This work was carried out in the framework of the Labex SERENADE (ANR-11-LABX-0064) and the A*MIDEX Project (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), funded by the French Government program, Investissements d'Avenir, and managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR). We thank the French Ministry of Environment (DRC 33 and Program 190) and ANSES (Nanodata Project 2012/2/154, APR ANSES 2012) for financing the work. We are equally grateful to Olivier Aguerre-Chariol, Patrice Delalain, Morgane Dalle, Laurent Meunier, Pauline Molina, and Farid Ait-Ben-Ahmad for their cooperation and advice during the experiments.

注:此处的协议中提出的技术并不只限于所呈现的测试样品，但可以用于其它样品为好。 1.人工老化[CEREGE平台，普罗旺斯地区艾克斯] <ol><li>取去离子和净化水的250毫升样品在烧杯中喷洒。浸泡水电导率仪的尖端插入水中。注意水的电导率。重复这一过程，每次注意水的电导率。 注:根据ISO 16474 32，它永远也不应该超过5μS/ cm的高。 </li><li>测量的电导率之后，水源连接至存在于不锈钢罩下方风化腔室的贮存器（在图3中示出）。 </li><li>连接溢流管口在腔室通过软管管回一个排水开口。 </li><li>将纳米涂层样本天气放入不锈钢引擎盖和关门。要ENAB乐结果的统计评估，使用最少的三个相同的纳米涂层和参照样品。 </li><li>在数字控制台，本上风化室的前方，选择的120分钟的UV光，102分钟的干和18分钟喷水组成的2小时的周期。 </li><li>输入等于2658对应7个月的周期数。 </li><li>选择氙弧灯等于60±5瓦/米2的辐照度水平。 </li><li>设定在38℃的环境温度。 </li><li>按下控制台上的启动按钮启动的耐候性试验。 </li></ol> 2.磨损和ENM气溶胶表征[INERIS S-Nano平台，维尔纳叶] 注意:使用前，预先验证粒子气溶胶INERIS S-Nano平台的校准板凳其中包括独立的和已安装的引用计数器部分的表征仪器。通过遵循特定的协议，确保仪器正在道具erly。 <ol><li>装配在实验设置中所示的所有单元和工具，并进行必要的连接， 如图2（在单元的细节和设置仪器在Shandilya 等人 33提供）。 </li><li>按通量ON按钮开关上的nanosecured workpost内的自由粒子的空气的流通。 </li><li>使这个粒子自由的空气通过打开室，并保持它的nanosecured工作门柱内侧打开通过排放试验室。 </li><li>建立实验中，直接连接粒子计数器对排放试验室以测量室内的粒子的瞬时数量浓度。直接观察该展示柜的浓度值。 </li><li>而自由粒子的空气在穿过腔室，继续监测这一瞬时数量浓度值，直到它下降到零。以这种方式，确保了室无任何背景的粒子。 </li><li>在此同时，通过在一个往复运动设置有磨损装置的工具的槽内侧轻轻转动其一端倒角的标准的圆柱形研磨材料的边缘。 </li><li>使用具有至少为0.001克的测量精度的数字天平，称取磨料和样品被磨损。 </li><li>一旦完成，通过本在其底部的卡盘固定的倒角磨料的磨损装置的垂直轴上。 </li><li>将纳米结构产品为固定磨料下方轻轻打磨并拧紧固定它的安装系统上的位置。 </li><li>打开气溶胶取样和，通过使用镊子，将一个铜网格，其亮侧向上槽内。把一个圆环在网格上进行修复。 </li><li>关闭取样并将其连接到一个泵通过过滤器上的一个端部（ 即，朝向网格较暗侧）和粒子源上的超视距呃端（即对电网的光明的一面）。安装在用死人的权重立轴所需的正常负荷。 </li><li>通过粒子计数器，检查是否打开室内的背景颗粒浓度下降到零。如果没有，等待它。如果是的话，关闭排放试验室的门。 </li><li>经由在仪表数字游戏机，手动设置粒子计数器的流速和大小测定器为:设置每次点击1.5升/分钟; SMPS-0.3升/分钟; APS- 5升/分钟</li><li>在20分钟的这三个仪器设置总采样时间。分别在磨损装置设定的磨损期限和速度等于10分钟，每分钟60次循环。 </li><li>应变计连接到动态应变仪放大器。动态应变仪放大器连接到哪个应当用于使用安装在它的软件的数据采集计算机。 </li><li>打开软件。 </li><li>点击NEW PROJECT DAQ邻笔一个新的数据采集的文件。 </li><li>通过点击实时更新停止实时数据采集选项</li><li>点击0 EXECUTE设置等于零的基准信号值。 </li><li>通过点击实时更新切换回的实时数据采集。 </li><li>点击可视化选择数据表示的实时图形模式。 </li><li>单击New打开模板。 </li><li>选择选项SCOPE面板，如。 </li><li>立刻开始在粒子计数器和大小测定的数据采集。 </li><li>约的延迟之后。 5分钟，启动磨损。 </li><li>点击数据采集软件的窗口中启动，以获取对应于目前的磨损应变计信号。 </li><li> 2分钟后，打开连接到MPS泵。 </li><li>保持泵运行2 - 取决于气溶胶颗粒的排放量4分钟。注:使用MPS采样气溶胶颗粒的数目应在数即最佳的，既不过于稀少，也不能太盈余可能会妨碍彻底的微观分析。 </li><li>一旦磨损停止，点击STOP关闭数据采集。 </li><li>点击保存数据现在保存采集的数据。 </li><li>经过柜台的大小测定器停止采集数据，打开排放试验室，并再次权衡磨料磨损和纳米产品。 </li><li>继续为每一位耐磨试验的全过程。 </li><li>一旦磨损试验，再一次验证了三种颗粒气溶胶表征仪器INERIS S-Nano平台的校准板凳上。 </li></ol>液体滴Suspensions-沉积技术的3 TEM分析[INERIS标定平台，维尔纳叶] <ol><li>制备液体悬浮液中的1％体积稀水溶液（即 "涂料"）通过在99份的过滤和去离子水的加入包衣悬浮液的1份。 </li><li>打开海湾辉光放电加工机中的R </li><li>设置在以下操作条件:0.1毫巴45毫安，3分钟的持续时间。 </li><li>为了使TEM铜网格亲水其等离子处理，把它放在金属支架上。合上盖子并启动电机。 3分钟后，它会自动停止。 </li><li>取出使用镊子亲水转向网格。其光明的一面轻轻向上放置。沉积稀释的溶液滴（8微升约）到使用注射器的亲水性网格。 </li><li>干燥该网格在一个封闭的腔室，以使得水含量被蒸发，组分粒子尽可沉积在网格。确保该网格不获取被控可以很容易地识别为圆形或链形状，这是油或烟尘颗粒的特性的杂散颗粒。 </li><li>一旦准备就绪，把电网的TEM探头进行微观分析。 [电子加速电压120千伏， 比照 </em&gt;] 31。 </li><li>如果电网出现过缀上粒子进行分析，降低沉积下降的比例稀释和体积。最大音量的操作者能够以沉积约等于12微升。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

