Portions of this study have been previously published in the Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.3,13 A patent is pending for this method.

注意:此处所概述的方法，包括使用放射性物质（例如，铀六水合硝酸）和几个腐蚀性物质。适当的防护服和设备应使用（包括实验室工作服，手套，保护眼睛和通风橱）样品制备过程中。另外，用于该工作实验室区域应定期进行放射性污染监测。 注意:需要的化学化合物列于表1这种制剂是通过检查以前开发的报道成分数据为trinitite 10这里报告测定的质量分数由平均质量分数为几个不同的trinitite样品10"丢失"的质量。 （该部分不和为1）存在添加燃料，篡改，和其他成分时允许有一定的灵活性。我们的独立的几个trinitite样本的分析表明，石英是唯一的矿物相尚存在trinitite。5因此，石英是包含在我们的标准Trinitite配方（STF）的唯一矿物。虽然其他矿物粒舍利已经报道了trinitite，11这些往往是例外，而不是规则。在一般情况下，石英是在熔融玻璃中发现的唯一的矿物。10,12同样，石英砂是沥青和混凝土的共同组成，这将是在城市核熔融玻璃的形成很重要的。 <table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr height="41"><td colspan="2" height="41" style="height:42px;width:317px;"> 场均Trinitite数据 </td><td colspan="2" style="width:317px;"> 标准Trinitite配方（STF） </td></tr><tr height="22"><td height="22" style="height:22px;width:159px;"> 复合 </td><td style="width:159px;"> 质量分数 </td><td style="width:159px;"> 复合 </td><html><td style="width:159px;"> 质量分数 </td></tr><tr height="26"><td height="26" style="height:26px;width:159px;"> 二氧化硅 </td><td style="width:159px;"> 6.42x10 -1 </td><td style="width:159px;"> 二氧化硅 </td><td style="width:159px;"> 6.42x10 -1 </td></tr><tr height="26"><td height="26" style="height:26px;width:159px;"> 的 Al 2 O 3 </td><td style="width:159px;"> 1.43x10 -1 </td><td style="width:159px;"> 的 Al 2 O 3 </td><td style="width:159px;"> 1.43x10 -1 </td></tr><tr height="25"><td height="25" style="height:25px;width:159px;">氧化钙</td><td style="width:159px;"> 9.64x10 -2 </td><td style="width:159px;">氧化钙</td><td style="width:159px;"> 9.64x10 -2 </td></tr><tr height="25"><td height="25" style="height:25px;width:159px;">的FeO </td><td style="width:159px;"> 1.97x10 -2 </td><html> "&gt;的FeO </td><td style="width:159px;"> 1.97x10 -2 </td></tr><tr height="25"><td height="25" style="height:25px;width:159px;">氧化镁</td><td style="width:159px;"> 1.15x10 -2 </td><td style="width:159px;">氧化镁</td><td style="width:159px;"> 1.15x10 -2 </td></tr><tr height="26"><td height="26" style="height:26px;width:159px;">娜2 O </td><td style="width:159px;"> 1.25x10 -2 </td><td style="width:159px;">娜2 O </td><td style="width:159px;"> 1.25x10 -2 </td></tr><tr height="26"><td height="26" style="height:26px;width:159px;"> K 2 O </td><td style="width:159px;"> 5.13x10 -2 </td><td style="width:159px;"> KOH </td><td style="width:159px;"> 6.12x10 -2 </td></tr><tr height="25"><td height="25" style="height:25px;width:159px;">的MnO </td><td style="width:159px;"> 5.05x10 -4 </td><td style="width:159px;">的MnO </td>9px;"&gt; 5.05x10 -4 </td></tr><tr height="26"><td height="26" style="height:26px;width:159px;"> 二氧化钛</td><td style="width:159px;"> 4.27x10 -3 </td><td style="width:159px;"> 二氧化钛</td><td style="width:159px;"> 4.27x10 -3 </td></tr><tr height="25"><td height="25" style="height:25px;width:159px;">总</td><td style="width:159px;"> 9.81x10 -1 </td><td style="width:159px;">总</td><td style="width:159px;"> 9.91x10 -1 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1列出的化学化合物。 