特别致谢去本杰明博士天牛他在技术问题援助。作者也想感谢马库斯Forschner博士和伯克穆勒为自己的多媒体支持，埃里卡Magelky她编辑的专业知识和丽莎霍农，罗兰Jurgons博士和斯蒂芬·冯·Hörsten教授（均来自弗朗兹 - Penzoldt中心，大学埃尔兰根），他们在动物处理和护理专业精神。我们感谢在临床化学研究所，德国海德堡大学医学院曼海姆迈克尔Neumaier教授提供MC38肿瘤细胞。 目前的工作是在用于获得程度的要求履行执行"MED博士"。在弗里德里希 - 亚历山大大学埃尔兰根 - 纽伦堡（FAU）。

中弗兰肯在德国巴伐利亚州政府授予描述的过程的权限。任何类似的实验，需要由有关当局事先批准。 注:以下手册可以通过在A，B组被排除在外有相应标志C.步骤可用于前面所讨论的A组。 1.准备<ol><li>戴上手套，放置在显微镜下的聚苯乙烯垫，并且透镜集中于垫稍稍上方的区域。 </li><li>拆分无菌纸和地方一半以上的聚苯乙烯板，另一半只是在它旁边。 </li><li>消毒手术器械，将它们放在旁边的聚苯乙烯垫无菌纸。 </li><li>伸直的大回形针形成一个拱形。把它倒过来，按入聚苯乙烯板在高端产品 - 就在旁边，其中动物的头会说谎。 </li><li>放置蒸发器的吸嘴两个肢之间S中的弓。 （ 图7） </li><li>设置一下从那里动物的头会说谎的地方40cm的加热灯。使在聚苯乙烯垫的水平不超过40℃的一定的热量。 </li><li>准备手术的动物一个单独的笼子。 </li><li>在柔性管中准备一个限定数量和体积（最多50微升）的肿瘤细胞，并储存在冰上。 </li></ol> 2.麻醉<ol><li>鼠标放置成有机玻璃盒子和（以10升/分钟的流量的5％异氟烷）开始高流动异氟烷麻醉诱导。 </li><li>经过麻醉的不同阶段会后，取出从有机玻璃中，将鼠标已经进入濒死喘息的阶段，这很容易通过呼吸频率（&lt;20次/分）和深喘着气摇晃急剧减少的认可刚过动物的整个身体。 </li><li>快速地将动物腹部向上到无菌的悬垂性聚苯乙烯覆盖垫，并继续通过插入老鼠的鼻子对着话筒维持麻醉通风的低流量异氟醚。以约1升/分钟的流量用的1.8-2.2％的吸气部分。 </li><li>评估通过计算呼吸频率，这是理想的每分钟45到60次呼吸之间的操作期间麻醉深度。相应地调整吸气异氟烷分数，如果这不是这种情况。 注:在吸气异氟醚分数的变化需要大约60秒，直到他们成为有效的。避免迅速开展剧变。相反，逐步修改麻醉剂的应用。 </li></ol> 3.操作<ol><li>消毒胸腹部有足够的消毒和更换手套之后。 </li><li>注入的重适于体积卡洛芬（5毫克/公斤体重）到动物的大腿。 </li><li>轻轻捏住用钳子腹部皮肤以测试麻醉深度是足够的。 </li><lI&gt;沿着从用剪刀和镊子剑突到中间腹部中线执行一个切口。 </li><li>仔细解剖周围地区剑突从周围组织揭露它。 </li><li>放置一个停留缝线通过剑突（从内到外）和上面的动物脑袋使用钳两个线程连接到保持器上。 </li><li>捏牵开的四肢一起慢慢变推出了"U"形拉钩沿着动物的内部腹壁提示。 注意:这些措施暴露肝脏，以方便获得不同的瓣。肝脏的中位数和左外叶的识​​别现在应该是可能的。 </li><li>用盐水浸泡过的棉签，轻轻地向下推中叶。解剖镰状韧带的腹侧四分之三，它现在将是中叶的表面与隔膜之间可见。 </li><li>现在，使用两个盐水浸泡过的棉签位数转移叶及左外叶向上向膜。 </li><li>可视化的左外叶和尾状叶之间的薄膜，仔细解剖它。 注意:当执行从一组动物这个协议，跳跃在这一点上步骤3.18。 </li><li>放置一个大小4-0结扎斜沿左外叶的基地。 </li><li>接下来，使用棉签向左外叶返回到其原来的位置。 </li><li>仔细绑结扎尽量靠近叶的基部尽可能并在叶评估颜色变化来测试充分中断血液供应。 </li><li>由以下的叶的基部的线切除左外侧叶并注意切除叶的重量。 注意:当对从B组动物这个协议中，跳跃在这一点到步骤3.18。 </li><li>放置在左外叶的树桩和中叶的基准之间的第二结扎。 </li><li>重新定位中叶为WELL，领带结扎。再次，评估颜色变化的叶来测试中断充足的血液供应。 </li><li>切除中叶，并注意它的重量。 </li><li>的1ml注射器连接至地下30针，并使用从柔性管肿瘤细胞填充而不会在任何时候倾斜注射器。 </li><li>使用棉签移动肠襻向动物的左，以便露出下右叶。 </li><li>插入细胞加载注射器插入"三手"的设备在30°角向垂直。 </li><li>小心移到旁边的鼠标设备用针刚下肝右叶上方。 </li><li>慢慢地推进第三只手装置内的注射器，直到针的针尖是下右叶的中间部分。 </li><li>注入整个卷到耳垂的中间部分过一段30-45秒。 </li><li>压缩注射部位至少三分钟，直到出血停止。 </LI&gt; <li>除去留缝合和牵开器。 </li><li>使用一键结可吸收的缝线5-0关闭筋膜。 </li><li>使用一键结4-0，非吸收性缝合关闭皮肤。 </li><li>启动换气高流量氧气鼠标约1分钟。 </li></ol> 4.后运过程<ol><li>将动物到了下一个半小时温暖的环境（约40℃），以确保有足够的恢复。 </li><li>用5毫克/毫升安乃近的72小时的术后掺和动物的饮用水。 </li><li>仔细检查缝合线的完整性的程序后至少三天。 </li></ol> 5.观察期和安乐死<ol><li>每日测量动物的体重，共14天。他们得分就其各自的福祉和限制。 </li><li>后14天，麻醉动物以下步骤2.1和手术协议2.2ND与机构的动物安乐死的协议进行。 </li><li>如步骤3.4解释执行中位数剖腹探查术。为了方便进入腹部，延长切口1-1.5厘米尾部。插入牵开器在3.7指出。 </li><li>沿镰状韧带的其余部分解剖和切割就像它退出肝脏颅下腔静脉。 </li><li>从隔膜，通过用钳子抓住隔膜和直截了当地解剖到肝脏和肌肉组织之间的空间分离肝脏。 </li><li>提起动员肝组织过腹膜后并剖析其关闭剩余的结构它仍然附着于:腹膜后脂肪组织，下腔静脉和门静脉。 </li><li>提取为任何额外的组织，这将错误地有助于其实际尺寸和重量后检查肝脏。提取的肝脏和其肿瘤都显示在图6中 。 </li><li>解剖肿瘤关闭INFerior右叶。 </li><li>测量肿瘤和肝实质两者的尺寸和重量。 </li><li>根据需要用于组织分析保存从腹膜额外组织样品，淋巴结或其他器官</li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

