This work was supported by a grant from the NIH. The assays shown in Figure 1 was performed by Dr. Joseph Fasolo. We thank Dr. Rui Chen for helpful comments.

1.探针制备<ol><li>文化与净化用来检查与其他蛋白质的相互作用如下V5融合激酶探头: <ol><li>用新鲜挑染酵母菌株Y258（的MATa pep4-3，his4-580，ura3-53，leu2-3,112）含V5融合蛋白（从GATEWAY载体pYES-DEST52表示）。使用分离的蛋白质作为探针上的微阵列。板上完全合成 - 尿嘧啶（SC-URA）/ 2％葡萄糖/琼脂酵母和生长在30℃下从冷冻培养（-80℃的甘油原液）3天。 </li><li>从单个菌落接种起子培养（5-20​​毫升）和上摇动平台（220-250转）或车轮在30℃在钪浦/ 2％葡萄糖生长过夜。 </li><li>第二天早晨，接种将400ml钪浦/ 2％棉子糖与足够起子培养培养物至最终OD 600为0.1。 </li><li>成长到接种OD 600为0.6接着半乳糖诱导V5激酶福锡永构建表达通过添加3×酵母提取物/蛋白胨（YEP）补充有6％的半乳糖的溶液中，通过添加足够的由3倍稀释的诱导培养基，以便半乳糖的那个最终浓度为2％。 </li><li>诱导细胞在30℃下进行6小时的摇动平台上。使用2升锥形瓶中，以保证适当的通风。 </li><li>使用JA-10（或可比）转子通过纺丝400毫升细胞悬浮液在1000×g离心5分钟，在4℃下收获细胞。 </li><li>用50ml冰冷的PBS缓冲液并转移至50ml锥形管一次洗细胞。在冰冷的PBS缓冲液再次洗涤沉淀（没有清洁剂或其它添加剂），用于裂解和转移至2ml单元帽管裂解。 </li><li>在4℃旋转细胞在20,000×g离心1分钟以粒料和吸管离开缓冲区。 </li><li>管放置在冰上进行裂解步骤。 </li><li>裂解细胞（250-350微升粒料）用01:在1.5 1mm的氧化锆珠粒1体积细胞沉淀，珠子，和磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）的裂解缓冲液，涡旋使用搅动平台3次将混合物在2分钟的间隔在4℃。 </li><li>离心裂解物在20,000×g离心在台式微量离心机，在4℃下10分钟。 </li><li>吸管上清液进聚碳酸酯高速离心管中并通过ulracentrufugation以150,000×g离心澄清30分钟，在4℃。 </li><li>转移的澄清的裂解物，以含有预洗涤的Ni 2+亲和树脂（〜100微升）的管和孵育在章动器2小时，在4℃下以捕获组氨酸（His）的6X标记V5-融合蛋白。 </li><li>为10分钟，在4℃下用洗涤缓冲液洗树脂三次。沉淀用台式离心机5分钟的树脂在1000 xg离心在4℃下并吸出上清液。加入新鲜的洗涤缓冲液，每次洗涤和洗涤过程中返回管中的章动器的搅拌。 </li><li>洗净后，STEps的是完整的，应用该洗涤树脂至新的G-25柱洗脱。 </li><li>申请25微升洗脱缓冲液中逐步的方式开始用100mM咪唑到500mM咪唑的50mM增量为总共9馏分。 </li><li>利用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶测定所收集的级分（SDS-PAGE）和考马斯染色来确定最高度富集的馏分（秒）测定中使用，并添加甘油至30％，并储存于-80℃直至在使用检测。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.在探测阵列注:请参阅本节的步骤2.6开始试验前的准备抗体溶液。 <ol><li>为了检测的相互作用，稀释V5-荧光团缀合的抗体（ 即 AlexaFluor 647），以在探针缓冲器260纳克/毫升和振荡调匀。 注:准备该抗体溶液30分钟，在使用前和将管上的nutat或者或轮，以确保完全混合和抗体的均匀悬浮液。 </li><li>稀释V5-融合蛋白探针，5-500微克/ ml的浓度范围。 注:优化每个蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用测定法中，使用探针的缓冲区。优化涉及增加更多的探针探测缓冲区。通常为10微克/毫升作为起点，并相应地根据信号强度调整。 </li><li>从冰箱中（-20℃）除去蛋白质芯片和带至4℃的冰箱在使用之前。 </li><li>直接添加封闭缓冲液到含有蛋白质micorarrays载玻片支架和盖顶用石蜡膜，防止泄漏。通过在50rpm在舞台上，在4℃振荡方框在封闭缓冲液中进行1小时的阵列。 </li><li>封闭后，将阵列转移到湿润的腔室冷却至4℃，并加入90微升稀释的探针直接到阵列表面。叠加的ARR带有凸起挺杆滑AYS孵育静态（无晃动）在加湿室中在4℃下1.5小时。 </li><li>在探针缓冲器在三个50ml锥形管中的每个1分钟洗阵列3次。滑动添加到含有足够预冷探针缓冲器完全包住滑动锥形管。允许升降滑轻轻滑落的蛋白质微阵列（不要强迫它关闭，因为这可能会导致损坏阵列表面）。 </li><li>作为前完成清洗（步骤2.5），并覆盖有凸起的防滑起苗后立即申请直接抗体溶液阵列。在加湿室中孵育阵列30分钟，在4℃。 </li><li>在台式离心机5分钟在室温下以800×g离心执行相同的洗涤步骤之前（3次1在探针缓冲min），而旋在50ml锥形管中。风干在滑动保持器阵列在黑暗中以扫描该阵列在647毫微米之前30分钟。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

