我们要感谢老师，隆达和曼努埃尔·帕蒂诺和探戈里约加布里埃拉·洛佩斯，埃里克·伦兹，莎拉·凯利科尔，马克Needelman和雪莱布鲁克斯。我们也承认志愿者阿德里安娜温伯利，佳佳Bascas，马可·科埃略，大斌财，卡莉DiLeo，玛格丽特方，凯文黄，一闪梅塔，Malije奥比，米娜Taheb，戴安娜蒂瓦里，Kedra伍达德，达瓦次仁，萨宾Povian，顿珠曹景， Mylinh武， 丽贝卡·迪拉德和玛丽莎·华纳 。我们承认梅德洛克花园的退休社区，为干预提供了空间，提供了适应探戈车间，克莱尔蒙特奥克斯退休社区和韦斯利·伍兹塔的空间，我们感谢每一个机构的行政人员。我们承认威廉de L&#39;博士奥内的统计援助。这项研究是由丹美日布恩基金会，埃默里中心伤害控制和埃默里中心HEA支持第l衰老。这项研究也为推进美国国立卫生研究院的平移科学奖下数UL1TR000454支持的国家中心。内容完全是作者的责任，并不一定代表美国国立卫生研究院的官方意见。医学探索项目的埃​​默里学校支持KE麦基和VA R＆D服务事业发展奖（E7108M和N0870W）系支持ME哈克尼。我们还要感谢阿龙Bozzorg先生。