表演在啮齿类动物外科手术之前的实验已经能够确定某些变量，可以作为来源的偏见。为了获得可靠和有效的结果，请考虑以下注意事项。 常规操作前禁食可导致肝脂肪变性12，其可以抑制肝再生13,14。因此，不建议使用。肝细胞的有丝分裂最高活性在整个15天发生变化。如果可能的话，在白天所有组在一定的时间进行的程序。鼠肝再生是最有效的动物4-6周龄。超过10个月的年龄老动物有显著降低再生能力16。使用相同的种族，性别和年龄的小鼠的实验，以减少偏差的机会。在无菌的环境中工作是在这样一个开放的过程通常很重要。尤其在免疫受损的生物体，如athymi<html>在视频中，感染的风险，使用c小鼠，这可能会导致过早死亡或有偏见的结果，是很高的。追求三区，设置包括准备，手术和恢复区，因此是必要的17。由于其深厚的肝毒效应，不建议内或术后镇痛治疗18,19常用丁丙诺啡。使用其它物质如卡洛芬或安乃近提供足够的镇痛。因为安乃近不是在许多国家使用，卡洛芬也可以用于在手术后疼痛控制。每日一次执行为5mg / kg体重皮下注射三天替代安乃近。 当鼠标恢复被置于与容易获得食物和水温暖的环境术后恢复最好的实现。这是最好从其他老鼠隔夜隔离，以防止更占优势的动物从损害更脆弱的17。 jove_content"&gt;虽然协议是很简单的，有一些小的缺陷，以避免在小鼠在进行这种手术时，镰状韧带的夹层，连接中叶腹壁的腹侧方面的结构，是基本达到适当的肝灵活性。由于这种韧带扩展到一个区域非常接近的地方，下腔静脉叶肝颅，谨慎，以防止这一重大静脉损伤是必要的地步。平均而言，解剖它大约四分之三的方式将确保令人满意的动员，并在同一时间保持到容器足够的距离。 使用紧张适量结扎带结扎一个叶时进行切除协议时是一个极为重要的任务。空气节或收紧结扎不佳连写可导致中断的不充分的血液供应，出血，休克死亡。与此同时，一个attemPT彻底拧紧结扎结可能会导致与周围组织和器官的损害相关结扎破裂。评估结扎诚信的有效途径是结扎叶紫绀内的颜色变化的观察。选择正确的缝线材料也起着重要的作用。编织缝线更容易压缩组织，而单纤维状材料将宁愿通过软肝组织解剖并引起出血。 在小鼠体内取出的肝叶时，另一个关键步骤涉及结扎的正确定位。结扎应该被垂直执行以进入瓣的主要血管。虽然这是在中叶相当简单，左侧叶的适当切除是更具挑战性。其渔船在腹，尾方向进入耳垂。其结果是，在结扎线必须沿假想线左弓步基底之间放置在升下右叶艾弗。 在中叶，然而，切除可能危及下腔静脉。因为这主要容器穿过耳垂的背侧部分运行时，它是容易损坏，这可能导致肝坏死。此外，平了结扎在这个领域太紧张，可能导致膈肌破裂和/或气胸。 试图获得可比较的结果，当肿瘤细胞的适当处理也很重要。虽然确切的细胞培养技术并不意味着是该协议的一部分，肿瘤细胞的过程中的处理是作为预先完美制备一样重要。当填充肿瘤细胞的注射器，至关重要的是要保持直立在任何时候。注射器的主要倾斜可能导致肿瘤细胞附着在注射器壁，因此导致在注射时的细胞的损失。只有轻微的倾斜是在注射时必要的，以便插入每针相垂直的右下肺叶表面。 出血和腹膜转移可从肝脏的表面上的穿刺部位出血和溢出的结果发生。因此，用棉签一段三分钟瓣平缓压缩是必不可少的，以控制从肝实质出血和防止肿瘤细胞的流体泄漏到腹膜。 含程序协议腹腔操作啮齿动物出版物很少含有约腹部闭合的类型的信息。然而，该方面是并发症的另一种可能的来源。即使有足够的疼痛控制，动物会尝试删除外国机构在其腹壁。后果可能是腹腔感染，开腹，甚至死亡。这可以通过对伤口闭合，而不是一个连续缝合，并在两层闭合腹壁既执行单中断线圈被防止。雌性无胸腺裸-foxn1nu / nu小鼠（由哈兰实验室BV，Kreuzelweg 53，NL-5961 NM垒提供）在本实验中使用。 T细胞缺乏这个品种是著名允许相对不受限制肿瘤的生长和肿瘤植入因此理想的条件。为了尽量减少动物之间的排名战的影响，只使用了雌性动物。使用不同的菌株，如C57BL / 6近交系小鼠的初步结果也显示显著，但成交量较低的肿瘤生长。因此，该技术可以很可能是可行的，即使更多的小鼠品系。 然而，在此设置使用生物免疫功能低下，需要特殊的动物卫生预防措施，如病原体可能与肿瘤生长20干涉。像使用岗哨动物的措施，以监测病原体21的存在下，在动物试验设施进行我们的研究了发生在可helpfu升的检测偏差的可能来源。 这个实验使用了一种名为MC38小鼠结肠癌细胞株（曼海姆的医学院，德国从临床化学研究所获得）。 5×10 5个肿瘤细胞溶解于50微升生理盐水。浓度在初步实验中，其中该量被确定为理想的两周内固体肿瘤的形成来确定。根据在这些实验中使用的动物的免疫活性（见上述讨论），它很可能会也可能使用人大肠癌细胞，因此建立异种移植物。使用人类的SW480肿瘤细胞裸鼠-foxn1nu / nu小鼠进行的初步测试能够成功证明肿瘤生长在剩下的肝脏切除后。由于鼠肝脏的尺寸，建议只使用体积达50μl的预防并发症。在这一点上可能会提高是标记的肿瘤细胞与荧光素酶。取决于正在调查的问题，当肿瘤细胞生长和尺寸的更密切的监测是可能会出现有趣的信息。 结扎的肝叶的替代方法包括裁剪方法22或剪裁，缝合杂交技术23。剪切装置的定位，但是，可能使削波的方法困难。充分进行缝合结扎仍然是简单易学的技术，并且很可能是在这个实验中除去一个波瓣的最经济有效的方法。 因为活的动物在该实验中使用的，它需要由适当的当局事先许可。根据不同的区域中，这可能是一个昂贵和耗时的任务。即使经过正式批准，动物实验远比研究方法，如细胞培养试验或分子方法不易进入。除了的基础设施现代动物测试设施，专用设备具有以执行协议进行分配。此外，两到四个星期的期间应调度掌握该技术。这个协议可以适用于大量小鼠品系的广泛的细胞系。然而，对于上面提到的可能的修改，而不是每一个细胞系可以在每个生物体的影响。 使用该协议的调查研究的主要目标将参与肝脏再生和肝恶性肿瘤复发的确切效果复杂的生长因子系统。为了充分调查这些可能的相关性，它是实现一种动物实验，而相比之下，不同的分子的方法或细胞培养实验是必不可少的。这些方法更应作为调查的免费手段。虽然有几种不同的肝切除模型迄今22-24发表，该过程首次实现了同时的肿瘤细胞注射到既定的操作。 这种小鼠模型表明，肝切除的小鼠是一个相当简单，可行，容易复制的方法。之后主要和次要切除肝脏的再生是能够在两个星期之内通过补偿肥厚组织损失。小鼠可与高达70％的肝体积减少应付。 肿瘤细胞能够残肝内生长，并且可以建立实体瘤。肿瘤生长和肿瘤细胞增殖与切除肝组织的量相关。的切除导致剩余肝脏，这是表示，由较大的肿瘤重量和体积内的肿瘤生长的激活过程。这个更大的增生程度可通过免疫组化检查证明。 它公知的是肝脏再生的fac的量器发布与肝切除25,26程度肝脏肥大增加。因此，肝再生因子和肿瘤细胞生长之间的连接可能存在。这与临床观察结果一致，其中转移性复发之前切除肝脏中转移灶的量有关。肝转移是术前影像学可见可能只反映了冰山一角，而更多的，尚未检测到肿瘤细胞的沉积，可能存在诊断。肝切除后，肝再生因子随后可刺激这些肿瘤细胞，其最终成为明显的，因为经常转移的生长。 虽然上面提到的相关性是很可能的是，它没有被迄今证实。因此，对肝内肿瘤进展肝再生机制的影响需要进一步的分子分析。精确的指令以及一个说明性的视频允许快速采用在这段视频介绍了该技术。它可以作为不同类型的世界各地的研究，试图发现在这个著名的事件链的缺失环节的基础。