提出最初执行使用85独特酵母蛋白激酶-V5融合蛋白进行比较跨越导致新激酶相互作用网络体内 1的识别酵母蛋白激酶不同及相关家族结合活性的协议。作为一个新兴的蛋白质组学分析技术，高通量（HTP）使用蛋白质微阵列依靠肽库，和真核和原核模式生物蛋白质组8,17筛选的发展;后来，这个实验平台应用于高等真核生物如植物和人类5,7。目前还没有商业上可得到的酵母蛋白质阵列。然而，验证序列的cDNA的集合都可以从多个资源虽然该技术可厉害了，一个警告要牢记的是，该试验是在体外完成，并因此结果将有误报。因此，optimizin摹试验条件和战略滤波方案是可取的检索有意义的数据。下一代蛋白质微阵列技术包含跨越多种生物，包括A的高度纯化的功能蛋白进行生化分析的大得多的数目拟南芥属，酿酒酵母和智人Sapien的 。 一种成熟的新蛋白质微阵列已工程改造入他们的水平使一个膨胀各种可以进行的生化分析的。几乎整个蛋白质组已被克隆，并纯化为S.用酵母 C末端标记的文库，以保证蛋白14的适当的翻译后修饰。此外，快速并行分析提供使用蛋白质微阵列使得能够无偏方法蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用和翻译后修饰剖析。

