这项研究是由来自台湾的国家科学委员会的资金支持（MOST 104-2410-H-002-058），以JEI屯吴（NSC 101-2410-H-002-093-MY2）至大黎愁。我们特别感谢去为他们的宝贵意见匿名评论。

实验协议给药前所有受试者必须给知情同意书。所有的程序，知情同意书，实验方案由国立台湾大学的研究伦理委员会的批准。 1.比较词汇决策之间的频率的影响，并在中国的汉字识别命名任务（实验1） <ol><li>招收学员<ol><li>招44学生从国立台湾大学参加LDT和命名这两个任务。参加者必须是土生土长的中国扬声器，正常或矫正到正常视力，并能说流利的听，说，读，写普通话。他们都是右手。 </li></ol></li><li>物料<ol><li>吴和刘（1987）中国字库选择一共有180个字符。使用90高频字和90低频字符。据吴和刘（1987），高频率特性是由发生超过100限定，并且低频率由发生定义从1到15，在数据库中约一百万的总频率之间。平衡跨越条件所选择的材料的重要词法特性（频率，冲程的数目，和/或其它性能， 等 ）。 </li><li>基于语音激进和字符的音韵，确保字符包含三固定类型:普通，其中的语音激进和字符共享相同的发音（忽略音调）;不规​​则的，其中有其发音之间的差异;和非录音制品，其中该字符不能被定义为表音。 </li><li>分类每个字符为六大类:（1）高频率，定期（ 如 。 <img alt="宝" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBAO.jpg" />宝，同胞）（2）高频率，不规则的（ 例如 ，<img alt="兵" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBING.jpg" /> ，冰，冰）（3）高频，非录音制品（ 如 : <img alt="段" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figDUAN.jpg" /> ，段，段）（4）低频，定期（ 例如 ， <img alt="禁止" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBAN.jpg" /> ，禁令，跌跌）（5）低频，不规则的（ 例如 ， <img alt="飞" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figFEI.jpg" />飞，一个王子的妻子）（6）低频，非录音制品（ 例如 ， <img alt="二人" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figDUO.jpg" /> ，哆，懒惰）。每个类别包含30个字符。 </li><li>使用TrueType（内置在Windows操作系统），通过保持正确的激进人物和改变左激进到另一个构造180伪字符。确保有在字符和伪字符之间笔划的数量没有显著差异。 <ol><li>启动TrueType字体程序。瓦恩会出现一个对话框，单击确定按钮和启动程序来构建伪字符。点击菜单中的Windows的参考，则参考面板会显示出来，并选择合适的字体。 </li><li>在输入面板的空白框一个实字，然后点击确定按钮。两个小组将并排显示在屏幕上。在构建人物的右侧面板中，用自由选择按钮的工具选择左侧的自由基与一个圆这个现实的性格。移动左侧的激进构建字符的左侧面板。然后左自由基伪字符已经取得进展。 </li><li>再次单击菜单中的Windows的参考，并采用类似的程序来选择合适的激进另一个真实的性格。将右激进构建字符的左侧面板。把两个基团一起，并确保这两个基团的组合是在词典意义的。伪字已建成。 ŧ母鸡保存在计算机中的伪字符。 </li></ol></li><li>通过规律性采用的频率（高，低）（定期，不定期和非录音制品）内的实验设计。设置任务的类型作为受试者间变量。 </li><li>随机的所有项目。 </li></ol></li><li>该LDT <ol><li>使用标准的实验的软件，如在E-总理，根据软件协议的实验进行编程。 </li><li>确保刺激的50％都为"是响应"与其他字符是伪字为"无响应"。 </li><li>请参与者判断出现在屏幕上书写刺激是否是一个真正的性格或没有。指示它们尽可能准确和尽快通过按下两个键中的一个作出响应，一个是"是反应"，另一个为"无响应"。提醒所有与会者做出回应时使用右手。 </li><li>开始每次试验用的terisk指示在监视器500毫秒的中心，伴随着100 Hz的警告音为200毫秒的固定点，然后黑屏出现了500毫秒。 </li><li>星号后，显示目标字符，它对着的大约2度的视觉弧线，从70厘米观看距离，直到计算机检测参与者的关键笔划，并且从目标字符的开始测量的响应时间（RT）直到一个按键作出响应。 </li><li>设置一个审判和下一个空白屏幕1000毫秒之间的时间间隔。