1.准备了科技型中小企业注:需要的设备包括微量天平，金属铲，陶瓷研钵，通风橱，乳胶手套，实验室外套，和护目镜。 <ol><li>混合的非放射性组件<ol><li>获得至少65克石英砂（SiO 2）的15克的 Al 2 O 3的&lt;/子&gt;粉末，10g的CaO粉剂的，2克的FeO粉末，将2克的MgO粉末，将2克的Na 2 O粉末，7克KOH颗粒，1克的MnO粉末和1g 的 TiO 2粉末（在表1中列出的化合物）。 </li><li>使用微量天平和小抹刀精确地测量每种化合物的质量分数，如表1所列 。为了达到最佳效果制备100克非放射性前体基质的在同一时间。 </li><li>使用研钵和杵粉碎（至〜:10-20微米大小的颗粒），并充分混合的化合物中，形成含有64.2克的 SiO 2，14.2克的 Al 2 O 3的，9.64克的CaO，1.97克的均匀粉末混合物的FeO，1.15克氧化镁，1.25克的Na 2 O的6.12克氢氧化钾，0.0505克的MnO和0.427克二氧化钛。 </li><li>搅拌该混合物，用球混合器，下一步采取前不久。 </li></ol></li><li>用铀六水合硝酸混合STF的（UNH） <ol><li> Acqu愤怒至少为1g UNH的。 </li><li>内部通风橱中，粉碎几UNH晶体（用研钵和研杵）以形成1-2微米的颗粒的细粉。 </li><li>添加33.75微克UNH每克非放射性前体基质的（这个比率是合适的用于模拟一个简单的武器的1千吨的收率）。13 </li><li>彻底混合粉末混合物，包括UNH，使用研钵和研杵。熔融步骤前不久完成最终混合。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.生产1-克熔融玻璃样品注:需要的设备包括额定在1600℃以上，高纯石墨坩埚，长的不锈钢坩埚钳，耐热手套和保护眼睛的HTF。耐热手套和保护眼睛应该引入或从炉中取出样品时佩戴。因为他们减少从炉强光有色护目镜（或太阳眼镜）是有用的。 <ol><li>生产非放射性样品<ol><li>填充厚的陶瓷盘（诸如砂浆）与约100克的纯石英砂，并在室温保持邻近那里的样本将被熔化炉的位置。 </li><li>预热导热油〜1500℃。 </li><li>仔细测量将1.00g非放射性粉末混合物并将粉末在高纯度石墨坩埚中。 </li><li>小心地在加热的HTF的坩埚（使用长对钢坩埚钳）和30分钟熔化混合物。 </li><li>取出样品（再次使用夹钳）和熔融样品倒入充满沙子的砂浆。 </li><li>让玻璃珠，以处理前冷却1-2分钟。 </li><li>抛光珠以除去残余的砂（如有必要）。 </li></ol></li><li>的放射性样品的<ol><li>重复步骤2.1.1和2.1.2以上。 </li><li>仔细衡量1.00克放射性粉末混合物（包括UNH）和放置powd<html>使用一个单独的刮刀和微量天平，以避免交叉污染ER在高纯度石墨坩埚。 </li><li>重复步骤2.1.4 - 2.1.6以上。 </li><li>监控炉子周围的区域（使用手持式辐射检测器和/或刷卡测定）来检查放射性污染。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.样品激活注意:下面的公式推导假设使用武器级（浓）金属铀。 UNH或氧化铀的数量将需要根据元素铀的质量分数和铀-235富集水平缩放。 <ol><li>一个熔融玻璃样品铀笛的激活<ol><li>计算所需的使用低于 13（其中，m U表示的铀的质量分数和Y表示的武器收率）的方程样品铀金属的质量分数: 473 / 53473eq1.jpg"/&gt; </li><li>择:使用下面的等式计算的篡改（例如，天然铀，铅，钨）的质量分数:13 <img alt="公式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53473/53473eq2.jpg" /></li><li>计算使用下面的等式13中的样品中的裂变的目标数，其中M s表示在克样品的质量和 N f表示照射期间在样品中产生的裂变的数目: <img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53473/53473eq3.jpg" /></li><li>用低于 13的方程其中 m 235表示铀-235质量分数（丰度水平）和叔IRR是以秒的照射时间计算所需的照射时间: <img alt="公式4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53473/53473eq4.jpg" /></li><li>照射样品为在4.0×10 14 N / 平方厘米/秒的热中子通量牛逼 IRR秒。例如，在气动管道1（PT-1）在HFIR一个60秒的照射（具有35的热，以共振比）将含有870 UNH微克（相当于410微克的样品中产生约1.1×10 11分体天然铀，或3.0微克的铀-235）。实现这一点的一个0.433克玻璃珠设计成模拟通过用0.1千吨收率武器产生的熔融玻璃样品。该样本已被彻底Cook等14分析。 </li><li>按照适用的安全协议，用于处理放射性样品后照射。 </li></ol></li><li>一个熔融玻璃样品与钚燃料的激活（规划因素） <ol><li>计算钚金属的质量分数所需的使用低于 13，其中m 莆 represen等式样品TS钚质量分数和Y表示的武器收率 <img alt="公式5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53473/53473eq5.jpg" /></li><li>重复步骤3.1.2和3.1.3以上。 </li><li>确定，以获得熔融玻璃样品在裂变的期望数量的所需要的照射时间。这个时间将取决于钚的组成和品级以及中子能量光谱。 </li></ol></li></ol>注:应十分注意，当钚和其他分析处理将需要采取。在撰写本文时，只有铀已被用于在UT产生和照射HFIR合成熔融玻璃样本。