在本文章中，纳米安全 - 通过设计的商用产品纳米结构的实验研究，提出。所述纳米安全逐设计的任何产品都可以在其PNC和PSD而言，当它受到机械应力和环境风化进行研究。该项研究选择了该产品是铝硅酸盐砖纳米TiO 2钢筋，釉用铈纳米颗粒和光催化纳米涂层与纳米TiO 2。这些产品在商业市场上很容易接触到客户，并与他们的日常生活以及相关。因此，他们对他们的纳米安全 - 通过设计调查是至关重要的。 人工老化 当使用不同的操作条件中降解观测变化可以预期。此外，从荧光紫外灯的光谱功率分布/氙弧灯是符号从使用其他光源的光与水接触设备产生ificantly不同。的类型和降解，并在暴露产生到紫外灯的性能排名率可以从那些通过暴露于其它类型的实验室光源产生太大的不同。耐候性试验结果还取决于所采取操作耐候试验箱的关怀。因此，像线电压的调节因子，灯的其中设备操作室，温度控制，和状况和年龄的温度也确实在风化室的性能发挥显著作用。在测试过程中，辐照度会由于紫外线灯老化变化。一个标准的灯有≈1,400小时的平均寿命。因此，在开始老化试验之前，应确保留下的灯泡运行小时数。金属离子在水中的存在耐候室中增加它的配置内喷生产率也照顾的一个重要方面。如果水的电导率超过可接受的水平，也可能留下风化表面上的溶解的金属的痕迹。在这样的情况下，获得了更退化的表面超过预期。来自UV灯的照度的分布有时不均匀遍布不锈钢支撑在其上纳米涂层样品置于。在这样的情况下，应注意的纳米涂层样品的放置期间，使得各样品的表面上的辐照水平的个体变化不超过±2瓦/米2作出。以允许风化的结果的再现性，每种材料的至少三个重复必须暴露。 磨损和ENM气溶胶表征 颗粒数浓度与发射试验箱内气溶胶粒子的采样点的位置的变化与浓度整个腔室不统一。在本研究中，采样点一直保持接近被研磨的表面上。这允许的气溶胶粒子的扩散和沉淀的损失最小化，因为它们只要他们得到从磨损产生的采样。的自由粒子的空气的流速也很关键，因为它应是足够高的背景颗粒降低到其最低浓度，以便它们不与磨损产生的颗粒的表征干涉。期间磨损，边缘倒角磨料允许磨损为与纳米结构产品其接触面积内均匀的。如果边缘不正确倒角，它们可能会脱落的接触表面太。同时与纳米结构的产品的工作中，操作者很容易受到他/她接触到所发射的纳米颗粒。因此，任何类型的纳米结构的产品，包括磨耗的操纵，必须内进行封闭整合是能够阻碍任何纳米粒子通过。 悬浊液的TEM分析 铜网格的亲水性是极为重要的，同时淀积作为碱水溶液降。它稳定网格的表面上的一滴以及减轻表面预润湿的操作的需要。封闭室内的带电网格的干燥也很关键，以避免其与周围的灰尘颗粒污染，因为它们可能与TEM分析干扰。 标准磨耗装置已经由铝2024合金副本替换已安装的水平钢条和安装此复制铝合金棒的顶部表面上的应变计进行修改。这个调整可以知道磨损过程中完整的机械应力状态，从而更好地控制过程，这是不可能的前面。对于microsco气溶胶颗粒的基础上，通过TEM专用支撑过滤一个新的粒子收集技术的峰分析，即TEM多孔网格在通过过滤器保持器本研究已针对这种应用特别开发已经采用。 人工老化 涂层，以抵抗因暴露于光，热，和水，其物理性质的劣化的能力可能是许多应用中非常显著。该类型在这篇文章中介绍的暴露是有限的，不能模拟造成局部天气现象，如大气污染，生物攻击，或海水接触的恶化。 磨损和ENM气溶胶表征 呈现为ENM气溶胶表征该协议的一个主要限制是，这些ENM气溶胶的一小部分迷路它们可被表征为它们的尺寸和前数。这样的损失可以归因于与气溶胶动力学像沉淀，扩散，湍流空气流，惯性沉积等，其同时，一旦它被发射的作用于气溶胶粒子相关联的各种现象。这种损失是气溶胶颗粒大小的正函数。该方面在一些以前的出版物像Shandilya 等人 31，Shandilya 等人 33，Shandilya 等 34被考虑。然而，考虑方法已在这些研究中，即 ，计算被完成大约估计损失和最终的实验结果进行了修改的计算结果的基础上得 ​​到的反应。 悬浊液的TEM分析 这里提出了一稀释采样液体悬浮液的TEM分析技术迫使悬浮颗粒通过蒸发粘附到栅格的表面总水含量。这可以允许在网格更大聚集体中不存在的原始液体悬浮液的形成。因此，该技术不能完全代表原始条件悬浮颗粒的形态。 这里提出的技术的目的是控制其颗粒雾化发挥关键作用的参数，无论是机械或环境老化过程。此外，它着重于寻找超出其选择的纳米涂层已超过其使用寿命nanosafe风化持续时间阈值。 （在本情况下，是由4个个月的加速风化）。这是通过一个连续监测这使我们注意到，其中纳米涂层开始恶化的确切持续时间的过程中的纳米涂层状态的完成。这是从以前的科学研究，因为他们应对环境风化的概念，通过应用其上用以区别其功能试验样品为没有正在进行的风化过程监控的预定持续时间。在这里提出的研究选择的方法可以定量比较不同-但similar-纳米产品42的实验测量纳米安全阈值（ 即 nanosafe寿命）（相似的加速寿命条件下）。因此，它是在第一步骤开发的产品上的纳米安全逐设计依据。 对于未来，一个完全先发制人的方法被开发，其中实验设置最小的实时气溶胶粒子的损失和发射的气溶胶粒子的完整定量研究能够高精度地完成。

