助协议号FP-91766601-0美国环保局颁发。虽然本文中描述的研究已经得到了美国环境保护署资助的，它并没有受到机构的要求同行和政策审查，因此不一定反映该机构的观点，并没有正式认可应推断。

1.目标位点的流域纳入考核<ol><li>标识正在影响理化和生物条件3,7目标8位数水文单元代码（HUC）流域内占主导地位的土地利用活动。 注意:此方法假设感兴趣的流域内的重要压力已经存在的知识。然而，咨询监管机构或熟悉该系统可以在这方面的努力有助于分水基。 </li><li>显性的土地利用活动的选择基于景观措施[ 例如，2011年全国土地覆盖数据库（NLCD）3,7。 <ol><li>咨询发表的文献，以帮助确定每个土地利用活动10最好的基于景观措施。联系自然资源机构确定并获取特定区域的景观数据集可用于使用。然而，可能有必要创建新的景观的变量或数据集。 </li></ol></li><li>制表土地覆盖和使用属性到1:24,000或1:用地理信息（GIS）软件100000国家水文数据集（NHD）集水区。 <ol><li>确保每个1:24,000或1:100,000流域有一个唯一的标识符。使用用户定义的任何数值或类别标识符作为唯一标识符。 </li><li>制表矢量数据（ 如点或线）各下跌流域内。 <ol><li>通过总结分析工具箱的统计工具集内的制表工具相交每个流域内的所有矢量要素。选择NHD集水层作为输入区功能，集水唯一标识符区域字段，以及利益为输入类别特征矢量数据集。 </li><li>加入表格景观属性集水层。右键单击内容表中的集水层上，并选择加入，并从下拉菜单中涉及 ，并从我们携手ubsequent菜单。选择的唯一标识符作为该连接将根据场，从1.3.2.1输出表作为表被接合，并且该连接将基于在表中的唯一标识符作为字段。 </li></ol></li><li>制表使用面积制表工具所在的空间分析工具箱中的工具带状内的栅格数据。 <ol><li>装载空间分析扩展。从自定义菜单中选择扩展 。在扩展对话框中，选中对应于空间分析扩展模块的框。 </li><li>在制表领域对话框中，选择NHD流域shape文件作为输入栅格或要素区域数据，唯一标识符（ 例如 ，FEATUREID）作为区域字段和土地覆盖数据集（ 例如 ，NLCD）作为输入栅格或要素类数据。 </li><li>加入表格景观属性以下步骤1.3.2.2协议的集水层，用制表面积结果表作为联接表。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>厚积薄发所有NHD流域景观属性。 <ol><li>下载NHDPlusV2流域在http://www2.epa.gov/waterdata/nhdplus-tools属性分配和积累工具（CA3TV2）。使用CA3TV2的积累功能属性的积累1:100000 NHD集水区11。 注:我们使用自定义编写的代码，积累景观属性1:24,000比例NHD分水岭12。使用CA3TV2详细说明被整合到工具，并且可以通过帮助功能进行访问。 </li></ol></li><li>选择的基础上积累了景观属性NHD流域为研究基地。 <ol><li>创建所有NHD流域相对于主要的土地利用活动（ 图1A）累积值的散点图。 </li><li>选择考察地点（大约每8位HUC流域40个站点​​）来表示，完全R从目标分水岭（ 图1B）中发现的主要土地利用活动的影响力法兰。选择独立的应激梯度（ 即由单一的土地利用活动的影响）和应激组合（即由多个土地利用活动的影响）（ 图1B）中的网站。 </li><li>确保研究地点在整个靶分水岭和相互独立的空间分布相对于下游的排水。确保每一个掉落个人和组合的应激梯度内的网站也有类似的平均盆地地区。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig1.jpg" /> NHD流域相对于图1.假设的散点图从2土地利用活动的影响力 。在假想的W的所有NHD流域2土地利用活动的影响力大小atershed（N = 4,229）（A）。选择的研究基地（N = 40），代表全方位的相对独立和联合应激梯度（B）流域内观察到的情况。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 2，现场协议理化与生物信息的收集注意:每个网站的所有数据都应正常基流条件相同的现场考察时收集。这里提出的协议代表了环境保护（WVDEP）13西弗吉尼亚部门的标准作业程序。它可能更适合使用状态或者联邦政府认可程序的具体分水岭正在评估。 <ol><li>划定为每个站点为40×有效通道宽度（ACW）在采样范围，最大和最小的150长度和300米3,7。 </li><li>样本的水质从流动的水是整个采样点（ 例如 ，不直接或支流排水管输入影响）的特征位置属性。 <ol><li>获得的溶解氧，比电导率，温度和pH值使用手持传感器瞬间的措施。校准之前，以下制造商的说明每个采样事件传感器。 </li><li>冲洗过滤设备之前与水样品收集去离子水。 </li><li>过滤250ml水（混合纤维素酯膜滤器，0.45微米孔径）为溶解的金属的分析。