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This work was performed under grant number DE-NA0001983 from the Stewardship Science Academic Alliances (SSAA) Program of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA).

注意有关步骤1.2.2和1.2.3:UNH的确切数额将根据场景变化被模拟。通过Giminaro 等人开发规划的公式可以用来选择铀适当的质量作为本文的"示例激活"一节中讨论给定的样本13。此外，氧化铀（UO 2或U 3 O 8）来代替UNH的使用，如果有的话，和铀-235的化合物（UNH或氧化铀是否）必须考虑的质量分数。对于这里所讨论的实验中UNH均匀混合所述前体基质内。可以...

Concerns over the potential malicious use of nuclear weapons by terrorists or rogue nations have highlighted the importance of nuclear forensics analysis for the purpose of attribution.1 Rapid post-detonation analysis techniques are desirable to shorten the attribution timeline as much as possible. The development and validation of such techniques requires realistic nuclear debris samples for testing. Nuclear testing no longer occurs in the United States and nuclear surface debris from the testing era is not readily available (with the exception of trinitite - the melt glass produced by the first nuclear test at the trinity site) and therefore realistic surrogate debris is needed. 
The primary goal of the method described here is the production of realistic surrogate nuclear debris similar to trinitite. Synthetic nuclear melt glass samples which are readily available to the academic community can be used to test existing analysis techniques and to develop new methods such as thermo-chromatography for rapid post-detonation analysis.2 With this goal in mind the current study is focused on producing samples which mimic trinitite but do not contain any sensitive weapon design information. The fuel and tamper components within these samples are completely generic and the comparison to trinitite is based on chemistry, morphology, and physical characteristics. The similarities between trinitite and the synthetic nuclear melt glass produced in this study have been previously discussed.3
The purpose of this article is to outline the details of the production process used at the University of Tennessee (UT). This production process was developed with two key parameters in mind: 1) the composition of material incorporated into nuclear melt glass, and 2) the melting temperature of the material. Methods exist for estimating the melting temperature of glass forming networks4 and these techniques have been employed here, along with additional experimentation to determine the optimal processing temperature for the trinitite matrix.5
Alternative methods for surrogate debris production have been published recently. The use of high power lasers has the advantage of creating sufficiently high temperatures to cause elemental fractionation within the target matrix.6 Porous chromatographic substrates have been used to produce small particles similar to fallout particles using condensed phase methods7. The latter method is most useful for producing particulate debris (nuclear fallout) and has been demonstrated with natural metals. The advantages of the method presented here are 1) simplicity, 2) reproducibility, and 3) scalability (sample sizes can range from tiny beads to large chunks of melt glass). Also, this method is expandable both in terms of production output and variety of explosive scenarios covered, and it has already been demonstrated using radioactive materials. A sample has been successfully activated at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Natural uranium compounds were added to the matrix prior to melting and fission products were produced in situ by neutron irradiation. 
Methods within the glass making industry and those employed for the purpose of radioactive waste immobilization8 have been consulted in the development of the method presented here. The unique effects of radiation in glasses are of inherent interest9 and will constitute an important area of study as this method is further developed. 
The method described below is appropriate for any application where a bulk melt glass sample is desired. These samples most closely resemble the material found near the epicenter of a nuclear explosion. Samples of various sizes can be produced, however, methods employing plasma torches or lasers will be more useful for simulating fine particulate debris. Also, commercial HTFs do not reach temperatures high enough to cause elemental fractionation for a wide range of elements. This method should be employed when physical and morphological characteristics are of primary importance.