执行蛋白质生物化学和结合的体内活性的全局分析的需要已导致对分析蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（质子泵抑制剂）和整个蛋白质组1,3-8的翻译后修饰的新方法的发展。蛋白质微阵列被制造为包含抗体10,11-功能蛋白微阵列使用全长功能蛋白4-6,8,9，或分析蛋白质微阵列。它们被加工成含有高密度排列到显微镜载玻片用各种表面化学的蛋白，以促进所需的多种用于进行广泛的生化分析12的实验条件。硝化纤维素和醛的表面化学进行化学附着，通过赖氨酸或亲和力连接方法如镍螯合载玻片用于附His标签的蛋白质，谷胱甘肽对除其他13亲和力附件。 </p&gt; 使用功能的蛋白质微阵列来检测蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用，需要获得一个高质量的功能性蛋白质库14。S.酵母是适合于通过高拷贝亲和力配对产生这样的库标记蛋白构建与高通量色谱纯化技术。酵母基因组的绝大部分已测序，几乎整个蛋白质组可以从高拷贝质粒纯化被表达和生化分析12。一旦蛋白被获得并排列在384孔格式，它们被打印到载玻片允许快速并行多参数生化分析和生物信息学的询问8,14-16。蛋白质微阵列已经用于酶测定和相互作用与蛋白质，脂质，小分子和核酸中的许多其它应用。蛋白质的蛋白质组的表面上的辅助阵列使得它们适合于不同类型的分析检测的，包括免疫亲和，表面等离子体共振，荧光技术及其他技术。此外，它允许精细控制的实验条件下在那里它可能是很难做到的体内 。 该协议的目的是要证明的适当使用的功能性蛋白微阵列来检测蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用。此应用程序的使用的兴趣高度纯化的分析物（蛋白质）的蛋白质结合活性的高通量平行生化分析。 C-末端（羧基末端）标记的感兴趣的V5融合诱饵蛋白从在酵母菌株的蛋白质纯化优化的高拷贝质粒制备。 C-末端标记确保了全长蛋白质被翻译。在这项研究中使用的蛋白质是Tda1-V5融合蛋白激酶，其使用镍亲和树脂经由His6X标签纯化。该Tda1-V5融合construct为通过串行洗脱使用咪唑梯​​度洗脱最高度富集的馏分在测定法中使用纯化。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Petri Dishes</td><td>VWR</td><td>NC-10747</td><td>or comparable</td></tr><tr><td>Bacto yeast extract</td><td>Difco</td><td>0217-17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacto peptone</td><td>Difco</td><td>0118-17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacto agar</td><td>Difco</td><td>0140-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dextrose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D9434</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Raffinose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>R0514</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Galactose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G0750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sc-Ura drop out media</td><td>MP Bio</td><td>114410622</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small Culture tubes</td><td>VWR/Fisher</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Large Erlenmeyer Flask</td><td>VWR/Fisher</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge JA-10 rotor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge tubes (500 ml)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon tube (50 ml)</td><td>VWR/Fisher</td><td>21008-951</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS Tablets</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P4417</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FastPrep Tubes (2 ml screw cap tube)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FastPrep Machine</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>116004500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zircon Beads</td><td>BioSpec</td><td>11079105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X100</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P4417</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DTT</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D9779</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M8266&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S3014&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Imidazole (pH = 7.4)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>I5513&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMSF</td><td>Sigma</td><td>93482</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Complete Inhibitor Cocktail (EDTA Free)</td><td>Roche</td><td>11873580001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 1</td><td>sigma</td><td>P2850</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A2153&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween-20</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P1379&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ATP</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A1852&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shaking Incubator (30 &amp;deg;C)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nickel Affinity Resin</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>R901-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>G25 column</td><td>GE life sciences</td><td>27-5325-01&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nutator</td><td>VWR/Fisher</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SDS-PAGE Gel (NuPage)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coomassie Blue Stain</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Monoclonal V5 Antibody</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>R960-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa647 Tagged monoclonal V5 Antibody</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>451098</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protein Microarrays Kit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>PAH0525013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Genepix Scanner</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lifter Slips</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td></td><td>http://www.thomassci.com/Supplies/Microscope-Cover-Glass/_/LIFTER-SLIPS/</td></tr><tr><td>Lysis Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.5 mM DTT,&lt;br/&gt; 2 mM MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 500 mM NaCl, 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), Complete protease inhibitor cocktail &amp;ndash; EDTA-free, Phosphatase inhibitor Cocktail 1, 1 mM PMSF&amp;nbsp; (add just prior to use)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Add the reagents to 1x PBS (0.01 M phosphate buffer, 0.0027 M potassium chloride, 0.137 M sodium chloride; pH 7.4) to obtain the desired volume of lysis solution</td></tr><tr><td>Blocking Buffer: 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.1% Tween-20</td><td></td><td></td><td>Add the reagents to 1x PBS to obtain the desired volume of blocking buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Probe Buffer: 2 mM MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.05% Triton X-100, 50 mM NaCl, 500 &amp;mu;M ATP (for kinases), 1% BSA</td><td></td><td></td><td>Add the reagent to 1x PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Wash Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 500 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM DTT, 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4),2 mM MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Add the reagent to 1x PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Elution Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.5 mM DTT, 2 mM MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 500 mM NaCl, 50 &amp;ndash; 500 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), Complete protease inhibitor cocktail &amp;ndash; EDTA-free, Phosphatase inhibitor Cocktail 1, 1 mM PMSF (add just prior to use)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Before you begin, it is important to note the concentration gradient of imidazole (50 &amp;ndash; 500 mM) and to create separate tubes for each concentration (it is advisable to create the interval using 50 mM increments). Add the reagent to 1x PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td></tr><tr><td>3x YEP +6% galactose: Dissolve 30 g of yeast extract and&amp;nbsp; 60 g of peptone in 700 ml of H2O, and autoclave. Add 300 ml of filter sterilized 20% galactose (wt/vol)</td><td></td><td></td><td>&amp;nbsp;Galactose should not be autoclaved</td></tr></tbody></table>

probing high-density functional protein microarrays to detect protein-protein interactions