固定至pH &lt;2，以确保金属保持溶解在溶液中。 注意:酸的正确体积可以下列样品收集被加入到水样。可替换地，正确的体积可以被添加到之前的取样事件的瓶子。固定至pH &lt;2所需的体积取决于酸的强度。<ol><li>对于这里所描述的研究中，每个站点收集的单一过滤样品并用硝酸修复测定溶解铝，钙，铁，镁，锰，钠，锌，钾，钡，镉，铬，镍，硒3 7。 注:分析物的选择应以流域特有的土地利用活动的指导。 </li></ol></li><li>通过完全浸没在水体中样品瓶收集250毫升未过滤样品（多个）。轻轻挤压瓶子，抹去残留的空气，同时放置在样品瓶帽。样品（S）修正至pH &lt;2，如果必要（ 例如 ，避免影响营养物质的生物活性）。 <ol><li>对于这里所描述的研究中，收集每个站点中的两台未过滤的样品。固定第一与硫酸测定的 NO 2和NO 3和总P的不要固定第二未过滤样品，并用它来 ​​确定总和碳酸氢盐的碱度，氯，SO 4，和总溶解如此盖3,7。 注:分析物的选择应以流域特有的土地利用活动的指导。 </li></ol></li><li>获取每个采样活动期间使用的每个定影剂领域的空白。通过使用去离子水作为最终样本以下的所有协议样本采集（ 即 ，漂洗，过滤，固定）获得场空白。 注:现场空白样品用于收集和分析，以确定污染。 </li><li>在4℃下保存所有的水样，直到所有的分析都完成。确保所有被分析物的规定保持时间14内测量。 </li></ol></li><li>在测量每个样品的网站流量。 <ol><li>除以润湿流宽度成大小相等的增量。 </li><li>在每个部分的中点测量深度和平均流速。 <ol><li>使用深度计杆，测量深度为从流床到水的表面的距离。 </li><li>使用真正水流NT仪，测量在60％水深水流速度。 </li></ol></li><li>计算放电如速度，深度和宽度的所有部分的产物的总和。 </li></ol></li><li>品尝大型底栖动物群落在每个站点。 <ol><li>获得踢样品（净尺寸335×508毫米2用500微米筛目）从整个采样到达的整个长度分布的4个独立的代表浅滩。 <ol><li>在每个位置踢，将踢净垂直于水流，立即惊动上游河床的0.50×0.50 平方米 （ 即 0.25 平方米 ）的区域。确保所有的生物体和碎片下游流入踢入网。 </li><li>结合在4球样品的有机体和碎屑成一个单一的复合试样（表示1.00米河床的2），并立即用95％的乙醇保持。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>测量物理栖息地质量并在整个流达到的复杂性。 <ol><li>以沿深泓（通过其主要的或最快速流动时流的一部分）均匀分隔点水深，液压通道单元类型，泥沙类和鱼类盖物体的距离测量。进行测量每1 ACW的流&lt;5米宽，每隔0.5 ACW的流&gt;宽5米15。 <ol><li>分类通道单元内的每个位置深泓的位置（ 例如，浅滩，运行，游泳池或滑翔）16。 </li><li>使用深度计杆，测量深度为从流床到水的表面的距离。 </li><li>随机找出一块泥沙，并确定其大小温特沃斯分类（淤泥，沙子，碎石，鹅卵石，巨石）17。 </li><li>估计每个深泓点与最近盖物体的距离。 注:鱼盖被定义为有效通道的任何结构能够隐瞒20.3前端2厘米（8英寸）的鱼18。 </li></ol></li><li>算上在工作通道内大型木质残骸的所有作品。 </li><li>美国环境保护署（EPA）的快速可视化的栖息地评估（RVHA）估计栖息地质量协议19。 </li></ol></li><li>获得研究地点的随机选择10％的重复测量和样品。重复的措施来估计采样和实验室分析精度。 </li></ol> 3.实验室协议理化与生物数据注:描述实验室协议定量水化学属性是这个手稿的范围之内。然而，目前的研究中使用水和废物14标准的化学方法。 <ol><li>包含在每个大型无脊椎动物样品中的生物子样，以获得大型底栖动物群落的每个站点有代表性的子样本（使用2.4节协议收取）。 <ol><li>将整个复合无脊椎动物样品放入100 2网格排序（测定5×20 2）。随机每1 2网格数分配从1到100。 </li><li>使用立体显微镜来计数，并确定随机选择1 2格之内的所有生物，直到有序个体的总数为200±20％。识别生物体使用无脊椎动物键，例如那些由梅里特和Cummins 20发布到属。 </li><li>编译属层次丰富的资料进社区指标[ 例如，总的丰富性和蜉蝣目％，襀翅目，毛翅和（EPT）用作统计模型和随后的情景分析3，7响应变量。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4，统计和分析方案<ol><li>构建广义线性模型插播物理，化学预测，并基于景观indicato生物条件主导土地利用活动的RS。 注:协议和分析，在R语言和环境统计计算（版本3.2.1）21进行。 <ol><li>试验使用夏皮罗-威尔克常态[shaprio.test（）函数中的R包统计 21]测试和变换变量，以满足参数分析的假设和线性关系。 </li><li>飞度最大的初始模型指定所有的土地使用预测中双向交互[GLM（）中的R包函数统计 21]。 </li><li>套用一个落后的缺失，以确定最低适当的模型3，7，22。 <ol><li>确定的最大模型的至少显著（ 即，解释了变化量最少的）变量[摘要（）中的R包函数统计 21]和适合与[GLM（）中的R包函数统计 21]这个变量排除的新模式。 </li><li>继续删除变量直到所有剩余的预测分别为0和解释力显著的不同不从使用偏差表和似然比检验[R中包lrtest（）函数lmtest 23]分析每个响应变量的最大模型显著不同。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>预测当前的条件。 <ol><li>使用最终模型整个流域的目标，将所有未抽样NHD流域内预测理化和生物条件给定电流景观特征[预测（）中的R包函数统计 21]。 </li><li>在可视化GIS软件的预测。 <ol><li>加入预言NHD流域。右键单击内容表中的集水层上，并选择加入，并从下拉菜单中涉及 ，并从随后的菜单中加入 。选择的唯一标识符作为该连接将根据场，预测文件作为表被接合和唯一标识符，所述连接表中的字段将基于</li><li>右键单击集水层上，然后选择属性 。在图层属性对话框中，单击符号选项卡，选择数量上。选择感兴趣的值字段中的预测值，然后单击应用 。 注:取值范围可以手动更改以匹配使用分类按钮公认的生态标准。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>进行情景分析来比较下各土地利用情景水产品条件预测的变化。 <ol><li>更新当前数据集景观，模拟未来可能出现的发展或减缓情景。对于这里所描述的研究中，手动更新积累的景观值的属性表内利息集水区（ 例如 ，改变10英亩的森林开采土地覆盖）。 <ol><li>选择INTERES集水T使用选择由位于选择下拉菜单中的属性功能。在选择按属性对话框，选择NHD集水区为层。在唯一标识符的属性，双击，选择=，然后键入标识符在方程式框中感兴趣的集水区。 </li><li>通过右键单击目录表中的集水层，从下拉菜单中选择打开属性表打开NHD集水属性表。选择仅显示选定的集水区。 </li><li>在只选择集水显示，右键点击感兴趣的列，并选择字段计算器中输入新的模拟值。注:多个集水可以改变整个模拟大空间尺度上发生的多空间明确的发展或管理活动。 注:另外，原来的矢量和栅格数据集可以通过数字化的新功能或改变和删除原来的FE进行更新atures模拟的预先存在的土地使用的影响24个新的土地利用活动或管理。这可以通过使用编辑器工具栏来完成。 </li></ol></li><li>重新分配和使用步骤1.3-1.4提出的协议都NHD集水区再累加景观属性。 </li><li>预测的物理化学和生物学条件作为更新风景数据集的函数[预测（）中的R包函数统计 21]。 </li><li>可视化预测下使用在第4.2.2提出的协议替代的土地利用方案的条件。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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R., Hastie, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+working+guide+to+boosted+regression+trees.">A working guide to boosted regression trees.</a> J. Anim. Ecol. 77, 802-813 (2008).</li><li>Mattson, K. M., Angermeier, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+human+impacts+and+ecological+integrity+into+a+risk-based+protocol+for+conservation+planning.">Integrating human impacts and ecological integrity into a risk-based protocol for conservation planning.</a> Environ. Manage. 39, 125-138 (2007).</li><li>(US, U. S. E. P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EPA+841-B-11-002.">EPA 841-B-11-002.</a> USEPA. Identifying and protecting healthy watersheds. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