<table><tbody><tr><td>High Temperature Furnace (HTF)</td><td>Carbolite</td><td>HTF 18</td><td>1,800 &amp;#176;C HTF used to melt samples</td></tr><tr><td>High Temperature Drop Furnace</td><td>CM Inc.</td><td>1706 BL</td><td>1,700 &amp;#176;C Drop Furnace used to melt samples</td></tr><tr><td>Graphite Crucibles</td><td>SCP Science</td><td>040-060-041</td><td>27 ml high purity graphite crucibles (10 pack)</td></tr><tr><td>Crucible Tongs</td><td>Grainger</td><td>5ZPV0</td><td>26 in., stainless steele tongs for handling crucibles</td></tr><tr><td>Heat Resistent Gloves</td><td>Grainger</td><td>8814-09</td><td>Gloves used to protect hands from heat during sample intro/removal</td></tr><tr><td>Mortar &amp;amp; Pestle</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>S337631</td><td>300 ml, Ceramic mortar and pestle for powdering and mixing</td></tr><tr><td>Micro Balance</td><td>Grainger</td><td>8NJG2</td><td>220 g Cap, high precision scale for measuring powder mass</td></tr><tr><td>Spatulas</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>14374</td><td>Metal spatulas for measure small quantities of powder</td></tr><tr><td>SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>274739-5KG</td><td>Quartz Sand&amp;nbsp; CAS Number: 14808-60-7</td></tr><tr><td>Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>11028-1KG</td><td>Aluminum Oxide Powder&amp;nbsp; CAS Number: 1344-28-1</td></tr><tr><td>CaO</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>12047-2.5KG</td><td>Calcium Oxide Powder&amp;nbsp; CAS Number: 1305-78-8</td></tr><tr><td>FeO</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>400866-25G</td><td>Iron Oxide Powder&amp;nbsp; CAS Number: 1345-25-1</td></tr><tr><td>MgO</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>342793-250G</td><td>Magnesium Oxide Powder&amp;nbsp; CAS Number: 1309-48-4</td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>36712-25G</td><td>Sodium Oxide Powder&amp;nbsp; CAS Number: 1313-59-3</td></tr><tr><td>KOH</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>278904-250G</td><td>Potasium Hydroxide Pellets&amp;nbsp; CAS Number: 12030-88-5</td></tr><tr><td>MnO</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>377201-500G</td><td>Manganese Oxide Powder&amp;nbsp; CAS Number: 1344-43-0</td></tr><tr><td>TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>791326-5G</td><td>Titanium Oxide Beads&amp;nbsp; CAS Number: 12188-41-9</td></tr></tbody></table>