随着纳米技术的迅速成熟，它的发展是由含工程纳米材料 （ENM）具有显着的性能的产品快速商业化驱动。在文章中通过Potocnick 1描述18（5）规例2011分之1169，由欧盟委员会颁发的，ENM可以被定义为"任何故意制造的材料，含颗粒，未结合状态或作为骨料或作为凝聚并且其中，在数尺寸分布的颗粒的50％或更多，一个或多个外部尺寸在尺寸范围为1纳米至100纳米。"此外，含有ENM的产品，无论是在其固体散装或它们的固体表面上或在其液体悬浮液，可称为纳米产品 。不同类型的安宁与不同的配方和functionalizations在此类产品根据应用和预算的性质使用。该产品可以在浣熊的形式NGS，油漆，瓷砖，砖房子，混凝土等ê。 至于研究而言，人们也可能会发现在已经通过纳米技术完成的创新出版物数量巨大。尽管这一巨大的研究，ENM的吸引人的特征是根据探针的潜在的健康或环境的危害，因为它们倾向纳米结构的产品的使用或处理（例如Oberdorster 等中得到释放，或以气雾剂的形式在空气中发射的2，乐逼捍等 3和好迪等4）。 Kulkarni 等。5定义的气雾剂如在气态介质中的悬浮的固体或液体颗粒。 Hsu和Chein 6表明，纳米结构产品的使用或加工过程中，纳米结构产物经受各种机械应力和环境的耐候便于这种排放。 据梅纳德7，经曝光，ENM这些气溶胶可以与人体组织通过吸入或皮肤接触互动，并获得其沉积从而可能引起各种不利影响，包括致癌的人体内。因此，的ENM发射现象的透彻理解是非常重要的给予前所未有的使用纳米结构的产品，如由夏特金等人 8提及。这可能不会避免从他们接触所产生的意想不到的健康相关的并发症，而且在鼓励纳米技术的信心只会帮助。 然而，在曝光相关的问题，现在已经开始研究界越来越关注和最近已经由各个研究单位在世界各地突出显示（例如，Hsu和Chein 6，Göhler 等人 9，Allen 等人。 <suP&gt; 10，Allen等人 11的Al-Kattan等人12，Kaegi等人13，希斯等人 14，Shandilya 等人 15，31，33，Wohlleben 等人 16，Bouillard 等。 17，Ounoughene 等人18）。考虑到商业市场产品纳米结构的大规模部署，来解决这个问题最有效的办法是先发制人的。在这样的方法中，产品的设计以这样一种方式，它是"nanosafe逐个设计"或"更安全纳米技术设计"（忧郁19）， 即 ​​，低发射。换句话说，它在问题最大化他们的好处，同时在环境中发射气溶胶的最小量的使用过程中解决。 期间的纳米结构产品的使用相测试纳米安全逐设计中，作者提出了一个适当的实验方法本文章中这样做。此方法包括两种类型招揽的:（ⅰ） 机械和（ii） 环境旨在在模拟真实生活讲到的纳米结构产品，砖石砖时，在其使用量相进行。 （i）在模拟机械征集线性擦伤设备。原文和商业形式， 如图1A中所示，在众多的国际公认的测试标准被引用一样ASTM D4060 20，ASTM D6037 21和ASTM D1044 22。根据Golanski 等人 23，由于其强大的和用户友好的设计，其原来的形式已经被广泛地应用于工业，用于分析的产品，如油漆，涂料，金属，纸张，织物等的应力作为表现通过该装置施加对应于家庭环境所施加的典型的，例如，以正鞋和在家庭的不同对象的位移（Vorbau 等人 24和​​Hassan 等人25）。在图1A中，一个水平移动杆移动在一个标准的研磨材料来来回回在样品表面运动。磨耗在接触表面的发生是由于在接触的摩擦。磨耗的幅度可以通过改变哪些作用在磨料顶部的正常负荷（F N）来改变。通过改变磨料和正常负载值的类型，可以改变磨蚀，因此机械应力。 Morgeneyer 等人 26都指出磨损期间将被测量的应力张量由正常和切向分量的。正应力是正常的负载， 即，F N的直接结果，而切向应力是第的结果È切向动作的摩擦过程中，由于力（F T）的测定，它的作用平行或反平行于磨损发生的方向。在此磨损装置的原始形式，不能确定F T。因此，机械应力ENM的气雾化过程中的作用不能完全确定。消除这种限制，如由Morgeneyer 等 26中详细描述的，我们已经（a）由铝2024合金副本替换已安装的水平钢条修改它和（b）安装在所述顶表面上的应变计这个复制的铝合金棒。这示于图1B。这种应变仪具有测量活动的栅长为1.5毫米和测量电网运营商长度5.7毫米。它是由具有3.8微米的厚度和应变系数为1.95±1.5％康铜箔。的机械应力的正确的测量是通过被连接在串联的应变计，由此允许在压力表产生的应变的一个可靠的测量动态应变放大器确保。通过放大器传送的数据是利用数据采集软件收购。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53496/53496fig1.jpg" /> 图1.磨损的装置和应变仪。在Taber磨耗装置（A）和磨损速度，持续时间和行程长度控制装置的商业标准形式。该原本安装钢筋是由铝棒替换和进一步配备有应变仪（B）来衡量的切向力（F T）。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53496/53496fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 在里面<s<html>仲&gt;图2显示了完整的实验装置，其中该修改的Taber磨耗设备被放置在nanosecured工作后的整合之下。自由粒子空气不断这项工作门柱内侧在31000升/ min的流速循环。它有99.99％的粒子过滤效率和已经由Morgeneyer 等人 27在各个纳米颗粒"含尘测试成功地使用。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53496/53496fig2.jpg" /> 图2.实验装置（Shandilya 等 31），一个nanosecured办公设施，开展产生的气溶胶粒子的磨损测试和实时特性（定性和quantitavive）。的自由粒子的空气的一小部分经过排放腔室内部的槽，以消除它的背景颗粒数浓度。PLOAD / 53496 / 53496fig2large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 磨损设备的电机之外保持其线性滑动部分保持在一个自行设计的排放试验室中，具有尺寸0.5米×0.3米×0.6米，（在乐鼻邯等 28详细信息）。它有助于在防止磨损装置&#39;马达排放在测试结果的干扰。所产生的气溶胶粒子的采样是径向对称罩（713厘米3体积）的接近度内完成的。通过采用这样的罩，所述气雾颗粒的损失，由于其沉积在表面上可以被最小化。其他优点包括在气溶胶粒子数浓度的增加，由于发动机罩的相对于发射测试室中的相对较低的体积。由于这种设置，粒子气溶胶的实时表征和分析磨耗期间š如何产生可以通过实验在它们的数量浓度 ， 大小分布 ， 元素组成和形状方面进行。根据Kulkarni 等。5，ENM的个数浓度的气溶胶粒子可以被定义为"ENM存在于单位立方厘米空气的数量"。同样，ENM气雾剂的粒度分布"表达一种ENM属性（通常数量和质量浓度）与颗粒在给定的尺寸范围相关联的量的关系"。 粒子计数器（可测量尺寸范围:4纳米到3μm）测量气溶胶粒子数浓度（PNC）。颗粒大小测定器（可测量尺寸范围:15纳米- 20微米）测量粒度分布（PSD）。气雾剂粒子采样器（由R&#39;mili 等人在详细地描述。 <sup&gt; 30）用于颗粒收集通过过滤技术在多孔铜网格，可以稍后在透射电子显微镜（TEM），用于释放颗粒的各种定性分析使用。 （二）对环境的请求可以通过在一个风化室加速人工老化， 如图3所示来进行模拟。如由Shandilya 等人 31，风化条件可以保持在符合国际标准或根据被定制类型模拟。用光学辐射滤波器安装 - （400纳米300）的UV曝光是通过氙弧灯提供。雨水的作用是通过喷洒去离子和净化水到他们模拟。一个水库被放置在试验样品下方，以收集径流水。所收集的水或渗滤液可以稍后用于执行ENM浸出分析。 <imgALT ="图3"SRC ="/文件/ ftp_upload / 53496 / 53496fig3.jpg"/&gt; 图3. 耐候试验箱。SUNTEST的XLS +耐候试验箱的商业形态包含一个不锈钢罩内该纳米涂层样本被放置。该水库被放置这是罩内被喷了水的源头引擎盖下方。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53496/53496fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="600">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Photocal Masonry</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Nanofrance Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Test sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Masonry brick (ref. 901796)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Castorama</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Support for test sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Optical microscope (model Imager.M1m)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Carl Zeiss 
			MicroImaging GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For microcopic analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Energy-dispersion spectroscope (model X-max)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Oxford Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For elemental composition analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Transmission Electron 