结直肠癌（CRC）占近9％的恶性肿瘤。它是第三大常见癌症，无论是在美国和世界各地。从30万CRC全球范围内的死亡率为50多万，每年1。患者的百分之二十在他们的大肠肿瘤的发现从肝转移苦。可切除的转移是由部分肝切除2,3通常的方式处理。改进的外科技术，新的多策略和可切除转移新的定义呈现部分肝切除可能越来越多的患者4的疗法。 继发性恶性肿瘤复发，但是，在现代胃肠外科具有挑战性的临床后遗症。 CRC患者谁接受肝转移灶切除术在其剩余肝5开发一种新的肿瘤的30〜50％的机会。因此，有必要对在进一步的研究参与肝转移复发的机制。 约70％的肝切除通常是由剩余的肝组织在几周内补偿。该再生涉及多个机制，包括象白细胞介素-6（IL-6），肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α），肝细胞生长因子（HGF）的细胞因子，转化生长因子β（TGF-β），血管内皮生长因子（VEGF ），基质金属蛋白酶（MMP-2和MMP-9）和CXC趋化因子6-11。这些物质支持肝再生，并且还可以通过诱导的小肿瘤细胞沉积物，其中不是由常规临床成像检测到的剩余的肝生长负责初级和次级肝恶性肿瘤的复发率较高。这种因果关系尚未迄今证实。 建立了如下假设。部分肝切除之后，增殖因子，负责活ř肥大也可能诱导以前未发现的肿瘤细胞在肝脏的生长。小鼠模型的设计相结合肝切除和肿瘤诱导的技术。第三无胸腺裸-foxn1nu / nu小鼠分为三组，每组10只动物。他们每个人都用无论是单独的剖腹手术（A组）治疗，30％的肝切除（B组）或70％肝切除术（C组）。在所有组中的动物随后收到一个肿瘤细胞注射到肝脏的定义剩余部分​​，​​以模拟休眠肿瘤细胞。其中，两个星期观察，然后动物评价肿瘤生长和肝脏肥大。 的目标是创建可用于搜索可能发挥肝切除后肿瘤形成的作用的分子和致病因素的模型。这种方法可以是在评估帮助:参与肝再生内分泌因子的来源;肝内TUM责任机制或肝切除术后的增长;和必要的肝内肿瘤生长诱导肝切除量。只是对动物，因为它们承诺向的基本生物学原理的理解，并可以预期受益通过​​改进的治疗选择人类知识的发展已经执行了下面的方法。由于涉及在这些问题的机制，它在体内被检查，如体外方法可能无法提供人类病理学的一个真实的表现。 这些调查可能导致的有关目标的发现为用于降低肿瘤复发的预防性治疗方案。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="844">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Operation Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">OPMI-1 FC S21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Induction Cage (Plexiglas Box)</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">UNO BV, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">180000132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Flowmeter + Connection Kit</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">UNO BV, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">180000008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">UNO Vaporizer Sigma Delta</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">UNO BV, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">180000002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Key Filler for Anesthetic</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">UNO BV, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">180000010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Activated Charcoal Filter Adsorber</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">UNO BV, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">180000140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Gas Exhaust Unit</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">UNO BV, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">180000118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Face Mask for mouse</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">UNO BV, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">180000065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Vaporizer Stand</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">UNO BV, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">180000006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Heat lamp</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Physitemp Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">HL-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Styrofoam Pad</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">RAYHER</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">30074000&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Third Hand Tool</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">TOOLCRAFT&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">ZD-10F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Precision Scales</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Kern</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">EW 220-3NM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Scales&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Kern</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">EMB 500-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Sliding Caliper</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">MIB</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">MIB 82026100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Microdissection forceps</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Braun/Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD195R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Microdissection scissors</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Braun/Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">FD100R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Microdissection needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Braun/Aesculap</td>
			<td>BM563R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Retractor</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Fine Science Tools (F.S.T.)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">No. 17001-0</td>
			<td>Type: Bowmann</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Clamp</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Braun/Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BJ002R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Expendable Items</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height:20px;width:845px;">(NOTE: Quantities are per animal and procedure)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Foliodrape sterile cover (45x75cm)</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Hartmann</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">2775001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Sterile Cotton Swabs (2x)</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Hartmann</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">4700151</td>
			<td>Peha</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Sterile fluid (0,9%NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">3570310</td>
			<td>PZN=04454809</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Disinfectant (Softasept - 250ml)</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">3887138</td>
			<td>PZN=0762008808505018</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">4-0 Vicryl suture</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">4x4 Gauze Sponge</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Kendall/Covidien&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">UPC: 728795135355&#160;</td>
			<td>ASIN: B005BFQTWM&#160;</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Large paperclip</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Name</td>
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			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:319px;">Female athymic nude-foxn1nu/nu</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Harlan Laboratories B.V.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Code 069</td>
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the influence of liver resection on intrahepatic tumor growth