production of synthetic nuclear melt glass

Realistic surrogate nuclear debris is needed within the nuclear forensics community to test and validate post-detonation analysis techniques. Here we outline a novel process for producing bulk surface debris using a high temperature furnace. The material developed in this study is physically and chemically similar to trinitite (the melt glass produced by the first nuclear test). This synthetic nuclear melt glass is assumed to be similar to the vitrified material produced near the epicenter (ground zero) of any surface nuclear detonation in a desert environment. The process outlined here can be applied to produce other types of nuclear melt glass including that likely to be formed in an urban environment. This can be accomplished by simply modifying the precursor matrix to which this production process is applied. The melt glass produced in this study has been analyzed and compared to trinitite, revealing a comparable crystalline morphology, physical structure, void fraction, and chemical composition.

在这项研究中产生的非放射性样品已相比trinitite和图1-3表明物理性质和形态确实相似。 图1提供了揭示这在宏观水平都观察到颜色和纹理的相似度照片。 图2示出了扫描电子显微镜（SEM）二次电子（SE）的图像其揭示相似的特征在微米级。用SEM和SEM软件进行扫描电镜分析。许多空隙在两个trinitite和合成样品观察。的缺陷和异质在两种以及类似 ，如?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production of Synthetic Nuclear Melt Glass at JoVE.com

Production of Synthetic Nuclear Melt Glass

A protocol for the production of synthetic nuclear melt glass, similar to trinitite, is presented.

生产合成核熔化玻璃

Realistic surrogate nuclear debris is needed within the nuclear forensics community to test and validate post-detonation analysis techniques. Here we ...

production-of-synthetic-nuclear-melt-glass

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.4K 次观看.  United States Military Academy. A protocol for the production of synthetic nuclear melt glass, similar to trinitite, is presented.

视频: Production of Synthetic Nuclear Melt Glass

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic glasses (MGs). Despite their amorphous nature, the identification of hyperfine interactions unveils faint structural modifications. For this purpose, we have employed two techniques that utilize nuclear resonance among nuclear levels of a stable 57Fe isotope, namely M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering (NFS) of synchrotron radiation. The effects of heat treatment upon (Fe2.85Co1)77Mo8Cu1B14 MG are discussed using the results of ex situ and in situ experiments, respectively. As both methods are sensitive to hyperfine interactions, information on structural arrangement as well as on magnetic microstructure is readily available. M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry performed ex situ describes how the structural arrangement and magnetic microstructure appears at room temperature after the annealing under certain conditions (temperature, time), and thus this technique inspects steady states. On the other hand, NFS data are recorded in situ during dynamically changing temperature and NFS examines transient states. The use of both techniques provides complementary information. In general, they can be applied to any suitable system in which it is important to know its steady state but also transient states.

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Here, we present a protocol to describe ex situ and in situ investigations of structural transformations in metallic glasses. We employed nuclear-based analytical methods which inspect hyperfine interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation during temperature-driven experiments.

结构转换的原位和原位研究方法: 金属玻璃结晶的实例

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic ...

科研

工程学

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. Here, we introduce the molten-salt synthesis (MSS) method for making metal oxide nanomaterials. Advantages over other methods include its simplicity, greenness, reliability, scalability, and generalizability. Using pyrochlore lanthanum hafnium oxide (La2Hf2O7) as a representative, we describe the MSS protocol for the successful synthesis of complex metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Furthermore, this method has the unique ability to produce NPs with different material features by changing various synthesis parameters such as pH, temperature, duration, and post-annealing. By fine-tuning these parameters, we are able to synthesize highly uniform, non-agglomerated, and highly crystalline NPs. As a specific example, we vary the particle size of the La2Hf2O7&#160;NPs by changing the concentration of the ammonium hydroxide solution used in the MSS process, which allows us to further explore the effect of particle size on various properties. It is expected that the MSS method will become a more popular synthesis method for nanomaterials and more widely employed in the nanoscience and nanotechnology community in the upcoming years.

Here, we demonstrate a unique, relatively low-temperature, molten-salt synthesis method for preparing uniform complex metal oxide lanthanum hafnate nanoparticles.

复合金属氧化物纳米粒子的熔融盐合成

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. ...

