This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 738/11), by the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel (NIPI-7-2011-12), and by the Open University Foundation

注:所有的实验方案批准了以色列国际委员会动物护理和使用。所作的所有努力，尽量减少使用动物和他们的痛苦的数量。 1.准备了强迫游泳实验<ol><li>使用两个相邻的房间。使用一个室作为"候车室"用于保持所述动物前行为测试，以及其它用于执行的程序。 </li><li>制备透明圆筒形玻璃容器（集装箱的数目的唯一限制是可用的空间）测定在50厘米的高度和直径为20厘米。 注:可以在同一个房间里同时运行几个动物。如果是这样，彼此用暗幕分开的容器，以使动物将看不到对方的过程中。 </li><li>准备摄像机（多个）在容器的前部，使得每一个照相机的方式，瓦特感知一个或多个容器生病让清晰地观察动物的行为后来在查看录像。 </li><li>准备清洁干燥笼子，热灯和热垫已完成的程序，以避免低温的动物。确保笼子的底部已经吸墨纸，并改变它，当它变湿。不要将笼子的试验室。 注:确保不从不同的家庭笼拌动物，而他们是住在短暂干燥笼子。 </li></ol> 2.动物处理在测试之前<ol><li>房子的动物在一个房间里有12小时的光/暗周期。 </li><li>在实验过程中的日子给予动物自由获得食物和水，除了在过程室花费的具体时间。 </li><li>当用大鼠，每日处理的动物约2分钟，之前的实验程序的开始5天。 </li></ol> 3.培训过程该过程中进行不同地为大鼠和小鼠。 注:对于这两种小鼠和大鼠，观赏动物，而他们中的水在任何时候。如果动物出现严重的困扰（ 如很累，不能熬夜浮动）从水中取出的动物，并从实验中排除。 <ol><li>对于老鼠 - 有一个会话6分钟长，分为前测（前2分钟）和测试（最后4分钟）。 <ol><li>为了使小鼠获得适应于测试环境中，运输动物在其家笼中至少30分钟前行为测试候车室。 </li><li>填用自来水气缸，在25℃，并根据鼠标&#39;大小调整水深度，以便它不能接触容器的底部，其后腿。 </li><li>标记与用于动物的识别为目的的动物的数量的汽缸以后，同时观看的画面。 </li><li>打开摄像机/秒，然后将每只小鼠在充满水的圆筒容器6分钟。 </li><li>经过6分钟过去了，打开相机/ s的关闭，从容器中取出鼠标，并将其放置在干燥瞬间笼的热灯上方和其下的隔热垫。而在此笼子回收小鼠应密切和连续监测。为了这个目的，可以将一个温度计在小鼠的水平，以确保在笼子的温度不超过37℃。此外，将笼子，这样不是所有的在灯或在焊盘下降;这使得如果需要将鼠标移动到较冷的区域。 </li><li>每次会议结束后换水，以避免在接下来的鼠标没有任何影响。 </li></ol></li><li>老鼠 - 有2个时段，24小时分开。第一届是在预试验期（15分钟）和第二会话是在测试阶段（5分钟）。 <ol><li>为了使大鼠获得适应于测试环境，运输动物在其家笼中至少30分钟前行为测试候车室。 </li><li>填用自来水气缸在23±1℃，根据老鼠的大小调节水深，以便它不能接触容器的底部，其后腿。 </li><li>标记与用于动物的识别为目的的动物的数量的汽缸以后，同时观看的画面。 </li><li>放置在装满水的圆筒容器每只大鼠15分钟。 </li><li> 15分钟后，已经经过从容器取出的大鼠，并将其放置在瞬时干燥笼与热灯上方和其下的热垫。而在这个笼子收回大鼠应密切和持续监测。为了这个目的，可以将一个温度计在大鼠的水平，以确保在笼子的温度不超过37℃。此外，将笼，这样不是全部发在灯或在焊盘LLS;这使得如果需要的老鼠移动到较冷的区域。 </li><li>每次会议结束后换水，以避免在接下来的老鼠没有任何影响。 注意:这是预测试阶段的结束。 </li><li>二十四小时后，为了使大鼠获得适应于测试环境中，运输动物在其家笼中至少30分钟前行为测试候车室。 </li><li>填用自来水气缸在23±1℃，根据老鼠的大小调节水深，以便它不能接触容器的底部，其后腿。 </li><li>标记与用于动物的识别为目的的动物的数量的汽缸以后，同时观看的画面。 </li><li>打开摄像机/秒，然后放置在装满水的圆筒容器中的鼠5分钟。确保每只大鼠在相同的容器和位置在房间的前一天进行测试。 </LI&gt; <li> 5分钟后，已经经过关闭相机/ s的关闭时，从容器中取出的大鼠，并将其放置在瞬时干燥笼与热灯上方和其下的热垫。而在这个笼子收回大鼠应密切和持续监测。为了这个目的，可以将一个温度计在大鼠的水平，以确保在笼子的温度不超过37℃。此外，将笼子，这样不是所有的在灯或在焊盘下降;这使得如果需要的老鼠移动到较冷的区域。 </li><li>每次会议结束后换水，以避免在接下来的老鼠没有任何影响。 注意:这是在测试阶段结束。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.行为编码对于小鼠，编码定义为测试阶段的最后4分钟。老鼠，编写了5分钟的测试阶段。 <ol><li>码的持续时间花费为"不动"，如果鼠标是浮与没有任何运动的除了那些必需保持上述水的鼻子。 </li><li>码的持续时间花费为"挣扎/爬"如果前肢的快速移动的观察，使得前爪打破水的表面上。 </li><li>代码花费的时间为"游泳"，如果前肢的运动或后肢中戏的方式被观察到的持续时间。 注意:可以使用的另一种方式来编码这些行为，这包括一个时间取样的方法。率游泳，挣扎或不动如发作在5秒的间隔在整个测试环节的频率。 </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

