作者要感谢克里斯托弗·格林，布拉德利·罗宾逊，和玛丽亚曼努埃拉·巴利亚达，数据的收集帮助。脑电设备经费由科研与研究生研究设备格兰特犹他州立大学的办公室克里乔丹的多感官认知实验室提供。本杰明调用由总统博士研究奖学金从犹他州立大学的校研究生达到他与韦德博士古德里奇工作的支持。

<ol>
	<li>Sorby, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Educational+Research+in+Developing+3-D+Spatial+Skills+for+Engineering+Students.">Educational Research in Developing 3-D Spatial Skills for Engineering Students.</a> Int. J. Sci. Educ. 31 (3), 459-480 (2009).</li><li>Wai, J., Lubinski, D., Benbow, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+Ability+for+STEM+Domains:+Aligning+Over+50+Years+of+Cumulative+Psychological+Knowledge+Solidifies+Its+Importance.">Spatial Ability for STEM Domains: Aligning Over 50 Years of Cumulative Psychological Knowledge Solidifies Its Importance.</a> J. Educ. Psychol. 101 (4), 817-835 (2009).</li><li>Uttal, D. H., Cohen, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+Thinking+and+STEM+Education:+When,+Why,+and+How?.">Spatial Thinking and STEM Education: When, Why, and How?.</a> Psychol. Learn. Motiv. 57, 147-181 (2012).</li><li>Halpern, D. F., Collaer, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking. , (2005).</li><li>Lubinski, D., Benbow, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+mathematically+precocious+youth+after+35+years.">Study of mathematically precocious youth after 35 years.</a> Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 1 (4), 316-345 (2006).</li><li>Sorby, S., Casey, B., Veurink, N., Dulaney, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+spatial+training+in+improving+spatial+and+calculus+performance+in+engineering+students.">The role of spatial training in improving spatial and calculus performance in engineering students.</a> Learn. Individ. Differ. 26, 20-29 (2013).</li><li>Peters, M., Chisholm, P., Laeng, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+ability,+student+gender,+and+academic+performance.">Spatial ability, student gender, and academic performance.</a> J. Eng. Educ. 84 (1), 1-5 (1994).</li><li>Pellegrino, J. W., Alderton, D. L., Shute, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+Spatial+Ability.">Understanding Spatial Ability.</a> Educ. Psychol. 19 (3), 239-253 (1984).</li><li>Goodridge, W., Villanueva, I., Wan, N. J., Call, B. J., Valladares, M. M., Robinson, B. S., Jordan, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+efficiency+similarities+between+engineering+students+solving+statics+and+spatial+ability+problems.">Neural efficiency similarities between engineering students solving statics and spatial ability problems.</a> Poster presented at the meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. , (2014).</li><li>Sorby, S. A., Baartmans, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Development+and+Assessment+of+a+Course+for+Enhancing+the+3-D+Spatial+Visualization+Skills+of+First+Year+Engineering+Students.">The Development and Assessment of a Course for Enhancing the 3-D Spatial Visualization Skills of First Year Engineering Students.</a> J. Eng. Educ. 89 (3), 301-307 (2000).</li><li>Gorska, R., Sorby, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+instruments+for+the+assessment+of+3-D+spatial+skills.">Testing instruments for the assessment of 3-D spatial skills.</a> Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference. , (2008).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> CEEB Special aptitude test in spatial relations. , (1939).</li><li>Guay, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Purdue spatial visualization test. , (1976).</li><li>Hegarty, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Components of Spatial Intelligence. , (2010).</li><li>Bishop, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+Students'+Spatial+Ability.">Developing Students' Spatial Ability.</a> Sci. Teacher. 45 (8), 20-23 (1978).</li><li>Goodridge, W. H., Villanueva, I., Call, B. J., Valladares, M. M., Wan, N., Green, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+strategies+and+misconceptions+in+introductory+Statics+problems.">Cognitive strategies and misconceptions in introductory Statics problems.</a> 2014 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) Proceedings. , 2152-2159 (2014).</li><li>Steif, P. S., Dantzler, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Statics+Concept+Inventory:+Development+and+Psychometric+Analysis.">A Statics Concept Inventory: Development and Psychometric Analysis.</a> J. Eng. Educ. 94 (4), 363-371 (2005).</li><li>Suresh, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+barrier+courses+and+persistence+in+engineering.">The relationship between barrier courses and persistence in engineering.</a> J. Coll. Student Retention. 8 (2), 215-239 (2006).</li><li>Pfurtscheller, G., Lopes da Silva, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Event-related+EEG/MEG+synchronization+and+desynchronization:+basic+principles.">Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles.</a> Clin. Neurophysiol. 110 (11), 1842-1857 (1999).</li><li>Klimesch, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+alpha+and+theta+oscillations+reflect+cognitive+and+memory+performance:+a+review+and+analysis.">EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis.</a> Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 29 (2-3), 169-195 (1999).</li><li>Babiloni, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resting+state+cortical+rhythms+in+athletes:+a+high-resolution+EEG+study.">Resting state cortical rhythms in athletes: a high-resolution EEG study.</a> Brain Res. Bull. 81 (1), 149-156 (2010).</li><li>Babiloni, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=34;Neural+efficiency&amp;#34;+of+experts'+brain+during+judgment+of+actions:+a+high-resolution+EEG+study+in+elite+and+amateur+karate+athletes.">34;Neural efficiency&amp;#34; of experts' brain during judgment of actions: a high-resolution EEG study in elite and amateur karate athletes.