含〜4200重组酵母蛋白的高密度功能蛋白微阵列检查使用含有用于读出一个V5表位标签的亲和纯化的酵母激酶融合蛋白激酶蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用。纯化激酶通过酵母菌株的高仿蛋白质生产带有含下GAL诱导启动子激酶-V5融合构建的质粒优化培养获得。酵母生长在限制性培养基用中性碳源为6小时，随后通过感应用2％半乳糖。接着，将培养物收获和激酶用标准亲和层析技术来获得用于在测定中使用高度纯化的蛋白激酶纯化。将纯化的激酶稀释激酶缓冲到一个适当的范围内用于测定和蛋白微阵列被阻断之前与蛋白质微阵列杂交。该杂交后，阵列探测用单克隆V5 antibODY鉴定蛋白质结合的由激酶-V5蛋白。最后，该阵列是利用标准的微阵列扫描仪扫描，并且数据被提取用于下游信息学分析1,2，以确定高置信度设置蛋白质相互作用的体内下游验证。

使用标准的芯片读取器，以评估Tda1-V5蛋白激酶融合构建体对含有约4200独特S.酵母功能性蛋白微阵列诱饵蛋白质的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的活性，观察酵母 GST-融合蛋白。与Genepix软件进一步审讯发现多种结合不同强度的活动。的亲和力从单克隆V5-荧光团缀合的抗体结合至其靶（V5-激酶）导出的信号的梯度强度衡量。 ProCat评分算法2用于鉴定蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用跨两个单独的蛋白微阵列的每个测定一式两份的蛋白（每种蛋白在阵列上点样两次），然后一个阈切断物为计分观察到的相互作用确定。 通过比较两个数组可以得到4技术复制（N = 4），可以用它来确定INT通过相关ER-分析误差的两个点上的每个阵列蛋白质（R 2）。总共9蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用进行鉴定Tda1-V5诱饵蛋白，并使用预定的阈值用于识别独特的蛋白激酶相互作用1上的微阵列的蛋白质之间。此外，同样的蛋白质被发现在整个阵列作为控制不同的位置来评估表面假象，可能会导致误报。的不同激酶的V5融合蛋白的多结合谱的比较使得能够特异性激酶蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用进行检测体内的标识。 在这个实验中，我们测试Tda1-V5的结合活性，并确定基于由p值排名相比测试其它激酶几个统计学显著质子泵抑制剂。特别感兴趣的是Rim11，这已被确定为Tda1的在先前公布的s的磷酸化靶tudy 9。一旦目标已经确定，它们可以被用于生化和功能活性在体内 1进行测试。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51872/51872fig1highres.jpg" /> 图1:Tda1-V5相比空载体对照酵母蛋白质微阵列点样两份以〜4200全长GST融合蛋白温育与对照或Tda1-V5探针。嵌入面板在两个数组比较相同的地区。蛋白质相互作用检测Rim11和Tda1-V5之间（蓝色框）。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions at JoVE.com

Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

使用含有几乎整个S.蛋白质芯片酵母蛋白质组被探查以十万计的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用中并行快速无偏询问。这种方法可以用于蛋白质 - 小分子，翻译后修饰，并在高通量其它测定。

探讨高密度功能蛋白微阵列来检测蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an ...

probing-high-density-functional-protein-microarrays-to-detect-protein

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.0K 次观看.  Stanford University. 使用含有几乎整个S.蛋白质芯片酵母蛋白质组被探查以十万计的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用中并行快速无偏询问。这种方法可以用于蛋白质 - 小分子，翻译后修饰，并在高通量其它测定。 

视频: Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

Extracellular Protein Microarray Technology for High Throughput Detection of Low Affinity Receptor-Ligand Interactions