我们提供评估和管理的严重影响流域多个土地利用活动的累积效应的框架。本文描述的方法解决先前确定了与管理在很大程度上影响了流域水生5-6系统相关的限制。最值得注意的是，有针对性的流域评估设计（ 即沿着从个人和组合的应激抽样轴）产生，非常适合通过简单易懂的和可实施的建模技术3，7定量在相关的空间尺度（ 即流域尺度）复杂的累积效应数据此外，这些模型很容易整合到一个情景分析框架，使未来的管理（ 例如，恢复和减灾）和发展成果的准确的预测。因此，所提出的方法将可能是有价值的水产资源经理谁更加依赖预测康迪特在各种土地利用情景离子监管决定27提供帮助。 积极开发和社会经济的重要区域内的水产管理系统时Drawdy溪和劳雷尔叉之间的对比突出了提交框架的效用。情景分析表明，劳雷尔叉，这是完全由露天开采（10.9％）的影响，可以吸收更多的土地开发不超过化学和生物的标准。 Drawdy溪，其由表面采矿（10.7％）的等效水平的影响，被预测为不符合任一准则作为与地下开采和住宅结构相关的累积效应的结果。不过，非露天开采压力（ 如，地下矿井污水和废水的住宅），改善生态条件，这表明战略管理活动的模拟缓解可能使进一步的发展发生。因此，本ED的方法使得有可能推动经济和发展活动，同时还可以通过其他压力28的生产整治为净效益的机会。 占主导地位的土地使用压力的成功识别和取样是有成功实施本文提供的方法的一个关键步骤。同样重要的抽样及后续的数据分析是基于现有的最佳和最先进的最新土地覆盖和使用信息。土地覆盖之间插播时间一致性数据有助于确保精确的统计关系，以及随后的生态预测3，9，如果实施得当，所提出的分水岭评估技术生产出的大多是公正的数据（ 即，减少规格错误和遗漏变量偏见）和受多重影响。因此，这些数据非常适合于经由传统的回归技术预测建模。当前方法的一个潜在的限制，然而，就是强大的经验预测空间格局的能力并​​不能保证预测随时间变化的能力。值得注意的是，研究观察的理化和生物条件29-31气候和土地利用变化之间的相互作用。因此，测试时间预测和更新空间的预测模型适应性管理方法将管理工作的重要组成部分。这应该涉及到了把气候变化纳入统计模型和随后的情景分析。 我们的方法也可以适于利用可能不履行的传统的回归技术（ 例如 ，多重和样本独立）假设现有数据集。使用预先存在的数据是在管理人员有限的时间和资源的情况下是有益的。分析大型当提振回归树（BRT）模型可能特别有用，预先存在的数据集，因为它们是由多重，丢失的数据，统计异常值，和非正常数据32基本上不受影响。此外，BRT提供了高预测性能，并显示了实用情景分析框架28。 要注意在其中我们的方法被开发的上下文是很重要的。首先，我们的做法是为流域特征明确规定土地使用渐变的发展。但是，明确规定土地使用渐变并不总是发生在流域尺度（ 例如 ，在农业范围内变化不大美国中西部地区）。因此，其他的方法来保护规划，如排名基于对多个土地利用活动的风险保护目标基于风险的方法，可能更适合33-34。此外，我们的方法被设计在8位HUC流域尺度。在先前的研究中，我们发现，模型CONSTRU在多个8位HUC流域反恐执行局无法预测土地利用之间插播条件7流域特有的细微差别。整个小空间尺度构建模型（ 例如 ，12位HUC流域）可能会限制样本大小和限制的模型来量化复杂的累积效应的能力。然而，我们的方法可以用于通过房子附近的框架2跨空间尺度来管理。在这一框架下，恢复和保护优先级为周围条件范围内各个流设置。例如，随着邻里条件，因为利益与附近具有良好的流相关的修复潜力增加（ 例如高再定植的潜力）。 我们提供和展示方案的评估和管理受到严重影响流域内累积效应。虽然目前的手稿集中在建设和实施的情景分析框架内的累积效应模型，所表现出的分水岭评估技术产生能够量化有关的主要土地利用活动在更大的空间尺度35的积累理化和生物降解的精细图案的数据。因此，通过在此描述的研究设计和采样协议产生的数据具有超出讨论延伸阱电位管理的好处。也许最重要的是，这个框架是转让给任何数量的土地利用活动的不断面临其他过渡水域。