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 207 (2), 466-475 (2010).</li><li>Del Percio, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#34;Neural+efficiency&#34;+of+athletes'+brain+for+upright+standing:+a+high-resolution+EEG+study.">&#34;Neural efficiency&#34; of athletes' brain for upright standing: a high-resolution EEG study.</a> Brain Res. Bull. 79 (3-4), 193-200 (2009).</li><li>Grabner, R. H., Fink, A., Stipacek, A., Neuper, C., Neubauer, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intelligence+and+working+memory+systems:+evidence+of+neural+efficiency+in+alpha+band+ERD.">Intelligence and working memory systems: evidence of neural efficiency in alpha band ERD.</a> Brain Res. Cognitive Brain Res. 20 (2), 212-225 (2004).</li><li>Grabner, R. H., Neubauer, A. C., Stern, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superior+performance+and+neural+efficiency:+the+impact+of+intelligence+and+expertise.">Superior performance and neural efficiency: the impact of intelligence and expertise.</a> Brain Res. Bull. 69 (4), 422-439 (2006).</li><li>Grabner, R. H., Stern, E., Neubauer, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+intelligence+loses+its+impact+neural+efficiency+during+reasoning+in+a+familiar+area.">When intelligence loses its impact neural efficiency during reasoning in a familiar area.</a> Int. J. Psychophysiol. 49, 89-98 (2003).</li><li>Neubauer, A. C., Grabner, R. H., Fink, A., Neuper, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intelligence+and+neural+efficiency:+Further+evidence+of+the+influence+of+task+content+and+sex+on+the+brain-IQ+relationship.">Intelligence and neural efficiency: Further evidence of the influence of task content and sex on the brain-IQ relationship.</a> Cognitive Brain Res. 25 (1), 217-225 (2005).</li><li>Riecansk&#253;, I., Katina, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+EEG+alpha+oscillations+are+related+to+mental+rotation+ability:+The+evidence+for+neural+efficiency+and+serial+processing.">Induced EEG alpha oscillations are related to mental rotation ability: The evidence for neural efficiency and serial processing.</a> Neurosci. Lett. 482 (2), 133-136 (2010).</li><li>Roberts, J. E., Ann Bell, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-+and+three-dimensional+mental+rotation+tasks+lead+to+different+parietal+laterality+for+men+and+women.">Two- and three-dimensional mental rotation tasks lead to different parietal laterality for men and women.</a> Int. J. Psychophysiol. 50 (3), 235-246 (2003).</li><li>Roberts, J. E., Bell, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+age+and+sex+on+mental+rotation+performance,+verbal+performance,+and+brain+electrical+activity.">The effects of age and sex on mental rotation performance, verbal performance, and brain electrical activity.</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 40 (4), 391-407 (2002).</li><li>Gill, H. S., O'Boyle, M. W., Hathaway, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+distribution+of+EEG+activity+for+component+processes+during+mental+rotation.">Cortical distribution of EEG activity for component processes during mental rotation.</a> Cortex. 34 (5), 707-718 (1998).</li><li>Caplan, J. B., Madsen, J. R., Schulze-Bonhage, A., Aschenbrenner-Scheibe, R., Newman, E. L., Kahana, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Theta+Oscillations+Related+to+Sensorimotor+Integration+and+Spatial+Learning.">Human Theta Oscillations Related to Sensorimotor Integration and Spatial Learning.</a> The J. Neurosci. 23 (11), 4726-4736 (2003).</li><li>Kahana, M., Sekuler, R., Caplan, J., Kirschen, M., Madsen, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+theta+oscillations+exhibit+task+dependence+during+virtual+maze+navigation.">Human theta oscillations exhibit task dependence during virtual maze navigation.</a> Nature. 399 (6738), 781-784 (1999).</li><li>Delorme, A., Makeig, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEGLAB:+An+open+source+toolbox+for+analysis+of+single-trial+EEG+dynamics+including+independent+component+analysis.">EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis.</a> J. Neurosci. Meth. 134, 9-21 (2004).</li><li>Delorme, A., Sejnowski, T., Makeig, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+detection+of+artifacts+in+EEG+data+using+higher-order+statistics+and+independent+component+analysis.">Enhanced detection of artifacts in EEG data using higher-order statistics and independent component analysis.</a> NeuroImage. 34, 1443-1449 (2007).</li><li>Meyer-Lindenberg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+maps+to+mechanisms+through+neuroimaging+of+schizophrenia.">From maps to mechanisms through neuroimaging of schizophrenia.</a> Nature. 468, 194-202 (2010).</li><li>Campbell, S. R., Patten, K. E., Campbell, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Educational+Neuroscience:+Motivations,+methodology,+and+implications.">Educational Neuroscience: Motivations, methodology, and implications.</a> Educ. Neurosci.: Initiatives and Emerging Issues. 43 (1), 7-16 (2011).</li><li>Kelly, A. E., Patten, K. E., Campbell, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Can+Cognitive+Neuroscience+Ground+a+Science+of+Learning?.">Can Cognitive Neuroscience Ground a Science of Learning?.</a> Educ. Neurosci.: Initiatives and Emerging Issues. 43 (1), 17-23 (2011).</li><li>Cunningham, M. D., Murphy, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+bilateral+EEG+biofeedback+on+verbal,+visual-spatial,+and+creative+skills+in+learning+disabled+male+adolescents.">The effects of bilateral EEG biofeedback on verbal, visual-spatial, and creative skills in learning disabled male adolescents.</a> J. Learn. Disabil. 14 (4), 204-208 (1981).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no conflicting or competing financial interests.