			Microscope (model CM12)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Philips</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For microcopic analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Weathering chamber (model Suntest XLS+)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Atlas</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For accelerated artificial weathering</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Xenon arc lamp (model NXE 1700)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Ametek SAS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>UV rays source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass spectrometer (model 7500cx)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For leachate 
			water samples analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Taber linear abraser (model 5750)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Taber Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For abrasion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Taber H38 abradant</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Taber Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For abrasion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Condensation Particle Counter 3775</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">TSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For counting number concentration of aerosol particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:216px;">Aerodynamic Particle Sizer 3321</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">TSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For measuring the size of aerosol particles&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Differential Mobility Analyzer 3081</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">TSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For measuring the size of aerosol particles&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Mini Particle Sampler</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Ecomesure</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For sampling the aerosol particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Gilian LFS-113 Low Flow Personal Air Sampling Pump</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sensidyne</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For sampling the aerosol particles</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering, which is a fundamental element to the approach of nanosafety-by-design of nanostructured products for their durable development. This approach is basically a preemptive one in which the focus is put on minimizing the emission of engineered nanomaterials' aerosols during the usage phase of the product's life cycle. This can be attained by altering its material properties during its design phase without compromising with any of its added benefits. In this article, an experimental protocol is presented to investigate the nanosafety-by-design of three commercial nanostructured products with respect to their mechanical solicitation and environmental weathering. The means chosen for applying the mechanical solicitation is an abrasion process and for the environmental weathering, it is an accelerated UV exposure in the presence of humidity and heat. The eventual emission of engineered nanomaterials is studied in terms of their number concentration, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition. The purpose of the protocol is to study the emission for test samples and experimental conditions which are corresponding to real life situations. It was found that the application of the mechanical stresses alone emits the engineered nanomaterials' aerosols in which the engineered nanomaterial is always embedded inside the product matrix, thus, a representative product element. In such a case, the emitted aerosols comprise of both nanoparticles as well as microparticles. But if the mechanical stresses are coupled with the environmental weathering, the experimental protocol reveals then the eventual deterioration of the product, after a certain weathering duration, may lead to the emission of the free engineered nanomaterial aerosols too.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering at JoVE.com