化学

Optimized Sealing Process and Real-Time Monitoring of Glass-to-Metal Seal Structures

Residual stress is an essential factor to keeping the hermeticity and robustness of a glass-to-metal seal structure. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate a novel protocol to characterize and measure residual stress in a glass-to-metal seal structure without destroying the insulation and hermeticity of sealing materials. In this research, a femto-laser inscribed fiber Bragg grating sensor is used. The glass-to-metal seal structure that is measured consists of a metal shell, sealing glass, and Kovar conductor. To make the measurements worthwhile, the specific heat treatment of metal-to-glass seal (MTGS) structure is explored to obtain the model with best hermeticity. Then, the FBG sensor is embedded into the path of sealing glass and becomes well-fused with the glass as the temperature cools to RT. The Bragg wavelength of FBG shifts with the residual stress generated in sealing the glass. To calculate the residual stress, the relationship between Bragg wavelength shift and strain is applied, and the finite element method is also used to make the results reliable. The online monitoring experiments of residual stress in sealing glass are carried out at different loads, such as high temperature and high pressure, to broaden functions of this protocol in harsh environments.

Key procedures to optimize the sealing process and achieve real-time monitoring of the metal-to-glass seal (MTGS) structure are described in detail. The embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor is designed to achieve online monitoring of temperature and high-level residual stress in the MTGS with simultaneous environmental pressure monitoring.

玻璃到金属密封结构的优化密封工艺和实时监控

Residual stress is an essential factor to keeping the hermeticity and robustness of a glass-to-metal seal structure. The purpose of this report is to ...

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride

Single crystal specimens of the actinide compound uranium ditelluride, UTe2, are of great importance to the study and characterization of its dramatic unconventional superconductivity, believed to entail spin-triplet electron pairing. A variety in the superconducting properties of UTe2 reported in the literature indicates that discrepancies between synthesis methods yield crystals with different superconducting properties, including the absence of superconductivity entirely. This protocol describes a process to synthesize crystals that exhibit superconductivity via chemical vapor transport, which has consistently exhibited a superconducting critical temperature of 1.6 K and a double transition indicative of a multi-component order parameter. This is compared to a second protocol that is used to synthesize crystals via the molten metal flux growth technique, which produces samples that are not bulk superconductors. Differences in the crystal properties are revealed through a comparison of structural, chemical, and electronic property measurements, showing that the most dramatic disparity occurs in the low-temperature electrical resistance of the samples.

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize two types of UTe2 crystals: those exhibiting robust superconductivity, via chemical vapor transport synthesis, and those lacking superconductivity, via molten metal flux synthesis.

两种不同合成方法的超导铀碲化铀单晶比较

Single crystal specimens of the actinide compound uranium ditelluride, UTe2, are of great importance to the study and characterization of its dramatic ...

持久性发光纳米颗粒的水热合成

Synthesis of Persistent Luminescent Nanoparticles for Rewritable Displays and Illumination Applications

Persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) possess the capabilities to maintain extended longevity and robust emission even after the excitation has ceased. PLNPs have been widely used across various domains, including information displays, data encryption, biological imaging, and artistic decoration with sustained and vivid luminosity, providing boundless possibilities for a variety of innovative technology and artistic projects. This protocol focuses on an experimental procedure for the hydrothermal synthesis of PLNPs. The successful synthesis of enduring luminescent nanomaterials with Mn2+ or Cr3+ serving as a luminescent center in Zn2GeO4: Mn (ZGO: Mn) or ZnGa2O4: Cr highlights the universality of this synthetic method. On the other hand, the optical properties of ZGO: Mn can be changed by adjusting the pH of precursor solutions, demonstrating the tunability of the protocol. When charged with ultraviolet (UV) at a wavelength of 365 nm for 3 min and then stopped, PLNPs exhibit the remarkable capacity to generate afterglow efficiently and consistently, which makes them ideal for making two-dimensional rewritable displays and three-dimensional transparent, luminous artworks. This protocol outlined in this paper provides a feasible method for the synthesis of persistent luminescent nanoparticles for further illumination and imaging applications, opening up novel prospects for the fields of science and art.