该协议将讨论脑电图的应用来衡量参与者从两个典型的空间能力的仪器工作的问题和高度的空间工程静问题的大脑活动。这里详细介绍的方法最终可能能够帮助了解高，低绩效从事工作的这些问题的神经效率。它是了解工程学生在MCT和PSVT工作的神经效率的任何差异至关重要:R因为这些测试经常用于评估空间能力。比较他们互相使我们能够更好地评估其在工程应用的成功及其在基础工程课程的地位?...

空间能力是科学，技术，工程和数学（STEM）领域和教育至关重要，并在这些领域取得成功1,2,3相关。因此，要理解的是如何空间能力的影响的问题解决4的发展是重要的。空间能力已与兴趣5，6的性能，成功的工程学者7和成功的专业工程8。然而，没有表明在解决典型的许多空间能力的仪器，也没有具体的工程内容，具有高度的空间问题的具体神经过程做了大量的工作。 本文介绍了用于数据收集和空间能力的仪器评分与神经测量相结合的分析方法。朱庇特与出版的目的是使这些方法更广泛的受众更容易获得。一般公众的硬件和软件WERE在此研究中使用。作为一个方法纸，全部结果/数据集不报，也不是提供多个样品。所有图像本出版物专门抓获。下面详细介绍的方法编制的基础上，从八所高校大二的中年人士，其中3名是女性数据的初步报告发布会9人利用。 许多现有的仪器被用于指示的固有或个人了解到空间能力水平。通常使用的两个有效和可靠10,11文书是心理切削试验（MCT）12和循环的普渡空间可视化试验（PSVT:R）的13。虽然最初设计职业14这些仪器测试由皮亚杰理论10,15描述空间可视化不同的发展阶段。使用这些工具的创建一个需要了解的基本生理认知现象existin当个人通过这些问题的工作克为此，本研究旨在展示利用，可能会最终提高空间思想的分析和理解的经验生理数据的方法，验证现有指标的测试能力，并增加典型的工程教育的空间评估，以更复杂的问题的适用性。许多的这些问题可以在工程静力学会遇到。 静是一个基础力学课程交付给大多数工程的学生（ 例如 ，生物，机械，土木，环境，航空航天工程）16,17。这是学生在核心工程内容18给出的第一个广泛的解决问题的经验之一。静涉及力对刚体的相互作用是静止或以恒定速度移动的研究。不幸的是静具有高辍学，退缩，和故障率（14％为见于不变拟tigated大学），这可能与传统的讲座和课程交付模型忽略的关键支持途径，如空间增强的教育方法。例如，在静力学空间增强的方法可以针对部队典型分析分析之外是如何相互作用的可视化和加强学生与接地概念化程序性知识。需要从认知神经科学的角度来调查这种干预的有效性。 脑电图（EEG）提出衡量学生的脑电波活动的一个独特的移动方式。个人执行任务谁引起公测激活一般都与任务具体聘任，细心的他们在做什么19,20。随着任务的需求增加，对β波的幅度增加，一样的皮质区的带宽频率占用的大小。更火的神经元内公测频率范围（阿尔法:8 - 12赫兹，β:12 - 24Hz），可被定义为更大的功率测试。与此相关，为一个在任务变得更有经验，β波的振幅减小，产生更少的测试能力。这是神经效率假说21-28，其中当执行任务涉及在高频功率的减小更大的任务经历的一部分。尽管脑电图先前已在空间能力（通常为心理旋转和空间导航任务）的研究中使用-和适用的数据已在α，β已经确定，和θ波段27-33 -观察这个alpha和beta乐队研究和β被选定为本文进一步分析的代表，并在预备会议报告9。下面，因而注重测试带分析确定的程序，但调查的所有三个频段，这取决于所记录的数据，在未来的建议。 该神经效率假说的各种任务，包括国际象棋，视觉空间记忆，平衡和休息过测试。在执行常见任务时，所有的都表示任务的经验，在降低频率的功率因数。一个特别的研究已经25提供的证据，尽管（如智商测量）一个人的智慧可以帮助个人获得的技能在其神经效率的贡献远远超过智能执行任务，经验任务。换言之，越有经验的个人，越neurally效率，他或她就越​​大。 涉及空间能力现有神经效率的研究主要集中在空间旋转，并且不同的问题集已被用于比较不同的人群（ 例如 ，男/女）27-28。的空间能力任务脑电图的研究还比较性能与其他任务类型提供了深入了解（ 例如 ，口头任务）27,29,30。该方法在本文重点讨论和比较从MCT，PSVT问题:R以及静态平衡的任务，这是有关空间能力但不限于空间旋转和导航。其它空间任务可以代替给定为在该手稿示例的那些中使用。以这种方式，新的见解可对不同人群将来可获得（ 例如 ，男/女或专家/新手），以最终有助于提高工程教育实践。 在努力探讨空间能力和工程资质，我们已经开发利用脑电图测量的特定的空间和工程任务的有限的电池中，以确定效果较差的为高性能参与者的β波激活的协议。在这种情况下，术语高表演者是相关的参与者的性能，并且是不反光的时间由在该领域所花费的金额的学习者，因为所有参加者大约在他们的教育的相同点。此外，该问题涉及的集合是相当具体和基础;因此术语"专家"或"高性能"这里不能以专家，专业工程师使用的感觉来看，但代表工程力学课程和空间能力的手段这种狭隘片只有高性能。神经测量，也可用于鉴定任何毛趋势为哪些任务类型可以吸收更多的认知资源比其他，与有关的难度水平可能的解释。该信息可以潜在地提供深入了解未来的评估和干预有关的空间的能力。其它未来的见解可以通过考虑脑，这是不在本研究可能的更具体的区域导出由于所使用的脑电图硬件可用信道的数量有限。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv EPOC Model 1.0</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td>Model: Emotiv Premium</td>