计算机将通过按下键盘记录参与者在LDT响应的RT和准确率。 </li><li>无论是在电脑屏幕上书写格式和口头提供的所有指令，与会者单独进行的任务。 注:在实验范例1，任务包括有20个试验，反馈的练习。在实验过程中sessioN，与会者休息每36试验。包括实践之一的典型的会议将采取参与者25 - 30分钟才能完成。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.在比较中国词汇识别词汇决策和命名任务之间的频率影响（实验2） <ol><li>招收学员<ol><li>招36学生从国立台湾大学参加LDT和命名这两个任务。招募标准是一样的，在方案1。 </li></ol></li><li>物料<ol><li>选择共288两个字符词语，其中其中一半是真实的话，而另一半是伪字。根据吴 ​​和Liu（1987），高频率字由穿过条件所选择的材料的出现超过50余额的重要词法特性（频率，和/或其它性质， 等等 ）来定义。 </li><li>基于语音的激进的音韵D中的角色，确保话中的主人公包含三个规律类型:普通，其中的语音激进和字符共享相同的发音（忽略音调）;不规​​则的，其中有其发音之间的差异;和非录音制品，其中该字符不能被定义为表音。 </li><li>控制实际字中的主人公频率跨规律的类型，并确保伪字中的前导字符（ 例如 ， <img alt="xianque" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figXIANQUE.jpg" /> ，西安QUE）与那些在现实的话不同。 </li><li>通过规律性采用的频率（高，低）（定期，不定期和非录音制品）内的实验设计。 </li><li>分类每个字成六种类别之一:（1）高频率，定期主人公（ 例如 ， <img alt="不至于" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBUZHI.jpg" /> ，bù志，安排）（2）高频，不规则的前导字符（ 例如 ， <img alt="榕树" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBANYAN.jpg" />潘基yǎn，扮演的角色）（3）高频，非录音制品主角（ 例如 ， <img alt="博时基金" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBOSHI.jpg" /> ，石波，博士）（4）低频，定期前导字符（ 例如 ， <img alt="步聚" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBUJU.jpg" />卜菊，分布）（5）低频，不规则的前导字符（ 例如 ， <img alt="扮像" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBANXIANG.jpg" /> ，禁香，在服装的演员）（6）低频，非录音制品主角（ 例如 ， <img alt="博学" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figBOXUE.jpg" /> ，博学，eruditely）。 </li><li>分配所有刺激两大块，使每个块对应一个任务类型。平衡ŧ中块的顺序他参加。 </li><li>随机每个块内的所有试验。 </li></ol></li><li>该LDT <ol><li>使用标准的实验的软件，如在E-总理，根据软件协议的实验进行编程。 </li><li>确保刺激的50％都为"是响应"与其他人的话是假的话为"无响应"。 </li><li>请参与者来判断出现在屏幕上的书面刺激是否是一个真实的字或没有。指示它们尽可能准确和尽快通过按下两个键中的一个作出响应，一个是"是反应"，另一个为"无响应"。提醒所有与会者做出回应时使用右手。 </li><li>设置相同的要求，并安排在实验1，除了在屏幕上的刺激是代替字符或伪字一个字或伪字。 </li><li>提供所有的指令都在电脑上写SCRE格式EN和口头上，与会者单独进行的任务。 </li></ol></li><li>命名任务<ol><li>使用标准的实验的软件，如在E-总理，根据软件协议的实验进行编程。 </li><li>确保刺激的50％都为"是响应"与其他人的话是假的话为"无响应"。 </li><li>请参与者发音屏幕上的书面文字或伪单词。指导他们做出响应，准确，快速地。 </li><li>设置相同的要求，并安排在实验1，除了在屏幕上的刺激是代替字符或伪字一个字或伪字。 </li><li>无论是在电脑屏幕上书写格式和口头提供的所有指令，与会者单独进行的任务。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

