This research was supported by the Gottfried Wilhelm-Leibniz Grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG) awarded to Thomas Mussweiler.

下面的方法都在科隆大学的实验室里，在人类（学生）自愿参加测试。在由美国心理学协会和机构审查委员会的伦理问题的一般规则公布的道德指导方针，所有的参与者都提前告知有关研究的性质（ 即 ，知情同意书）。该知情同意书阐述了研究项目和所有潜在的风险和收益，以参与人的性质。此外，它清楚地传达了从研究中获得的数据是匿名的，保密的参与是自愿的，并且可以随时停止。实验结束后，参加者总是完全，广泛听取。随着参与者进行的非侵入性的序列，在单独的工作区无害任务引发匿名选择，的研究重新没有潜在的关键伦理问题sults预期。 1.（UN）确定性感应注:这是一个体验式启动方法，其中参与者被要求阅读一些描述（UN）某些事件的段落，然后被要求写如何（UN）的确定性塑造自己的生活。 <ol><li>邀请参与者进入实验室。请他们坐下来在一张桌子后面的小隔间，然后将它们介绍给纸和铅笔问卷调查。 </li><li>告诉他们将参加两个（或更多）不相关的任务（这实际上是彼此相关的）的参与者。这是很重要的，因此参与者都一无所知第一（吸）任务实际影响的第二个任务的性能（选择， 评价等）的事实。具体说明他们已经完成了它的任务，这任务将启动下一个。 </li><li>告诉与会者，第一个任务中，他们将了解一般的生活事件的段落，然后他们将要求写出个人的经验。 </li><li>给一半的参与者"不确定性"问卷调查，一半的参与者了"确定性"问卷调查。 </li><li>打印或者含有不确定事件或含有问卷的第一页上某些事件的段落的段落。 </li><li>让参与者阅读"不确定性"的条件下段:"我们的生活的特点是高度的不确定性。这似乎坚持各级政府都是如此，在社会，经济，以及个人。在社会层面，有行业正在进行搬迁，我们目前经历的政治气候巨大变化。我们的流动性已提高到这样的，我们不知道我们今天生活将在两年的时间依然是我们家的程度。我们也面临着极高的不确定性，在经济层面:金融市场非常不稳定，日Ë最可靠的经济体 - 美国经济 - 已经失去了信誉的债务危机后，雷曼兄弟的倒闭使我们不确定我们自己的钱和养老金是否保存​​在我们的银行。在个人层面上，我们的立场是更加不确定超过了以往任何时候都如此前:长远规划变得越来越困难，因为长期的工作职位是稀缺的，婚姻并不一定，因为人们经过很多不同的关系，我们今天面对这么多的好选择选项（做什么，去哪里，买什么），我们都在不断不确定我们是否做出最好的决定。" </li><li>让参与者阅读"应然"状态的以下段落:"我们的生活的特点是高确定性。这似乎坚持各级政府都是如此，在社会，经济，以及个人。在社会层面上，我们经历确定性很大层次上:我们可以永远信赖可靠医疗保健当我们生病了，我们肯定知道，教育的标准会很高，从很年轻的时候，我们确信，该保险将覆盖我们的车在事故后的修复。这也是真实的经济水平:拥有德国，即使是在当前严峻的经济时期，被证明是稳定的。它显示了生产效率和最小的通货膨胀率不断提高，银行有很高的信誉度，而德国是欧洲最稳定的经济体。在个人层面上，有更多的确定性与其他国家相比:举例来说，如果我们要学习，我们总是有这样做的可能性。此外，我们相信政府将在财政上支持我们，当我们遇到问题或遭受经济困难。由于替代目前的通信系统中，我们可以肯定，我们能够始终保持与我们的朋友和家人保持联系，即使我们分开。" </li><li>让与会者然后读取introduc写作任务和灰:"现在想想如何的不确定性塑造自己的生活。请想想一个例子，写上所提供的情况，你的感受， 等下方的线条。请提供尽可能多的细节可能。" </li><li>使学员写最大的一页。最多10分钟后，要求他们停止，继续下一个任务。确保参与者编写足够。被要求写入没有最低量，但它很可能是更写作加剧的操作。使用一个软件程序， 例如 ，媒体实验室或市场研究调查软件， 例如 ，Qualtrics，当由于笔被用作相关措施，并与笔没有意外其他联系纸和铅笔的任务是不恰当（例如应发生）。 <ol><li>立即与操纵检查如下:1（ 非常不确定 ）"你感觉怎么样现在？"到9（ 非常确定 ）。 </li></ol></li><li&gt;测量参与者的情绪无论是与一项"你此刻的心情"，从1（ 非常消极的 ）到9（ 非常正面的 ），或者使用正负影响附表（PANAS）13。 <ol><li>给操纵检查（不确定性和情绪层面）或者之后的操作或因变量后直接。如果因变量测量后，要求学员回忆个人的经验，他们的第一个任务写下。 </li></ol></li><li>要测试操作是否成功，分析操作检查"的不确定性"和"意境"与t检验。当情绪测量与帕纳斯分析与多元方差分析。阅读体验，参与者写下，以获得进一步的洞察描述的特定情况下的参与者。 </li><li>使用男性和女性参与者的人数相等。排除非母语，作为启动方法不太短跑运动员略去当参与者不流利的，其中吸款的书面语言。也排除了在社会心理学显著的背景下，为启动往往是无效的，当参与者是知识渊博的启动方法的参与者。 </li></ol> 2.因变量<ol><li>柔软求:偏好和选择的产品具有柔软的特性 注意:这些任务，是要证明，当人们感到更加不明朗，他们更喜欢的产品与较软的特性相比，产品具有较硬的属性。当某些感觉，参与者不显示这样的倾向。 <ol><li>选择两个产品都是平等的吸引力，但不同的柔软性（例如，壹枝笔用硬抓地力与一支笔，用软握或软糖（棉花糖）与硬糖（糖果），预测试此问一独立（在-科目）的样品多么诱人，如何软的软握钢笔（软糖）或硬压感笔（硬糖）是一个9个等级，从1（无吸引力可言/非常柔软 ）到9（ 非常具有吸引力/非常困难 ）。对象的所有其它特征应该是尽可能相等（质量，颜色，价格，口味）。 </li><li>让实验者看不清假设运行整个实验，因为关键的依赖的措施是有选择的措施，这对实验者必须手动注册。