作者聚焦：利用功能纳米材料推进生物成像和治疗

A protocol is presented for the synthesis of persistent luminescent nanomaterials (PLNPs) and their potential applications in rewritable displays and artistic processing utilizing the afterglow effect under ultraviolet light (365 nm) irradiation.

用于可擦写显示器和照明应用的持久性发光纳米颗粒的合成

Persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) possess the capabilities to maintain extended longevity and robust emission even after the excitation has ...

Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy for operando Studies of Reaction and Transport Phenomena during Silicate Glass Corrosion

Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy (FCRS) enables the real-time and space-resolved (operando) study of reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and their mutual interactions with transport processes during silicate glass corrosion at the micrometer scale and at elevated temperatures. This manuscript provides a detailed protocol for setting up an FCRS experiment, exemplified by a corrosion experiment with a ternary Na borosilicate glass and a 0.5 M NaHCO3 solution at a temperature of 86 &#177; 1 &#176;C. The protocol involves (i) sample preparation, (ii) assembly of the fluid cell, and (iii) setting of Raman measurement parameters for collecting Raman spectra across the sample/solution interface in regular time intervals. The results from the experiment show the formation of a water-rich zone between a silica-based surface alteration layer (SAL) and the pristine glass, which is an intrinsic feature of an interface-coupled dissolution-precipitation model for the formation of a SAL during silicate glass corrosion. The ability to track the reaction and transport processes during the corrosion of silicate glasses and potentially of other transparent materials, spatially resolved and in real-time, represents a unique strength of this technique, overcoming the disadvantages of conventional analysis of multi-step quenching experiments. The corrosion of the top side of the glass sample represents a current issue, reducing spatial resolution at depth due to precipitation within the laser pathway. This is caused by a solution-filled gap between the sapphire window of the fluid cell lid and the top side of the monolith, which is difficult to avoid during the experimental setup. This must be taken into account when choosing the depth at which the measurement should be made. In a few cases, the formation of air bubbles was observed, which disrupted or even led to the termination of the experiment. However, this can be avoided by carefully setting up the experiment, which requires little practice.

Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy (FCRS) enables in operando observations of reaction and transport phenomena during the aqueous corrosion of silicate glasses at a microscopic level, at elevated temperatures, and in real-time. Without interrupting ongoing processes, FCRS provides information about reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and transport processes.

用于硅酸盐玻璃腐蚀过程中反应和传递现象 的原位 研究的流池拉曼光谱

Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy (FCRS) enables the real-time and space-resolved (operando) study of reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and their mutual ...

Fabricating Optical-quality Glass Surfaces to Study Macrophage Fusion

Visualizing the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) from living specimens has been challenging due to the fact that most live imaging techniques require propagation of light through glass, but on glass macrophage fusion is a rare event. This protocol presents the fabrication of several optical-quality glass surfaces where adsorption of compounds containing long-chain hydrocarbons transforms glass into a fusogenic surface. First, preparation of clean glass surfaces as starting material for surface modification is described. Second, a method is provided for the adsorption of compounds containing long-chain hydrocarbons to convert non-fusogenic glass into a fusogenic substrate. Third, this protocol describes fabrication of surface micropatterns that promote a high degree of spatiotemporal control over MGC formation. Finally, fabricating glass bottom dishes is described. Examples of use of this in vitro cell system as a model to study macrophage fusion and MGC formation are shown.

This protocol describes the fabrication of optical-quality glass surfaces adsorbed with compounds containing long-chain hydrocarbons that can be used to monitor macrophage fusion of living specimens and enables super-resolution microscopy of fixed specimens.

制备光学质量玻璃表面研究巨噬细胞融合

Visualizing the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) from living specimens has been challenging due to the fact that most live imaging ...