这项研究表明，在两个任务之间的频率效果的差异可以帮助阐明如预词汇和后词汇音韵音韵学上认可的作用。在中国字符识别（实验1），所述音韵过程可以是-词汇后与在命名任务比在LDT更大的频率的效果。这一发现是在拼音文字报告的结果不同。在中国字识别（实验2），在命名任务更小的频率效应可能是由于前期词汇音韵学，这在命名关系到分词字符的过程。 在视觉认字，如果命名任务涉及前英语12词汇提取子词汇语音过程中，参与者可以通过使用不会受到频率调制的正字法对音韵学转换规则，因此采用这种发音字策略可能淡化observat的频率效应离子。预期的结果应该是在命名任务相比，LDT为较小频率的效果。 然而，这不是在中国的情况。相比于LDT实验1的结果表现在命名任务更大的频率的效果。一个可能的推论是，可能不会在中国发生前词汇音韵。检索中国字符的音韵词汇识别过程后可能会出现。换句话说，在我们的心理词汇识别字符后，我们可以得到它的发音准确。因此，与LDT相比，高，低频率的字符之间的频率差将在音韵学上认可的角色，这可以解释在中国的命名任务更大的频率效应线索。 由于处理的音韵中命名的任务要求，观察到的低频字符的规律性影响。由于COMPA红色与常规的字符，向低频不规则角色和非录音制品较慢的响应可能与较长保留时间，这可以解释在命名的更大的频率效应产生。与此相反，有在LDT观察无规律性的影响。总之，词汇的访问过程中可能涉及没有预先词汇语音处理和音韵的检索在命名任务完成获得心理词库后可能出现。 在测试的刺激，如果两个字符的组合是有意义的，因此可以在我们的语言表达中使用，它被定义为一个真正的单词。相反，如果该组合是没有意义的，并且不具有相应的词汇表示，它是一个伪单词。识别字的方式是LDT和命名任务之间的不同。该LDT要求参与者判断屏幕上的两个字符的单词是否是一个真正的单词或伪的。参与者竟被ð需要认识到这两个字符和一个字内的组合，他们可以做出准确的判断了。然而，命名任务要求参与者发音的单词。一旦参加者开始一个字内发音前导字符，语音键被激活和命名延迟被记录。因此，它是可能的参与者能够启动命名从主角多字符单词，而不整个单词的一个完整的认识。 在中国字识别，频率效应在LDT和命名的任务都被发现了，这表明这两个任务可以捕捉认字的过程。由于与命名任务相比，在LDT较大的频率效应意味着一个更完整的词汇通达。在命名任务的频率效应是由可能的子字字符的发音过程稀释。在命名任务中观察到的频率较小的影响可能explaineD上进行如下。由于任务要求，参与者可以开始作口头响应从根据识别整个单词前的主角开始。在命名任务的过程类似于用英语单词作为刺激。采取双路由混合模型9作参考，命名中国话还可能涉及两个过程:词汇驱动程序和字符命名的过程。后一种方法可以减轻中国的中字识别频率效应在一定程度上。 而且，随着LDT相比，精度更高被发现为在命名任务低频词。这一发现进一步支持了一个发音词中国可能无法依靠词汇提取过程中必然。参与者只能发音字符没有确定整个两个字符的词来完成任务要求。 该协议中的关键步骤正在招募足够的参与者和选择合适的刺激。比较频率效应，任务的类型是变量主体间，并以消除可能的混淆，会有需要相当数量的参与者。研究人员应仔细控制，可能会在任务影响性能，例如，识字能力，识别的字符，教育背景量参与者的特点。此外，以选择合适的刺激，研究人员需要操纵字符或单词的关键变量（ 例如 ，发生频率），并控制其它无关变量以减少的困惑（ 例如 ，笔画数，自由基的位置，字符/字结构）中严格的方式。以下这些规则，寻求尽可能多的刺激在每个条件尽可能强烈建议，这将提高实验的内部效度。 采用的一个潜在的批评都两个塔斯KS是，它需要更多的时间，相关的资源，和与会者，与仅进行一种类型的任务的比较。然而，在刺激和有限数量的每个条件项目的复杂心理语言学特点，存在很大不确定性的心理语言学研究得出一个明确的结论。研究人员需要采用多个实验任务，并重复利用参与者的不同批次的几次实验中，这肯定花费更多的精力，但很值得。最终的目标是要达到高可靠性和有效性在实验中观察的推论。 研究人员广泛使用的方式开展心理语言学实验是选择一个古典和可靠的任务（ 例如 ，LDT，命名，语义判断任务）调查的词汇访问认知机制。在本文介绍的新方法是在一项研究中采用两个LDT和命名任务同时。根据各个任务的唯一的任务要求，比较这两个任务之间的结果可进一步理解内，或之后的识别短语心理过程如前。它为研究人员提供更有价值的灵感字符/单词识别，不能在研究显示与仅使用一种类型的任务的全貌。 在关于中国字识别11附近尺寸效应最近发表的论文中，研究人员还采用了两个LDT和命名工作。一些他们的观察的是在与那些在实验2线，表明本实验方法的鲁棒有效性。 这是值得期待的方法的应用，更多的各种问题，这可能有助于在研究领域的理论建设。与神经认知技术相结合它可以成为探索神经关联背后的目的相关的认知过程。