			<td>&#34;High resolution, multi-channel, portable EEG system.&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv Control Panel (software)</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv Testbench (software)</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Virtual Serial Port Emulator - VSPE (software)</td>
			<td>ETERLOGIC.COM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used COM10 in data collection. Available as a free download, depending on the operating system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E-Prime 2.0 (software)</td>
			<td>Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection (presentation of problems to participants and collection of markers for different phases).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEGLab 13.4.4b (software)</td>
			<td>Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience (SCCN)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data analysis. &#34;An open source environment for electrophysiological signal processing&#34;. SCCN is a Center of the Institute for Neural Computation, the University of California San Diego.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB R2014b</td>
			<td>The Mathworks, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to run EEGLab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel 2013</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to assemble and compare tabulated results from EEGLab &#38; MATLAB, to create tables</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camcorder with built in Mic</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td>CNVHFR50</td>
			<td>Used to record sessions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Kit (5cc syringe &#38; 2 16g blunted needles)</td>
			<td>Electro-Cap Intnl. Inc.</td>
			<td>E7</td>
			<td>For keeping the EEG cap&#39;s felts damp.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuprep EEG Skin Prep Gel</td>
			<td>Weaver and Company</td>
			<td>10-30</td>
			<td>For cleaning the mastoid process.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sanitizer</td>
			<td>Purell</td>
			<td>S-12808</td>
			<td>For sanitizing hands</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing electroencephalography measurements for comparison of task-specific neural efficiencies: spatial intelligence tasks

空间智能是常挂在工程教育和工程专业的成功。使用脑电图使他们执行需要导出的解决方案空间能力连续任务的个人的神经效率对比计算。此处神经效率被定义为具有以下测试激活，并因此花费更少的神经资源，以便在相对于其他组或其他任务执行的任务。对于具有类似持续时间的任务的任务间的比较，这些测量可使得任务类型难度的比较。对于内部参与者和参与者间的比较，这些测量提供了潜在洞察的空间能力和不同的工程问题的解决任务的参与者的水平。在所选择的任务的性能，可以分析并与β-活动相关。这项工作提出了详细的研究方案就读的学生ENG的神经效率在年龄典型的空间能力和静力学问题的解决。学生完成切削试验（MCT）旋转，普渡空间可视化测试（PSVT:R）特有的心理问题，和静。同时从事解决这些问题，参与者的脑电波用脑电图允许将收集到的数据有关的α和β脑波激活和使用测得的。这项工作看起来识别途径在工程成功的表现，并在工程教育所产生的改进，可遵循关联与空间密集的工程任务纯粹的空间任务的功能表现。

在本节中，前面所述的步骤进行样品附图中示出，如下所述。不提供的统计测试全部数据摘要，如本文的目的是把重点放在方法。潜在PSVT的实例:R MCT，和空间的问题在图1， 图2，和图3分别给出。 的EEG帽将收集通过对于每个给定的信道，其可并联， 如图7中可以看到的电位脑激活。正如前面所提到的，数据中的某些工件需要手动移除，而其他人可以经由ICA?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks at JoVE.com

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

这份手稿介绍来衡量人的神经活动，同时解决空间重点工程问题的方法。脑电图方法有助于解释神经效率方面测试脑电波测量，以最终实现两个问题类型之间和参与者之间的工作性能比较的目的。

利用脑电图测量任务特定神经效率的比较:空间智能任务

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables ...