Secreted factors, membrane-tethered receptors, and their interacting partners are main regulators of cellular communication and initiation of signaling cascades during homeostasis and disease, and as such represent prime therapeutic targets. Despite their relevance, these interaction networks remain significantly underrepresented in current databases; therefore, most extracellular proteins have no documented binding partner. This discrepancy is primarily due to the challenges associated with the study of the extracellular proteins, including expression of functional proteins, and the weak, low affinity, protein interactions often established between cell surface receptors. The purpose of this method is to describe the printing of a library of extracellular proteins in a microarray format for screening of protein-protein interactions. To enable detection of weak interactions, a method based on multimerization of the query protein under study is described. Coupled to this microbead-based multimerization approach for increased multivalency, the protein microarray allows robust detection of transient protein-protein interactions in high throughput. This method offers a rapid and low sample consuming-approach for identification of new interactions applicable to any extracellular protein. Protein microarray printing and screening protocol are described. This technology will be useful for investigators seeking a robust method for discovery of protein interactions in the extracellular space.

Here, we present a protocol to screen extracellular protein microarrays for identification of novel receptor-ligand interactions in high throughput. We also describe a method to enhance detection of transient protein-protein interactions by using protein-microbead complexes.

低亲和力受体-配体相互作用的细胞外蛋白微阵列技术

Secreted factors, membrane-tethered receptors, and their interacting partners are main regulators of cellular communication and initiation of signaling ...

科研

生物化学

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

Significant efforts were gathered to generate large-scale comprehensive protein-protein interaction network maps. This is instrumental to understand the pathogen-host relationships and was essentially performed by genetic screenings in yeast two-hybrid systems. The recent improvement of protein-protein interaction detection by a Gaussia luciferase-based fragment complementation assay now offers the opportunity to develop integrative comparative interactomic approaches necessary to rigorously compare interaction profiles of proteins from different pathogen strain variants against a common set of cellular factors.
This paper specifically focuses on the utility of combining two orthogonal methods to generate protein-protein interaction datasets: yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and a new assay, high-throughput Gaussia princeps protein complementation assay (HT-GPCA) performed in mammalian cells.
A large-scale identification of cellular partners of a pathogen protein is performed by mating-based yeast two-hybrid screenings of cDNA libraries using multiple pathogen strain variants. A subset of interacting partners selected on a high-confidence statistical scoring is further validated in mammalian cells for pair-wise interactions with the whole set of pathogen variants proteins using HT-GPCA. This combination of two complementary methods improves the robustness of the interaction dataset, and allows the performance of a stringent comparative interaction analysis. Such comparative interactomics constitute a reliable and powerful strategy to decipher any pathogen-host interplays.

This article focuses on the identification of high-confident interaction datasets between host and pathogen proteins using a combination of two orthogonal methods: yeast two-hybrid followed by a high-throughput interaction assay in mammalian cells called HT-GPCA.

比较方法来表征景观的宿主 - 病原体蛋白 - 蛋白相互作用

Significant efforts were gathered to generate  large-scale comprehensive protein-protein interaction network maps. This is  instrumental to understand the ...

免疫与感染

In-vivo Detection of Protein-protein Interactions on Micro-patterned Surfaces

Unraveling the interaction network of molecules in-vivo is key to understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell function and metabolism. A multitude of methodological options for addressing molecular interactions in cells have been developed, but most of these methods suffer from being rather indirect and therefore hardly quantitative. On the contrary, a few high-end quantitative approaches were introduced, which however are difficult to extend to high throughput. To combine high throughput capabilities with the possibility to extract quantitative information, we recently developed a new concept for identifying protein-protein interactions (Schwarzenbacher et al., 2008). Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the design and the construction of this system which allows for analyzing interactions between a fluorophore-labeled protein ("prey") and a membrane protein ("bait") in-vivo. Cells are plated on micropatterned surfaces functionalized with antibodies against the bait exoplasmic domain. Bait-prey interactions are assayed via the redistribution of the fluorescent prey. The method is characterized by high sensitivity down to the level of single molecules, the capability to detect weak interactions, and high throughput capability, making it applicable as screening tool.

In-vivo Detection of Protein-protein Interactions on Micro-patterned Surfaces

This video shows experiments with subsequent analysis of protein-protein interactions by the use of micro-patterned surfaces. The approach offers the possibility to detect protein interactions in living cells and combines high throughput capabilities with the possibility to extract quantitative information.