注:机构审查委员会在埃默里大学医学院批准了这项工作。参加者提供了参与前签署知情同意书。 1.招聘教师研修生<ol><li>从治疗师，专业的舞蹈和健身教练在指涉区域的人口提供5-10招收学员的老师。 </li><li>见习教师资格<ol><li>确保教师有2个多年的专业舞蹈教学经验，运动原理清楚的认识，以及如何传达出来，而有效的课堂管理。 </li><li>验证教师过去的经验与旧和受损人群的工作。 </li><li>确保教师具有同情心的言行举止，注意力，理解力，可靠性，成熟，愿意教受损人群和耐心的声誉。 </li></ol></li></ol>在广告2.培训教师对学员艾普特探戈方法<ol><li>提供所有的老师与学员改编探戈手册（未发表，为车间创建）。指导学员阅读本手册之前培训班，并经常参考手册，以规划类和排除故障。 </li><li>实施改编探戈教师培训计划（由MEH开发）为15小时车间（12小时组指令研讨会的形式与3小时的教练个别指导的），用严格遵守议程，由改编探戈手册它描绘指导各方面的适应探戈。 <ol><li>使用手册，以提供关于人与运动障碍和运动障碍的信息，跌倒风险，预防和担任改编探戈教师培训研讨会期间进行说教的指令指引。 </li><li>在研讨会上，介绍了部分和改编探戈类的理论。 </li><li>在组对，故障和实践适应探戈课程，在其他地方发表，13改编探戈方案，其中包括一系列描述的节奏，步骤的一天，和装饰24个独特的教案。 </li><li>讲解课堂管理技巧和技术</li><li>解释和实践加强合作的技巧和技术。 </li><li>讲解基本的音乐理论和实践节奏夹带/音乐的理解指南，如手册中详细说明。 </li><li>解释保持安全类，与旨在促进有效的平衡管理演习，包括探测跌倒通过评估稳定极限和预防跌倒的技术方法。 </li></ol></li><li>指导学员按照教学大纲密切合作，以确保方案的保真度。 </li><li> 12个小时后，车间，花3小时单独与每一位教师的额外培训，回答问题，并保证每一位教师完全领悟适应探戈的方法严格遵守安全协议和详细的教学大纲ð重要性。 </li><li>要求教师有关课程进度周报表。 </li></ol> 3.选择站点到主机类。 注:高级居住社区（小额贷款公司）往往适用于等级的设施。管理员有兴趣提供铀浓缩活动的SLC的居民，也常常高兴地接待类，可能包括一些非居民以换取免费的居民提供高品质的健身课程。 <ol><li>接近高层的居住社区管理员打听他们的设备托管班。争取支持从管理员的支持信。提供了一个特殊的社区内免费的类的所有居民。 </li><li>建立程序， 即广告，课堂设置和故障，游客的期望， 等明确的规则。 </li><li> Ç与SLC管理员，工作人员，教师和一流的协调员经常ommunicate反馈，并保持积极的关系。 </li></ol> 4.参加招聘<ol><li>招募老年人和个人通过传单，转诊，PD通讯，支持团体，高级居住社区和网站PD。 <ol><li>确保个人与PD已经收到特发性"明确PD&#39;的诊断（霍恩和Yahr分期（H＆Y）阶段I-III）23和抗帕金森药物表现出效益。 </li><li>确保这两个个体PD和老年人有其他神经损伤病史，并能行走3+米有或没有帮助。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.参加预测试评估注:在开始上课前1周内开展预测试。 <ol><li>安排每一个参与者的初始测试环节（前T美国东部时间）在白天尽量减少用药相关的业绩波动，并确保所有个人与PD的参与者首选时间，而"ON"的药物测试。 </li><li>获得每个参与者的参与事先书面知情同意书。 </li><li>要求参加者完成对自己的年龄，教育，医疗史上的一个问卷调查，前一个星期之内或他们最初的测试期间下跌的历史，使用辅助设备，如手杖/步行者，和当前的药物。审查与所有与会者的形式，以保证完整性/精度。 <ol><li>分类的参加者&#39;输家"，如果他们报告平衡的无意丢失，导致降落在其下表面或地面一次或多次在上一年。 </li></ol></li><li>提供问卷的参与者之前一个星期内，或它们的初始测试环节，下面详细过程来完成。 <ol><li>坠落的恐惧（导电泡棉）和的Qual性生活（生活质量）的措施，其中包括在一般健康问卷单品。 </li><li>综合物理功能指数（CPF）。 </li><li>贝克抑郁量表-Ⅱ（BDI-II）。24 </li></ol></li><li>辖认知，PD严重程度（如果适用的话），流动性的措施，并根据标准程序，在下面详述的跌倒风险。火车两个或更多的研究助理谁不以教师为学员帮助管理评估。录像带全部用于评估资格的研究助理， 即物理治疗和医学生博士生蒙蔽评级。 <ol><li>在统一帕金森病评定量表电机分量表III（UPDRS-III）。25 </li><li>蒙特利尔认知评估（MOCA）。26 </li><li>伯格平衡量表（BBS）。27 </li><li>定时向上和转到28 </li><li>通过定时步态速度用秒表超过20英尺的直线步速评路径。开始时先通过脚跟开始行秒表，停止秒表当第二脚后跟通过终点线。 </li><li> 30秒椅架:计数的时间可以上升，从椅子上，双臂交叉在胸前，无需从地面抬起脚，在30秒的次数。 </li><li>汇接姿态由定时时间的长短，参与者可以用一只脚可以直接在其它的前面在一条直线上站立。截止时间将是60秒。 </li></ol></li><li>在测试会议结束，为参与者提供了一个日历，详细介绍他们的适应探戈舞蹈班的时间表。 <ol><li>指导参与者而不是6个月的研究过程中改变习惯性的锻炼套路。指导参与者在日历上记录任何重大的医学或不良事件，包括任何"瀑布"， 即 ，一溜或跳闸，其中却意外地失去了平衡，落在地上或更低水平。 <ol><li>在这样的事件发生指示参与者记一简要说明他们的日历拘留情况的事件和结果（ 如日期:"绊倒猫导致秋天膝盖，没有就医的追捧。"或"参加定期神经内科聘任;从息宁，每天4〜5片加药增加"）。 </li><li>指示的参与者，他们的日历，我们会检讨两次:一次是在舞蹈班的结论，并再次10-12周之后。在此期间提醒参加者继续参加所有定期应诊，并根据需要对所发生的课外时间的不良反应就医。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 6.志愿者招募注:本节介绍了志愿者招募的方法。考虑到参与者的高位回落风险，身强力壮的志愿者是至关重要的SUCCESS改编探戈计划。 <ol><li>招募大学生志愿者，从当地的本科生和研究生的预卫生列表服务和当地社区志愿者组织作为舞蹈的合作伙伴和助手。 </li><li>要求所有学生志愿者完成人的研究CITI要求，以确保他们理解人类的研究原则。 </li><li>邀请身强力壮的家庭成员（配偶，子女，孙子女）参加班级志愿舞蹈的合作伙伴。说明他们不会总是与自己心爱的人，但将有望通过舞蹈的合作伙伴旋转每班多次合作。 </li></ol> 7.安全培训程序注:考虑到参与者的流动性限制，跌倒是一个永远存在的威胁之前，期间和每节下课后。警惕安全程序必须制定以减少伤害的危险， 本节介绍了确保安全的C方法lasses。 <ol><li>满足小团体5-10人1.5小时的志愿者。教育他们有关老化相关的姿势和步态的问题。指导他们跌倒检测/防御和适应探戈方法。其他地方提供更多细节。10 </li><li>查看所有参与者的图表。 <ol><li>确定参与者跌倒的研究助理，学生志愿者和老师，谁是负责他们的安全风险较高。 </li></ol></li><li>按照这种方法来建立伙伴关系: <ol><li>先用高功能的个人与PD和老年人（如跌倒史，临床标准测定的仪器如低回落风险）合作伙伴新的志愿者，观察志愿者的注意力，以他们的合作伙伴，如果有必要，支持合作伙伴的能力，以及他们的能力掌握和运用适应探戈概念。