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

在这篇文章中，一个试验性协议，调查下磨损和风化环境下，提出了一种产品的粒子雾化。关于工程纳米材料的排放，在气雾剂的形式结果。具体实验装置进行详细说明。

实验协议来调查产品的粒子雾化在耐磨和环境下风化

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental ...

experimental-protocol-to-investigate-particle-aerosolization-product

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

7.3K 次观看.  Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS). 在这篇文章中，一个试验性协议，调查下磨损和风化环境下，提出了一种产品的粒子雾化。关于工程纳米材料的排放，在气雾剂的形式结果。具体实验装置进行详细说明。 

视频: Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

测量材料在微流使用1-2面流小角中子散射

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

科研

工程学

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their electronic properties. The application of high pressure enables one to synthesize new materials, but the response of known materials to high pressure is a very useful tool for studying their electronic structure and developing theories. For example, high-pressure synthesis might be at the origin of life; and understanding the behavior of small molecules under extreme pressure will tell us more about fundamental processes in our universe. It is no wonder that there has always been great interest in having NMR available at high pressures. Unfortunately, the desired pressures are often well into the Giga-Pascal (GPa) range and require special anvil cell devices where only very small, secluded volumes are available. This has restricted the use of NMR almost entirely in the past, and only recently, a new approach to high-sensitivity GPa NMR, which has a resonating micro-coil inside the sample chamber, was put forward. This approach enables us to achieve high sensitivity with experiments that bring the power of NMR to Giga-Pascal pressure condensed matter research. First applications, the detection of a topological electronic transition in ordinary aluminum metal and the closing of the pseudo-gap in high-temperature superconductivity, show the power of such an approach. Meanwhile, the range of achievable pressures was increased tremendously with a new generation of anvil cells (up to 10.1 GPa), that fit standard-bore NMR magnets. This approach might become a new, important tool for the investigation of many condensed matter systems, in chemistry, geochemistry, and in physics, since we can now watch structural changes with the eyes of a very versatile probe.

Nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the most important spectroscopic tools. Here, the development of a new approach under high pressure, currently up to 10.1 GPa, is presented. This opens a new window into condensed matter physics and chemistry, where high-pressure research is of great importance.

高灵敏度核磁共振的千兆帕斯卡压力:一种新的工具，用于极端条件下探测电子和化工凝聚态的性质

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their ...

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs and condition-based maintenance. These materials are adopted in a wide range of engineering applications, from aircraft and ship structures, to bridges, wind turbine blades, biomaterials and biomedical implants. Polymers are viscoelastic materials, and their response may be highly nonlinear and thus make it challenging to predict and monitor their in-service performance. The laboratory-scale testing platform presented herein assists the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical loadings and environmental conditions on these materials. The platform was designed to be low-cost and user-friendly. Its chemically resistant materials make the platform adaptable to studies of chemical degradation due to in-service exposure to fluids. An example of experiment was conducted at RT on closed-cell polyurethane foam samples loaded with a weight corresponding to ~50% of their ultimate static and dry load. Results show that the testing apparatus is appropriate for these studies. Results also highlight the larger vulnerability of the polymer under concurrent loading, based on the higher mid-point displacements and lower residual failure loads. Recommendations are made for additional improvements to the testing apparatus.

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites in service is a critical aspect for their designs and condition-based maintenance. We present a novel low-cost laboratory testing platform for the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical and environmental loadings, and may help design more efficient yet safer composite structures.

一个测试平台为聚合物的耐久性研究，并在同期Hygrothermo机械刺激纤维增强聚合物复合材料

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their behavior for single stages of a process or even an entire process. For the simulation with occurring particle-particle and particle-wall contacts, the value of the coefficient of restitution is required. It can be determined experimentally. The coefficient of restitution depends on several parameters like the impact velocity. Especially for fine particles the impact velocity depends on the air pressure and under atmospheric pressure high impact velocities cannot be reached. For this, a new experimental setup for free-fall tests under vacuum conditions is developed. The coefficient of restitution is determined with the impact and rebound velocity which are detected by a high-speed camera. To not hinder the view, the vacuum chamber is made of glass. Also a new release mechanism to drop one single particle under vacuum conditions is constructed. Due to that, all properties of the particle can be characterized beforehand.