微图案的表面上的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的体内检测

Unraveling the interaction network of molecules in-vivo is key to understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell function and metabolism. A multitude of ...

生物学

Chemically-blocked Antibody Microarray for Multiplexed High-throughput Profiling of Specific Protein Glycosylation in Complex Samples

In this study, we describe an effective protocol for use in a multiplexed high-throughput antibody microarray with glycan binding protein detection that allows for the glycosylation profiling of specific proteins. Glycosylation of proteins is the most prevalent post-translational modification found on proteins, and leads diversified modifications of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of proteins. Because the glycosylation machinery is particularly susceptible to disease progression and malignant transformation, aberrant glycosylation has been recognized as early detection biomarkers for cancer and other diseases. However, current methods to study protein glycosylation typically are too complicated or expensive for use in most normal laboratory or clinical settings and a more practical method to study protein glycosylation is needed. The new protocol described in this study makes use of a chemically blocked antibody microarray with glycan-binding protein (GBP) detection and significantly reduces the time, cost, and lab equipment requirements needed to study protein glycosylation. In this method, multiple immobilized glycoprotein-specific antibodies are printed directly onto the microarray slides and the N-glycans on the antibodies are blocked. The blocked, immobilized glycoprotein-specific antibodies are able to capture and isolate glycoproteins from a complex sample that is applied directly onto the microarray slides. Glycan detection then can be performed by the application of biotinylated lectins and other GBPs to the microarray slide, while binding levels can be determined using Dylight 549-Streptavidin. Through the use of an antibody panel and probing with multiple biotinylated lectins, this method allows for an effective glycosylation profile of the different proteins found in a given human or animal sample to be developed.
Introduction
Glycosylation of protein, which is the most ubiquitous post-translational modification on proteins, modifies the physical, chemical, and biological properties of a protein, and plays a fundamental role in various biological processes1-6. Because the glycosylation machinery is particularly susceptible to disease progression and malignant transformation, aberrant glycosylation has been recognized as early detection biomarkers for cancer and other diseases 7-12. In fact, most current cancer biomarkers, such as the L3 fraction of &alpha;-1 fetoprotein (AFP) for hepatocellular carcinoma 13-15, and CA199 for pancreatic cancer 16, 17 are all aberrant glycan moieties on glycoproteins. However, methods to study protein glycosylation have been complicated, and not suitable for routine laboratory and clinical settings. Chen et al. has recently invented a chemically blocked antibody microarray with a glycan-binding protein (GBP) detection method for high-throughput and multiplexed profile glycosylation of native glycoproteins in a complex sample 18. In this affinity based microarray method, multiple immobilized glycoprotein-specific antibodies capture and isolate glycoproteins from the complex mixture directly on the microarray slide, and the glycans on each individual captured protein are measured by GBPs. Because all normal antibodies contain N-glycans which could be recognized by most GBPs, the critical step of this method is to chemically block the glycans on the antibodies from binding to GBP. In the procedure, the cis-diol groups of the glycans on the antibodies were first oxidized to aldehyde groups by using NaIO4 in sodium acetate buffer avoiding light. The aldehyde groups were then conjugated to the hydrazide group of a cross-linker, 4-(4-N-MaleimidoPhenyl)butyric acid Hydrazide HCl (MPBH), followed by the conjugation of a dipeptide, Cys-Gly, to the maleimide group of the MPBH. Thus, the cis-diol groups on glycans of antibodies were converted into bulky none hydroxyl groups, which hindered the lectins and other GBPs bindings to the capture antibodies. This blocking procedure makes the GBPs and lectins bind only to the glycans of captured proteins. After this chemically blocking, serum samples were incubated with the antibody microarray, followed by the glycans detection by using different biotinylated lectins and GBPs, and visualized with Cy3-streptavidin. The parallel use of an antibody panel and multiple lectin probing provides discrete glycosylation profiles of multiple proteins in a given sample 18-20. This method has been used successfully in multiple different labs 1, 7, 13, 19-31. However, stability of MPBH and Cys-Gly, complicated and extended procedure in this method affect the reproducibility, effectiveness and efficiency of the method. In this new protocol, we replaced both MPBH and Cys-Gly with one much more stable reagent glutamic acid hydrazide (Glu-hydrazide), which significantly improved the reproducibility of the method, simplified and shorten the whole procedure so that the it can be completed within one working day. In this new protocol, we describe the detailed procedure of the protocol which can be readily adopted by normal labs for routine protein glycosylation study and techniques which are necessary to obtain reproducible and repeatable results.