合作伙伴降低运作个人在更高的回落风险与这些志愿者船尾呃，他们已经证明了这些概念的理解令人满意。 注意:切勿伙伴两个人，因为他们的流动性限制与PD或两个老体弱的人在一起。永远的伙伴个体PD与身强力壮的志愿者或家人/朋友。 </li><li>合作伙伴一起高功能的老年人没有谁PD已经确定其初始流动性的评估后，有跌倒的风险较低，只有当志愿者，家人，朋友都无法使用。 </li></ol></li><li>保持与教师和研究助理每周接触，以解决最脆弱的问题，在舞蹈班，并确保适当的合作伙伴分配给他们。 </li><li>允许不超过10老年人与运动障碍和/或个人与PD更上课伴随健康的合作伙伴，在任何给定的时间内维持一个可管理的班级规模。 </li><li>指导教师学员和健康志愿者助理监控所有面值ticipants的安全警惕。经常提醒助理监察参与者疲劳和姿势不稳。 </li><li>鼓励参与者采取定时休息自由采食。指导老师每次上课时提起频繁定时休息的参与者，如果参与者极易疲劳，但都不愿启动自己的休息时间。 </li></ol> 8.改编探戈课程<ol><li>在当地社区中心或SLC分配参与者，经过预试验的评价，以1.5小时的渐进适于阿根廷探戈2天每周进行12周。该课程由受过改编探戈方法的老师学员作为改编探戈手册中描述的教导。 </li><li>提供类改编探戈4次，每周给学员48机会参加一类。要求参与者至少参加20个课时来接收先前证实治疗剂量。 </li><li>说明通用类STRUCTURE，其中包括对领导的教师见习类遵循以下原则: <ol><li>导致了一场热身组成呼吸，重新刺激和姿势的调整个别和欢快的音乐表现。 </li><li>引入了一种新的一步元素和实践以下一号"合作增强锻炼。" <ol><li>责成双方都闭上眼睛，而在封闭的做法位置，与实践一只脚的重量转移到另一个，交替谁"引线"，谁"如下。" </li><li>责成合作伙伴并肩站在一边，练习行走在房间里，先在同一只脚，（ 即 ，既踩右脚），然后在对面英尺（或者都在"外部"的腿，或两者上在&#39;里面&#39;腿）。 </li><li>指导合作伙伴把他们的双手合十（但不抓住手），并选择一个领导者。责成领导人随机移动他/她的手在他的面前/小时呃，并指示"跟随"通过保持持续的手接触，以反映领导者的运动。 </li><li>指示"跟随"闭上眼睛，而合作是抱着手肘。 注:"领导者"应该实践通过第一变速它们自身的重量，然后通过引导从动穿过胸部和手臂的运动来移位重量转移他们的追随者的重量。 </li><li>责成领导人走向的跟随者，作为跟随行走落后。确保领导走到伙伴（OP）的外面，然后回来在伙伴面前，但不看脚下，只盯着自己的伴侣的肩膀上。 </li></ol></li><li>介绍几种不同的节奏和指导参与者与合作伙伴进行练习。合并当天的新颖步骤以前学习步骤和实践与伴侣。 </li></ol></li><li>按照一般的指导原则partne环和群流: <ol><li>指导学员进行了舞厅框架， 即要么是适应所有的步骤，抱着对方的弯曲肘部，保持前臂与地面平行或"最佳朋友的位置，" 即通过边与周围的臂内侧走一边伙伴的肩膀。 </li><li>在每个候领导者和追随者的角色合作对。指示领导人来选择每个连续步骤的方向，时间和大小，并通过移动他们的帧和质量中心传达该信息给他们的合作伙伴。指导信徒参加感官线索的步骤运动方向，时机和幅度，通过框架和质心从他们的合作伙伴传达给他们。指示追随者等待移动之前接收的运动线索。 </li><li>指导参与者和志愿者跳舞既领导者和追随者的角色每一个类， 即切换角色每隔首歌与日EIR的合作伙伴。加强旋转的合作伙伴，每15分钟，在舞厅和社会舞蹈类中的广泛应用的方法学。 </li></ol></li><li>访问类经常以确保安全的做法，坚持教学大纲和可用性根据需要协助老师学员。 </li><li>指导教师和志愿者，提醒参与者每两个星期使用theircalendars记录研究期间的任何不良事件（下降，医疗问题）（6个月累计）。 </li><li>确保训练的研究助理出现在每一个类来帮助监测培训的保真度，记录参与者出席，并记录数量和事件中的类（下降，其他意外事故，险情）的详细信息。 </li><li>如果跌倒或其他不良事件发生时，利用下面的协议，以保证参与者的安全，并允许后续回顾性分析。 <ol><li>确保训练有素的研究助理或班主任评估个人或个人involv编在该事件，并确定是否需要医疗救助。采访谁跌的个人决定伤害的可能机制（ 例如 :旅行，揉碎，其中主体部分先打，在那里头一击？）。 注意:任何headstrike，意识，精神错乱，或局灶性损害认股权证立即就医损失。 </li><li>如果参与者（S）的警觉和导向，而不是抱怨任何疼痛的重点，帮助他们在椅子上，并要求一个10分钟的休息时间。此时间之后，评估参与者偏好持续类与持续休息。确保参与者决定自己的战备水平恢复到跳舞，如果他们选择这样做，确保他们配对的老师或志愿者信任谁表现出的能力，在预防跌倒。 </li><li>下课后，确保了教师和训练有素的研究助理汇报，准确地记录所有的不良事件的细节。发送秋季细节PI的ROOT原因分析。根据分析，实施变革，以防止未来的不良事件（如:房间重组，不同的合作伙伴关系，一定的探戈步修改，规定休息时间对某些参与者）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 9.参加测试后评估注:参加者出席了20级后，开展一周内这样的评价。 <ol><li>在完成所需的类剂量的一周内安排一个测试会议，每个参与者。 </li><li>重的步骤5.5的详细问卷调查和措施。确保同一训练有素的研究助理帮助的评估。 </li><li>关于在之前的10-12周的医疗/运动变化，并审阅参与者的日历与他们的问题的参与者。记录跌倒或他们在研究的过程中经历了其它不良事件的数量。 </li><li>要求参与者填写问卷退出包括:1）关于阶级享受的物品，希望继续，并在身体和精神健康，被评为在5点李克特量表（1 =强烈同意5 =强烈反对）; 2）打开就什么参与者喜欢回答的问题改进最佳/至少约方案和建议改进方案。 </li></ol> 10.参加随访评估注:参加者出席了20级后，应当进行10-12周内这样的评价。 <ol><li>安排一个测试会议，每个参与者。 </li><li>重的步骤5.5的详细问卷调查和措施。确保同一训练有素的研究助理帮助的评估。 </li><li>关于在之前的10-12周和审查参与者的日历医疗/运动变化问题的参与者。创纪录下跌或者从类的结论，后续的评估经历了其他不良事件的数量。 </li></ol> 11.统计分析<ol><li>计算描述性统计所有基线变量。 </li><li>用卡方检验，以确定在二分数据组之间的差异（例如，出勤和下降的发生）。 </li><li>计算科恩的 D的影响大小， 即 ，一种现象的强度的标准化措施，从变更前发布和预跟进疗效的措施。 注:由于该协议主要涉及传播这一计划的方法论和实施，假设检验是不恰当的推论有关的功效在这种情况下。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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财务披露/利益冲突 :没有利益冲突报告。 资金来源 :丹美日布恩基金会，埃默里中心伤害控制，埃默里中心健康老化，VA R＆D服务事业发展奖部ME哈克尼（E7108M和N0870W），国家中心为推进全国学院的平移科学根据卫生奖号码UL1TR000454。内容完全是作者的责任，并不一定代表美国国立卫生研究院的官方意见。