在阅读体验，一个字的较高发生增加其将会被识别的速度，这被称为在心理语言学领域的频率效应。在操控心理研究词频的变化，人们观察认识常用字1,2下限阈值。在70年代末，这个词频率已经被广泛认为是影响词识别3,4最重要的变量之一。聚焦这个词的频率和涉及其他相关变量，在解释这个词最认可的理论已经建成和推广5-9。因此，如果它被要求，一个任务可以有效地捕捉单词识别的过程中，它应该是单词频率的变化敏感。在文字识别文学，无论是词汇判断任务（LDT）和命名任务符合这个标准和研究人员一般选择其中一个探到underlyi承认NG机制。 其中有关在不同的语言文字识别的研究中，LDT和命名的任务一直使用响应时间的措施，了解阅读的心理过程的经典实验方法。在LDT中，研究人员测量了参与者的决策有关的书面刺激是否是一个词或没有时间。至于命名任务中，研究人员测量它需要多长时间参与者大声说话写的字。但是，任一两个任务具有自身的任务的要求和限制。的LDT涉及词语和非字/伪单词，和参与者的决策过程之间的识别过程。命名任务要求参与者发音刺激，以及语音信息必须被用来完成任务的要求。 在以前的研究中两个任务的结果表现在各种脚本不同频率的影响。在字母的系统中，LDT表现比命名任务3更大的频率的效果。在Balota和Chumbley（1984），意见低频字具有与非字/伪单词相似正字。因此，它需要更长的时间参加到判别正交相似之处做出准确的反应，这可能是夸大在LDT频率效应。虽然在命名的任务，尤其是当刺激来自浅层文字的语言，参加者使用正字法对音韵学（OP）的转换规则做出反应可能发音的单词才真正识别它。这种命名需求已被作为对承认字母语言可能预词汇音韵学的证据。这样的命名策略被认为破坏频率效应10。总之，尽管敏感的反射，字频的操作可以在两个任务可以观察到的，LDT和命名任务可能捕捉迪菲租金阶段，识别过程的特点。为了获得更精确​​和全面的了解，正确的方法是同时采用两个任务并比较其结果的模式。 从字母的语言不同，中国有较深的正字法的特点和涉及人物除词的概念。在一般情况下，一个中国字（ 例如 ， <img alt="嘉仁" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figJIAREN.jpg" /> ，贾仁，家庭成员）是由两个字符组成（" <img alt="佳" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figJIA.jpg" /> "佳族;" <img alt="仁" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figREN.jpg" /> "仁，人）。一个字被确定之前，字中字的识别过程中应完成11，在特有的心理语言学的特点，在中国的一个字符或单词的识别过程是相当独特的FR嗡字识别按字母系统。如果研究结合LDT和在相同的实验，调查在中国频率效应的命名任务，有趣的启示可以示出， 例如 ，对于视觉字符/单词识别语音激活。在处理中国的文字，使用的命名任务表现出了比LDT的，这意味着后词汇音韵12,13存在更大的频率的效果。切换到刺激中国的两个字符的话，就会发生反转形态。更大的频率效应在LDT比的命名发现，提示前期词汇音韵学的存在。参与者根据组件中的字符语音信息产生口头响应，整个单词被识别11，14日之前，而且操纵在刺激中人物的规律性后的结果可以揭示有关语音加工的有价值的信息，并帮助研究人员S补充时，音韵的检索发生约推论。下面的实验显示，研究人员是如何结合LDT和命名任务，调查中国的字符和单词的频率效应来阐述基本逻辑。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="859">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:147px;">Standard PC</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:407px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:147px;">E-Prime (version 2.0)</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:407px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="75">
			<td height="75" style="height:75px;width:147px;">Serial Response Box</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:407px;">The serial response box includes the voice key, which&#160; allows researchers to collect vocal latencies with confidence.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;">Microphone</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:407px;">It can be used to detect the incoming sound by the participant</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comparing the frequency effect between the lexical decision and naming tasks in chinese