在实验开始时，确保了产品（例如，笔）是不可见的。 </li><li>使参与者经历的对象的柔软性不引人注意以一个不相关的填料的任务。例如，让参与者同时使用钢笔（并因此感到柔软与笔的硬特性）在一个单独的任务，要求他们作出任何两个对象，一个是每支笔。确保两个笔同样出色的工作，以避免挫折感或用笔一个低质量的体验。 注意:如果使用的食品用软与硬，propertiES或预期的经验似乎是足够的，使得该软与硬糖不需要被触摸（和毡）中，可以选择前。平衡笔使用的以抵消对后续的选择顺序的影响。 </li><li>告诉与会者，在实验结束后，他们可以出来柜体。告诉他们，他们可以选择的产品 （如笔/甜）以感谢他们在参与研究的标记之一。以目前的产品有序，放软产品（如软握钢笔）在一个托盘，而在另一个托盘上的硬盘产品。实验者的办公桌上同时存在托盘。 <ol><li>改变托盘每天（或半天）的位置（左或右），以控制对右旋偏好。填写托盘起来，使他们从来不看空。 </li></ol></li><li>让他们选择的产品之一。让实验者注册该两款产品被选为（软或硬盘）。询问参与者这些产品，他们将采取如果他们表明，他们不希望有任何事情。 </li><li>为探讨这一假设并排除与会者谁猜的假设。 </li><li>分析其与任何统计程序使用卡方检验（供选择）数据和t检验（用于操作检查）（例如，SPSS，SAS，R）。 </li></ol></li><li>减少不确定性:在一个模棱两可的任务，并随着时间的推移确定性评级 注:此任务用于测试的不确定性通过启动任务诱发的水平是否降低拿着软的东西，不是拿着东西硬后经过。当确定性底漆，笔的使用不应该影响不确定性的水平上更高的任务。 <ol><li>搜索一个模棱两可的任务，拿着东西软之后测试的不确定性参与者的水平。使用比如雪图片任务（SPT）11，这是一个任务，它由一组图片，其中OBjects嵌入在视觉雪。 </li><li>选择原SPT七个相对容易的项目。选择容易项目（标准:至少65％的参与者都表示一个预测试中，人们被要求写下他们认为，看后面的视觉雪图像的正确答案）。这样做是因为该任务应该不引起过多的觉醒。使用例如引导，帐篷椅子，马，鱼，手/手套，和橄榄球原SPT任务的球，并排除更困难的项目（火炬/手电筒，鸭，飞，刀，飞碟）。 </li><li>引入任务作为预测试新材料的视觉感知任务。 </li><li>打印每个图象（大小为8.5厘米（宽）×6厘米（h））进行在一个页面上。在图片下面的线，要求学员写下哪个对象，他们认为背后却隐藏着雪。让参与者表示在李克特量表，从1（非常不确定的 ）到9（ 非常肯定 ），他们一定是如何感觉自己的答案。 </li&gt; <li>请一半的参与者持有软的东西，而做任务，另一半保持坚硬的东西（例如，要求学员做了SPT任务或者用柔软的握或硬压感笔）。确保使用笔时，由于操作柔软和检查笔是否工作良好的参与者给他们，为了避免挫折感或用笔一个低质量的体验之前，参与者不要用自己的笔。 </li><li>请参与者表示SPT任务后不确定性的一般水平，采用了同样的问题作为操作检查（你感觉怎么样现在？）。这项措施是在用时间来检验不确定性水平（时间1 =操作检查后，立即素（见1.12）和时间2 =后，与会者认为软的东西（ 例如 ，在SPT任务后））。 </li><li>分析的暧昧SPT任务的不确定性与2路ANOVA水平与黄金和笔作为被试间变量。有3方式重复测量ANOVA以时间为重复测量（个体内）变量，黄金和笔作为被试间变量（使用SPSS，SAS或R）分析的不确定性水平随着时间的推移。 </li><li>评估人口统计数据，探测的假设和汇报。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.反向链接:柔软度影响的不确定性在日常生活公差注:此任务是用来证明的不确定性，柔软的链接是双向的:这是检查更高水平的不确定性是否不仅让参与者寻求触感柔软的经验，但无论是触感柔软（的经验，例如 ，拿着软VS硬布）也使参与者容忍更高的水平在日常生活中的不确定性。 <ol><li>选择两个而不同的质地，并且尽可能在质量，颜色和大小可能相等不同的布料。在目前的实验中使用软布（麂皮）和粗糙的布（织物，家具或窗帘）。因为一个主体间的设计的情况下，两片布之间的微小差异是可以接受的。 </li><li>预测试的柔软度的布料。请参与者的一个单独的样品（主体之间），以保持织物片在他们手中，并回答了问题:"请问这个布料从1（ 非常柔和 ）觉得9（ 很粗糙 ）。 </li><li>程序中的实验软件（步骤1.9），并写在与会者将首先做一个产品的检测任务（作为封面故事），然后将填写一份个性问卷的说明。让他们读计算机屏幕上的所有指示小心。 </li><li>随机分配一半的参与者保持柔软的面料1分钟，另一半举行的硬物。告诉他们，他们必须布在移动他们的手指之间，以感受面料很好，因为他们将被要求事后评估织物。 </li><li>让参与者评价织物的质量有三个问题"有多大的吸引力，你认为面料是？"从（无吸引力可言）至（非常有吸引力），"如何软你认为面料是？"从（ 很粗糙）来9（ 非常柔软），和"你如何评 ​​价从1（ 非常消极的）织物到9（ 非常正面的）备份的封面故事。 </li><li>让参与者填写的不确定性不容忍行为量表采用9个等级，从两个子集"非常不同意"到"强烈同意"12。 注:规模是杜加斯，戈塞尔林开发原有规模的德语翻译，和Ladouceur（2001）14。使用两个分量表（"包袱由于不确定性的不容忍"和"警惕由于不确定性不耐受"）的不确定性不容忍行为量表。这些分量集中在无法预测未来（例如，＆＃8220;我总是想知道什么样的未来在商店为我"和"一个小的，无法预料的事件可以破坏一切，即使有最好的规划"），因此感兴趣的测试当前假设。 </li><li>分析数据，平均两个不确定性不容忍分量表变成一项措施，用t检验之后。 </li><li>使用男性和女性参与者的人数相等。探头的假设和汇报。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