自然景观的人为改变是水生生态系统在世界各地1的最大电流威胁。在许多地区，以目前的速度持续下降将导致水产资源造成不可挽回的损失，最终限制其能力，以提供宝贵的，不可替代的生态系统服务。因此，存在对工具和能力开发流域2-3内管理水生系统的方法的一个关键需求。鉴于管理者常常与社会经济和政治压力的面节约水生资源继续开发活动的任务，这是特别重要的。 积极发展区域内的水生生态系统的管理要求的预先存在的自然和人为景观的背景下预测提出了开发活动可能产生的影响的能力属性3，4。一个主要的挑战aquat重度退化流域内IC资源管理是量化，并在相关的空间尺度2,5管理复杂（ 也就是说 ，添加剂或交互式）多次土地使用压力的累积效应的能力。尽管当前面临的挑战，然而，累积效应评估正被纳入世界各地的5-6监管指引。 有针对性的分水岭评估设计相对于多个土地使用压力可产生能够模拟复杂的累积效应7的数据采样全方位的条件。此外，结合情景分析框架内，这样的模型[在一系列现实的或拟开发或流域管理（恢复和减缓）情景预测生态变化]有严重影响流域3,5内大大提高水产资源管理，8的潜力-9。最值得注意的是，情景分析提供对于通过将科学信息（生态关系和统计模型），监管的目标和利益相关者加入客观性和透明度管理决策的框架需要到一个单一的决策框架3,9。 我们提出了一个方法，评估和情景分析框架中管理多个土地利用活动的累积效应。我们首先描述如何适当目标根据已知的土地使用压力的分水岭评估中纳入网站。我们描述了对多种土地利用活动的生态影响的数据获取现场和实验室技术。我们简要描述了生产基于景观累积效应模型的建模技术。最后，我们讨论如何情景分析框架内引入累积效应模型，展示在协助监管决策这种方法的实用程序（ 例如，允许和休息祭文）在西弗吉尼亚州南部的深入挖掘流域内。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1173">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:436px;">Slack Invert Sampling Kit</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Wildco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">3-425-N56</td>
			<td style="width:448px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HDPE Square Jars</td>
			<td>US Plastic Corp</td>
			<td>66188</td>
			<td>32oz./for storing fixed, composite invertebrate samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethyl Alcohol 190 Proof</td>
			<td>PHARMCO-AAPER</td>
			<td>111000190</td>
			<td>For fixing and storing invertebrate samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5in. by 20in. Macroinvertebrate sub-samplilng grid</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>This item cannot be purchased and must be made in house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereomicroscope Stemi 2000 with stand C LED</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>000000-1106-133</td>
			<td>For macroinvertebrate sorting and identification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermo Scientific Nalgene Reusable Filter Holders with Receiver</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-740-23A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immobilon-NC Transfer Membrane</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>HATF04700</td>
			<td>Triton-free, mixed cellulose exters, 0.45um, 47mm, disc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Actron Vacuum Pump Brake Bleeder Kit</td>
			<td>Advanced Auto Parts</td>
			<td>CP7835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitric Acid Solution</td>
			<td>HACH</td>
			<td>254049</td>
			<td>1:1, 500mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oblong NDPE Wide Mouth Bottles</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1229Z38</td>
			<td>250 mL/for collection of water samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:436px;">650 Multi-parameter display, standard memory</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">650-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">600XL Sonde with temperature/conductivity sensor</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>065862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pH calibration buffer pack</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>603824</td>
			<td>2 pints each of pH 4, 7, &#38; 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">conductivity standard</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>065270</td>
			<td>1 quart, 1000 uS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flo-Mate 2000</td>
			<td>TTT Environmental</td>
			<td>2000-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Keson English/Metric Open Reel Fiberglass Tape</td>
			<td>Forestry Suppliers</td>
			<td>40025</td>
			<td>300&#39;/100m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ArcGIS 10.3.1</td>
			<td>ESRI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