从事习惯性的运动仍然是旧的一般成人人口压倒性差:只在8 1老年人进行力量和平衡挑战活动31日前，运动已经获得了批准，作为一种辅助的方法来陪伴传统医学。为了进一步"就地养老"，并在不断增长的老年人口保持独立性，广泛实施基于证据的运动计划是必要的。此外，考虑到药理学和外科手术方法不完全解决马达和不断增长的人口的PD认知挑战，获得辅助疗法，如适于探戈，是必要的。自2006年以来，这个改编探戈方案已经迭代，精致和测试了好几次，但只在学术中心，而不是在一个以社区为基础的设置。上述10,13的方法提供指导，以传播适应探戈到社区这样一种方式，该保真度，有效性，安全性，并享受该节目的被保留。 翻译健康行为研究可持续的应用经常被忽视32和资金不足。33本方法指南可允许改编探戈从而提供获得所需治疗的众多社区居住的老年人，个人与平衡障碍更广泛的传播。关键传播改编探戈是合适的准教师，适当的安全培训，充足的义工/家庭成员招募，和与会者面前的严格的评估和计划完成后的选择。 无师自通的学员合格的游泳池，改编探戈程序将无法正常工作。学员必须具备的不仅是舞蹈的知识和技能，也愿意身强力壮的舞蹈传统领域之外​​的工作。实习教师的热情，耐心和对细节的关注（特别是安全性）不能被夸大。一到多种接合锻炼活动对老年人和那些与平衡障碍的主要障碍是无法保证安全性。事实上，安全性无法适应的探戈课程中保证，但如果按照上述有关志愿者招募，参与者文件审核，和伙伴关系中描述的措施，不良事件将保持在最低限度。 之前和之后与验证标准措施的探戈计划是必要的证明以社区为基础的探戈参与者严格的评估是作为有效的，在学术中心进行。其中，因为我们在这里实现了它的研究的主要局限性在于样本量小。虽然我们能够证明传播没有妥协规模效应，这应该在未来更大规模的研究被复制。功效复制演示可能导致的利益意识增强Ø˚F辅助疗法和促进进一步的访问有需要的人。 改编探戈舞手动（未发表），改编探戈类课程，这样的文字，和随行的视频被设计为允许在不同的社区个人实施这一计划。然而，这些印刷和视频资源的利用率成功承担的舞蹈，老年人，运动障碍的一些基本知识，和下降的风险。上述协议还假定事先了解或熟悉的售前和岗位评估测试。虽然所有这些测试都引用提供给更广泛的社区验证的研究论文，从单独的书面说明实现每个研究措施，将是艰巨的。然而，许多这些测试通常理疗社区内利用。因此，它可能试图实现这个计划时，有利于合作伙伴与物理治疗师。物理治疗的参与可以帮助implementin克前，后测试，微调秋季预防策略，并进一步传播/执行程序本身的，添加了专业知识，以确保安全。 如前所述，实现与平衡障碍的人跳舞的锻炼计划是一个很大的风险，并表示潜在的不安全情况，如果不采取适当的措施。这一计划将需要严格的安全标准，以确保社区领导和社区设施，未来的传播都愿意举办这样一个程序。整体安全也是志愿者和家属的合作伙伴的类在招聘。而市区一般含有预医疗及其他卫生专业学生的丰富，缺乏重大的学术中心的农村地区可能会发现志愿者的招募更加困难。在这种情况下，我们建议深入到当地的学校/教堂/俱乐部争取身强力壮的青年社区服务项目伙伴F或者这些舞蹈班。 缺乏机械理解可能会阻止舞蹈/运动更迅速的发展作为补充药物。然而，一些机制可以解释被改编探戈产生身体机能的普遍积极的变化。通过接触到新的台阶，舞蹈模式涉及的舞蹈形式的创意就可以利用神经可塑性的机制。最近改编的探戈的研究指出改善PD病情严重程度29通向猜测改编探戈的潜在神经或神经复原效果。老年人进行规律的有氧活动的积极功能涨幅可能在突触，血管和神经可塑性相关的变化来解释。34未来的研究应划定理想的频率，持续时间和舞蹈课程的强度来获得和保留收益的功能。 个人与PD共nsiderably更容易遵守治疗和完成比年龄较大的成年人，这是好奇，因为与PD个人比同龄的同行没有PD不太活跃的计划。35此外，PD组来自社区和旅游所需类;而老年人接受治疗，在他们的高级居住社区。作为PD仍然有许多棘手的症状的状态下，那些与帕金森病更可能遵守治疗建议，包括新的，吸引人的非药物治疗。失去了减员老年人可能觉得少迫切需要采取新的运动习惯。针对老年人的传统运动项目遭受超过30％的磨损，36这与观察这里的年长成人队列的速度。 高满意度与程序的病因可能是多因素。音乐，这已被发现，以激活特定的神经通路相关联机智ħ情绪，可能会减轻压力，增强社会关系。37在探戈的随机对照试验超过2周（满足1.5小时，每周4次）与中年人的焦虑自我提到的症状和抑郁，改善显著在他们的症状38注 ​​意到，在后期测试，并维持在1个月的随访和类似的措施已8周探戈舞后指出，在相同的人口。由于社交舞往往涉及定期召开会议成对或团体工作珩磨技术和/或享受活动，舞蹈可能会鼓励团队合作，可以让友谊和更大的社区参与的培养。此外，涉及艺术和自我表达，情感和生理，治疗可能是用于管理电机和老化有关的疾病发病率造成认知症状尤其有效。疗法:1）让病人恢复并在他们的身体施加控制和2）涉及广泛的，以便CIAL相互作用已被证明是在提高的寿命。39今后的研究质量应该评估控制的恢复轨迹的作用，并认为抑郁和认知损伤，因为它们与介入的成功有效。 与传播媒介的限制（即:文本和视频），安全问题，并在招聘教师和志愿者潜在的困难可能会限制改编探戈的进一步传播。作为这项研究是在焦点主要方法，假设检验，以确定未执行结果的意义，但将有必要在今后的工作要执行。影响的大小在此工作的流动性措施是比较小的，这并质疑了这种疗法的真正效果。认知评价，心理功能和生活质量的措施，而不是在这里进行，是必要的。 该方案是由新手教师安全实施S IN的社区和与不同的损伤和大年龄范围（36-95岁）的个人建议方案的普遍性和灵活性，以解决多种需求。康复恢复和/或改善人与PD和老年人的功能必须是高效和有效的。创建通过有针对性和有效的方案可能是最有效的解决职能上的独立性问题的老年人有和没有运动障碍。40持续的行为改变虽然影响的大小传播过程中经常遭到破坏，32这项研究表明，适应探戈可能在社区传播在非临床训练的人的指令，只有最小衰减的影响大小。需要更多的研究，以改进传播方式，同时保持程序的保真度。