The coefficient of restitution is a parameter that describes the loss of kinetic energy during collision. Here, a free-fall setup under vacuum conditions is developed to be able to determine the coefficient of restitution parameter for particles in micrometer range with high impact velocities.

实验装置的研制归还系数在真空条件下测量

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data acquisition times with high spatial resolution. In the electronics industry there is serious interest in performing failure analysis on 3D microelectronic packages, many which contain multiple levels of high-density interconnections. Often in tomography there is a trade-off between image resolution and the volume of a sample that can be imaged. This inverse relationship limits the usefulness of conventional computed tomography (CT) systems since a microelectronic package is often large in cross sectional area 100-3,600 mm2, but has important features on the micron scale. The micro-tomography beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), in Berkeley, CA USA, has a setup which is adaptable and can be tailored to a sample&#39;s properties, i.e., density, thickness, etc., with a maximum allowable cross-section of 36 x 36 mm. This setup also has the option of being either monochromatic in the energy range ~7-43 keV or operating with maximum flux in white light mode using a polychromatic beam. Presented here are details of the experimental steps taken to image an entire 16 x 16 mm system within a package, in order to obtain 3D images of the system with a spatial resolution of 8.7 &#181;m all within a scan time of less than 3 min. Also shown are results from packages scanned in different orientations and a sectioned package for higher resolution imaging. In contrast a conventional CT system would take hours to record data with potentially poorer resolution. Indeed, the ratio of field-of-view to throughput time is much higher when using the synchrotron radiation tomography setup. The description below of the experimental setup can be implemented and adapted for use with many other multi-materials.

For this study synchrotron radiation micro-tomography, a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique, is employed to investigate an entire microelectronic package with a cross-sectional area of 16 x 16 mm. Due to the synchrotron&#39;s high flux and brightness the sample was imaged in just 3 min&#160;with an 8.7 &#181;m spatial resolution.

利用同步辐射微断层调查的多尺度三维微电子封装

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data ...

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic recording of image sequences. The basic components, features, constraints and optimization tips of a 3D-PTV topology consisting of a high-speed camera with a four-view splitter are described and discussed in this article. The technique is applied to the intermediate flow field (5 &#60;x/d &#60;25) of a circular jet at Re &#8776; 7,000. Lagrangian flow features and turbulence quantities in an Eulerian frame are estimated around ten diameters downstream of the jet origin and at various radial distances from the jet core. Lagrangian properties include trajectory, velocity and acceleration of selected particles as well as curvature of the flow path, which are obtained from the Frenet-Serret equation. Estimation of the 3D velocity and turbulence fields around the jet core axis at a cross-plane located at ten diameters downstream of the jet is compared with literature, and the power spectrum of the large-scale streamwise velocity motions is obtained at various radial distances from the jet core.

A three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) system based on a high-speed camera with a four-view splitter is described here. The technique is applied to a jet flow from a circular pipe in the vicinity of ten diameters downstream at Reynolds number Re &#8776; 7,000.

湍流应用三维粒子跟踪测速:一喷流病例

3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to visualize the behavior of petroleum samples under process conditions. The experimental setup relies on a custom-built micro-reactor fitted with a sapphire window at the bottom, which is placed over the objective of an inverted microscope equipped with a cross-polarizer module. Using reflection microscopy enables the visualization of opaque samples, such as petroleum vacuum residues, or asphaltenes. The combination of the sapphire window from the micro-reactor with the cross-polarizer module of the microscope on the light path allows high-contrast imaging of isotropic and anisotropic media. While observations are carried out, the micro-reactor can be heated to the temperature range of cracking reactions (up to 450 &#176;C), can be subjected to H2 pressure relevant to hydroconversion reactions (up to 16 MPa), and can stir the sample by magnetic coupling. 
Observations are typically carried out by taking snapshots of the sample under cross-polarized light at regular time intervals. Image analyses may not only provide information on the temperature, pressure, and reactive conditions yielding phase separation, but may also give an estimate of the evolution of the chemical (absorption/reflection spectra) and physical (refractive index) properties of the sample before the onset of phase separation.

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

This article describes a setup and method for the in situ visualization of oil samples under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions that aim to emulate refining and upgrading processes. It is primarily used for studying isotropic and anisotropic media involved in the fouling behavior of petroleum feeds.