本文介绍了如何的人可以应付，并且可以通过体验，而不是一种认知途径减少不确定性一系列措施。此外，它展示了一种方法来激活实验环境的不确定性使研究人员能够研究如何这种类型的不确定性，除了选择的不确定性，影响决策和选择。第三，讨论了测量柔软寻求是否可以减少不确定性三种不同的方法（直接和间接）。 该协议详细描述了一种新的实验引发的方法来情境启动环境的不确定性。这是主要的不确定性至关重要的经验上，因为它似乎是一个比较成功的方法来激活的不确定性相比，更不显眼的启动方法，如炒句子任务16或阈下启动。这可能是这种情况，因为这种体验式启动技术，鼓励更多的想象空间。瓦烯很容易精神上模拟或生成的事件的图像，它增加其感知可能性和信心它，并因此可能被更强烈地经历。此外，这种体验起动既可以用纸和笔或在计算机上完成。在启动是普遍比较有效的，当参与者在纸上写一个个人的经验，当他们键入它在计算机上比。这会将最近的研究表明，服用一台笔记本电脑的笔记相比，手写，导致浅加工17。 操纵写于2011年它适应当时的德国情况。操作需要根据时间和操作中使用的国进行修改。此外，操纵和以下小节中所有依赖措施从德国翻译。建议保持尽可能接近的措施，原来的措辞和尺度，避免意义的差异。 要测试操作是否成功，这个问题:"你感觉怎么样现在？"似乎捕捉到主观的不确定性引起的启动任务的最好的感觉。其中一项研究，是关系到人民群众的个人情况，除了其他三个操作检查使用（例如，"如何确定你找到你的学习后，一份合适的工作？"），但四操纵检查之间的内部一致性是低，大概是因为这些问题过于具体和个性化。此外，研究已经表明，不确定性感应是更有效的，当有素和从属度量8,18之间的时间滞后。因此，目前的研究中使用的情绪问卷（PANAS）既作为操作检查情绪和作为填料的任务。 最后前的效果periment（拿着软与粗糙的抹布增加容忍不确定性）往往是强大的男性参与者。男性可能会遇到的柔软性较少，由于它的操作比对女性在男性更高的影响。性别这种可能的调节作用可进一步研究加以解决。 该协议表明，不同类型的柔软性（例如，布的毛茸茸的柔软性，笔握的天鹅绒般的柔软度或棉花糖的海绵状柔软度）有利于减少不确定性:感觉不明朗的时候，柔软度优于硬度，独立特定类型的柔软性。这符合推理的理论线。在协议中的所有描述柔软的类型涉及到与安全和舒适性（无论是柔软的毛皮拥抱布或一个人的父母的柔软，光滑机构）相关的经验。未来的研究应该建立的影响是否也适用于不同的类型的柔软性（例如，一个软squeezy球这很可能是相关联的多与应力消除，而不是与安全性）。该研究还表明，在经历（而不仅仅是看到）的柔软性是至关重要的发生的基本效果:不确定性似乎并不比硬特性时，他们假设，只是显示在计算机屏幕上，以增加选择的产品具有柔软。这会将与过去的研究显示，生动，真实的项目更容易引发情绪和硬接线的反应比图片19。为了充分解决这个经历对看到的假设，但是，参与者应要求，而不是不同的产品在不同的实验设置，以评估相同的产品在触摸与非触摸状态。 在处理不确定性使用软触觉感觉是新奇，这表明即使是偶然的接触形式可以有一个powerfu升影响一个人的情绪功能上并不需要被整合到手头的任务。这表明，以应对不确定性非常有效和高效的方式。该技术可应用于临床，例如减轻压力有关不容忍不确定性和担忧。最近的技术进步已经产生了所谓的"触觉夹克"，它可以模拟深情的拥抱20。虽然人际接触也被证明具有舒缓功效，治疗师可以使用软布，以帮助减少客户的不确定性和担忧而不触及。因此，一个富有成果的途径为未来的研究将测试在临床和辅导设置这项技术的实用性。