watershed planning within a quantitative scenario analysis framework

有工具和能力管理严重影响流域内的水生生态系统的方法迫切需要。目前的努力往往功亏一篑为无法量化和预测在相关的空间尺度的当前和未来的土地使用场景复杂累积效应的结果。这份手稿的目的是为开展有针对性的分水岭评估，使资源管理者以生产景观累积效应模型的情景分析管理框架内的使用方法。网站是通过识别在独立梯度和已知压力的组合落在网站首次入选流域内评估纳入。场和实验室技术随后被用于获取在物理，化学数据，以及多个土地使用活动的生物效应。然后多元线性回归分析被用于生产基于风景累积效应模型，用于预测水性抽动条件。最后，对于一个情景分析框架内引入累积效应模型指导管理和监管决策的积极开发流域内（ 例如，允许和缓解）方法进行了探讨，并展示了阿巴拉契亚中部山顶采矿区域内的2个子流域。本文所提供的分水岭考核及管理办法使资源管理，促进经济和发展活动，同时保护水生生物资源和生产用于通过有针对性的整治网络生态效益的机会。

四十1:24,000 NHD流域被选为煤河中研究基地，西弗吉尼亚（ 图2）。被选定研究网站涵盖从地面开采（％土地面积24），住宅开发[结构密度（no./km 2）]，和地下开采[国家污染物排放消除系统（NPDES）许可证密度（不指定范围的影响。 /千米2）]，使得两个单独和组合的范围内可能的（ 图3）发生每个主要用地活性。在每个站点，收集理化条件和大型底栖动物群落结构的数据。 在以前的研究，这些数据被用来构建累积效应的模型预测西弗吉尼亚流状况指数（WVSCI），为西弗吉尼亚州25开发生物完整性家族级多指标指数和比电导率以高的精确度和准确度7。在此，这些模型用来预测当前和未来的条件有两个在各种土地利用开发方案的煤河[Drawdy河（ 图4A）和劳雷尔叉（ 图4B）的子流域。 Drawdy溪和劳雷尔叉有露天开采和开发％（ 表1）几乎相同的水平。然而，Drawdy溪是由住宅的结构和地下采矿的影响，而桂冠叉不是。因此，这两个流域提供评估和比较，其中多个土地利用活动的累积效应控制电流水产状况和未来的土地利用开发方案结果的程度了独特的机会。 劳雷尔分支没有预计超过化学（电导率&gt; 500μS/ cm的26）或BIOLOG<html> iCal的标准（WVSCI &lt;68 25），这表明它可以吸收更多的土地利用活动，而不用担心损伤（ 表1）。随后一系​​列的方案进行了评估量化额外的露天开采，地下开采的最大数量，以及住宅开发的流出跨越每个标准前劳雷尔叉可以吸收可能性。要做到这一点，具体的导电性和WVSCI分别按住其他景点指标不变的全方位每种土地利用活动的下了预测。场景分析表明月桂叉可以吸收14％（25％总）和21％（32％总计）交叉的具体电导率和WVSCI标准，分别为（ 图5A，5B）之前增加露天矿土地。月桂叉还可以穿越具体电导率和WVSCI标准，分别为（ 图5A，5B）之前吸收8地下矿井NPDES许可证和22住宅结构。 内容】"FO:保together.within页="1"&gt;相比之下，Drawdy溪流出预计将超过两个化学和生物的标准，这意味着一个不能吸收任何额外的土地利用开发的无减轻首次影响当前压力（ 表1）。因此，减少的预先存在的土地利用活动（ 例如，在100结构的效果降低10％就相当于90结构）的整体效果大小减缓情景进行了模拟。完全缓解住宅开发和地下开采的效果没有导致以上68或500μS/ cm的准则（ 图6A，6B）以下具体电导下降WVSCI相应增加。然而，Drawdy小河的流出被预测为超过WVSCI 68分及以下500微秒减少/厘米，在住宅开发和地下开采的94和75％两种，分别实现同时降低。&lt;<html> / P&gt; <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig2.jpg" /> 图2.地图煤河的分水岭 。煤炭流域显示相对于西弗吉尼亚州中的位置。研究网站（N = 40）和桂冠叉Drawdy河子流域的位置还提出， <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig3.jpg" /> 图3.煤河研究地点。露天开采及住宅发展的重要性独立应激梯度和他们的组合中选择学习地点（N = 40）。符号的大小是相对的地下开采国家污染物排放消除系统（NPDES）许可证的数量。TTPS://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig3large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig4.jpg" /> 图4.地图，描绘Drawdy溪（A）和劳雷尔叉（B）内的土地利用活动。这些流域代表土地使用模式在整个地铁-VF区域地理典型。住宅开发[土地覆盖（由NLCD定义）和结构]和采矿（地下采矿NPDES许可和露天矿范围内）的土地利用活动中。在情景分析中使用的其他未开采许可证所示。参见图2为西弗吉尼亚州内的分水岭位置。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图5.示例场景分析结果预测插播桂冠叉内响应模拟土地利用的发展。按照露天采矿及住宅发展（A），并预测下地表开采和地下开采模拟增加电导率（模拟预测的增加分值WVSCI B）劳雷尔叉流域内。水平线代表WVSCI（68）和比电导率（500μS/ cm）的条件。垂直线代表产生每个标准的交叉开采的其他级别。为x轴的单位取决于景观属性各情景下发生变化，对应于传说中指定单位。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图6.示例情景分析结果预测插播Drawdy小河内响应模拟减排活动。预计WVSCI分数（A）和之后分别在现有住宅开发和地下开采，效果大小的模拟降低电导率（B）。继住宅开发和地下采矿的影响大小同时降低碳​​的预测条件也显示了每个响应。水平线代表WVSCI（68）和比电导率（500μS/ cm）的条件。垂直线表示造成超出每个标准提高减灾活动。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table fo:保together.within页="1"&gt; <tbody><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"> 目前景观 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td> Drawdy溪 </td><td> 劳雷尔叉 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> 土地利用特点 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">露天开采（％） </td><td> 10.7 </td><td> 10.9 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">地下开采（＃NPDES许可） </td><td> 9 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">发展（％） </td><td> 4.1 </td><td> 4.8 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">结构密度（＃） </td><td> 470 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> 观察条件 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">电导率（μS/ cm）的</td><td> 686 </td><td> 156 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> WVSCI </td><td> 65 </td><td> 68.8 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"&gt; 预测条件 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">电导率（μS/ cm）的</td><td> 831 </td><td> 279种</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> WVSCI </td><td> 60.9 </td><td> 73.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1.景观特征和观察预测Drawdy溪和劳雷尔叉。土地使用特性（露天开采，地下开采，和住宅发展） 的水生条件，并预测当前的景观条件和下Drawdy溪和劳雷尔叉化学和生物条件额外的开采方案。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework at JoVE.com