在FST用于监视抑郁样行为并基于该动反射行为绝望3的量度的假设。此过程的主要优点在于它的相对容易的操作和快速的结果。此外，它的一个广泛的抗抑郁药，它使一个合适的筛选试验的灵敏度是最重要的特性，导致其高的预测效度29之一。重要的是，该测试也可以在不旨在用于治疗抑郁症，例如苯二氮类，它已显示出具有抗焦虑作用3,30药物之间区分。在FST中抑郁，这也有助于其表面效度，研究中的值的另一个例子是，抑郁倾向的模型被发现影响不动行为的事实。例如，它为基因研究抑郁样行为的标志物使用。基因动物模型抑郁症已经成功繁殖啮齿类其在FST 32不动的基础上，这表明不动是由遗传性状决定，虽然一些菌株在FST 33,34所示天生高固定性。此外，提及的是，还发现了不基于在FST性能的遗传模型，以成功地提供有效的模型用于研究抑郁样行为35,36是很重要的。除了 ​​遗传研究，在FST不动的行为已经显示出在与倾向与抑郁症几种动物模型，如早期暴露强调37,38，临床糖尿病39,40和急性停药受到影响41。 尽管它的吸引力，就其结构效度的保留了让人怀疑它是一款型号为抑郁症也被提出。慢性augm的，例如，该问题entation是有问题的在本次测试，因为在现实生活中的患者需要治疗至少几个星期，他们遇到任何缓解之前从它们的症状42-44。这就提出了是否动了FST和抑郁份额神经回路相同的长期适应性变化背后抗抑郁药物在人体中的作用的问题。随着中说，一提的是最近的一些研究表明在该试验中的抗抑郁药的效果以下慢性治疗在低得多的剂量比那些需要诱导急性隆乳24,45后的效果是很重要的。另一个讨论得最多的问题是不动的行为，反映了抑郁症18,25的症状衡量的确切含义。要注意，在这些测试中的不动，似乎是一种不能或不愿维持工作，而不是广义的活动减退的结果是很重要的。这是特别重要的，由于这一事实，即患者患有抑郁症表现出精神障碍，尤其是在那些需要的努力46的持续时间的测试。在这个模型中的积极行为（ 即挣扎和游泳）可能导致逃避，因此降低压力，而被动的行为（ 即不动），可以保存能量在等待可能的逃跑。动物的选择行为的变化，并且取决于许多因素（ 例如预曝光，能量状态，处理等 ）。 SSRIs类药物表现出推迟从主动到被动应对策略的转变，而这被发现与抑郁症相关的因素加速这一过渡18。此外，一些问题已经提出了关于不动作为一个有学问的过程，这意味着动物可能会知道，最好的解决办法是被动，等待从水，有什么被描述为学不动47-49删除。 ħH但是，人们也许会说，这种观点导致了这种模式的一个拟人化的视角。此外，未发现再动持续时间和应激激素呈负相关50,51。此外，还发现SSRIs类药物在大鼠52甚至长期服用，以减少不动在一个测试会议后的小鼠29表明那里的SSRIs而言了解到动似乎没有发挥作用急性给药。 另一个重要的概念是活动的行为在FST中的作用。虽然不动的是，通常在物品呈现的行为，其他两个措施也被证明是显著。具体来说，抗抑郁药会增加血清素的神经传递导致较长的持续时间游泳，而那些被发现，增加catacholaminergic神经传递导致较长的持续时间挣扎18。这可以帮助我们DIFferentiate根本不同的实验这种行为的神经化学机制。这个观察主要大鼠53-56和可能的原因，在我们的结果暴露于SSRI依他普仑导致挣扎的增加，但不是游泳行为。 另外，由于这样的事实，一些抗抑郁药是已知的用于减少运动活性18和也是药物如精神兴奋剂被发现，以减少不动在FST 18,20,31，但不能有效地治疗抑郁症，建议预型体，除了在FST运动活性测试，以排除所述基础活性水平并不在此模型中的决定因素。此外，由于在FST的aversiveness，考虑到它可能对脑结构/功能，如果脑分析是要进行以下这种过程可能的影响是重要的。也预成型一批behav时ioral测试，如果其他范例不被认为有压力，所以建议在FST将是进行最后的检测。 最后，尽管在过去在此过程中的得分被提交给偏压由实验者的可能性，它正成为越来越普遍的是使用，用于消除该缺点12,57,58指定的软件。