A correction to the author list has been made for the article <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/video/52066">Community-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults</a>. There was an error with the author, Madeleine Hackney's, name. The author's name has been updated to:
Madeleine E. Hackney
from:
Madeleine Hackney

A correction to the author list has been made for the article <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/video/52066">Community-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults</a>.

Community-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults

老年人和患有帕金森病（PD）的个人吃亏降低生活（QOL），1-3流动性差，属于4继发于他们的运动和认知障碍的高危人群的质量。即流动性挑战体力活动对平衡有益的影响，并能增加自我效能进行日常生活（ADL的）的活动。5具体来说，运动计划:1）将动态的平衡练习和2）根据任务和环境要求涉及电动机调整可以恢复平衡障碍。6 舞蹈最近已囊括关注作为潜在有效的运动疗法来解决平衡障碍。在合作舞蹈频繁参与具有优异的平衡，步态，及反应时间在较旧的舞者相比年龄匹配的非舞者相关联。7在机构设置，适于阿根廷探戈（适于探戈）H为提高流动性，平衡性和生活质量在那些与PD，8-12中风，13岁以上的个人有视力障碍。14改编探戈旨在解决运动障碍，包括那些具体与PD， 即 ​​运动迟缓，缩短步幅个人，落后的不稳定，转向的问题，和步态冻结。 由简单的一步元素，改编探戈涉及运动启动和停止，多方位的扰动，不同的速度和节奏。与会者专注于脚下的位置，整个身体的协调，并注意合作伙伴，移动路径和美学。在改编探戈的背景下，合作伙伴跳舞是触觉交流的一个复杂的，但访问的系统，传达了"领导者"（运动规划师）和"追随者"（外部线索发）之间的运动的意图和目标。 为了确保合，有效exercISE程序，如改编探戈都可以访问由社区居住的老年人，与PD个人，以及其他与运动障碍，适应探戈必须传播超越了学术研究环境和融入社会。很少有证据为基础的运动计划正在通过输送系统系统传播。15这导致数字充分培训的健身人员提供适合个人的独特需求与运动障碍社区活动锻炼不足。16本文概述了方法传播改编探戈，包括以证据为基础的课程的标准化和舞蹈教师的综合训练无临床资格。 这里所描述的改编探戈项目采用基于通过几项研究的经验方法开发的课程重点，新颖的元素。9,11-13,17与众不同的是，该计划描述ħERE实施的未研究过的剂量20，1.5H双周会，满足了老年人超过150分钟，每周锻炼的，18项建议，并提供额外的学习时间与PD个人克服运动学习的挑战。19该方案还扩大了节奏训练组件利用听觉提示对PD的知名运动促进作用。20-22 教师培训研讨会的重点是教学适应探戈的机制，包括对教师群体与感觉和运动障碍（ 例如 ，老年人和PD个人）教学和体验式教学。一个由该车间手册提供的改编探戈课，一个完整的课程描述的计划，每节课（包括节奏，步骤的一天，和装饰）的五个部分的关于人与运动障碍的描述和信息<html>和运动障碍，跌倒的风险和防范。课堂管理，合作和有节奏的训练，也详细介绍。 不牺牲任何企图传播学术发展的方法成为一个以社区为基础的设置应包括措施，以确保项目的质量，安全性和参与者的满意度。本文用于评估传播节目的可行性，有效性和普遍性的方法进行了描述。这些措施包括:老师学员1）评价教学改编探戈课程，按照在手动和15小时提供车间，2）测量不良事件的说明和跌倒在类的进出，参与者自然减员3）调查满意4）的老年人和帕金森氏病的个体，和5）的变化的流动性与从先前的研究结果。8,9,12之间的可行性，粘附性和有效性的措施比较T"&gt;成功的传播应该允许教师学员提供课程与不良事件的发生率很低（即小于或等于1活动期间的指令或48班的12周的课程）。此外流动性的改善，具体表现为下降下跌的风险，提高流动性的功能，并增加了下半身的力量应该是相似的，从以前的研究。8最后，还有交付程序应该具有低磨损，（&gt; 80％达标），并接受与PD个人以及老年人和高龄老人的个人（85+岁）居住在高级独立生活社区。