不确定性，它的前因和后果，是经济学，心理学和营销高度探讨的话题。可以理解的，因为在现代社会中人们不断地面临着不确定性:在日常的购物决策，他们的事业，他们的家庭动态。因此，学会谈判和应对不确定性已经成为现代生活的要求。 不确定性通常被定义为知识的缺乏。到目前为止，大多数的研究在市场营销和决策都集中在不确定性，由于选择的替代品。由于信息不完整的，让人感到不确定可用的替代品以及这些替代品1,2的效用。为了减少这种不确定性，人们往往试图增加他们的知识基础，并寻求更多的信息，2-4。 不过，除了感觉不确定的，因为数据丢失，人们也承受这对因不可预测和不可控制的外部事件的不确定性的影响，很难判断一个人的未来生活5,6。这种环境的不确定性出现时，一个不知道如何对环境可能会发生变化，因此不能分配的概率未来事件的可能性。这种不确定性的例子有，例如经济波动，恐怖袭击威胁及政治观点的变化。在这种不确定性唤起的情况下，简单地搜索信息将无法对抗不确定性。尤其是因为环境的不确定性是有史以来在现代社会中更加普遍，而且很少有知道的不确定性等如何影响决策和选择，这是非常重要的，开​​发一个新的实验方法，情境启动环境的不确定性。本协议迎合了这些需求。 此外，传统上关注的焦点一直在cognit面对不确定性香港专业教育学院战略的人使用。研究如证明-除了寻求更多的信息-人们变得更加密切的头脑对他们的态度7，强调公平和公正的程序8，当面对不确定性9察觉的随机激励虚幻的图案。然而，人们并不总是能够认知应对不确定性，例如，当他们没有时间或当他们有限的认知能力这样做。在这种情况下，它们可以使用备用，经验途径，并寻求软触觉感知来有效应对和减少不确定性。 人的判断可以通过由与外部世界（即，视觉，听觉或触觉）的感觉系统制作接触传播身体的经验的影响。这些情绪会影响我们的判断没有感觉输入10的语义，认知解释。 Touc兴软的东西可能是这样的身体经验的人寻找有处理不确定性的时候了。在童年，不舒服的感觉往往是通过物理接触缓解，如持有或通过照顾者轻拍或感觉柔软可爱的玩具。通过这样的早期经验带触摸，柔软性变得强烈的舒适性和安全性相关的，因此可以是战斗的不确定性的有效工具。但是，什么类型的柔软触觉感知将在处理不确定性帮助吗？任何类型的？并应柔软性经历或是否足够时，对象的软特性仅仅看到电脑屏幕上？此协议解决了这些问题。 除了人们用它来应对不确定性的策略，这是很重要的知道一个特定的策略是否工作。柔软度寻求可以例如的功能可以由之前建立的不确定性的一个人的水平并保持如此后主观测量mething软（不确定性水平随着时间的推移）。另一种方式来更间接评估减少不确定性是通过使用一个模糊的任务，诸如雪山图片任务（SPT）11。这个任务包括一组图片，其中对象嵌入在视觉雪的。参加者须说明他们认为背后却隐藏着雪和他们关于他们的回答不确定哪个对象。最后，个性问卷（不确定的不容忍量表12）可以被用来测量柔软度是否也能提高对日常生活中的不确定性的人的一般的公差。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Medialab</td>
			<td>Empirisoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Program to create and run experiments&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qualtrics</td>
			<td>Qualtrics.com</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Online survey program</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS Version 21</td>
			<td>IBM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Statistical program</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental research examining how people can cope with uncertainty through soft haptic sensations