抑郁症是一种威胁生命的精神疾病和重大公共卫生与5％的发病率和15-20％的终生患病率全世界关注。此外，据估计，到2020年，抑郁症将成为前三名贡献者疾病1,2的负担。抑郁症与残疾有关，生活质量下降，增加的与健康相关的费用和被认为是一个主要的危险因素，许多疾病，包括心血管，代谢和神经精神障碍。当前3,4-药理治疗性治疗具有有限的功效，并与相关联许多有害的副作用5,6。因此，更好地了解这种疾病与旁边的创新和改进的治疗的发展的病理生理机制仍然是至关重要的。因此，动物模型是在这一领域研究的推进至关重要。 有用于这种疾病的研究（很多车型&lt;EM&gt;如蔗糖偏爱测试中，悬尾试验）与强迫游泳试验（FST，也被称为该模型7,8的显影剂后Porsolt检验）是最常用的测定法7,9-12之一。 在FST的动物被放置在一个装有水的容器从它无法逃脱。动物会先试图逃跑，但最终还是会表现出不动（ 即浮动没有任何运动，除了那些必要保持露出水面的鼻子）。在FST是一种非常流行的模型在动物研究有许多原因。首先，它涉及到动物的暴露于压力，这显示出具有在倾向作用为主要抑郁12-14。而且抑郁症通常被视为缺乏能力处理压力15-17。第二，与测试前抗抑郁药物治疗已经显示出，以减少不动在FST &lt;SUP&gt; 18-23。因此，它经常被用作用于具有潜在的抗抑郁性质15-17,24新型化合物的筛选测定法。此外，在FST已显示分享一些被影响或在人类中由凹陷改变，如改变食物消耗，睡眠异常和因素药物戒断诱发的快感缺乏15-17,24。这也是为什么这种测试有时用于评价在突变小鼠抑郁样行为，以增加或减少在基底不动的原因（比&#39;野生型&#39;只小鼠）25,26。