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. Usually, only one of those tasks is chosen to examine lexical access in a study. Using two exemplar experiments, this paper introduces an approach to include both the lexical decision task and the naming task in a study. In the first experiment, the stimuli were Chinese characters with frequency and regularity manipulated. In the second experiment, the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words, in which the word frequency and the regularity of the leading character were manipulated. The logic of these two exemplar experiments was to explore some important issues such as the role of phonology on recognition by comparing the frequency effect between both the tasks. The results revealed different patterns of lexical access from those reported in the alphabetic systems. The results of Experiment 1 manifested a larger frequency effect in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were Chinese characters. And it is noteworthy that, in Experiment 1, when the stimuli were regular Chinese characters, the frequency effect observed in the naming task was roughly equivalent to that in the LDT. However, a smaller frequency effect was shown in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words in Experiment 2. Taking advantage of the respective demands and characteristics in both tasks, researchers can obtain a more complete and precise picture of character/word recognition.

观察的频率效应是在两个两个任务健壮，证据，其中是显著较短室温高频字符。更重要的是，通过任务交互的频率被发现。事后比较发现在命名任务更大的频率效应比在LDT，这是从那些通过在字母系统的研究报告不同。 此外，通过规律性的互动频于RTS和错误的百分比发现。观察在命名任务低频字符的规律性影响。参与者相比，低频不规则的录音制品和低频非录音制品显著更快，更准确地作出口头答复低频定期录音制品。 实验1的结果示于表1中的第二图1。 <img alt="表格1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815table1.jpg" /> 表1:实验1的结果，RTS（毫秒）和错误率（括号内）频率和规律的两种任务功能的平均值。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815fig1.jpg" /> 图1.实验1的结果，RTS（毫秒）频率和规律的两种任务功能的平均值。 参与者的用于高频的字符， 即 ，频率效应进行更快，更准确。命名任务表现比在LDT更大的频率的效果。在命名任务，观察到规律的效果，这表明参与者答复较慢低频不规则角色和非录音制品。 实验2的结果示于表2和图2。 <img alt="表2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815table2.jpg" /> 表2:实验2的结果，RTS（毫秒）和错误率（括号内）的词频和主人公的规律在两种任务功能的平均值。 </strong&gt; <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815fig2.jpg" /> 图2.实验2的结果，RTS（毫秒）词频和主人公的规律在两种任务功能的平均值。 参与者高频词， 即 ，频率效应进行更快，更准确。 LDT的表现比在命名任务更大的频率的效果。有在LDT或命名任务没有观察到显著规律性的影响。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese at JoVE.com

