The authors would like to acknowledge the Infectious Disease Department at Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital especially Michael S. Calderwood, MD, MPH for helping us construct this protocol. We would also like to thank the Institution&#8217;s endoscopy center and it&#8217;s leadership team for their support.

注:在此稿件发布时的研究性新药（IND）申请不需要执行FMT在临床实践中经常CDI。但是，如果FMTS正在执行作为研究的一部分，或另一个迹象，一个IND或等效的应用程序可能需要18。监管机构可能会继续评估FMT的安全性和有效性，适用于CDI和其他医疗条件等，建议检查在各自的位置上监管要求的FMT程序的启动和每一至两个月一次前积极履行FMT。 注:考生必须愿意同意粪便移植和结肠镜检查。 1.确定合适的候选人FMT的<ol><li>患者谁都有复发的CDI或难治性疾病，没有响应传统抗生素都是适宜Ë候选人FMT。 注:复发CDI定义为CDI的三个或更多个情节由毒素检测或PCR，或两集即需要住院证实的历史。 </li><li>确保患者能够安全地接受结肠镜检查。这是在内镜的自由裁量权。 </li></ol> 2.粪便捐赠者的选择注:凳子施主选择适用于CDI的治疗，可能并不适用于其他疾病的治疗。 <ol><li>确保病人标识捐助。潜在的捐助者应该存在与收件人在初始消化内科就诊的时间。捐助者可能是配偶，家人或朋友。捐助者可以住在同一住所收件人只要其他条件都满足。 </li></ol> 3.捐助资格<ol><li>纳入标准:确保捐赠是一个健康的成年人（≥18岁），并提供每日排便形成米ovement。 </li><li>排除标准: <ol><li>确保捐助者未服用抗生素或没有采取抗生素的前3个月服用药物以减低感染。 </li><li>确保捐助者没有便秘或使用泻药史长期。此外，保证了供体不具有炎性肠病，慢性腹泻，显微镜性结肠炎，肠/结肠恶性肿瘤，或胃旁路/其他减肥手术史的个人历史的历史。 </li><li>确保捐助最近没有前往（最近三个月内）到一个领域，感染性腹泻是一个问题。如果他们旅行，出现腹泻应已排除。 </li><li>确保捐助者没有采取任何免疫抑制剂，是不是全身化疗。 </li><li>确保施主不具有代谢综合征，自体免疫疾病或过敏性疾病。 </li></ol></li><li>获得书面CON从筛查给出的筛查试验的敏感性之前，供体和受体发送。安抚双方测试结果将不会与对方分享。 </li></ol> 4.筛选注:此筛选协议被改编为患者布莱根妇女医院在马萨诸塞州，美国考虑咨询传染病部门和医院感染控制启动FMT协议，以确保一切适当的筛选试验被认为之前。 <ol><li>收件人: <ol><li>在最初就诊时，发送以下实验室检查收件人筛选（建立基准测试，这些感染性疾病，并确保没有在未来毫无疑问传输）。 </li><li>进行A型肝炎抗体（IgG和IgM），乙型肝炎（乙肝表面抗原/抗体和抗 - HBc），丙型肝炎抗体，HIV-1/2（Ab和病毒载量）和梅毒（TP-IgG）的实验室外周血TEST序列。 </li><li>获得食物过敏的彻底的历史，在这个初步评估。 </li></ol></li><li>捐赠: <ol><li>筛选，以确保成形粪便不丢弃之前与微生物实验室坐标。 </li><li>订购以下实验室检查献血者筛查，如果捐赠者符合资格按照第3条 。 </li><li>进行A型肝炎抗体（IgG和IgM），乙型肝炎（乙肝表面抗原/抗体和HBcAb阳性），丙型肝炎抗体，HIV-1/2（Ab和病毒载量）和梅毒（TP-IgG）的实验室验血。 </li><li>执行艰难梭菌 （由文化），常规粪便培养，贾第虫抗原，抗原隐孢子虫和虫卵和寄生虫实验室大便化验。 </li><li>屏幕捐助不超过30天，但最好是1 - 预定程序之前2周。 注意:如果捐赠者开发腹泻或大便液体他们不再符合捐赠。 </li></ol></li><li>律师对食品捐助，以避免基于收件人的食物过敏。捐赠者不应该摄取食物，收件人是过敏性的捐赠前的5天。 </li></ol> 5.预过程制备<ol><li>收件人: <ol><li>在最初就诊，如果收款人是不是已经对口腔万古霉素，万古霉素开始125毫克，每6小时以前发生的过程，至少七到十天。 </li><li>为受援人提供的内​​镜中心的指令前结肠镜检查肠道准备，以预定的程序前一天完成。收件人也应遵循内镜中心的标准膳食指令前程序的一周。 </li><li>指示接收者采取步骤之前，万古霉素的夜晚他们的最后一剂。 </li></ol></li><li>捐赠: <ol><li>提供多种粪便收集杯的捐助。标签马桶插入（帽）和杯子与收件人的标签，以及3个空SPecimen容器。向供体以开始粪便采集不超过6小时之前，处理（过程时间）。 注意:如果捐赠者提供了多种粪便样本，应标有日期和时间。使用最新鲜的样本（一个充满试样杯就足够了）。 </li><li>确保收件人带来了捐赠者的粪便与他们的程序。 </li><li>储存粪便试样在室温下。排除任何未成形大便。丢弃在下水道系统中任何未使用的凳子（除非储蓄用于研究目的）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6.大便准备注:请确保此过程进行了讨论，并经医院感染控制部门。 <ol><li>准备大便时穿戴个人防护装备。 </li><li>大便准备在内镜室在指定的工作区域，其中有一个18英寸的飞溅区，防止了超视距污染呃材料。 </li><li>此前大便准备，清洁与医院批准消毒剂的指定区域。 </li><li>用一次性衬垫覆盖的区域，以避免污染。 </li><li>转移形成大便成14盎司单速搅拌器，加入500毫升的生理盐水。 </li><li>混合的内容为至少一分钟或直到它到达一个液体浆液的一致性。小心取出搅拌机的盖子时，以避免溢出。 </li><li>倒入经过过滤的溶液倒入一个塑料8夸脱盆地以消除任何固体废物。丢弃的过滤器。 </li><li>拟定紧张溶液倒入60毫升鲁尔锁注射器（约八九个月的标准FMT通过结肠镜检查）。制订一个额外的60毫升生理盐水冲洗的。 </li></ol>通过结肠镜检查7.粪便移植<ol><li>穿戴个人防护装备按照内窥镜设备的政策在执行或协助与infusioñ。 </li><li>考虑光镇静，如果可能的话，使病人可以是能够与在手术后保留的粪便进行合作。 </li><li>进行结肠镜检查，以回肠末端（或尽可能技术上可行）。上插入colonscope，灌洗和抽吸的任何残余液体粪便。 </li><li>检查粘膜壁的炎症，但粘膜活检的证据也没有惯常的FMT过程中进行的。 注:确定一个完整结肠镜检查是否是安全的，由于炎症的程度。如果没有，考虑更有限的乙状结肠镜输液（使用一半的大便浆）。 </li><li>通过使用具有延伸管活检通道帽结肠镜的活组织检查通道注入60立方厘米（一个针筒）一旦在回肠末端。 </li><li>大便注射器的应用程序之间，冲洗通道用生理盐水，避免堵塞。 </li><li>注入另外60毫升的粪便进入盲肠，然后重复正确的ç敖。 </li><li>继续注入30毫升每五to10厘米而均匀地分布在泥浆上的所有四个结肠壁象限直到中间横结肠为止。记得在大便注射器之间用生理盐水冲洗。 注意:如果该浆料是非常粘稠的，可能有必要推与注射器相当大的力。要小心，活检通道帽也不会从结肠镜分开并引起的粪便内容溢出。频繁冲洗将允许浆料更容易通过。如果存在持续的困难在按压浆料，考虑重新拉紧剩余施主粪便用于第二时间或用生理盐水进一步稀释。 </li><li>停药后更换针筒的时候，注意不要抽吸任何液体粪便吸出多余的空气。 注:如果患者已经知道大便失禁，最后注射器应注入不低于肝曲，以避免在泄漏后的程序。 </li><li>第一次Ë结肠镜检查与FMT完成后，建议患者保持大便只要他们能。他们可能恢复他们的正常饮食和药物治疗两小时后，结肠镜检查完成。 </li></ol> 8.结肠镜检查与FMT清理<ol><li>执行程序后的再加工设备，环境的清洁/消毒和废物处理按照医院的协议。 </li><li>在适当的生物危害容器处理所有粪便材料。 </li><li>把结肠镜的净化面积每标准协议常规处理。 </li><li>处置搅拌机和过滤与任何其他脏浪费。 注意:如果单用搅拌机和过滤器是不可行的，在一个单独的机构替代混合方法可以考虑。一个例子:使粪便通过不锈钢马铃薯ricer的，可以在高压釜中进行清洗。我们建议讨论与您设施的感染控制DEP任何潜在的方法artment。 </li><li>净化被用于使用该设施批准的产品的方法，所有的表面。 </li></ol> 9.跟进<ol><li>安排随访预约消化内科门诊的病人FMT后约30天。 </li><li>律师关于难辨梭状芽孢杆菌复发与抗生素的未来课程风险的患者。 </li></ol>不良事件报告10 <ol><li>虽然FMT被认为是一个安全的过程，强烈建议保持跟踪所有的不良事件认为将与过程相关联，并且将它们报告给适当的管理板。 </li><li>为了记录格式化的长期安全性，保留该可定期查询一个可靠的数据库。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose relevant to the material presented in this manuscript.

粪便移植已被证明是一种安全有效的治疗复发性CDI。我们提出的标准协议，通过 FMT结肠镜检查，其中包括我们的研究结果为22例患者谁接受的程序反复CDI。我们的研究结果迄今媲美的病情反复发作公布的数据显示，只有一名患者复发后一个月FMT。该过程的一个重要步骤是将预筛选访问，以确保供体是合适的，并且该患者不具有禁忌接受结肠镜检查。筛查一般需要三到四天才能完成的过程可以此后不久计划。 稍微的修改可以具有取决于患者作出。这需要两个FMTS病人也有克罗恩病，是状态后全结肠切除回肠与肛管吻合术。他的第一次移植是通过结肠镜在我们灌输凳子90厘米FROM肛门到他的小肠。当他的C.难辨复发，我们继续通过小肠肠镜造成分辨率的第二FMT。正如前面提到的协议，更有限的乙状结肠镜可以，如果有是显著炎症或病人不能耐受全结肠镜检查的证据进行。 FMT的限制可能是保险责任范围。在美国，并不是所有商业保险公司支付此过程。因此，重要的是检查与病人的保险载体之前FMT和医疗必要性信常常需要。 总之，FMT是一种有效的治疗复发性CDI和有希望用于其它疾病过程，如自身免疫性疾病和炎症性肠疾病的治疗。在不久的将来，先进如建立"大便银行"可能避免需要大便捐助者和精简预-Procedure大便筛选过程。虽然结肠镜检查与FMT的安全性似乎是优秀的，长期的后果尚不得而知。 在关于69岁的女性的情况下表示，她接受了一个成功的FMT并有2天内程序的她排便正常化。她接受了进一步治疗CLL她的化疗，并保持C.难辨免费为更多的则半年。

粪便移植的pseumembranous结肠炎的治疗于1958年首次描述了1，但摄入粪便食物中毒和严重腹泻日期的治疗回来，早在四世纪中国2的报道。粪便菌群移植（FMT）也被称为在文献"粪bacteriotherapy"，"人类的益生菌输液"，"粪便移植"，"肠菌群恢复"和"粪便转移"。它包括来自健康，预筛选供体采集粪 ​​便和经由鼻胃管，esophagogastricduodenoscopy，结肠镜检查，或灌肠剂3递送准备好的浆体到受体的胃肠道。很多情况下，系列报道，通过NGT和灌肠给药的药效，但是最近的研究表明，捐助粪便的管理，通过结肠镜检查是安全，高效4。而其它的方法，如鼻胃管给药已经报道，通过结肠镜检查输送给体大便具有较少即时副作用（ 例如腹胀和恶心）4和我们已发现，患者更接受FMT的概念时，它是通过执行结肠镜检查。一个FMT 通过结肠镜检查的治疗优点是在结肠生物量的减少是由于被该过程4之前进行肠灌洗。 多项研究已经调查了FMT的作用，用于治疗结肠炎和腹泻导致的机会性病原体C.难辨 （CDI）。 CDI的发病率继续上升，并且是发病和死亡的一个主要原因与在世界各地的大的经济负担。一线治疗CDI包括抗生素治疗，但复发率已经报道的15-35％5。一些病例和报告都做cumented FMT的CDI难治抗生素4,6-16标准的医疗治疗的安全性和有效性。一项研究观察长期随访的患者FMT后经肠镜检查的CDI报告了91％，主要的治愈率在77例17。 在我们中心（布里格姆与消化内科，肝病及妇女医院内镜科），我们发起的患者复发或难治性CDI粪便移植方案。合适的候选人被定义为谁有反复CDI（3个或更多的情节，或2次发作史是需要住院），或难治性疾病，没有响应传统抗生素的病人患者。我们相信，一个系统的方法来此过程的所有阶段最大限度地提高疗效。在这个手稿和影随行，我们详细介绍我们使用了我们的中心，其中包括患者和供者的筛选，大便准备了协议，和大便交付吨结肠镜检查的时间。这种方法已经产生了相媲美的已发表的文献阳性结果。 病例报告: 这名患者代表提到了粪便移植一个典型的病人。 该患者是一名69岁的女子与慢性淋巴细胞白血病病史谁曾病需要化疗进一步治疗的复发。她患有CDI的三集，在过去的一年中，并因此被称为我们的诊所审议FMT之前重新开始化疗。发生CDI她的第一集于2012年10月，她没有上过前面的抗生素。她病得很重，在ICU脓毒性休克提出后进行分流循环回肠造口顺行灌肠万古霉素为6周的课程，结合给她病情的严重程度万古霉素口服。她的表现非常好，她腹泻分辨率和她能来关闭抗生素。她开发了她周围的造口疝因此它被推翻。不久后造瘘逆转，她再次出现腹泻，被发现再次是C.艰难梭菌毒素阳性。她完成了万古霉素口服另外6周的课程，并能够它逐渐停止成功。然而几个月后，她又开始腹泻，这是C.艰难梭菌毒素阳性，并开始在她的第三万古霉素口服疗程。她对抗生素表现不错时，有人指出，她的白细胞计数增加到&gt; 100，她发现有复发她的骨髓活检CLL的。她的肿瘤学家担心化疗开始没有她CDI完全解决，所以我们被要求进行格式化。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="840">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="92">
			<td height="92" style="height:92px;width:247px;">Blender</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Hamilton Beach</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">http://www.amazon.com/Hamilton-Beach-51101-Personal-Blender/dp/B00065L6CU/ref=pd_sim_k_2?ie=UTF8&#38;refRID=1Q06MXAE9XKTB4QG0AEN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:247px;">Strainer</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Winco MS3A-8S Strainer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">http://www.amazon.com/Winco-MS3A-8S-Strainer-Single-Wooden/dp/B001VZ5E40/ref=sr_1_3?s=home-garden&#38;ie=UTF8&#38;qid=1395001295&#38;sr=1-3&#38;keywords=kitchen+strainer+wooden+handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Disposable pads (chux), 17in x 24in.&#160;</td>
			<td>hospital standard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>one package&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Pink rectangular hospital standard wash basin, 8 quart&#160;</td>
			<td>hospital standard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>1 or 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">500 cc bottle of sterile normal saline</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">hospital standard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">60cc leur lock syringes</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">hospital standard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>8 or 9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Biopsy channel cap with extension</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">hospital standard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fecal microbiota transplantation via colonoscopy for recurrent c. difficile infection

粪便菌群移植（FMT）是一种安全，高效的治疗复发和难治C.难辨感染（CDI）。 FMT管理的各种方法已经有文献报道，包括鼻胃管，上消化道内镜检查，灌肠和结肠镜检查。 通过肠镜产量出色的治愈率FMT，也很好的耐受性。我们已发现，患者发现这是一个可以接受的和可耐受的递送模式。在我们中心，我们已经开始为患者复发或难治性CDI粪便移植方案。我们已经制定了使用协议修订的迭代过程，并在22例成功率堪比目前公开发表的文献进行24粪便移植。系统的方法对病人和捐赠者的筛选，准备大便，和交付的凳子最大限度地提高治疗成功。下面我们详细的FMT协议，可以进行任何胃镜的每一步中心与安全和成功的程度高。

我们已经完成对22例24 FMTS在我们使用上述协议中心（ 表1）。 9例患者并发IBD（6克罗恩病和三个溃疡性结肠炎）。所有9例CDI的分辨率。其中一名患者与克罗恩病是状态发布全结肠切除克罗恩结肠炎。他最初不过在经历了复发后两周FMT他通过导致CDI分辨率上消化道内镜检查进行了第二次FMT通过结肠镜检查进行格式化。十一出的非IBD患者的13具有相关的为C.症状完全分辨率艰难后1 FMT与随访3个月[2个星期- 17个月]的平均长度。一名患者进行了第二次FMT，导致CDI的分辨率。谁复发后FMT选择了不会有第二次移植第二个病人。目前还没有相关的程序或格式化的并发症（ 如感染，IBD的，恶心，呕吐，腹痛，或胃肠道出血），在有限的耀斑至今跟进。一名患者与IBD没经验的自我限制腹痛1天后FMT。 表1:患者的特点谁接受粪便菌群移植在我们的中心。 <img alt="表1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52154/52154table1.jpg" width="500" /> <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52154/52154table1.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此表的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection at JoVE.com

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

通过结肠镜检查粪便菌群移植是一种安全，有效的治疗复发和难治艰难梭菌感染。结肠镜检查过程中的系统方法对病人和捐赠者的筛选，准备大便，和交付的凳子将最大限度地提高治疗成功。

通过结肠镜检查粪便菌群移植治疗复发性<em&gt;温度。难辨</em&gt;感染

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is a safe and highly effective treatment for recurrent and refractory C. difficile infection (CDI). Various methods ...

fecal-microbiota-transplantation-via-colonoscopy-for-recurrent-c

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

27.0K 次观看.  Brigham and Women‘s Hospital.  通过结肠镜检查粪便菌群移植是一种安全，有效的治疗复发和难治艰难梭菌感染。结肠镜检查过程中的系统方法对病人和捐赠者的筛选，准备大便，和交付的凳子将最大限度地提高治疗成功。 

视频: Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus. For example, in utero transplantation (IUT) of hematopoietic stem cells has been used to successfully treat patients with severe combined immunodeficiency.1,2 In several other conditions, however, IUT has been attempted without success.3 Given these mixed results, the availability of an efficient non-human model to study the biological sequelae of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy is critical to advance this field. We and others have used the mouse model of IUT to study factors affecting successful engraftment of in utero transplanted hematopoietic stem cells in both wild-type mice4-7 and those with genetic diseases.8,9 The fetal environment also offers considerable advantages for the success of in utero gene therapy. For example, the delivery of adenoviral10, adeno-associated viral10, retroviral11, and lentiviral vectors12,13 into the fetus has resulted in the transduction of multiple organs distant from the site of injection with long-term gene expression. in utero gene therapy may therefore be considered as a possible treatment strategy for single gene disorders such as muscular dystrophy or cystic fibrosis. Another potential advantage of IUT is the ability to induce immune tolerance to a specific antigen. As seen in mice with hemophilia, the introduction of Factor IX early in development results in tolerance to this protein.14 
In addition to its use in investigating potential human therapies, the mouse model of IUT can be a powerful tool to study basic questions in developmental and stem cell biology. For example, one can deliver various small molecules to induce or inhibit specific gene expression at defined gestational stages and manipulate developmental pathways. The impact of these alterations can be assessed at various timepoints after the initial transplantation. Furthermore, one can transplant pluripotent or lineage specific progenitor cells into the fetal environment to study stem cell differentiation in a non-irradiated and unperturbed host environment.
The mouse model of IUT has already provided numerous insights within the fields of immunology, and developmental and stem cell biology. In this video-based protocol, we describe a step-by-step approach to performing IUT in mouse fetuses and outline the critical steps and potential pitfalls of this technique.

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The mouse model of in utero transplantation is a versatile tool that can be used to study the potential clinical applications of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy in the fetus. In this protocol, we present a general approach to performing this technique

一个小鼠模型在子宫内移植

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus.  For example, in ...

科研

医学

Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses

Oncolytic Viruses (OVs) are novel therapeutics that selectively replicate in and kill tumor cells1. Several clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of a variety of oncolytic platforms including HSV, Reovirus, and Vaccinia OVs as treatment for cancer are currently underway2-5. One key characteristic of oncolytic viruses is that they can be genetically modified to express reporter transgenes which makes it possible to visualize the infection of tissues by microscopy or bio-luminescence imaging6,7. This offers a unique advantage since it is possible to infect tissues from patients ex vivo prior to therapy in order to ascertain the likelihood of successful oncolytic virotherapy8. To this end, it is critical to appropriately sample tissue to compensate for tissue heterogeneity and assess tissue viability, particularly prior to infection9. It is also important to follow viral replication using reporter transgenes if expressed by the oncolytic platform as well as by direct titration of tissues following homogenization in order to discriminate between abortive and productive infection. The object of this protocol is to address these issues and herein describes 1. The sampling and preparation of tumor tissue for cell culture 2. The assessment of tissue viability using the metabolic dye alamar blue 3. Ex vivo infection of cultured tissues with vaccinia virus expressing either GFP or firefly luciferase 4. Detection of transgene expression by fluorescence microscopy or using an In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) 5. Quantification of virus by plaque assay. This comprehensive method presents several advantages including ease of tissue processing, compensation for tissue heterogeneity, control of tissue viability, and discrimination between abortive infection and bone fide viral replication.

Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses

Oncolytic viruses are promising for cancer therapeutics. The ability to ascertain the infectability of live tissue specimens obtained from patients prior to treatment is a unique advantage of this therapeutic approach. This protocol describes how to process tissues for ex vivo infection with oncolytic virus and subsequent viral quantification.

前溶瘤病毒的活组织的体内感染

Oncolytic Viruses (OVs) are novel therapeutics that selectively replicate in and kill tumor cells1. Several clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness ...

Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Respiratory compromise due to phrenic motor neuron loss is a debilitating consequence of a large proportion of human traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) cases 1 and is the ultimate cause of death in patients with the motor neuron disorder, amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS) 2.
ALS is a devastating neurological disorder that is characterized by relatively rapid degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Patients ultimately succumb to the disease on average 2-5 years following diagnosis because of respiratory paralysis due to loss of phrenic motor neuron innnervation of the diaphragm 3. The vast majority of cases are sporadic, while 10% are of the familial form. Approximately twenty percent of familial cases are linked to various point mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene on chromosome 21 4. Transgenic mice 4,5 and rats 6 carrying mutant human SOD1 genes (G93A, G37R, G86R, G85R) have been generated, and, despite the existence of other animal models of motor neuron loss, are currently the most highly used models of the disease.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a heterogeneous set of conditions resulting from physical trauma to the spinal cord, with functional outcome varying according to the type, location and severity of the injury 7. Nevertheless, approximately half of human SCI cases affect cervical regions, resulting in debilitating respiratory dysfunction due to phrenic motor neuron loss and injury to descending bulbospinal respiratory axons 1. A number of animal models of SCI have been developed, with the most commonly used and clinically-relevant being the contusion 8.
Transplantation of various classes of neural precursor cells (NPCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of traumatic CNS injuries and neurodegeneration, including ALS and SCI, because of the ability to replace lost or dysfunctional CNS cell types, provide neuroprotection, and deliver gene factors of interest 9.
Animal models of both ALS and SCI can model many clinically-relevant aspects of these diseases, including phrenic motor neuron loss and consequent respiratory compromise 10,11. In order to evaluate the efficacy of NPC-based strategies on respiratory function in these animal models of ALS and SCI, cellular interventions must be specifically directed to regions containing therapeutically relevant targets such as phrenic motor neurons. We provide a detailed protocol for multi-segmental, intraspinal transplantation of NPCs into the cervical spinal cord ventral gray matter of neurodegenerative models such as SOD1G93A mice and rats, as well as spinal cord injured rats and mice 11.

Neural precursor transplantation is a promising strategy for protecting and/or replacing lost/dysfunctional cervical phrenic motor neurons in spinal cord injury (SCI) and the motor neuron disorder, amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS). We provide a protocol for cell delivery to cervical spinal cord ventral horn in rodent models of ALS and SCI.

椎管内针对肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症和外伤性脊髓损伤颈腹角细胞移植

Respiratory compromise due to phrenic motor neuron loss is a debilitating consequence of a large proportion of human traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) ...

Orthotopic Small Bowel Transplantation in Rats

Small bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition (irreversible intestinal failure). In specialized centers improved operative and managing strategies have led to excellent short- and intermediate term patient and graft survival while providing high quality of life 1,3. Unlike in the more common transplantation of other solid organs (i.e. heart, liver) many underlying mechanisms of graft function and immunologic alterations induced by intestinal transplantation are not entirely known6,7. Episodes of acute rejection, sepsis and chronic graft failure are the main obstacles still contributing to less favorable long term outcome and hindering a more widespread employment of the procedure despite a growing number of patients on home parenteral nutrition who would potentially benefit from such a transplant. The small intestine contains a large number of passenger leucocytes commonly referred to as part of the gut associated lymphoid system (GALT) this being part of the reason for the high immunogenity of the intestinal graft. The presence and close proximity of many commensals and pathogens in the gut explains the severity of sepsis episodes once graft mucosal integrity is compromised (for example by rejection). To advance the field of intestinal- and multiorgan transplantation more data generated from reliable and feasible animal models is needed. The model provided herein combines both reliability and feasibility once established in a standardized manner and can provide valuable insight in the underlying complex molecular, cellular and functional mechanisms that are triggered by intestinal transplantation. We have successfully used and refined the described procedure over more than 5 years in our laboratory 8-11. The JoVE video-based format is especially useful to demonstrate the complex procedure and avoid initial pitfalls for groups planning to establish an orthotopic rodent model investigating intestinal transplantation.

Small bowel transplantation has become an accepted treatment option for patients with irreversible intestinal failure. Our experimental model of orthotopic small bowel transplantation in rats serves as a reliable tool to address underlying immunologic and inflammatory processes that complicate intestinal transplantation.

大鼠原位小肠移植

Small  bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with  short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition ...

Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield

We describe a research technique for fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using manual hand held suction in order to remove nonadherent cells and lung lining fluid from the mucosal surface. In research environments, BAL allows sampling of innate (lung macrophage), cellular (B- and T- cells), and humoral (immunoglobulin) responses within the lung.
BAL is internationally accepted for research purposes and since 1999 the technique has been performed in &#62; 1,000 subjects in the UK and Malawi by our group.
Our technique uses gentle hand-held suction of instilled fluid; this is designed to maximize BAL volume returned and apply minimum shear force on ciliated epithelia in order to preserve the structure and function of cells within the BAL fluid and to preserve viability to facilitate the growth of cells in ex vivo culture. The research technique therefore uses a larger volume instillate (typically in the order of 200 ml) and employs manual suction to reduce cell damage.
Patients are given local anesthetic, offered conscious sedation (midazolam), and tolerate the procedure well with minimal side effects. Verbal and written subject information improves tolerance and written informed consent is mandatory. Safety of the subject is paramount. Subjects are carefully selected using clear inclusion and exclusion criteria.
This protocol includes a description of the potential risks, and the steps taken to mitigate them, a list of contraindications, pre- and post-procedure checks, as well as precise bronchoscopy and laboratory techniques.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage BAL for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield

We describe a research technique for fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage using low pressure suction. The technique is used to harvest immune cells from the lung bronchoalveolar surfaces. Local anesthetic and mild conscious sedation (midazolam) is used. Subjects tolerate the procedure well and experience minimal side effects.

支气管肺泡灌洗（BAL）的研究，获得适当的采样率

We describe a research technique for fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using manual hand held suction in order to remove ...

Tumor Treating Field Therapy in Combination with Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma

A novel device that employs TTF therapy has recently been developed and is currently in use for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM). It was FDA approved in April 2011 for the treatment of patients 22 years or older with rGBM. The device delivers alternating electric fields and is programmed to ensure maximal tumor cell kill1.
Glioblastoma is the most common type of glioma and has an estimated incidence of approximately 10,000 new cases per year in the United States alone2. This tumor is particularly resistant to treatment and is uniformly fatal especially in the recurrent setting3-5. Prior to the approval of the TTF System, the only FDA approved treatment for rGBM was bevacizumab6. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeted against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein that drives tumor angiogenesis7. By blocking the VEGF pathway, bevacizumab can result in a significant radiographic response (pseudoresponse), improve progression free survival and reduce corticosteroid requirements in rGBM patients8,9. Bevacizumab however failed to prolong overall survival in a recent phase III trial26. A pivotal phase III trial (EF-11) demonstrated comparable overall survival between physicians&#8217; choice chemotherapy and TTF Therapy but better quality of life were observed in the TTF arm10.
There is currently an unmet need to develop novel approaches designed to prolong overall survival and/or improve quality of life in this unfortunate patient population. One appealing approach would be to combine the two currently approved treatment modalities namely bevacizumab and TTF Therapy. These two treatments are currently approved as monotherapy11,12, but their combination has never been evaluated in a clinical trial. We have developed an approach for combining those two treatment modalities and treated 2 rGBM patients. Here we describe a detailed methodology outlining this novel treatment protocol and present representative data from one of the treated patients.

A novel methodology that is employed for the treatment of recurrent glioblastomas is described. This treatment approach employs the application of alternating electric tumor treating fields (TTFields), known as TTF Therapy in combination with bevacizumab, a targeted agent that is currently FDA approved as monotherapy.

肿瘤治疗领域的治疗与联合贝伐单抗治疗复发性胶质母细胞瘤的治疗

A novel device that employs TTF therapy has recently been developed and is currently in use for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM). It was FDA ...

Ex Situ Normothermic Machine Perfusion of Donor Livers

In contrast to conventional static cold preservation (0-4 &#176;C), ex situ machine perfusion may provide better preservation of donor livers. Continuous perfusion of organs provides the opportunity to improve organ quality and allows ex situ viability assessment of donor livers prior to transplantation. This video article provides a step by step protocol for ex situ normothermic machine perfusion (37 &#176;C) of human donor livers using a device that provides a pressure and temperature controlled pulsatile perfusion of the hepatic artery and continuous perfusion of the portal vein. The perfusion fluid is oxygenated by two hollow fiber membrane oxygenators and the temperature can be regulated between 10 &#176;C and 37 &#176;C. During perfusion, the metabolic activity of the liver as well as the degree of injury can be assessed by biochemical analysis of samples taken from the perfusion fluid. Machine perfusion is a very promising tool to increase the number of livers that are suitable for transplantation.

Ex Situ Normothermic Machine Perfusion of Donor Livers

Here we present a protocol describing oxygenated ex situ machine perfusion of donor liver grafts. This article contains a step by step protocol to procure and prepare the liver graft for machine perfusion, prepare the perfusion fluid, prime the perfusion machine and perform oxygenated normothermic machine perfusion of the liver graft.

供肝易地常温灌注机

In contrast to conventional static cold preservation (0-4 &#176;C), ex situ machine perfusion may provide better preservation of donor livers. Continuous ...

Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Mouse

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has increased substantially in recent years. ECMO has become a reliable and effective therapy for acute as well as end-stage lung diseases. With the increase in clinical demand and prolonged use of ECMO, procedural optimization and prevention of multi-organ damage are of critical importance. The aim of this protocol is to present a detailed technique of veno-venous ECMO in a non-intubated, spontaneously breathing mouse. This protocol demonstrates the technical design of the ECMO and surgical steps. This murine ECMO model will facilitate the study of pathophysiology related to ECMO (e.g., inflammation,bleeding and thromboembolic events). Due to the abundance of genetically modified mice, the molecular mechanisms involved in ECMO-related complications can also be dissected.

Here we present a protocol describing the technique of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in a non-intubated, spontaneously breathing mouse. This murine model of ECMO can be effectively implemented in experimental studies of acute and end-stage lung diseases.

小鼠静脉内膜氧化术

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has increased substantially in recent years. ECMO has become a reliable and effective therapy for ...

Immunofluorescence Labelling of Human and Murine Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Paraffin-Embedded Tissue

Neutrophil granulocytes, also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) due to their lobulated nucleus, are the most abundant type of leukocytes. They mature in the bone marrow and are released into the peripheral blood, where they circulate for about 6&#8722;8 h; however, in tissue, they can survive for days. By diapedesis through the endothelium, they leave the blood stream, enter tissues, and migrate towards the site of an infection following chemotactic gradients.&#160;Neutrophils can combat invading microorganisms by phagocytosis,&#160;degranulation, and generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). This protocol will help to detect NETs in paraffin-embedded tissue. NETs are the result of a process called NETosis, which leads to the release of nuclear, granular, and cytoplasmic components either from living (vital NETosis) or dying (suicidal NETosis) neutrophils. In vitro, NETs form cloud-like structures, which occupy a space several times larger than that of the cells from which they descended. The backbone of NETs is chromatin, to which a selection of proteins and peptides originating from granules and cytoplasm are bound. Thereby, a high local concentration of toxic compounds is maintained so that NETs can capture and inactivate a variety of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, while diffusion of the highly active NET components leading to damage in neighboring tissue is limited. Nevertheless, in recent years it has become apparent that NETs, if generated in abundance or cleared insufficiently, do have pathological potential ranging from autoimmune diseases to cancer. Thus, detection of NETs in tissue samples may have diagnostic significance, and the detection of NETs in diseased tissue can influence the treatment of patients. Since paraffin-embedded tissue samples are the standard specimen used for pathological analysis, it was sought to establish a protocol for fluorescent staining of NET components in paraffin-embedded tissue using commercially available antibodies.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are three-dimensional structures generated by stimulated neutrophil granulocytes. It has become clear in recent years that NETs are involved in a wide variety of diseases. Detection of NETs in tissue may have diagnostic relevance, so standardized protocols for labelling NET components are required.

石蜡内嵌组织中人与鼠中性粒细胞外陷阱的免疫荧光标记

Neutrophil granulocytes, also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) due to their lobulated nucleus, are the most abundant type of leukocytes. They ...

Inguinal Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue (ISWAT) Transplantation Model of Murine Islets

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a well-established therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. The kidney capsule is the most commonly used site for islet transplantation in rodent models. However, the tight kidney capsule limits the transplantation of sufficient islets in large animals and humans. The inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (ISWAT), a new subcutaneous space, was found to be a potentially valuable site for islet transplantation. This site has better blood supply than other subcutaneous spaces. Moreover, the ISWAT accommodates a larger islet mass than the kidney capsule, and transplantation into it is simple. This manuscript describes the procedure of mouse islet isolation and transplantation in the ISWAT site of syngeneic diabetic mouse recipients. Using this protocol, murine pancreatic islets were isolated by standard collagenase digestion and a basement membrane matrix hydrogel was used for fixing the purified islets in the ISWAT site. The blood glucose levels of the recipient mice were monitored for more than 100 days. Islet grafts were retrieved at day 100 after transplantation for histological analysis. The protocol for islet transplantation in the ISWAT site described in this manuscript is simple and effective.

Inguinal Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue ISWAT Transplantation Model of Murine Islets

In this protocol, a method of murine islet isolation and transplantation into the inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue is described. Isolated syngeneic murine islets are transplanted into a murine recipient using a basement membrane hydrogel. The blood glucose level of the recipients is monitored, and histology analysis of the islet grafts is performed.

毛里岛皮下白脂肪组织（ISWAT）移植模型

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a well-established therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. The kidney capsule is the most commonly used site for ...