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
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			<td>Dell</td>
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			<td>AU-CB422</td>
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			http://www.vido-europe.com/products_detail.asp?id=33&#38;pcategory=2</td>
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			<td>Biobserve</td>
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			<td>FST Analysis 
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the forced swim test as a model of depressive-like behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

下面的结果是基于从我们的实验室未公布的数据。在该实验中，成年ICR雌性小鼠3周的选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂（SSRI），依他普仑或新的草药抗抑郁和抗焦虑治疗（NHT）的治疗后进行了测试（用于与草药治疗的其他信息，参见第12 ，27,28）。单向方差分析表明，在治疗减压抑郁样行为在FST [F（2.58）= 4.88，P &lt;0.05]。片面邓尼特分析表明，与任一依他普仑或NHT治疗在FST（参照图1A，用于事后比较）减小的抑郁样行为。治疗也增加挣扎行为在FST [F（2.58）= 4.36，P &lt;0.05]。片面登奈特分析显示，与艾司西酞普兰治疗增加了FST挣扎行为（参见图1B为事后比较）。在处理对游泳behavio无影响ř[F（2.58）= 2.89，P&gt; 0.05， 图1C]。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52587/52587fig1highres.jpg" /> 图1A:对NHT的影响，并就在FST不动时间（:NHT = 19，依他普仑= 19，控制= 21 N），依他普仑治疗（3周）的代表性结果 。 * P &lt;0.05，** P &lt;0.005。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52587/52587fig2highres.jpg" /> 图1B:的NHT和依他普仑治疗（3周）的效果上挣扎时在FST代表性结果。（N:NHT = 19，依他普仑= 19，控制= 21）* P &lt;0.05，** P &lt;0.005 。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52587/52587fig3highres.jpg" /> 图1C:REPR（:NHT = 19，艾司西酞普兰= 19，控制= 21 N）的NHT和艾司西酞普兰治疗（3周）的影响，对游泳的时间在FST esentative结果。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior at JoVE.com

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

在强迫游泳试验作为抑郁样行为的模型

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

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Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

36.7K 次观看.  Tel-Aviv University. This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

视频: The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression and defensive behavior in a semi natural setting. The most important behavioral elements performed by the resident and the intruder are demonstrated in the video and illustrated using artistic drawings. The use of the resident intruder paradigm for acute and chronic social stress experiments is explained as well. Finally, some brief tests and criteria are presented to distinguish aggression from its more violent and pathological forms.

This video shows the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression, defensive behavior and violence in a semi-natural setting. The use of the paradigm for social stress experiments is explained as well.

驻地入侵者范式:一种标准化考试的侵略，暴力和社会压力

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

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行为学

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most common method for assessing exercise endurance in mice utilizes forced running on a motorized treadmill equipped with a shock grid. Animals who quit running are pushed by the moving treadmill belt onto a grid that delivers an electric foot shock; to escape the negative stimulus, the mice return to running on the belt. However, avoidance behavior and psychological stress due to use of a shock apparatus can interfere with quantitation of running endurance, as well as confound measurements of postexercise serum hormone and cytokine levels. Here, we demonstrate and validate a refined method to measure running endurance in na&#239;ve C57BL/6 laboratory mice on a motorized treadmill without utilizing a shock grid. When mice are preacclimated to the treadmill, they run voluntarily with gait speeds specific to each mouse. Use of the shock grid is replaced by gentle encouragement by a human operator using a tongue depressor, coupled with sensitivity to the voluntary willingness to run on the part of the mouse. Clear endpoints for quantifying running time-to-exhaustion for each mouse are defined and reflected in behavioral signs of exhaustion such as splayed posture and labored breathing. This method is a humane refinement which also decreases the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