肿瘤复发转移切除肝脏病变后的高发病率仍然是一个未解决的问题。小的肿瘤细胞沉积物，这是不通过常规临床成像可检测的，可通过肝切除后的肝再生因子来刺激。这是不完全清楚，但是，哪些因素是肿瘤复发的关键。 所提出的小鼠模型可能是有用的，以探索肝切除后发挥复发性恶性病变的发展中的作用的机制。该模型结合了规定量的小鼠肝组织切除，肿瘤诱导（注射）中的易于执行和可重复的技术。动物用一个单剖腹手术，30％的肝切除，或70％的肝切除术。所有动物随后收到一个肿瘤细胞注射到剩余的肝组织。两周的观察后，将肝脏和肿瘤大小和重量，并进行了评价免疫组化检查。 一个70％的肝切除后，肿瘤的体积和重量比单独一个剖腹（P &lt;0.05）均显著增加。此外，免疫组织化学（Ki67的）显示切除组中增加的肿瘤增殖率（P &lt;0.05）。 这些结果表明，对肝内肿瘤生长肝再生机制的影响。像组织后处理，或RNA分析相结合的方法，所描述的小鼠模型可以作为参与肝脏内肿瘤的生长和转移复发的疾病不同因素密切审查的基础。相当多的像的术后观察的长度的变量，用于注射或注射和肝切除的时刻的细胞系探索肝切除后的转移的情况下的一个具体问题时提供多种角度。此过程的局限性是互惠thorization执行对动物的过程中，获得适当的动物试验设施，并购置某些设备。