utilizing-electroencephalography-measurements-for-comparison-task

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Introduction to Psychology

Behavior

Unit 1

Thinking, Language And Intelligence

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.3K 次观看.  Utah State University. 这份手稿介绍来衡量人的神经活动，同时解决空间重点工程问题的方法。脑电图方法有助于解释神经效率方面测试脑电波测量，以最终实现两个问题类型之间和参与者之间的工作性能比较的目的。 

视频: Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

同时头皮脑电图（EEG），肌电图（EMG）和全身分部惯性录制多模态神经解码

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

科研

行为学

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be clearly outlined in a step-by-step manner. Navigational skills are important when trying to find symbols within a speech-generating device (SGD) that has a dynamic screen and taxonomical organization. The following skills have been found to impact children&#8217;s ability to find symbols when navigating within the levels of an SGD: sustained attention, categorization, cognitive flexibility, and fluid reasoning1,2. According to past studies, working memory was not correlated with navigation1,2.
The materials needed for this method include a computerized tablet, an augmentative and alternative communication application, a booklet of symbols, and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R)3. This method has been used in two previous studies. Robillard, Mayer-Crittenden, Roy-Charland, Minor-Corriveau and B&#233;langer1 assessed typically developing children, while Rondeau, Robillard and Roy-Charland2 assessed children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The direct observation of this method will facilitate the replication of this study for researchers. It will also help clinicians that work with children who have complex communication needs to determine the children&#8217;s ability to navigate an SGD with taxonomical categorization.

Children who have complex communication needs can benefit from the use of a speech-generating device (SGD). Cognitive skills were identified as having an impact on the ability to navigate between levels of SGDs. This protocol describes the steps needed for Speech-language Pathologists to assess cognitive skills and navigational abilities.

认知任务的实用方法在一个导航评估

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be ...

Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for quantifying locomotor deficits in rodents is to measure minute disturbances of unconstrained gait overground (e.g., manual BBB score or automated CatWalk). However, cortical inputs are not required for the generation of basic locomotion produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG). Thus, unconstrained walking tasks test locomotor deficits due to motor cortical impairment only indirectly. In this study, we propose a novel, precise foot-placement locomotor task that evaluates cortical inputs to the spinal CPG. An instrumented peg-way was used to impose symmetrical and asymmetrical locomotor tasks mimicking lateralized movement deficits. We demonstrate that shifts from equidistant inter-stride lengths of 20% produce changes in the forelimb stance phase characteristics during locomotion with preferred stride length. Furthermore, we propose that the asymmetric walkway allows for measurements of behavioral outcomes produced by cortical control signals. These measures are relevant for the assessment of impairment after cortical damage.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.

非对称走道:一种新的行为检测方法的研究不对称步态

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for ...

Using the Activity-based Anorexia Rodent Model to Study the Neurobiological Basis of Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A challenging illness to treat, due to the lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiology, AN has the highest mortality rate among psychiatric illnesses. To address this need, neuroscientists are using an animal model to study how neural circuits may contribute toward vulnerability to AN and may be affected by AN. Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is a bio-behavioral phenomenon described in rodents that models the key symptoms of anorexia nervosa. When rodents with free access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel experience food restriction, they become hyperactive &#8211; running more than animals with free access to food. Here, we describe the procedures by which ABA is induced in adolescent female C57BL/6 mice. On postnatal day 36 (P36), the animal is housed with access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel. After 4 days of acclimation to the running wheel, on P40, all food is removed from the cage. For the next 3 days, food is returned to the cage (allowing animals free food access) for 2 hr daily. After the fourth day of food restriction, free access to food is returned and the running wheel is removed from the cage to allow the animals to recover. Continuous multi-day analysis of running wheel activity shows that mice become hyperactive within 24 hr following the onset of food restriction. The mice run even during the limited time during which they have access to food. Additionally, the circadian pattern of wheel running becomes disrupted by the experience of food restriction. We have been able to correlate neurobiological changes with various aspects of the animals&#8217; wheel running behavior to implicate particular brain regions and neurochemical changes with resilience and vulnerability to food-restriction induced hyperactivity.

Here we present a protocol to induce activity-based anorexia (ABA) in female adolescent mice. ABA is a condition of hyperactivity evoked by imposing food restriction on rodents with access to a running wheel. This phenomenon is being used as a model to study the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa.