In this study, we describe an improved protocol for a multiplexed high-throughput antibody microarray with lectin detection method that can be used in glycosylation profiling of specific proteins. This protocol features new reliable reagents and significantly reduces the time, cost, and lab equipment requirements as compared to the previous procedure.

化学阻断抗体芯片复用高通量的复杂样品中特定蛋白糖基化的剖析

 In this study, we describe an effective protocol for use in a multiplexed high-throughput antibody microarray with glycan binding protein detection that ...

Discovering Protein Interactions and Characterizing Protein Function Using HaloTag Technology

Research in proteomics has exploded in recent years with advances in mass spectrometry capabilities that have led to the characterization of numerous proteomes, including those from viruses, bacteria, and yeast.&#160; In comparison, analysis of the human proteome lags behind, partially due to the sheer number of proteins which must be studied, but also the complexity of networks and interactions these present. To specifically address the challenges of understanding the human proteome, we have developed HaloTag technology for protein isolation, particularly strong for isolation of multiprotein complexes and allowing more efficient capture of weak or transient interactions and/or proteins in low abundance. &#160;HaloTag is a genetically encoded protein fusion tag, designed for covalent, specific, and rapid immobilization or labelling of proteins with various ligands. Leveraging these properties, numerous applications for mammalian cells were developed to characterize protein function and here we present methodologies including: protein pull-downs used for discovery of novel interactions or functional assays, and cellular localization. We find significant advantages in the speed, specificity, and covalent capture of fusion proteins to surfaces for proteomic analysis as compared to other traditional non-covalent approaches. We demonstrate these and the broad utility of the technology using two important epigenetic proteins as examples, the human bromodomain protein BRD4, and histone deacetylase HDAC1.&#160; These examples demonstrate the power of this technology in enabling &#160;the discovery of novel interactions and characterizing cellular localization in eukaryotes, which will together further understanding of human functional proteomics. &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;

HaloTag technology is a multifunctional technology which has shown significant success in isolation of both small and large protein complexes from mammalian cells.&#160; Here we highlight the advantages of this technology compared to existing alternatives and demonstrate its utility to study numerous aspects of protein function inside eukaryotic cells.

发现蛋白质相互作用和检定蛋白质功能使用的HaloTag技术

Research in proteomics has exploded in recent years with advances in mass spectrometry capabilities that have led to the characterization of numerous ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction Sites Using Peptide Arrays

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may result in disease, making protein interactions important drug targets. It is thus highly important to understand these interactions at the molecular level. Protein interactions are studied using a variety of techniques ranging from cellular and biochemical assays to quantitative biophysical assays, and these may be performed either with full-length proteins, with protein domains or with peptides. Peptides serve as excellent tools to study protein interactions since peptides can be easily synthesized and allow the focusing on specific interaction sites. Peptide arrays enable the identification of the interaction sites between two proteins as well as screening for peptides that bind the target protein for therapeutic purposes. They also allow high throughput SAR studies. For identification of binding sites, a typical peptide array usually contains partly overlapping 10-20 residues peptides derived from the full sequences of one or more partner proteins of the desired target protein. Screening the array for binding the target protein reveals the binding peptides, corresponding to the binding sites in the partner proteins, in an easy and fast method using only small amount of protein.
In this article we describe a protocol for screening peptide arrays for mapping the interaction sites between a target protein and its partners. The peptide array is designed based on the sequences of the partner proteins taking into account their secondary structures. The arrays used in this protocol were Celluspots arrays prepared by INTAVIS Bioanalytical Instruments. The array is blocked to prevent unspecific binding and then incubated with the studied protein. Detection using an antibody reveals the binding peptides corresponding to the specific interaction sites between the proteins.

Peptide array screening is a high throughput assay for identifying protein-protein interaction sites. This allows mapping multiple interactions of a target protein and can serve as a method for identifying sites for inhibitors that target a protein. Here we describe a protocol for screening and analyzing peptide arrays.