在我们具体的实验中，我们包括30个裸鼠-foxn1nu / nu小鼠。他们接到位数剖腹500,000 MC38肿瘤细胞（溶于50μl生理盐水）的肿瘤细胞的注射，并随后用任一个70％肝切除，30％肝切除，或没有进一步的介入治疗。 后14天，剩余的肝的几乎完全再生以下30％或70％肝切除（30％肝切除组肝脏肥大指数为1.06与0.8从70％肝切除组）中观察到。 单剖腹手术后，平均体重肝内肿瘤为332毫克（范围:10-608毫克）。一个70％的肝切除术具有p＆＃后:30％肝切除与961毫克后:（76-1,873毫克范围）（189 MG-3030毫克范围）肝内肿瘤的平均肿瘤重量为656毫克60 0.05（ 图1）。 30％的肝切除后，肿瘤体积为950毫米3（范围:439-2,326毫米3）与1385毫米3（范围:411-2,366毫米3）70％的肝脏切除后，和511毫米3（范围: 87-1,693毫米3）p &lt;0.05（ 图2）单独一个剖腹手术后。 从肿瘤组织的组织切片取和分析通过Ki-67的免疫组织化学。就其增殖率在幻灯片上的细胞进行了评价。相比61％（范围:51-69％）:从开腹组肿瘤细胞的平均增殖率为47％（39-56％范围），该经历肝切除术的70％（P &lt;0.05）从动物和53％（范围:38-69％），该经历肝切除术的30％（p值= 0.22），这表明在该行肝切除组细胞增殖的增加的速率从动物（ 图3 -<html> 5）。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig1.jpg" /> 图1:肝内肿瘤重量的图组A，B和C之间的平均瘤重解剖后从肝脏进行比较，并显示在B组和C误差线的肿瘤重量增加代表SEM。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看更大的版本这个数字。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig2.jpg" /> 图2:肝内肿瘤体积的图组A，B和C中的平均肿瘤体积解剖后从肝脏进行比较，并示出了B组和C误差棒的肿瘤增加量表示SEM。<html> ANK"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig3.jpg" /> 图3:增殖率在从 A组肿瘤标本幻灯片的A组 Ki-67的免疫组化肿瘤表明肿瘤细胞的增殖温和。比例尺= 100微米。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig4.jpg" /> 图4:增殖率的来自选自B组中的肿瘤标本的滑动的B组 KI-67免疫组织化学肿瘤表明肿瘤细胞的中度增殖。比例尺= 100微米。得到="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig5.jpg" /> 图5:增殖率从来自C组肿瘤标本幻灯片的C组 Ki-67的免疫组化肿瘤表明肿瘤细胞的增殖明显。比例尺= 100微米。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig6.jpg" /> 图6:从B组中提取肝癌/肿瘤标本此肝脏执行30％的肝切除和同时肿瘤细胞注射后14天提取。一个大的肿瘤在右下叶可以看出，而右优越，中位数和尾状叶■找过显著肥大了。 * =肿瘤下右叶，SRL =卓越的右叶，ML =中叶，CL =尾状叶。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig7.jpg" /> 图7:或表设置的聚苯乙烯垫是由无菌布覆盖。一个弯腰驼背的开放回形针在其上端覆盖其喉舌呼吸管压入垫。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53946/53946fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Influence of Liver Resection on Intrahepatic Tumor Growth at JoVE.com