免疫与感染

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Although the first studies of Zintl ions date between the late 1890's and early 1930's they were not structurally characterized until many years later.1,2 Their redox chemistry is even younger, just about ten years old, but despite this short history these deltahedral clusters ions E9n- (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb; n = 2, 3, 4) have already shown interesting and diverse reactivity and have been at the forefront of rapidly developing and exciting new chemistry.3-6 Notable milestones are the oxidative coupling of Ge94- clusters to oligomers and infinite chains,7-19 their metallation,14-16,20-25 capping by transition-metal organometallic fragments,26-34 insertion of a transition-metal atom at the center of the cluster which is sometimes combined with capping and oligomerization,35-47 addition of main-group organometallic fragments as exo-bonded substituents,48-50 and functionalization with various organic residues by reactions with organic halides and alkynes.51-58 
This latter development of attaching organic fragments directly to the clusters has opened up a new field, namely organo-Zintl chemistry, that is potentially fertile for further synthetic explorations, and it is the step-by-step procedure for the synthesis of germanium-divinyl clusters described herein. The initial steps outline the synthesis of an intermetallic precursor of K4Ge9 from which the Ge94- clusters are extracted later in solution. This involves fused-silica glass blowing, arc-welding of niobium containers, and handling of highly air-sensitive materials in a glove box. The air-sensitive K4Ge9 is then dissolved in ethylenediamine in the box and then alkenylated by a reaction with Me3SiC&equiv;CSiMe3. The reaction is followed by electrospray mass spectrometry while the resulting solution is used for obtaining single crystals containing the functionalized clusters [H2C=CH-Ge9-CH=CH2]2-. For this purpose the solution is centrifuged, filtered, and carefully layered with a toluene solution of 18-crown-6. Left undisturbed for a few days, the so-layered solutions produced orange crystalline blocks of [K(18-crown-6)]2[Ge9(HCCH2)2]&bull;en which were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 
The process highlights standard reaction techniques, work-up, and analysis towards functionalized deltahedral Zintl clusters. It is hoped that it will help towards further development and understanding of these compounds in the community at large.

We present the high-temperature synthesis of intermetallic precursors K4Ge9, their dissolution in ethylenediamine to form Ge94- deltahedral Zintl ions, and the reaction of the clusters with alkynes to form organo-Zintl ions. The latter are characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry in solutions and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in the solid state.

九的原子Deltahedral Zintl离子锗和他们的官能合成有机基团

Although the first studies of Zintl ions date between the late 1890's and early 1930's they were not structurally characterized until many years later.1,2 ...

生产合成核熔化玻璃

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

结构转换的原位和原位研究方法: 金属玻璃结晶的实例

复合金属氧化物纳米粒子的熔融盐合成

玻璃到金属密封结构的优化密封工艺和实时监控

两种不同合成方法的超导铀碲化铀单晶比较

用于可擦写显示器和照明应用的持久性发光纳米颗粒的合成

用于可擦写显示器和照明应用的持久性发光纳米颗粒的合成

用于可擦写显示器和照明应用的持久性发光纳米颗粒的合成

用于硅酸盐玻璃腐蚀过程中反应和传递现象的原位研究的流池拉曼光谱

制备光学质量玻璃表面研究巨噬细胞融合

九的原子Deltahedral Zintl离子锗和他们的官能合成有机基团

生产合成核熔化玻璃

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

结构转换的原位和原位研究方法: 金属玻璃结晶的实例

复合金属氧化物纳米粒子的熔融盐合成

玻璃到金属密封结构的优化密封工艺和实时监控

两种不同合成方法的超导铀碲化铀单晶比较

用于可擦写显示器和照明应用的持久性发光纳米颗粒的合成

用于可擦写显示器和照明应用的持久性发光纳米颗粒的合成

用于可擦写显示器和照明应用的持久性发光纳米颗粒的合成

用于硅酸盐玻璃腐蚀过程中反应和传递现象 的原位 研究的流池拉曼光谱

制备光学质量玻璃表面研究巨噬细胞融合

九的原子Deltahedral Zintl离子锗和他们的官能合成有机基团

用于硅酸盐玻璃腐蚀过程中反应和传递现象的原位研究的流池拉曼光谱