小鼠运动耐力的评估没有一个冲击电网的使用:另一种强迫运动

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

该拼图方块的使用作为评价环境富集的功效的一种手段

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

信号衰减为强迫症的大鼠模型

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore by rearing and touching the walls of the cylinder with their forelimb paws for postural support. Following ischemic injury to the forelimb sensorimotor cortex, rats rely more heavily on their unaffected forelimb paw for postural support resulting in fewer touches with their affected paw which is termed forelimb asymmetry. In contrast, focal ischemic damage in the mouse brain fails to result in comparable consistent deficits in forelimb asymmetry. While forelimb asymmetry deficits are infrequently observed, mice do demonstrate a novel behaviour post stroke termed &#8220;paw-dragging&#8221;. Paw-dragging is the tendency for a mouse to drag its affected paw along the cylinder wall rather than directly push off from the wall when dismounting from a rear to a four-legged stance. We have previously demonstrated that paw-dragging behaviour is highly sensitive to small cortical ischemic injuries to the forelimb motor cortex. Here we provide a detailed protocol for paw-dragging analysis. We define what a paw-drag is and demonstrate how to quantify paw-dragging behaviour. The cylinder test is a simple and inexpensive test to administer and does not require pre-training or food deprivation strategies. In using paw-dragging analysis with the cylinder test, it fills a niche for predicting cortical ischemic injuries such as photothrombosis and Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ischemia &#8211; two models that are ever-increasing in popularity and produce smaller focal injuries than middle cerebral artery occlusion. Finally, measuring paw-dragging behaviour in the cylinder test will allow studies of functional recovery after cortical injury using a wide cohort of transgenic mouse strains where previous forelimb asymmetry analysis has failed to detect consistent deficits.

Classical forelimb asymmetry analysis of the cylinder test is routinely used to assess behavioural deficits in rats following brain injury or stroke; however, it fails to detect consistent deficits in mice. This study demonstrates that quantifying paw-dragging behaviour is a more sensitive analysis of brain injury in mice.

PAW-拖动:一本小说，鼠标缸试验敏感性分析

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

应力的社会问题:社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of four mountains within a computer-generated landscape is tested using a delayed match-to-sample paradigm. Allocentric spatial memory is assessed by altering the viewpoint, colors and textures between the initially presented and target images.
Allocentric spatial memory is a key function of the hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and impairment of hippocampal function predates the onset of dementia. It was hypothesized that performance on the 4MT would aid the diagnosis of predementia AD, which manifests clinically as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
The 4MT was applied to patients with MCI, stratified further based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker status (10 MCI biomarker positive, 9 MCI biomarker negative), and with mild AD dementia, as well as healthy controls. Comparator tests included tests of episodic memory and attention widely accepted as sensitive measures of early AD. Behavioral data were correlated with quantitative MRI measures of the hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
4MT scores were significantly different between the two MCI groups (p = 0.001), with a test score of &#8804;8/15 associated with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the classification of MCI with positive AD biomarkers, i.e., predementia AD. 4MT test scores correlated with hippocampal volume (r = 0.42) and cortical thickness of the precuneus (r = 0.55).
In conclusion, the 4MT is effective in identifying the early stages of AD. The short duration, easy application and scoring, and favorable psychometric properties of the 4MT fulfil the need for a simple but accurate diagnostic test for predementia AD.

This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD.

四山测试:空间记忆的一个简短的测试与高灵敏度的预痴呆诊断阿尔茨海默氏病

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）:一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

测试环境线索对交配行为的影响的方法<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of intervals within the range of milliseconds of visual, acoustic, and audiovisual aperiodic trains of six pulses. In this task, each of the trials consists of two consecutive intramodal intervals where the participants press the upward arrow key to report that the second stimulus lasted longer than the reference, or the downward arrow key to indicate otherwise. The analysis of the behavior results in psychometric functions of the probability of estimating the comparison stimulus to be longer than the reference, as a function of the comparison intervals. In conclusion, we advance a way of implementing standard programming software to create visual, acoustic, and audiovisual stimuli, and to generate a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) task by delivering stimuli through noise-blocking headphones and a computer&#39;s monitor.

Psychophysics is essential for studying perception phenomena through sensory information. Here we present a protocol to perform a two-interval forced-choice task as implemented in a previous report on human psychophysics where participants estimated the duration of visual, auditory, or audiovisual intervals of aperiodic trains of pulses.

多感比较的双区间强制选择任务

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of ...