人类是由不确定性和变化不断包围。问题在于人们如何应对这种不确定性。到目前为止，大部分研究都集中在认知策略的人采取应对不确定性。然而，特别是当不确定性是由于不可预知的社会事件（例如，经济危机，政治革命，恐怖主义的威胁），其中之一是无法判断一个人的未来生活，认知策略（如寻求更多的信息）的影响很可能会失败打击的不确定性。相反，目前探讨的方法表明人们可能对付不确定性的经验上，通过柔软的触觉感知。更具体地讲，因为触摸软的东西创造的舒适和安全的感觉，人们更喜欢用较软的对象为不确定的感觉相比，更难的属性。寻求柔软是一种高效而有效的工具来应对不确定性欧ř手可在任何时间。本协议描述了一组方法证明1）如何环保（UN）的确定性可以被情境与体验式启动程序启动，2）的柔软体验质量（什么柔软的类型以及它是如何有经验的）问题，并3）如何不确定性可使用不同的方法来减少。

这些研究被用来研究1）人们是否在面对不确定性; 2）是否搜索柔软性在面对不确定性的功能， 也就是说 ，无论是降低不确定性更喜欢用柔软的属性的对象。一个起动过程（如上所述）被用于实验操作环境（UN）的确定性。在三个研究中的操作检查确认（UN）确定新开发的经验引发的有效性（P = 0.06; P = 0.04; P = 0.01）。 图1和图2的数据显示，当面对不确定性，人们的选择开关对产品软（软握的笔，软糖）相比，更难（硬压感笔，硬糖）的属性。在图1的右侧面板右侧两间酒吧（N = 73），表明笔的选择不是由确定性素的影响，而且，符合预测试，无论是笔都町孙中山同样经常感到某些时候。左边的两间酒吧表明，不确定性催芽后软握的笔选择显著往往比硬压感笔，χ2（1.72）= 5.64，P = 0.02，克拉默V = 0.28。 图2（N = 45）表明，右面板的右边两间酒吧，符合预测试显示，硬糖被评为更有吸引力，硬糖选择显著往往比软糖时，肯定地引。左边的两间酒吧表明，偏爱硬糖衰减，当人们感到不确定，观察对较软糖果的转变，χ2（2，45）= 9.14，P = 0.01，克拉默V = 0.45。 图3，图4和5表明，在不确定性下求柔软性机能。 图3（N = 83）表示保持软笔减少了对后续模棱两可的任务不确定性。左边的两间酒吧表明，采用软握的笔比使用硬压感笔后后的不确定性引发的参与者更加肯定他们的答案对雪花图像任务（在七个项目平均）。确定性与确定性引发的参与者回答了SPT项水平取决于笔型没有改变，F（1，78）= 6.70，p值= 0.01，ηP2 = 0.08 图4表明，柔软性不仅减少不确定性在随后的模棱两可的任务，但也随着时间的推移。在左手面板中显示的数据表明，当不确定性被激活时，该确定性的水平随时间增加，当软握笔被使用，而确定的水平时硬把手笔用于不受影响。不料，右手面板显示，当确定被激活时，使用柔软的握钢笔降低确定性的水平上牛逼输入法，而使用硬压感笔不确定性影响的水平，3路相互作用:F（1，77）= 16.45，P &lt;0.001，ηP2 = 0.18。这些结果是使用问题，只获得了"如何不确定你现在的感受？"，而不是对操作检查攻到个人的不确定性引发的事件（见讨论）。 图5（N = 66）表示的柔软性使用不同的测量的不确定性时的功能。右侧面板中显示，持有和感觉柔软的布1分钟后，人们表现出显著降低的不容忍现象在日常生活中的不确定性，不是拿着粗糙的布 ，T（64）= -2.13，P = 0.037，D后= -.53。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53155/53155fig1.jpg" /> 图1.影响引发操纵（Uncer<html> 。泰恩与某些）在笔选择（软握与硬抓地力）左图显示了两笔的人可以选择:软握（左）或硬把手（右）笔。右图 ​​显示了笔的选择被填装与不确定性与确定性后，人们作出。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53155/53155fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53155/53155fig2.jpg" /> 图2.影响引发操纵行为对糖果的选择（软（棉花糖）与硬（糖果））（不确定与某些）左边的面板中显示两个糖果参与者可以选择:硬质糖果（左）或软棉花糖（对）。右图显示比例选择软糖果与硬糖被填装与不确定性与确定性之后。ve.com/files/ftp_upload/53155/53155fig2large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53155/53155fig3.jpg" /> 引发操作（不确定与某些）和笔式的确定性的雪图片任务等级（软握与硬握把）的图3.影响。上图表示在实验中使用的材料。在左侧，显​​示雪山图片Task的图像中的一个。旁边的是，软握（左）和硬把手（右）的笔被示出。在右侧，显示任务的过程的表示。下图显示某些人对于他们的答案对雪花图像任务的（联合国）确定性素和笔使用的函数的感觉。这个数字已经被修改（范·贺联和穆斯魏勒，2014年）15。误差条indicatê±1 SE的M的<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53155/53155fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53155/53155fig4.jpg" /> 图4.影响引发操纵（不确定与某些）和笔式上的确定性随着时间的推移水平（软握与硬抓地力）。此图显示确定性随着时间的推移拿着软压感笔的水平相比，当不确定性（左）或肯定（右）底漆硬压感笔。这个数字已经被修改（范·贺联和穆斯魏勒，2014年）15。误差线表示±1 SE分枝的<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53155/53155fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图5.持不确定的东西软跌幅不容忍，左侧面板显示的柔软性的操作（软与硬布）。右图 ​​显示拿着无论是软与粗糙的布后，在日常生活中的不确定性的不容忍。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53155/53155fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

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Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

实验研究研究如何人能不确定性通过软触觉感知应对

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

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8.9K 次观看.  VU University. To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

视频: Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging

In trace fear conditioning a conditional stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS), which is presented after a brief stimulus free period (trace interval)1. Because the CS and UCS do not co-occur temporally, the subject must maintain a representation of that CS during the trace interval. In humans, this type of learning requires awareness of the stimulus contingencies in order to bridge the trace interval2-4. However when a face is used as a CS, subjects can implicitly learn to fear the face even in the absence of explicit awareness*. This suggests that there may be additional neural mechanisms capable of maintaining certain types of "biologically-relevant" stimuli during a brief trace interval. Given that the amygdala is involved in trace conditioning, and is sensitive to faces, it is possible that this structure can maintain a representation of a face CS during a brief trace interval.
It is challenging to understand how the brain can associate an unperceived face with an aversive outcome, even though the two stimuli are separated in time. Furthermore investigations of this phenomenon are made difficult by two specific challenges. First, it is difficult to manipulate the subject's awareness of the visual stimuli. One common way to manipulate visual awareness is to use backward masking. In backward masking, a target stimulus is briefly presented (&lt; 30 msec) and immediately followed by a presentation of an overlapping masking stimulus5. The presentation of the mask renders the target invisible6-8. Second, masking requires very rapid and precise timing making it difficult to investigate neural responses evoked by masked stimuli using many common approaches. Blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses resolve at a timescale too slow for this type of methodology, and real time recording techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have difficulties recovering signal from deep sources.
However, there have been recent advances in the methods used to localize the neural sources of the MEG signal9-11. By collecting high-resolution MRI images of the subject's brain, it is possible to create a source model based on individual neural anatomy. Using this model to "image" the sources of the MEG signal, it is possible to recover signal from deep subcortical structures, like the amygdala and the hippocampus*.

This article describes how to record amygdala activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG). In addition this article will describe how to conduct trace fear conditioning without awareness, a task that activates the amygdala. It will cover 3 topics: 1) Designing a trace conditioning paradigm using backward masking to manipulate awareness. 2) Recording brain activity during the task using magnetoencephalography. 3) Using source imaging to recover signal from subcortical structures.

如何检测杏仁核活动脑磁图源成像

In trace fear conditioning a conditional  stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS),  which is presented after a brief ...

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行为学

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying sustained and transient thought suppression, and thought re-emergence in controls, at-risk and depressed individuals. Activation was greatest for controls compared to the at-risk and the depressed group in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during thought suppression and anterior cingulate cortex during thought re-emergence.

设计的功能磁共振成像研究与实现研究思想抑制在年轻妇女，以及在风险，为抑郁症

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, underlying mechanisms of placebo responses are not fully understood. It has repeatedly been shown that placebo responses are associated with changes in neural activity but for many conditions it is unclear whether they also affect the target organ, such as the stomach in motion sickness. Therefore, we present a methodology for the multivariate assessment of placebo responses by subjective, behavioral and objective measures in motion sickness with a rotation chair paradigm. The physiological correlate of motion sickness is a shift in gastric myoelectrical activity towards tachygastria that can be recorded with electrogastrography. The presented study applied the so-called balanced placebo design (BPD) to investigate the effects of ginger compared to placebo and the effects of expectations by verbal information. However, the study revealed no significant main or interactional effects of ginger (as a drug) or information on outcome measures but showed interactions when sex of participants and experimenters are taken into considerations. We discuss limitations of the presented study and report modifications that were used in subsequent studies demonstrating placebo responses when rotation speed was lowered. In general, future placebo studies have to identify the appropriate target organ for the studied placebo responses and to apply the specific methods to assess the physiological correlates.

An experimental rotation chair paradigm is used to investigate whether a placebo intervention on motion sickness affects subjective outcome measures only or also affects behavioral and objective measures in a balanced placebo design.

如何学习安慰剂反应晕车了旋转椅范式健康参与者

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, ...

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion expressions, and multimodal (i.e., film clips) stimuli that included contextual cues. All stimuli were presented via computer. Participants were required to indicate how the person in each stimulus was feeling using a forced-choice format. Additionally, for the film clips, participants had to indicate how they felt in response to the stimulus, and the level of intensity with which they experienced that emotion.

This paper describes how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine emotion recognition of isolated facial and vocal emotion expressions, and a novel task using commercial television and film clips to assess multimodal emotion recognition that includes contextual cues.

探索孤立的表达式和电影剪辑的使用与创伤性脑损伤的人评价情感识别

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion ...

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have indicated benefits in accuracy, balance, force production, jumping performance, movement speed, oxygen consumption, and fatiguing task. Although behavioral outcomes of using an EF strategy are well explored, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. A recent TMS study compared the activity of the primary motor cortex (M1) between an EF and an IF. More precisely, this study showed that, when adopting an EF, the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits is enhanced.
On the behavioral level, the present protocol tests the influence of attentional foci on the time to task failure (TTF) when performing submaximal contractions of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI). Additionally, the current paper describes two TMS protocols to assess the influence of attentional conditions on the activity of cortical inhibitory circuits within the M1. Thus, the present article describes how to use single-pulse TMS at intensities below the motor threshold (subTMS) and paired-pulse TMS, inducing short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) when applied to the M1. As these methods are assumed to reflect the responsiveness of GABAergic inhibitory neurons, without being affected by spinal reflex circuitries, they are well suited to measuring the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits within the M1.
The results show that directing attention externally improves motor performance, as participants were able to prolong the time to task failure. Moreover, the results were accompanied by a larger subTMS-induced electromyography suppression and SICI when adopting an EF compared to an IF. As the level of cortical inhibition within the M1 was previously demonstrated to influence motor performance, the enhanced inhibition with an EF might contribute to the better movement efficiency observed in the behavioral task, indicated by a prolonged TTF with an EF.

Using two different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols, this manuscript describes how to measure and compare cortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex when adopting different attentional foci.

通过改变注意力的焦点, 可以调节皮质在初级运动皮层内的抑制

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have ...

The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective studies, so far, have addressed how the owner interacts with the dog. The goal of the present study was to record dog owners&#39; interaction styles by means of objective observation and coding. The experiment included eight standardized situations in which owners of pet dogs were asked to perform specific tasks including both positive (i.e. playing, teaching a new task, showing a preference towards an object in a food searching task, greeting after separation) and potentially distressing tasks (i.e. physical restriction during DNA sampling, putting a T-shirt onto the dog, giving basic obedience commands while the dog was distracted). The video recordings were coded off-line using a specifically designed coding scheme including scores for communication, social support, warmth, enthusiasm, and play style, as well as frequency of behaviors like petting, praising, commands, and attention sounds. Exploratory Factor Analysis of the 20 variables measured revealed 3 factors, labeled as Owner Warmth, Owner Social Support, and Owner Control, which can be viewed as analogues to parenting style dimensions. The experimental procedure introduced here represents the first standardized measure of interaction styles of dog owners. The methodology presented here is a useful tool to investigate individual variation in the interaction style of pet dog owners that can be used to explain differences in the dog-human relationship, dogs&#39; behavioral outcomes, and dogs stress coping strategies, all crucial elements both from a theoretical and applied point of view.