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

在比较中国的词汇判断和命名任务之间的频率效应

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. ...

comparing-frequency-effect-between-lexical-decision-naming-tasks

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.3K 次观看.  National Taiwan University. Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

视频: Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

科研

行为学

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority of the spinal cord injuries in humans occur at the cervical levels. Therefore, developing cervical injury models and developing relevant and sensitive behavioral tests is of great importance. Here we describe the use of a newly developed forelimb step-alternation test after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. In addition, we describe two behavioral tests that have not been used after spinal cord injury: a postural instability test (PIT), and a pasta-handling test. All three behavioral tests are highly sensitive to injury and are easy to use. Therefore, we feel that these behavioral tests can be instrumental in investigating therapeutic strategies after cSCI.

Three new behavioral tests (forelimb step-alternation, postural instability test, pasta handling test) for evaluating forelimb function after cervical spinal cord injury in rodents are described.

采用新型任务评估前肢功能单侧颈脊髓损伤后:肢体步交替，姿势不稳和面食处理

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

传输认知任务的脑成像方法:对任务的设计和结果判读的功能磁共振成像研究

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

前臂之间的测试触觉掩蔽

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

Using Wavelet Entropy to Demonstrate how Mindfulness Practice Increases Coordination between Irregular Cerebral and Cardiac Activities

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One difficulty in proving this objectively is that the natures of brain and heart activities are quite different. In this paper, we propose a methodology that uses wavelet entropy to measure the chaotic levels of both electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) data and show how this may be used to explore the potential coordination between the mind and heart under different experimental conditions. Furthermore, Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was used to identify the brain regions in which the EEG wavelet entropy was the most affected by the experimental conditions. As an illustration, the EEG and ECG were recorded under two different conditions (normal rest and mindful breathing) at the beginning of an 8-week standard Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training course (pretest) and after the course (posttest). Using the proposed method, the results consistently showed that the wavelet entropy of the brain EEG decreased during the MBSR mindful breathing state as compared to that during the closed-eye resting state. Similarly, a lower wavelet entropy of heartrate was found during MBSR mindful breathing. However, no difference in wavelet entropy during MBSR mindful breathing was found between the pretest and posttest. No correlation was observed between the entropy of brain waves and the entropy of heartrate during normal rest in all participants, whereas a significant correlation was observed during MBSR mindful breathing. Additionally, the most well-correlated brain regions were located in the central areas of the brain. This study provides a methodology for the establishment of evidence that mindfulness practice (i.e., mindful breathing) may increase the coordination between mind and heart activities.

This manuscript describes how to use the wavelet entropy index to analyze high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) data. We show that the irregularity of cerebral and cardiac activities became more coordinated during mindfulness-based stress reduction practice.

使用小波熵来证明正念练习如何增加不规则脑与心脏活动之间的协调

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One ...

Evaluating the Anti-depression Effect of Xiaoyaosan on Chronically-stressed Mice

In addition to the standardized use of antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has lead to an overall improvement of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the mouse depressive model, observe the behavior changes associated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and then evaluate the anti-depression effect of Xiaoyaosan. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a model group, a treatment group with Xiaoyaosan, and a treatment group with fluoxetine. All mice were individually kept in cages, and depression was induced in the mice by exposing them to several designed manipulations of CUMS for 21 days, as described in the protocol. Mice in the control group and model group received 0.5 mL of distilled water, while mice in the treatment groups received either Xiaoyaosan (0.25 g/kg/day) or fluoxetine (2.6 mg/kg/day). The drugs used in the study were given intragastrically daily during the entire three weeks. To estimate the depressive-like behaviors, a series of parameters including the coat state, body weight, open field test score, and sucrose preference test score were recorded. Data analysis showed that behaviors of model mice were significantly changed compared to behaviors of mice in the control group, which were improved by the treatment of Xiaoyaosan and fluoxetine. The current findings demonstrated the anti-depression effects of Xiaoyaosan on the behaviors of CUMS-induced mice and revealed that compounds from the Xiaoyaosan prescription may be worthwhile for treating depression, considering their beneficial effects on depressive-like behaviors.