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			<td height="20" style="height:15.0pt">Space to hold dance classes</td>
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community-based adapted tango dancing for individuals with parkinson's disease and older adults

老年人和平衡障碍额外的适应人群探戈舞提高灵活性和平衡性。它是由非常简单的一步元素。改编探戈涉及运动启动和停止，多方位的扰动，不同的速度和节奏。专注于脚下的位置，整个身体的协调，并注意合作伙伴，移动路径和美学背后可能改编探戈的证明疗效提高灵活性和平衡性。在本文中，我们描述的方法，以传播适应探戈的教学方法，以舞蹈教练学员，并落实在社区的老年人和个人与帕金森病（PD）的学员适应探戈。功效提高流动性（测量定时向上走，串联立场，Berg平衡量表，步态速度和30秒的椅子架），该计划的安全性和保真度通过有针对性的教师和志愿者最大化培训和结构的详细提纲概述类的做法和进展。

上面详细描述的方法描述了为了确保高质量的节目变为可用社区居住与平衡障碍的人适应探戈传播严格的评估。当这个改编探戈计划在各地的佐治亚州亚特兰大都会区在2012年夏天以社区为基础的设置来实现，它被认为是可行的，有效的和可普及，但效果大小是一般的小。九舞蹈老师没有临床资格参加15小时的培训，其中包括:12小时的研讨会改编探戈方法，PD-特定的运动障碍，以及预防跌倒，后面附加的3小时的资深作者个人训练。教师为学员有2-25年的教学经验和舞蹈&gt; 1年的工作与老年人的健身/舞蹈设置。根据他们的表现能力与安全的概念和改编探戈方法，七师，学员是SElected教探戈位于亚特兰大都会区五个不同的高级居住社区。该PI（MEH）参加每个班至少三次。每个教师提供预期的教学大纲对预期的一天，以正确的顺序。两个非伤害性跌倒，涉及两个自我报告经常输家，发生了48个提供探戈课程与PD个人和2个非伤害性跌倒发生了144所提供探戈班老年人。在这种情况下，参与者短暂的休息后恢复跳舞。总而言之，准教师教192班适于探戈根据改编探戈手册中描述的方法。 几个学生志愿者，谁奉献600多小时的志愿服务，以与探戈的努力，是通过本科和研究生预卫生列表供应相对容易招募。所有的志愿者接受了秋天，预防培训，并评估安全技术就是被允许的合作伙伴最高的回落风险与会者面前。出席会议的，每班对于那些PD平均M = 5.5，SD = 2的志愿者和M = 3.9，SD = 2照顾者，朋友，亲人。关于志愿者的确切人数每年长成人类是不可用的，但较少的志愿者和护理人员少，朋友的数据，亲戚出席了旧的成人班。 此前已公布的一些数据对于那些PD 29八十八的参与者（年龄范围:36-95岁）被招募参与改编探戈课程（PD:N = 25;老年人:N = 63）。 表图1示出了参与者的基线特征最初分配给适于探戈。六七参与者（PD:N = 23，老年人:N = 44）在10〜12周完成20个课时。总体坚持为76.1％，但有PD参与者有92％坚持之间的显著差异（previously报道）29岁以上成年人的70％坚持（P = 0.028）。 PD和老年人成年参与者谁没有完成计划引疾病，家庭的承诺，其他的时间承诺，缺乏兴趣作为理由撤回。 功效措施。流动性和资产负债的收益分别为相似于控制学术环境进行适应探戈以前的研究发现，14但是，影响的大小普遍较小。注意这些变化都在这里详细介绍。这两个群体都能够30秒的椅子上的立场时，完成更多的上升，并在测试后保持在后续收益收取更高的分数上的BBS。步行速度和串联的立场与PD个人没有在后期测试大幅增加，但显示出一定的增长，在后续测试。老年人表现出更快的步速，速度更快TUG性能和串联立场更长的时间从前期到后期保持在收益随访。 图1显示了在平均变化和影响大小为每组方面疗效结果。 0.41及以上科恩的三维效果的大小被认为是"几乎显著"。30 瀑布。当中年长的成人组中，122人跌倒在之前的每人每天0.0056跌落的速度报道了21900人天​​的一年。十二瀑布均在每人 - 的速率0.0020跌倒分别报告了3444人天，在12周后，介入的速率0.0033跌倒每人天和7瀑布中报告3612人日在12周干预期天。当中PD队列，因为谁跌，每天3-4次一个局外人，1289跌倒了，在之前的每人每天0.1471跌落的速度报道了8760人天的一年。 112个瀑布是在0.0580跌倒每人每天140坠楼者代表的速度报道了1932人天，在12周的干预期在每人每天0.0794跌落的速度orted在1,764人天，在12周后干预。 基线时，PD样本更大比例的研究比老年人前一年下降（ 即 ，60％和38％）。在3个月节课，并在3个月后级是罕见的，但那些与PD更大比例经历了一个下跌相比老成年队列落在课堂之外。 图2比较谁做，或做了群体的百分比不报告落在前一年，干预期间，并且在干预后的十12周。 满意度。该计划深受欢迎，每退出问卷，无一不PD和老年人成年参与者非常同意他们很享受类，并会继续班如果有机会。他们同意，他们指出加强协调，散步，力量，耐力和平衡，也更pH值ysically和精神上活跃。那些与PD和老年人之间的唯一轻微显著的区别是，老年人更强烈同意他们指出平衡的改善（P = 0.075）。数值排名的反应就享受从出口调查问卷给予所有参与者在节目结束的程序详见表2，表3提供了开放式的反应的问题征求有关程序反馈的摘要。在这两个群体特别与会者赞扬了教学质量，教官的能量之类的格式，受到的关注，并给予反馈。许多与会者赞赏有机会结识新朋友，在那些与PD，机遇，开拓新的友谊与其他个体与PD。一些与会者希望曾有过多个舞蹈，而其他人发现的类持续时间太长。最常见的建议对于未来的类是花更多的时间跳舞。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52066/52066fig1highres.jpg" width="400" /> 图1:变化移动和平衡功效措施 PD:帕金森氏病; OA:老年人。给出的值是平均变化分值+/-变化的标准偏差。变化得分值的计算方法"后减前"和"后续预减"的步速，30-S椅架，串联姿态和Berg平衡量表。变化得分值的计算方法"前减后"和"预减跟进"的定时向上和围棋。积极的变化表明改善的结果。影响的大小科恩的D估计都放在上面每个组的变化得分。的0.41及以上科恩的三维效果的大小被认为是"几乎显著"。 &lt;SUP&gt; 30 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52066/52066fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52066/52066fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图2:秋季发病类以外之前，期间和之后的干预视为人气下滑的样本的比例（至少有一个下跌，而上年的历史）和非人气下滑（跌倒在事先没有历史。年）PD组（红色条），和老年人组（粉红色条）中被描述，以及谁做，或在十12周介入期间没有报告类以外的秋天和样品的百分比在一〇一二年周后停止干预。在p值与卡方测试确定组之间的显着性水平。 ALTHough那些PD是在较旧的成人人群的平均年龄，他们更容易体验在研究期间下降。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52066/52066fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td>个人与PD </td><td>老年人</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> N = 25 </td><td> N = 63 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> M（SD）的 </td><td> M（SD）的 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">性别</td><td> 12 F; 13主</td><td> 49F; 14M </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">年龄（岁） </td><td> 68.4（7.5） </td><td> 82.3（8.8） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">教育（年） </td><td> 16.5（2.1） </td><td> 14.2（3.1） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">一些合并症</td><td> 3.3（1.7） </td><td> 3.2（1.9） </TD&gt; </tr><tr><td colspan="2">一些处方药</td><td> 5.4（4.5） </td><td> 3.3（2.0） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">使用辅助器具（％） </td><td> 29％ </td><td> 69％ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">坠落的恐惧（导电泡棉） </td><td> 3.0（1.5） </td><td> 2.9（1.7） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">生活质量（QOL） </td><td> 5.2（0.9） </td><td> 5.4（1.2） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">复合材料物理功能（CPF）（/ 24） </td><td> 20.3（4.9） </td><td> 17.8（4.7） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">蒙特利尔认知评估（MOCA）（/ 30） </td><td> 26.0（2.8） </td><td> 22.5（4.0） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">贝克抑郁量表-II（BDI-II）（/ 63） </td><td> 12.1（9.6） </td><td> 6.6（4.7） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> UPDRS运动分量表III（N = 24） </td><td> 28.1（6.9） </td><td> 〜 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">步态速度（m / s）的</td><td> 0.97（0.24） </td><tD&gt; 0.88（0.23） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> 30秒椅架（上涨数） </td><td> 11.5（4） </td><td> 7.9（5） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> Berg平衡量表（/ 56分） </td><td> 51.2（4.5） </td><td> 46.​​1（8.7） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">串联姿态（S） </td><td> 26.1（26） </td><td> 8.3（16） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">计时起立行走（S） </td><td> 11.9（8） </td><td> 12.9（5） </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:改编探戈基线参与者人口统计学和观察指标基线参与者报告的合并症包括关节炎，糖尿病，高血压，心脏疾病和骨质疏松症，等等。导电泡棉和生活质量是基于参与者对收视率从1（低）至7（高）担心生活的下降/质量。对于综合物理功能指数，蒙特利尔认知评估，和Berg平衡量表，数值越大，更大的物理学L功能，认知能力和平衡分别。对于BDI-II，数值越大，更大的抑郁症。 <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td>总样本（N = 67） </td><td> PD（N = 23） </td><td>旧的成人（N = 44） </td><td> P值 </td></tr><tr><td>享受</td><td> 1 [1,1] </td><td> 1 [1,1] </td><td> 1 [1,1] </td><td> 0.725 </td></tr><tr><td>平衡</td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 2 [2,3] </td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 0.075 </td></tr><tr><td>步行</td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 2 [2,3] </td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 0.427 </td></tr><tr><td>情绪</td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 2 [1.25,2] </td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 0.713 </td></tr><tr><td>协调</td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 2 [2,3] </td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 0.766 </td></tr><tr><td>实力</td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 2.5 [2,3] </td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 0.328 </td></tr><tr><tD&gt;耐力</td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 2 [2,3] </td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 0.783 </td></tr><tr><td>继续</td><td> 1 [1,2] </td><td> 1.5 [1,2] </td><td> 1 [1,2] </td><td> 0.988 </td></tr><tr><td>身体更活跃</td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 2 [1.25,3] </td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 0.876 </td></tr><tr><td>精神上更加活跃</td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 2 [1,3] </td><td> 0.659 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2:参与者满意度与会者表示同意（1 =强烈同意5 =强烈反对）与关于阶级和改善他们的身体和精神福祉语句级别。值表示为中位数[1日，3日的四分之一。还有那些与PD和老年人的自我报告的满意度之间没有差异。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> PD </td><td> 老年人 </td></tr><tr><td> 你喜欢什么最好？ </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>教练和助理-11 </td><td>教练和助理-18 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>能够进行社交-11 </td><td>运动16 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>机会跳舞-3 </td><td>机会跳舞-14 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>结构化/预定活动-1 </td><td>能够进行社交-12 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>成就-1感受</td><td>身体的改进（平衡，步行，能源等） - 6 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>身体的改进（平衡，步行，能源等） - 1 </td><td>受到"挑战思考和act&#39;-1 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>灵活性与考勤212 1 </td><td>所有这一切都-1 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>与讲义简要说明-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 你喜欢什么最少？ </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>更多的舞蹈，少运动要求-4 </td><td>持续时间太长，11 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>什么-3 </td><td>什么-8 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>旅游与距离 - 3 </td><td>其他-5 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>考勤记录保存压力-2 </td><td>程序持续时间（20个课时）太短-4 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>运输类依赖别人-1 </td><td>听力/音频-2 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>音乐系统没有工作，1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>热身太久-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>太过度保护有时-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">在房间里的椅子数量让我害怕运行到他们-1 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>没有足够的重视跟上音乐1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>女性伴侣（觉得更安全与男性合作伙伴）-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>个别类的持续时间（1.5小时）太长-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 建议 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>什么-5 </td><td>什么-11 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>更多的舞蹈-5 </td><td>有更多的志愿者伙伴提供-10 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>短班或以上的休息-2 </td><td>其他-6 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>包括其他拉丁舞，如嚓嚓＆＃8212; 1 </td><td>短班-5 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>提供探戈音乐在家里-1听</td><td>视觉刺激和材料-4 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>在房间1少椅</td><td>节目持续时间（10-12周）太短-3 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>化妆类选项-1 </td><td>查看导师-3的定位和点</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> PD的志愿者更好地认识局限-1 </td><td>更多的运动-2 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>有一个焦点小组，分享经验-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>允许更多的机会做笔记-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>使用名称标签的前几类 - 1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>招募更多的男性志愿者合作伙伴 - 1 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></表&gt; 表3:参与者的反馈参加者完成一个开放式的退出问卷关于他们最喜欢和最不关于阶级和改进建议。他们的反应总结如下。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Community-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults at JoVE.com