This article presents eight different experimental tasks, mirroring the everyday life of dogs and owners, used to analyze how owners interact with their dogs in a standardized way. The tasks included both positive (e.g. play) and negative (potentially stressful) situations (e.g. physical restriction).

皮带的另一端: 分析主人与宠物狗互动的实验测试

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective ...

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Total ankle replacement (TAR) is a valid option for the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. The traditional surgical approach for TAR is the anterior approach. Recently, the lateral transfibular approach to the ankle has gained popularity since a new TAR implant was designed to be performed via this approach that results in an ideal visualization of the center of rotation of the ankle and curved resections that allow for sparing bone cuts. The aim of the present paper is to present our preoperative, operative, and postoperative protocols for the treatment of the osteoarthritis of the ankle with TAR via lateral approach. We present our preoperative clinical and radiographic protocol. In addition, we describe our surgical technique with some technical tips. Finally, we report our follow-up schedule that includes the collection of clinical, functional, and radiographic data. The results of this procedure are encouraging: TAR through a lateral transfibular approach provides reliable pain relief and improvements in functional outcomes in patients with ankle osteoarthritis.

We present our preoperative, operative, and postoperative protocols for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the ankle with total ankle replacement via lateral transfibular approach.

外侧 Transfibular 法治疗踝关节骨性关节炎

Total ankle replacement (TAR) is a valid option for the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. The traditional surgical approach for TAR is the anterior ...

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

Assessing intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is of paramount importance to anticipate failure of targeted therapies and design accordingly effective anti-tumor strategies. Although concerns are frequently raised due to differences in sample processing and depth of coverage, next-generation sequencing of solid tumors have unraveled a highly variable degree of ITH across tumor types. Capturing the genetic relatedness between primary and metastatic lesions through the identification of clonal and subclonal populations is critical to the design of therapies for advance-stage diseases. Here, we report a method for comparative lesions analysis that allows for the identification of clonal and subclonal populations among different specimens from the same patient. The experimental approach described here integrates three well-established approaches: histological analysis, high-coverage multi-lesion sequencing, and immunophenotypic analyses. In order to minimize the effects on the detection of subclonal events by inappropriate sample processing, we subjected tissues to careful pathological examination and neoplastic cell enrichment. Quality controlled DNA from neoplastic lesions and normal tissues was then subjected to high coverage sequencing, targeting the coding regions of 409 relevant cancer genes. While only looking at a limited genomic space, our approach enables evaluating the extent of heterogeneity among somatic alterations (single-nucleotide mutations and copy-number variations) in distinct lesions from a given patient. Through comparative analysis of sequencing data, we were able to distinguish clonal vs. subclonal alterations. The majority of ITH is often ascribed to passenger mutations; therefore, we also used immunohistochemistry to predict functional consequences of mutations. While this protocol has been applied to a specific tumor type, we anticipate that the methodology described here is broadly applicable to other solid tumor types.

This article describes a method to identify clonal and subclonal alterations among different specimens from a given patient. Although the experiments described here focus on a specific tumor type, the approach is broadly applicable to other solid tumors.

通过有针对性的测序方法进行比较病变分析

Assessing intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is of paramount importance to anticipate failure of targeted therapies and design accordingly effective ...

Examining Changes in HRV and Emotion Following Artmaking with Three Different Art Materials

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this study example, the emotional response and changes in heart rate variability are examined in response to artmaking with three different art materials that vary in their levels of fluidity. This protocol can be adapted to examine other types of behavior or engagement in artmaking with other materials. There are several benefits to using this protocol. Firstly, the order randomization of the materials improves the probability that the response measured is associated with its qualities and not the order of presentation. Secondly, the continuous measuring of electrocardiogram enables the examination of changes in heart rate variability after engagement with each art material and changes that might occur during the artmaking itself. The advantages of this protocol should be considered with their limitations. The music listening is before each art making session; thus, the return to baseline can only be measured in the first two conditions. The return to baseline provides information on how fast individuals recover after response to working with each of the materials. Furthermore, a more liquid material instead of gouache paint with a brush, such as finger paints, provides more difference between materials. Finally, this protocol can be adapted to specific research needs.

The goal of the protocol is to guide researchers in conducting experiments that are intended to measure changes in self-reported emotional response and heart rate variability following art making with different materials. The protocol can easily be adapted for use in a variety of behavioral conditions and activities.

用三种不同的艺术材料考察人力资源管理与艺术创作后的情感变化

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this ...