在油样品的相行为在炼油工艺条件的原位可视化

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional experimental approaches, such as out-of-plane and in-plane tests, are not applicable to the determination of forming limits when heating and rapid cooling processes are introduced prior to forming for tests conducted under hot stamping conditions. A novel in-plane biaxial testing system was designed and used for the determination of forming limits of sheet metals at various strain paths, temperatures, and strain rates after heating and cooling processes in a resistance heating uniaxial testing machine. The core part of the biaxial testing system is a biaxial apparatus, which transfers a uniaxial force provided by the uniaxial testing machine to a biaxial force. One type of cruciform specimen was designed and verified for the formability test of aluminum alloy 6082 using the proposed biaxial testing system. The digital image correlation (DIC) system with a high-speed camera was used for taking strain measurements of a specimen during a deformation. The aim of proposing this biaxial testing system is to enable the forming limits of an alloy to be determined at various temperatures and strain rates under hot stamping conditions.

This protocol proposes a novel biaxial testing system used on a resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine in order to determine the forming limit diagram (FLD) of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions.

一种新型双轴试验设备的成形极限的下烫印条件的决定

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

Experimental Protocol to Determine the Chloride Threshold Value for Corrosion in Samples Taken from Reinforced Concrete Structures

The aging of reinforced concrete infrastructure in developed countries imposes an urgent need for methods to reliably assess the condition of these structures. Corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel is the most frequent cause for degradation. While it is well known that the ability of a structure to withstand corrosion depends strongly on factors such as the materials used or the age, it is common practice to rely on threshold values stipulated in standards or textbooks. These threshold values for corrosion initiation (Ccrit) are independent of the actual properties of a certain structure, which clearly limits the accuracy of condition assessments and service life predictions. The practice of using tabulated values can be traced to the lack of reliable methods to determine Ccrit on-site and in the laboratory.
Here, an experimental protocol to determine Ccrit for individual engineering structures or structural members is presented. A number of reinforced concrete samples are taken from structures and laboratory corrosion testing is performed. The main advantage of this method is that it ensures real conditions concerning parameters that are well known to greatly influence Ccrit, such as the steel-concrete interface, which cannot be representatively mimicked in laboratory-produced samples. At the same time, the accelerated corrosion test in the laboratory permits the reliable determination of Ccrit prior to corrosion initiation on the tested structure; this is a major advantage over all common condition assessment methods that only permit estimating the conditions for corrosion after initiation, i.e., when the structure is already damaged.
The protocol yields the statistical distribution of Ccrit for the tested structure. This serves as a basis for probabilistic prediction models for the remaining time to corrosion, which is needed for maintenance planning. This method can potentially be used in material testing of civil infrastructures, similar to established methods used for mechanical testing.

We propose a method to measure a parameter that is highly relevant for corrosion assessments or predictions of reinforced concrete structures, with the main advantage of permitting testing of samples from engineering structures. This ensures real conditions at the steel-concrete interface, which are crucial to avoid artifacts of laboratory-made samples.

测定钢筋混凝土结构试样腐蚀的氯化物阈值的试验规程

The aging of reinforced concrete infrastructure in developed countries imposes an urgent need for methods to reliably assess the condition of these ...

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing

This manuscript describes an experimental procedure that allows obtaining diverse quantitative information on temporal and spatial evolution of water waves excited by time-dependent and steady wind forcing. Capacitance-type wave gauge and Laser Slope Gauge (LSG) are used to measure instantaneous water surface elevation and two components of the instantaneous surface slope at a number of locations along the test section of a wind-wave facility. The computer-controlled blower provides airflow over the water in the tank whose rate can vary in time. In the present experiments, the wind speed in the test section initially increases quickly from rest to the set value. It is then kept constant for the prescribed duration; finally, the airflow is shut down. At the beginning of each experimental run, the water surface is calm and there is no wind. Operation of the blower is initiated simultaneously with the acquisition of data provided by all sensors by a computer; data acquisition continues until the waves in the tank fully decay. Multiple independent runs performed under identical forcing conditions allow determining statistically reliable ensemble-averaged characteristic parameters that quantitatively describe wind-waves&#39; variation in time for the initial development stage as a function of fetch. The procedure also allows characterizing the spatial evolution of the wave field under steady wind forcing, as well as decay of waves in time, once the wind is shut down, as a function of fetch.

This manuscript describes a fully computer-controlled procedure that allows obtaining reliable statistical parameters from experiments of water waves excited by steady and unsteady wind forcing in a small-scale facility.

稳定时变风强迫下风浪罐中波浪的测量

This manuscript describes an experimental procedure that allows obtaining diverse quantitative information on temporal and spatial evolution of water ...