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

有工具和能够在未来不确定的条件下，面对管理水系统的方法迫切需要。我们为开展有针对性的分水岭评估，使资源管理者以生产景观累积效应模型的情景分析管理框架内的使用方法。

定量的情景分析框架内流域规划

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

watershed-planning-within-a-quantitative-scenario-analysis-framework

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7.9K 次观看.  West Virginia University. 有工具和能够在未来不确定的条件下，面对管理水系统的方法迫切需要。我们为开展有针对性的分水岭评估，使资源管理者以生产景观累积效应模型的情景分析管理框架内的使用方法。 

视频: Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of microalgal biomass. These fatty acids can be present in different acyl-lipid classes. Especially the fatty acids present in triacylglycerol (TAG) are of commercial interest, because they can be used for production of transportation fuels, bulk chemicals, nutraceuticals (&omega;-3 fatty acids), and food commodities. To develop commercial applications, reliable analytical methods for quantification of fatty acid content and composition are needed. Microalgae are single cells surrounded by a rigid cell wall. A fatty acid analysis method should provide sufficient cell disruption to liberate all acyl lipids and the extraction procedure used should be able to extract all acyl lipid classes.
With the method presented here all fatty acids present in microalgae can be accurately and reproducibly identified and quantified using small amounts of sample (5 mg) independent of their chain length, degree of unsaturation, or the lipid class they are part of.
This method does not provide information about the relative abundance of different lipid classes, but can be extended to separate lipid classes from each other.
The method is based on a sequence of mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification of fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and quantification and identification of FAMEs using gas chromatography (GC-FID). A TAG internal standard (tripentadecanoin) is added prior to the analytical procedure to correct for losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

A method for the determination of fatty acid content and composition in microalgae based on mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification, and quantification and identification of fatty acids using gas chromatography is described. A tripentadecanoin internal standard is used to compensate for the possible losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

脂肪酸组分和含量微藻分析

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

科研

环境科学

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

技术树内组织学习节肢动物和微生物群落

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

一个协议，用于开展降雨模拟研究土壤径流

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

从农业土壤使用静态钱伯斯温室气体流量测量

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

Use of Chironomidae (Diptera) Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. Unfortunately, traditional benthic larval sampling methods, such as the dip-net, can be time-consuming and expensive. An alternative protocol involves collection of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Chironomidae is a species-rich family of flies (Diptera) whose immature stages typically occur in aquatic habitats. Adult chironomids emerge from the water, leaving their pupal skins, or exuviae, floating on the water&#8217;s surface. Exuviae often accumulate along banks or behind obstructions by action of the wind or water current, where they can be collected to assess chironomid diversity and richness. Chironomids can be used as important biological indicators, since some species are more tolerant to pollution than others. Therefore, the relative abundance and species composition of collected SFPE reflect changes in water quality. Here, methods associated with field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of chironomid SFPE are described in detail. Advantages of the SFPE method include minimal disturbance at a sampling area, efficient and economical sample collection and laboratory processing, ease of identification, applicability in nearly all aquatic environments, and a potentially more sensitive measure of ecosystem stress. Limitations include the inability to determine larval microhabitat use and inability to identify pupal exuviae to species if they have not been associated with adult males.

Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to monitor and assess water quality. An efficient protocol involves collections of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Here, techniques for field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of Chironomidae SFPE are described.

使用摇蚊科（双翅目）的表面浮蛹蜕为快速生物议定书水体

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and metabolism. Although powerful, metagenomics alone can only elucidate functional potential. On the other hand, metaproteomics enables the description of the expressed in situ metabolism and function of a community. Here we describe a protocol for cell lysis, protein and DNA isolation, as well as peptide digestion and extraction from marine microbial cells collected on a cartridge filter unit (such as the Sterivex filter unit) and preserved in an RNA stabilization solution (like RNAlater). In mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies, the identification of peptides and proteins is performed by comparing peptide tandem mass spectra to a database of translated nucleotide sequences. Including the metagenome of a sample in the search database increases the number of peptides and proteins that can be identified from the mass spectra. Hence, in this protocol DNA is isolated from the same filter, which can be used subsequently for metagenomic analysis.

This protocol is for the extraction and concentration of protein and DNA from microbial biomass collected from seawater, followed by the generation of tryptic peptides suitable for tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis.

水生微生物Metaproteomics工作流程:从细胞对胰蛋白酶肽适合串联质谱为基础的分析

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Extracting Metrics for Three-dimensional Root Systems: Volume and Surface Analysis from In-soil X-ray Computed Tomography Data

Plant roots play a critical role in plant-soil-microbe interactions that occur in the rhizosphere, as well as processes with important implications to climate change and crop management. Quantitative size information on roots in their native environment is invaluable for studying root growth and environmental processes involving plants. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for in situ root scanning and analysis. We aimed to develop a costless and efficient tool that approximates the surface and volume of the root regardless of its shape from three-dimensional (3D) tomography data. The root structure of a Prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) specimen was imaged using XCT. The root was reconstructed, and the primary root structure was extracted from the data using a combination of licensed and open-source software. An isosurface polygonal mesh was then created for ease of analysis. We have developed the standalone application imeshJ, generated in MATLAB1, to calculate root volume and surface area from the mesh. The outputs of imeshJ are surface area (in mm2) and the volume (in mm3). The process, utilizing a unique combination of tools from imaging to quantitative root analysis, is described. A combination of XCT and open-source software proved to be a powerful combination to noninvasively image plant root samples, segment root data, and extract quantitative information from the 3D data. This methodology of processing 3D data should be applicable to other material/sample systems where there is connectivity between components of similar X-ray attenuation and difficulties arise with segmentation.

A methodology for obtaining visual and quantitative root structure information from X-ray computed tomography data acquired in-soil is presented.

从在土X射线计算机断层扫描数据量和表面分析:提取指标三维根系

Plant roots play a critical role in plant-soil-microbe interactions that occur in the rhizosphere, as well as processes with important implications to ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the landscape has complex and varied soil morphology, an accompanying disparity in flow paths for leachate through the soil macropore and matrix structure is present. The rate of flow through these paths is further affected by antecedent soil moisture. Lysimeters are used to quantify flow rate, volume of water and concentration of nutrients leaching downward through soils. While many lysimeter designs exist, accurately determining the volume of water and mass balance of nutrients is best accomplished with bounded lysimeters that leave the natural soil structure intact. 
Here we present a detailed method for the extraction and construction of soil core lysimeters equipped with soil moisture sensors at 5 cm and 25 cm depths. Lysimeters from four different Coastal Plain soils (Bojac, Evesboro, Quindocqua and Sassafras) were collected on the Delmarva Peninsula and moved to an indoor climate controlled facility. Soils were irrigated once weekly with the equivalent of 2 cm of rainfall to draw down soil nitrate-N concentrations. At the end of the draw down period, poultry litter was applied (162 kg TN ha-1) and leaching was resumed for an additional five weeks. Total recovery of applied irrigation water varied from 71% to 85%. Nitrate-N concentration varied over the course of the study from an average of 27.1 mg L-1 before litter application to 40.3 mg L-1 following litter application. While greatest flux of nutrients was measured in soils dominated by coarse sand (Sassafras) the greatest immediate flux occurred from the finest textured soil with pronounced macropore development (Quindocqua).

A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

清洁取样和痕量金属研究河和河口水域分析

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropod populations in rice. When used in combination with an enclosure, application of this sampling device provides absolute estimates of the populations of arthropods as numbers per standardized sampling area. The sampling efficiency depends critically on the sampling duration. In a mature rice crop, a two-minute sampling in an enclosure of 0.13 m2 yields more than 90% of the arthropod population. The device also allows sampling of arthropods dwelling on the water surface or the soil in rice paddies, but it is not suitable for sampling fast flying insects, such as predatory Odonata or larger hymenopterous parasitoids. The modified blower-vac is simple to construct, and cheaper and easier to handle than traditional suction sampling devices, such as D-vac. The low cost makes the modified blower-vac also accessible to researchers in developing countries.

Assessment of arthropod abundance in crops is critical for investigating population dynamics and species interactions. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropods in rice.

修改和叶鼓风机-VAC的节肢动物领域采样中的应用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...