鉴定蛋白质相互作用的网站使用多肽阵列

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may ...

Genome-wide Protein-protein Interaction Screening by Protein-fragment Complementation Assay (PCA) in Living Cells

Proteins are the building blocks, effectors and signal mediators of cellular processes. A protein&#8217;s function, regulation and localization often depend on its interactions with other proteins. Here, we describe a protocol for the yeast protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA), a powerful method to detect direct and proximal associations between proteins in living cells. The interaction between two proteins, each fused to a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) protein fragment, translates into growth of yeast strains in presence of the drug methotrexate (MTX). Differential fitness, resulting from different amounts of reconstituted DHFR enzyme, can be quantified on high-density colony arrays, allowing to differentiate interacting from non-interacting bait-prey pairs. The high-throughput protocol presented here is performed using a robotic platform that parallelizes mating of bait and prey strains carrying complementary DHFR-fragment fusion proteins and the survival assay on MTX. This protocol allows to systematically test for thousands of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) involving bait proteins of interest and offers several advantages over other PPI detection assays, including the study of proteins expressed from their endogenous promoters without the need for modifying protein localization and for the assembly of complex reporter constructs.

Genome-wide Protein-protein Interaction Screening by Protein-fragment Complementation Assay PCA in Living Cells

Proteins interact with each other and these interactions determine in a large part their functions. Protein interaction partners can be identified at high-throughput in vivo using a yeast fitness assay based on the dihydrofolate reductase protein-fragment complementation assay (DHFR-PCA).

全基因组蛋白质相互作用通过蛋白质片段互补法（PCA）的活细胞筛选

Proteins are the building blocks, effectors and signal mediators of cellular processes. A protein&#8217;s function, regulation and localization often ...

使用荧光高灵敏度检测化合物-蛋白质结合

Detection of CD40 Protein-Umbelliferone Interaction via Differential Scanning Fluorescence

The investigation of interactions between different molecules is a crucial aspect of understanding disease pathogenesis and screening for drug targets. Umbelliferone, an active ingredient in Tibetan medicine Vicatia thibetica, exhibits an immunomodulatory effect with an unknown mechanism. The CD40 protein is a key target in the immune response. Therefore, this study employs the principle of differential scanning fluorescence technology to analyze the interactions between CD40 protein and umbelliferone using fluorescent enzyme markers. Initially, the stability of the protein fluorescent orange dye was experimentally verified, and the optimal dilution ratio of 1:500 was determined. Subsequently, it was observed that the temperature melting (Tm) value of CD40 protein tended to decrease with an increase in concentration. Interestingly, the interaction between CD40 protein and umbelliferone was found to enhance the thermal stability of CD40 protein. This study represents the first attempt to detect the binding potential of small molecule compounds and proteins using fluorescence microplates and fluorescent dyes. The technique is characterized by high sensitivity and accuracy, promising advancements in the fields of protein stability, protein structure, and protein-ligand interactions, thus facilitating further research and exploration.

作者聚焦:简化 PCR 方法以提高可及性和效率

This protocol describes a unique method for detecting the binding between compounds and protein molecules, offering the advantages of minimal protein sample loss and high data accuracy.

通过差示扫描荧光检测CD40蛋白-umbellefone相互作用

The investigation of interactions between different molecules is a crucial aspect of understanding disease pathogenesis and screening for drug targets. ...

探讨高密度功能蛋白微阵列来检测蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用

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低亲和力受体-配体相互作用的细胞外蛋白微阵列技术

比较方法来表征景观的宿主 - 病原体蛋白 - 蛋白相互作用

微图案的表面上的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的体内检测

化学阻断抗体芯片复用高通量的复杂样品中特定蛋白糖基化的剖析

发现蛋白质相互作用和检定蛋白质功能使用的HaloTag技术

鉴定蛋白质相互作用的网站使用多肽阵列

全基因组蛋白质相互作用通过蛋白质片段互补法（PCA）的活细胞筛选

通过差示扫描荧光检测CD40蛋白-umbellefone相互作用

通过差示扫描荧光检测CD40蛋白-umbellefone相互作用

通过差示扫描荧光检测CD40蛋白-umbellefone相互作用