The Influence of Liver Resection on Intrahepatic Tumor Growth

A high incidence of tumor recurrence after resection of liver metastases remains an unsolved problem. The illustrated mouse model may be useful to investigate the reasons for such recurrences. It combines a liver resection model with intrahepatic tumor cell injection for the first time.

肝切除肝内肿瘤生长的影响

The high incidence of tumor recurrence after resection of metastatic liver lesions remains an unsolved problem. Small tumor cell deposits, which are not ...

the-influence-of-liver-resection-on-intrahepatic-tumor-growth

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.4K 次观看.  Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU). A high incidence of tumor recurrence after resection of liver metastases remains an unsolved problem. The illustrated mouse model may be useful to investigate the reasons for such recurrences. It combines a liver resection model with intrahepatic tumor cell injection for the first time. 

视频: The Influence of Liver Resection on Intrahepatic Tumor Growth

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent until many years after removal of the primary tumor and adjuvant therapy. A likely explanation of this phenomenon is that tumor cells have seeded metastatic sites, are resistant to conventional therapies, and remain dormant for long periods of time 1-4.
The existence of dormant cancer cells at secondary sites has been described previously as quiescent solitary cells that neither proliferate nor undergo apoptosis 5-7. Moreover, these solitary cells has been shown to disseminate from the primary tumor at an early stage of disease progression 8-10 and reside growth-arrested in the patients' bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes 1,4,11. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that regulate dormancy or the switch to a proliferative state is critical for discovering novel targets and interventions to prevent disease recurrence. However, unraveling the mechanisms regulating the switch from tumor dormancy to metastatic growth has been hampered by the lack of available model systems.
in vivo and ex vivo model systems to study metastatic progression of tumor cells have been described previously 1,12-14. However these model systems have not provided in real time and in a high throughput manner mechanistic insights into what triggers the emergence of solitary dormant tumor cells to proliferate as metastatic disease. We have recently developed a 3D in vitro system to model the in vivo growth characteristics of cells that exhibit either dormant (D2.OR, MCF7, K7M2-AS.46) or proliferative (D2A1, MDA-MB-231, K7M2) metastatic behavior in vivo . We demonstrated that tumor cells that exhibit dormancy in vivo at a metastatic site remain quiescent when cultured in a 3-dimension (3D) basement membrane extract (BME), whereas cells highly metastatic in vivo readily proliferate in 3D culture after variable, but relatively short periods of quiescence. Importantly by utilizing the 3D in vitro model system we demonstrated for the first time that the ECM composition plays an important role in regulating whether dormant tumor cells will switch to a proliferative state and have confirmed this in in vivo studies15-17. Hence, the model system described in this report provides an in vitro method to model tumor dormancy and study the transition to proliferative growth induced by the microenvironment.

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

A modified 3-D in vitro system is presented in which growth characteristics of several tumor cell lines in reconstituted basement membrane correlate with the dormant or proliferative behavior of the tumor cells at a metastatic secondary site in vivo.

一个<em在体外系统来研究肿瘤休眠和转移性增长

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent ...

科研

医学

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 &mu;m from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

一种新型的高分辨率<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;成像技术研究肿瘤生长及治疗颅内结构的动态响应

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the functions of proteins involved in oncogenic progression or help to discover new tumor suppressors. In addition, injecting cancer cells into mice with different genotypes might provide a better understanding of the importance of the stromal compartment. Many models may be useful to investigate certain aspects of disease progression but do not recapitulate the entire cancerous process. In contrast, breast cancer cells engraftment to the mammary fat pad of mice better recapitulates the location of the disease and presence of the proper stromal compartment and therefore better mimics human cancerous disease. In this article, we describe how to implant breast cancer cells into mice orthotopically and explain how to collect tissues to analyse the tumor milieu and metastasis to distant organs. Using this model, many aspects (growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis) of cancer can be investigated simply by providing a proper environment for tumor cells to grow.

Cancer is a complex disease that is influenced by the tissue surrounding the tumor as well as local pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, orthotropic injection models, rather than subcutaneous models may be useful to study cancer progression in a manner that better mimics human pathology.

注射原位乳腺癌细胞到小鼠乳腺脂肪垫来研究肿瘤的生长。

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the ...

Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the lack of the bone microenvironment and auto/paracrine growth factors human MM cells are difficult to cultivate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish proper in vitro and in vivo culture systems to study the action of novel therapeutics on human MM cells. Here we present a model to grow human multiple myeloma cells in a complex 3D environment in vitro and in vivo. MM cell lines OPM-2 and RPMI-8226 were transfected to express the transgene GFP and were cultivated in the presence of human mesenchymal cells and collagen type-I matrix as three-dimensional spheroids. In addition, spheroids were grafted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryos and tumor growth was monitored by stereo fluorescence microscopy. Both models allow the study of novel therapeutic drugs in a complex 3D environment and the quantification of the tumor cell mass after homogenization of grafts in a transgene-specific GFP-ELISA. Moreover, angiogenic responses of the host and invasion of tumor cells into the subjacent host tissue can be monitored daily by a stereo microscope and analyzed by immunohistochemical staining against human tumor cells (Ki-67, CD138, Vimentin) or host mural cells covering blood vessels (desmin/ASMA).
In conclusion, the onplant system allows studying MM cell growth and angiogenesis in a complex 3D environment and enables screening for novel therapeutic compounds targeting survival and proliferation of MM cells.

Human multiple myeloma (MM) cells require the supportive microenvironment of mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix components for survival and proliferation. We established an in vivo chicken embryo model with engrafted human myeloma and mesenchymal cells to study effects of cancer drugs on tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis.

建立一个人类多发性骨髓瘤异种移植模型中的鸡，研究肿瘤的生长，侵袭和血管生成

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the ...

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A non-mammalian soil round worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a valuable model organism for toxicology studies due to its convenience and lack of animal ethics issues compared with mammalian animal systems. In this protocol, a detailed procedure of toxicological evaluation of chemicals in C. elegans is described. A clinical anticancer drug, etoposide, which targets human topoisomerase II and inhibits DNA replication of human cancer cells, was selected as a model testing chemical. Age-synchronized C. elegans eggs were exposed to either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or etoposide, and then the growth of C. elegans was monitored every day for 4 days by the stereo microscope observation. The total number of eggs laid from C. elegans treated with DMSO or etoposide was also counted by using the stereo microscope. Etoposide treatment significantly affected the growth and reproduction of C. elegans. By comparison of the total number of eggs laid from worms with different treatment periods of chemicals, it can be decided that the reproductive toxicity of chemicals on C. elegans reproduction is reversible or irreversible. These protocols may be helpful for both the development of various drugs and risk assessment of environmental toxicants.

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

A basic protocol to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals in a model animal, Caenorhabditis elegans, is described. The method is convenient and useful for the development of pharmaceuticals as well as for the risk assessment of various environmental pollutants.

测定化学物质对线虫线虫生长和繁殖的影响

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A ...

Transaxillary First Rib Resection for Treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a common disorder that causes a significant loss of productivity. The transaxillary first rib resection (TFRR) protocol has been used for the decompression of trapped neurovascular structures in the TOS. Among the other surgical procedures, the advantage of the TFRR is that it has the smallest rate of recurrence and better cosmetic outcomes. The disadvantage of TFRR is that it provides a narrow, and deep working corridor that makes obtaining vascular control challenging.

Here, we present a protocol of the transaxillary resection of the first rib for treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome caused by compression of the brachial plexus, subclavian vein and artery.

经腋窝第一肋骨切除术治疗胸廓出口综合征

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a common disorder that causes a significant loss of productivity. The transaxillary first rib resection (TFRR) protocol ...

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Old compression vertebrae fracture or congenital kyphoscoliosis with abnormal vertebral body development and other diseases that invade the spine may cause severe thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity, often accompanied by intractable low back pain or compression of the spinal cord, leading to severe neurological symptoms or even paralysis. If conservative treatment cannot relieve the symptoms or correct the deformities, surgical treatment is usually needed. For severe kyphotic deformity, reconstruction of the physiological curvature and rigid fixation determine the prognosis of the patients. Osteotomy and orthopedics are the standard procedure for deformities with severe compression of the front and middle column, but the trauma to the patients is high, with a long operation time and massive blood loss. To avoid these disadvantages, we have developed a modified technique to remove the diseased vertebra unilaterally. In this technique, we use a modified trephine to resect the vertebral columns like in the pedicle screw technique by adding a locking instrument that can restrict the trephine to lower the risk of osteotomy and shorten the surgery time and blood loss.

We describe a modified technique for resecting the posterior vertebral column unilaterally based on a modified trephine for patients with thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity.

胸腰椎后凸畸形患者改良后椎柱切除术

Old compression vertebrae fracture or congenital kyphoscoliosis with abnormal vertebral body development and other diseases that invade the spine may ...