Here, we present a protocol to establish the mouse depressive model, observe the behavior changes associated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and evaluate the anti-depression effect of Xiaoyaosan.

消炎散对慢性应激小鼠的抗抑郁作用评价

In addition to the standardized use of antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has lead to an overall ...

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Working memory (WM) plays a central role in the comprehension of complex sentences. Its function in the processing of spoken complex sentences is especially evident because spoken complex sentence processing is memory-intensive. The dual-modal interference paradigm has been used to examine how the WM system is involved in complex syntactic processing. This article presents two exemplar experiments involving auditory processing with either intra- or extrasentential interferences. In the first experiment, auditory stimuli [spoken-Chinese relative clause (RC) sentences with two syntactic types: subject-gapped (SRC) vs. object-gapped (ORC)] are interfered with via a visually presented lexical decision task within a sentence and manipulated using three different interference timepoints. In the second experiment, the same auditory stimuli, presented via an auditory window moving technique, are interfered with via a visually presented digital recall task beyond the sentence and manipulated using three digital memory loads. By assessing how the primary task of comprehending the RC sentences is affected by the secondary task, we can tackle the controversial issue concerning Chinese RC processing asymmetry. Our results reveal different patterns of RC processing compared to those reported in previous studies. Experiment 1 manifests no clear RC processing advantages in either SRC or ORC; however, a preference for ORC is observed at the ends of sentences, and a preference for SRC is found at the main verb site. Likewise, Experiment 2 presents a dynamic pattern. Under a no-digit load, SRCs show processing advantages in the RC marker region. However, under higher-digit-load interference, ORCs show processing advantages in the same region. These results lead to the conjecture that no obvious or intrinsic processing asymmetry exists in the processing of Chinese RCs. Using the approach of assessing specific interference during syntactic processing, these experiments demonstrate future research applications that explore the processing metrics of spoken sentences involving working memory.

Here, we present a protocol employing dual-modal interference tasks to examine online processing of spoken-Chinese relative clause sentences. Two exemplar experiments involving auditory processing with intra- and extrasentential interferences are described. The paradigm provides a methodology for addressing the nature of working memory and its effects on sentence processing.

利用双模干扰任务对汉语口语复杂句子的在线句法处理进行考察

Working memory (WM) plays a central role in the comprehension of complex sentences. Its function in the processing of spoken complex sentences is ...

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People with Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) demonstrate even longer responses in written word recognition than elderly controls. Despite the general tendency towards slower recognition in aging and neurocognitive disorders, certain characteristics of words influence word recognition speed regardless of age or neuropathology (e.g., a word&#8217;s frequency of use). We present here a protocol for examining the influence of lexical characteristics on word recognition response times in a simple lexical decision experiment administered to younger and older adults and people with MCI or AD. In this experiment, participants are asked to decide as quickly and accurately as possible whether a given letter string is an actual word or not. We also describe mixed-effects models and principal components analysis that can be used to detect the influence of different types of lexical variables or individual characteristics of participants on word recognition speed.

This article describes how to implement a simple lexical decision experiment to assess written word recognition in neurologically healthy participants and in individuals with dementia and cognitive decline. We also provide a detailed description of reaction time analysis using principal components analysis (PCA) and mixed-effects modeling.

研究成人有无痴呆症或轻度认知障碍的文字识别的词汇决策任务

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

使用五分钟言语样本程序评估家长对孩子的简短叙述的一致性

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...