Adapted tango has demonstrated efficacy for improving mobility and balance. We describe the dissemination of adapted tango teaching methods to dance instructor trainees and the implementation of adapted tango by the trainees in the community for improving mobility and balance in older adults and individuals with Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

以社区为基础改编的探戈舞的个人与帕金森氏病和老年人

Adapted tango dancing improves mobility and balance in older adults and additional populations with balance impairments. It is composed of very simple ...

community-based-adapted-tango-dancing-for-individuals-with-parkinson

Nanyang Technological University

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Education

JoVE Journal

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Social Psychology

Behavior

Foundations of Social Psychology

Group Dynamics

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

25.4K 次观看.  Emory University School of Medicine. Adapted tango has demonstrated efficacy for improving mobility and balance. We describe the dissemination of adapted tango teaching methods to dance instructor trainees and the implementation of adapted tango by the trainees in the community for improving mobility and balance in older adults and individuals with Parkinson’s disease. 

视频: Community-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease

Sensitive and reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease, sensorimotor tests sensitive to varying degrees of nigrostriatal dysfunction are fundamental for testing the efficacy of potential therapeutics. Reliable and quite elegant sensorimotor measures exist for rats, however many of these tests measure sensorimotor asymmetry within the rat and are not entirely suitable for the newer genetic mouse models of PD. We have put together a battery of sensorimotor tests inspired by the sensitive tests in rats and adapted for mice. The test battery highlighted in this study is chosen for a) its sensitivity in a wide variety of mouse models of PD, b) its ease in implementing into a study, and c) its low expense. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of PD as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

In Parkinson's disease and movement disorders in general, sensitive and reliable behavioral assays are essential for testing novel potential therapeutics. Here, we describe a manageable battery of sensorimotor tests for mice that are sensitive to varying degrees of injury to the nigrostriatal system and useful for preclinical studies.

帕金森氏症小鼠模型的感觉功能评估

Sensitive and  reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of  potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many  ...

科研

行为学

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST)

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of chronic CNS disorders, there is an increasing demand for murine models with high validity at the behavioral level. However, multiple pathogenic mechanisms and complex functional deficits often impose challenges to reliably measure and interpret behavior of chronically sick mice. Therefore, the assessment of peripheral pathology and a behavioral profile at several time points using a battery of tests are required. Video-tracking, behavioral spectroscopy, and remote acquisition of physiological measures are emerging technologies that allow for comprehensive, accurate, and unbiased behavioral analysis in a home-base-like setting. This report describes a refined phenotyping protocol, which includes a custom-made monitoring apparatus (Integrated Behavioral Station, INBEST) that focuses on prolonged measurements of basic functional outputs, such as spontaneous activity, food/water intake and motivated behavior in a relatively stress-free environment. Technical and conceptual improvements in INBEST design may further promote reproducibility and standardization of behavioral studies.

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station INBEST

Prolonged and comprehensive monitoring of mice in a home-cage environment provides a deeper understanding of aberrant behavior in murine models of brain diseases. This paper describes the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST) as the key component of contemporary behavioral analysis.

小鼠疾病模型的集成行为车站行为表型（INBEST）

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of ...

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this domain has focused almost exclusively on adult participants, completely ignoring the topic of threat detection over the course of development. One of the biggest reasons for the lack of developmental work in this area is likely the absence of a reliable paradigm that can measure perceptual biases for threat in children. To address this issue, we recently designed a modified visual search paradigm similar to the standard adult paradigm that is appropriate for studying threat detection in preschool-aged participants. Here we describe this new procedure. In the general paradigm, we present participants with matrices of color photographs, and ask them to find and touch a target on the screen. Latency to touch the target is recorded. Using a touch-screen monitor makes the procedure simple and easy, allowing us to collect data in participants ranging from 3 years of age to adults. Thus far, the paradigm has consistently shown that both adults and children detect threatening stimuli (e.g., snakes, spiders, angry/fearful faces) more quickly than neutral stimuli (e.g., flowers, mushrooms, happy/neutral faces). Altogether, this procedure provides an important new tool for researchers interested in studying the development of attentional biases for threat.

Here we describe a touch-screen visual search paradigm that can be used to study threat detection across the lifespan. The paradigm has already been used in various studies demonstrating that both children and adults detect threatening stimuli like snakes, spiders, and angry faces faster than non-threatening stimuli.

测量注意偏向对威胁儿童和成人

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this ...

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques have been employed, each with positives and negatives. The aim was to determine the effect of NW on older adult gait and posture and to determine optimal use of different data collection systems in both short and long duration analysis. Gait and posture during NW and normal walking were assessed in 17 healthy older adults (age: 69 &#177; 7.3). Participants performed two trials of 6 Minute Walk Tests (6MWT) (1 with poles (WP) and 1 without poles (NP)) and 6 trials of a 5m walk (3 WP and 3 NP). Motion was recorded using two systems, a 6-sensor accelerometry system and an 8-camera 3-dimensional motion capture system, in order to quantify spatial-temporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters.
With both systems, participants demonstrated increased stride length and double support and decreased gait speed and cadence WP compared to NP (p &#60;0.05). Also, with motion capture, larger single support time was found WP (p &#60;0.05). With 3-D capture, smaller hip power generation and moments of force were found at heel contact and pre-swing as well as smaller knee power absorption at heel contact, pre-swing, and terminal swing WP compared to NP, when assessed over one cycle (p &#60;0.05). Also, WP yielded smaller moments of force at heel contact and terminal swing along with larger moments at mid-stance of a gait cycle (p &#60;0.05). No changes were found for posture.
NW seems appropriate for promoting a normal gait pattern in older adults. Three-dimensional motion capture should primarily be used during short duration gait analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry systems should be primarily employed in instances requiring longer duration analysis such as during the 6MWT.

The aim was to substantiate optimal use of data collection techniques for Nordic walking gait and posture analysis. Three-dimensional motion capture should be used during short duration analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry should be employed for longer duration analysis (i.e. repeated cycles) like a 6 Minute Walk Test.