An Apical Resection Model in the Adult Xenopus tropicalis Heart

It is known that in adult mammals, the heart has lost its regenerative capacity, making heart failure one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Previous research has demonstrated the regenerative ability of the heart of the adult Xenopus tropicalis, an anuran amphibian with a diploid genome and a close evolutionary relationship with mammals. Additionally, studies have shown that following ventricular apex resection, the heart can regenerate without scarring in X. tropicalis. Consequently, these previous results suggest that X. tropicalis is an appropriate alternative vertebrate model for the study of adult heart regeneration. A surgical model of cardiac regeneration in the adult X. tropicalis is presented herein. Briefly, the frogs were anesthetized and fixed; then, a small incision was made with iridectomy scissors, penetrating the skin and pericardium. Gentle pressure was applied to the ventricle, and the apex of the ventricle was then cut out with scissors. Cardiac injury and regeneration were confirmed by histology at 7-30 days post resection (dpr). This protocol established an apical resection model in adult X. tropicalis, which&#160;can be employed to elucidate the mechanisms of adult heart regeneration.

An Apical Resection Model in the Adult Xenopus tropicalis Heart

Xenopus tropicalis is an ideal model for regenerative research as many of its organs possess a remarkable regenerative capacity. Here, we present a method for constructing a heart injury model in X. tropicalis via apex resection.

热带非洲爪蟾成人心脏的根尖切除模型

It is known that in adult mammals, the heart has lost its regenerative capacity, making heart failure one of the leading causes of death worldwide. ...

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Epididymal cysts mostly occur in men aged 20-40 years old. Previous reports have covered concerns about postoperative complexes, including postoperative asoedema, hematoma, sustaining pain, and seminal tract obstruction in patients who have undertaken nonmicroscopic epididymal cyst resection or epididymal resection. Nonmicroscopic epididymal cyst surgery is suggested for patients with childbirth plans as a precaution. The treatment of male epididymal cysts via microtechnology is obviously a beneficial option; we took the lead in carrying out microscopic epididymal exploration and cyst resection surgery in China. From September 2017 to April 2021, 41 young and middle-aged male patients diagnosed with epididymal cysts underwent microtechnology treatment in a program titled &#34;microscopic epididymal exploration and cystectomy&#34;. The postoperative follow-up lasted for 3-50 months. The results confirmed that, as microscopic manipulation largely improved visualization of the subtle tissue structures of the epididymis, the cyst could be clearly dissected apart and completely removed intact under the microscope. Bleeding during the operation was significantly reduced (2-3 mL) and wound drainage was not required. According to follow-up data, microscopic treatment significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative scrotal hematoma, edema, and long-term postoperative pain, thereby promising a higher surgical success rate as well as recurrence prevention. Besides, preliminary experience and reflection suggest that microscopic epididymal exploration and cystectomy provide efficient preservation of the epididymal patency through refined treatment, while a better prognosis can be achieved. We recommend that surgery be carried out before the epididymal cyst develops to 0.8 cm in diameter, for fear that a larger epididymal cyst (&#62;0.9 cm in diameter) could cause the complete destruction of all tubules of the ipsilateral epididymis - a more severe case with damage to the testicular output network.

Here, we present a protocol to treat patients diagnosed with an epididymal cyst using microscopic cyst resection. Based on microscopic manipulation, a largely improved visualization of the subtle tissue structures of the epididymis was obtained, so the cyst could be clearly dissected apart and completely removed intact.

显微镜囊肿切除术治疗诊断为附睾囊肿的患者

Epididymal cysts mostly occur in men aged 20-40 years old. Previous reports have covered concerns about postoperative complexes, including postoperative ...

肝脏硬度分布的定量分析

A Three-Dimensional Digital Model for Early Diagnosis of Hepatic Fibrosis Based on Magnetic Resonance Elastography

Hepatic fibrosis is an early stage of liver cirrhosis, and there are no better non-invasive and convenient methods for the detection and evaluation of the disease. Despite the good progress made with the liver stiffness map (LSM) based on magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), there are still some limitations that need to be overcome, including manual focus determination, manual selection of regions of interest (ROIs), and discontinuous LSM data without structural information, which makes it impossible to evaluate the liver as a whole. In this study, we propose a novel three-dimensional (3D) digital model for the early diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis based on MRE.
MRE is a non-invasive imaging technique that employs magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the liver stiffness at the scanning site through human-computer interaction. Studies have indicated a significant positive correlation between the LSM obtained through MRE and the degree of hepatic fibrosis. However, for clinical purposes, a comprehensive and precise quantification of the degree of hepatic fibrosis is necessary. To address this, the concept of Liver Stiffness Distribution (LSD) was proposed in this study, which refers to the 3D stiffness volume of each liver voxel obtained by the alignment of 3D liver tissue images and MRE indicators. This provides a more effective clinical tool for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic fibrosis.

作者聚焦:使用磁共振弹性成像和 AI 推进肝纤维化诊断 

The objective of this study was to develop a novel three-dimensional digital model for the early diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis, which includes the stiffness of each voxel in the patient's liver and can thus, be used to calculate the distribution ratio of the patient's liver at different fibrosis stages.

基于磁共振弹性成像的肝纤维化早期诊断三维数字模型

Hepatic fibrosis is an early stage of liver cirrhosis, and there are no better non-invasive and convenient methods for the detection and evaluation of the ...