使用基于活动的厌食症啮齿动物模型来研究神经性厌食症的神经生物学基础

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A ...

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to integrate cognitive neural processes. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) holds the promise to elucidate the causal link between specific frequencies of oscillatory brain activity and cognitive processes. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording during tACS would offer an opportunity to directly explore immediate neurophysiological effects of tACS. However, it is not trivial to measure EEG signals during tACS, as tACS creates a huge artifact in EEG data. Here we explain how to set up concurrent tACS-EEG experiments. Two necessary considerations for successful EEG recording while applying tACS are highlighted. First, bridging of the tACS and EEG electrodes via leaking EEG gel immediately saturates the EEG amplifier. To avoid bridging via gel, the viscosity of the EEG gel is the most important parameter. The EEG gel must be viscous to avoid bridging, but at the same time sufficiently fluid to create contact between the tACS electrode and the scalp. Second, due to the large amplitude of the tACS artifact, it is important to consider using an EEG system with a high resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. In particular, the magnitude of the tACS artifact can exceed 100 mV at the vicinity of a stimulation electrode when 1 mA tACS is applied. The resolution of the A/D converter is of importance to measure good quality EEG data from the vicinity of the stimulation site. By following these guidelines for the procedures and technical considerations, successful concurrent EEG recording during tACS will be realized.

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS

In this article we explain how to set up a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation and EEG experiment.

并行脑电图记录在经颅交流电刺激（TACS）

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to ...

Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory alterations of the spinal cord. In this article, our goal was to use both Laser Doppler imaging and monitoring to analyze the change of BF after spinal cord injury. Both the laser Doppler image scanner and the probe/monitor were being employed to obtain each readout. The data of LDPI provided a local distribution of BF, which gave an overview of perfusion around the injury site and made it accessible for comparative analysis of BF among different locations. By intensely measuring the probing area over a period of time, a combined probe was used to simultaneously measure the BF and oxygen saturation of the spinal cord, showing overall spinal cord perfusion and oxygen supply. LDF itself has a few limitations, such as relative flux, sensitivity to movement, and biological zero signal. However, the technology has been applied in clinical and experimental study due to its simple setup and rapid measurement of BF.

Here we present a combination of laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) and laser Doppler perfusion monitoring (LDPM) to measure spinal cord local blood flows and oxygen saturation (SO2), as well as a standardized procedure for introducing spinal cord trauma on rat.

激光多普勒成像与监测在大鼠脊髓微循环分析中的应用

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory ...

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different versions of the paradigm, spatial language use and memory for object location are tested under different, experimentally manipulated conditions. This allows us to tease apart proposed models explaining the influence of object knowledge on spatial language (e.g., spatial demonstratives), and spatial memory, as well as understanding the parameters that affect demonstrative choice and spatial memory more broadly. Key to the development of the method was the need to collect data on language use (e.g., spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that&#34;) and spatial memory data under strictly controlled conditions, while retaining a degree of ecological validity. The language version (section 3.1) of the memory game tests how conditions affect language use. Participants refer verbally to objects placed at different locations (e.g., using spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that red circle&#34;). Different parameters can be experimentally manipulated: the distance from the participant, the position of a conspecific, and for example whether the participant owns, knows, or sees the object while referring to it. The same parameters can be manipulated in the memory version of the memory game (section 3.2). This version tests the effects of the different conditions on object-location memory. Following object placement, participants get 10 seconds to memorize the object&#39;s location. After the object and location cues are removed, participants verbally direct the experimenter to move a stick to indicate where the object was. The difference between the memorized and the actual location shows the direction and strength of the memory error, allowing comparisons between the influences of the respective parameters.

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

We present a protocol to explore the relationship between spatial language production, spatial memory, and object knowledge. The procedure allows experimental manipulation of, and control over, conditions of object knowledge, language at instruction, and physical location, thus teasing apart cognitive and linguistic models describing interactions between these variables.

(空间) 记忆游戏: 测试空间语言、对象知识和空间认知的关系

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different ...