充实适当的运动捕捉技术的越野行走步态中老年人的评估和姿势

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

心理跟踪方法来衡量儿童和成人的口味偏好

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

Behavioral Assessments of Spontaneous Locomotion in a Murine MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease Model

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder disease, causing the phenomenon of shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and dementia. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) can lead to some Parkinson&#8217;s-like symptoms by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. It has been thus used to establish PD models in various animal studies. Here, mice receive MPTP injections (20 mg/kg/day) for seven days and the behavioral tests are performed on the eighth day. This model is adapted efficiently in the study of PD. The behavioral tests here include the cylinder test and the open field test. The cylinder experiment is used to detect the animals&#8217; ability to lift their front paws when put into a different environment. As the PD model mice show arching&#8212;the mouse arches its back&#8212;the number of paw liftings decrease. This test is easy to execute. The open field test is used to detect the amount of time the mice spend on running, walking, and remaining immobile. We analyze animals&#8217; movements in open field using software and obtain data. Lastly, we use L-DOPA, one of the most commonly used PD drugs, as one example to show how to apply this model to the study of PD drugs. Our results indicate that MPTP neurotoxicity induces motor deficit which can be mitigated by L-DOPA.

We describe establishment of a murine model for Parkinson's disease using MPTP, and behavioral assessments using cylinder and open field tests to measure motor function. We then use L-DOPA as one example to show how to apply this model in the study of PD drugs.

小鼠 mptp 诱导的帕金森病模型中自发性运动的行为评估

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder disease, causing the phenomenon of shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and ...

Using a Real-Time Locating System to Measure Walking Activity Associated with Wandering Behaviors Among Institutionalized Older Adults

A real-time locating system (RTLS) can be used to track the walking activity of institutionalized older adults in long-term care who are at risk for wandering behaviors. The benefits of a RTLS are objective and continuous measurements of activity. Self-report methods of activity, especially wandering, by health care staff are vulnerable to floor effects and recall bias, and continuous clinical or research observation over the long-term can be time-consuming and expensive. Health care staff also fail to recognize the onset and/or duration of wandering behaviors, which are associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes in this population but amenable to intervention. RTLS technologies can measure the walking activity of institutionalized residents with cognitive impairment over time with a high degree of accuracy. This is particularly useful for the study of wandering, defined as walking for at least 60 seconds with few (if any) breaks in activity. Wandering is associated with disease progression, hospitalizations, falls and death. Previous work suggests older adults with poor balance ability and high sustained walking activity may be particularly susceptible to poor health outcomes. RTLS&#39;s are used to assess cognitive impairment and factors associated with gait and balance; however, supplemental paper and pencil gait/balance tools may be used to further refine risk profiles. This project discusses the use of a RTLS to measure walking activity and also gait quality and balance ability measures on this population.

This paper discusses the use of a continuous and objective real-time locating system to measure walking activity associated with wandering behaviors, focusing on older adults with cognitive impairment. Walking activity is measured by walking distance, sustained walking distance, and sustained gait speed. Also assessed are gait quality and balance ability.

利用实时定位系统测量被培养的老年人的游走行为相关的步行活动

A real-time locating system (RTLS) can be used to track the walking activity of institutionalized older adults in long-term care who are at risk for ...

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People with Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) demonstrate even longer responses in written word recognition than elderly controls. Despite the general tendency towards slower recognition in aging and neurocognitive disorders, certain characteristics of words influence word recognition speed regardless of age or neuropathology (e.g., a word&#8217;s frequency of use). We present here a protocol for examining the influence of lexical characteristics on word recognition response times in a simple lexical decision experiment administered to younger and older adults and people with MCI or AD. In this experiment, participants are asked to decide as quickly and accurately as possible whether a given letter string is an actual word or not. We also describe mixed-effects models and principal components analysis that can be used to detect the influence of different types of lexical variables or individual characteristics of participants on word recognition speed.

This article describes how to implement a simple lexical decision experiment to assess written word recognition in neurologically healthy participants and in individuals with dementia and cognitive decline. We also provide a detailed description of reaction time analysis using principal components analysis (PCA) and mixed-effects modeling.

研究成人有无痴呆症或轻度认知障碍的文字识别的词汇决策任务

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People ...

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

As Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder, personalized medicine is truly required to optimize care. In their current form, standard scores from paper and pencil symptom- measures traditionally used to track disease progression are too coarse (discrete) to capture the granularity of the clinical phenomena under consideration, in the face of tremendous symptom diversity. For this reason, sensors, wearables, and mobile devices are increasingly incorporated into PD research and routine care. These digital measures, while more precise, yield data that are less standardized and interpretable than traditional measures, and consequently, the two types of data remain largely siloed. Both of these issues present barriers to the broad clinical application of the field&#8217;s most precise assessment tools. This protocol addresses both problems. Using traditional tasks to measure cognition and motor control, we test the participant, while co-registering biophysical signals unobtrusively using wearables. We then integrate the scores from traditional paper-and-pencil methods with the digital data that we continuously register. We offer a new standardized data type and unifying statistical platform that enables the dynamic tracking of change in the person&#8217;s stochastic signatures under different conditions that probe different functional levels of neuromotor control, ranging from voluntary to autonomic. The protocol and standardized statistical framework offer dynamic digital biomarkers of physical and cognitive function in PD that correspond to validated clinical scales, while significantly improving their precision.&#160;

This protocol offers a digitization of portions of traditional clinical tasks commonly used to measure cognition and motor control in Parkinson&#8217;s disease. Clinical tasks are digitized while biophysical rhythms are co-registered from different functional levels of the nervous systems, ranging from voluntary, spontaneous, automatic to autonomic.

帕金森病中运动与认知功能的动态数字生物标志物

As Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder, personalized medicine is truly required to optimize care. In their current form, standard ...

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological cognitive decline. It is thus essential that cognitive tests and their administration are as fair as possible. However, an important source of bias during cognitive testing comes from negative aging stereotypes that can impair the memory performance of older adults and inflate age differences on cognitive tasks. The fear of confirming negative aging stereotypes creates an extra pressure among older adults which interferes with their intellectual functioning and leads them to perform below their true abilities. Here, we present a protocol that highlights simple but efficient interventions to alleviate this age-based stereotype threat effect. The first study showed that simply informing older participants about the presence of younger participants (threat condition) led older adults to underperform on a standardized memory test compared with younger participants, and that this performance difference was eliminated when the test was presented as age-fair (reduced-threat condition). The second study replicated these findings on short cognitive tests used to screen for predementia in clinical settings and showed that teaching older adults about stereotype threat inoculated them against its effects. These results provide useful recommendations about how to improve older adults' memory assessment both in Iab studies and in clinical settings.

Here, we present a protocol designed to show how negative aging stereotypes can impair memory performance of older adults during cognitive testing and how to reduce this deleterious effect. This method can help older people to perform at an optimal level during testing in both lab studies and clinical settings.

在老年人认知测试中突出和减少消极衰老成见的影响

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological ...