in vitro sporozoite isolation from cryptosporidium parvum oocysts

In Vitro Sporozoite Isolation from Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts

To purify C. parvum sporozoites, transfer the oocysts to a 15-milliliter tube, and resuspend the cells at a 1 x 107 oocysts per milliliter excystation medium concentration. After 60 to 90 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius, mix 14 milliliters of an appropriate wash solution with the oocysts, and sediment the cells by centrifugation. Aspirate the supernatant carefully to avoid losing oocysts, and resuspend the sporozoite pellet at a 3 times 10 to the seventh oocysts per 1 to 2 milliliters of DMEM concentration.
To remove any remaining oocysts and shells, place a 10-milliliter syringe barrel equipped with a 47-milliliter filter holder apparatus fitted with a 3-micrometer pore-size polycarbonate filter into a 15-milliliter tube at 4 degrees Celsius. Add 7.5 milliliters of the sporozoite suspension to the filter assembly. When the entire volume has passed through the strainer by gravity, wash any remaining cells through the strainer with another 7.5 milliliters of DMEM.
When all of the wash has passed through the strainer, collect the filtered sporozoite suspension by centrifugation for 10 minutes, and label the pellet in 50 to 100 microliters of an appropriate organoid culture medium supplemented with 0.05% fast green dye and L-glutathione, betaine, L-cysteine, linoleic acid, and taurine-containing reducing buffer.

in-vitro-sporozoite-isolation-from-cryptosporidium-parvum-oocysts

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1. In Vitro Purification of Sporozoites from C. parvum Oocysts
<ol>
	<li>Prepare Cryptosporidium oocysts for infecting cells (Figure 1A). 
	NOTE: Cryptosporidium oocysts were purchased from a commercial source (see the Table of Materials). These oocysts are produced in calves and are stored in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with antibiotics. They can be stored for about 3 months at 4 &#176;C and should never be frozen. We normally use oocysts within one month. Organoids can be infected with either intact oocysts, or sporozoites may be isolated from excysted oocysts and used to infect organoids if it is important not to have oocysts carryover from the original inoculum.
	<ol>
		<li>Keep oocysts on ice throughout all manipulations until they are added to the organoids.</li>
		<li>Calculate the number of oocysts needed for a full six-well plate of organoids (usually about 5 x 105&#8211;2.5 x 105 for the plate). Count the number of oocysts in a hemocytometer to verify the quantity and transfer to a centrifuge tube. 
		NOTE: To aid in visualization, oocysts may be mixed 1:1 with an oocyst-specific fluorescent antibody (see the Table of Materials) before being loaded onto the hemocytometer. The fluorophore-labeled oocysts can then be easily visualized and enumerated using a fluorescence microscope. We suggest injecting about 100&#8211;1,000 oocysts/organoids. In general, 1,000&#8211;2,000 organoids can be grown in a six-well plate.</li>
		<li>Bring the volume of the oocyst suspension up to 900 &#181;L with PBS. Add 100 &#181;L of sodium hypochlorite (e.g., Clorox) bleach (at 4 &#176;C). Incubate for 10 min on ice.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge for 3 min in a microcentrifuge at 8,000 x g at 4 &#176;C. Orient the tubes in the centrifuge with the cap opening facing inward. The pellet can be hard to see so knowing where the parasites have pelleted in the tube is essential.</li>
		<li>Remove the supernatant with a pipette being careful to avoid the pellet. Add 1 mL of Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle&#39;s medium (DMEM) and vortex to mix.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge for 3 min in a microcentrifuge at 8,000 x g at 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Repeat washes with DMEM two more times.</li>
		<li>Prepare expansion medium (OME) or differentiation organoid medium (OMD) to which taurocholate has been added to a final concentration of 0.5% (w/v) (See Table of Materials). Taurocholate should always be prepared and added fresh. 
		NOTE: We have successfully used 0.5% taurocholate in our infection assays where the inoculum is intact oocysts and saw improved rates of infection without deleterious effects on the host cells. However, taurocholate may have unanticipated effects on cells and lower concentrations have been used successfully in infection assays.</li>
		<li>Resuspend oocysts in 100 &#956;L of organoid culture medium supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) sodium taurocholate. Count oocysts again as described in step 1.1.2.</li>
		<li>Add Fast Green dye to the suspension in order to visualize injection.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Purify sporozoites from C. parvum oocysts after bleaching and washing out the bleach as described above.
	<ol>
		<li>Transfer the oocysts to a 15 mL tube. Resuspend oocysts in room temperature excystation medium (0.75% w/v sodium taurocholate in DMEM) to obtain 1 x 107 oocysts/mL. The addition of taurocholate improves the excystation rate of the oocysts, improving sporozoite yield.</li>
		<li>Incubate oocyst suspension at 37 &#176;C for 1&#8211;1.5 h.</li>
		<li>Check the sample microscopically for the extent of excystation; 60&#8211;80% excystation is reasonable for good recovery of sporozoites. If the level of excystation is low, incubate longer (another 30 min to 1 h).</li>
		<li>Determine the percent excystation relative to the number of starting oocysts. Excystation is calculated as: 
		% excystation = [1 &#8211; (number of intact oocysts/number of oocysts at start)] x 100</li>
		<li>Wash cells to remove excystation reagents by adding 14 mL of PBS or medium, mixing, and recovering cells (intact oocysts, oocyst shells, and sporozoites) by centrifugation at 3,400 x g for 20 min to recover sporozoites. Aspirate carefully to avoid losing cells.</li>
		<li>Resuspend the sporozoite pellet in 1&#8211;2 mL of DMEM to obtain 3 x 107 oocysts/mL (based on the number of starting oocysts).</li>
		<li>To remove the remaining oocysts and shells, filter the suspension through a 3 &#181;m filter (Figure 1B). Use a 47 mm filter holder apparatus fitted with a polycarbonate filter (3 &#181;m pore size) attached to a 10 mL syringe barrel. Place the filter holder apparatus on top of a 15 mL tube. Place the assembly in an ice bucket or in a cold room.</li>
		<li>Add 7.5 mL of the sporozoite suspension to the filter assembly and allow it to filter through by gravity. Wash through with another 7.5 mL of DMEM. 
		NOTE: To ensure success in sporozoite isolation fresh oocysts and good excystation are critical. If there are too many unexcysted oocysts, the suspension will not flow through by gravity. Applying pressure on the syringe can force unexcysted oocysts through. Microinjection of sporozoites is more challenging than that of oocysts because sporozoites may clump and block the capillary. To avoid this, we recommend making a wider capillary tip when injecting organoids with sporozoites. To achieve sufficient levels of infection, 2&#8211;4 times the number of sporozoites need to be injected into each organoid as compared to organoids infected with oocysts.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the filtered sporozoite suspension at 3,400 x g using a swinging bucket rotor for 20 min to pellet sporozoites.</li>
		<li>Resuspend in 50&#8211;100 &#956;L of OME or OMD organoid culture medium (see the Table of Materials) supplemented with 0.05% (w/v) Fast Green dye and L-glutathione, betaine, L-cysteine, linoleic acid and taurine-containing reducing buffer (see the Table of Materials). 
		NOTE: Incubating oocysts for too long may result in the lysis of sporozoites and poor recovery and therefore should be avoided.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>EMD Millipore Isopore Polycarbonate Membrane Filters- 3&#181;m</td>
			<td>EMD-Millipore</td>
			<td>TSTP02500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast green dye</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>F7252-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microfuge tube 1.5ml</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>T9661-1000EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-loader tips</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>612-7933</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hypoclorite (use 5%)</td>
			<td>Clorox</td>
			<td>50371478</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super stick slides</td>
			<td>Waterborne, Inc</td>
			<td>S100-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swinnex-25 47mm Polycarbonate filter holder</td>
			<td>EMD-Millipore</td>
			<td>SX0002500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>T4009-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>8221840500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12634-010</td>
			<td>500ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penstrep</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>5ml of stock in 500ml DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050038</td>
			<td>5ml of stock in 500ml DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630056</td>
			<td>5ml of stock in 500ml DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reducing buffer (for resuspension of oocysts and sporozoites for injection)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Final concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutathione reduced</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G4251-10MG</td>
			<td>0.5 &#956;g/&#956;l of OME/OMD/LOM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betaine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>61962</td>
			<td>0.5 &#956;g/&#956;l of OME/OMD/LOM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Cysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>168149-2.5G</td>
			<td>0.5 &#956;g/&#956;l of OME/OMD/LOM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linoleic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L1376-10MG</td>
			<td>6.8 &#956;g/ml of OME/OMD /LOM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taurine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T0625-10MG</td>
			<td>0.5 &#956;g/&#956;l of OME/OMD/LOM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>INTESTINAL ORGANOID MEDIA-OMD (Differentiation media)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To differentiate organoids, expanding small intestinal organoids were grown in a Wnt-rich medium for six to seven days after splitting, and then grown in a differentiation medium (withdrawal of Wnt, nicotinamide, SB202190, in a differentiation medium (withdrawal of Wnt, nicotinamide, SB202190, prostaglandin E2 from a Wnt-rich medium or OME)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Source: Dutta, D. et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/59610">Studying Cryptosporidium Infection in 3D Tissue-derived Human Organoid Culture Systems by Microinjection.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
In this video, we demonstrate an in vitro method to purify sporozoites from thick-walled oocysts of the pathogenic parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. The isolated sporozoites can be used for infection studies.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/21719/21719_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1:&#160;Preparation and purification of&#160;Cryptosporidium&#160;oocysts and sporozoites. (A) Schematic representation of the method used for oocyst and sporozoite preparation for infection. (B) Image showing&#160;in vitro&#160;excystation of oocysts. Filtration of unexcysted oocysts and shells gives a purified solution of sporozoites. Scale bar = 10 &#181;m.

1. In Vitro Purification of Sporozoites from C. parvum Oocysts

	Prepare Cryptosporidium oocysts for infecting cells (Figure 1A).
	NOTE: Cryptosporidium ...

To isolate sporozoites from oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro, take bleach-treated oocyst suspension.
Add excystation media containing sodium taurocholate and trypsin.
Sodium taurocholate weakens the glycocalyx layer and oocyst walls, while trypsin degrades oocyst wall proteins, resulting in oocyst excystation and sporozoite release.
Microscopically assess the excystation efficiency.
Centrifuge to pellet the sporozoites, intact oocysts, and oocyst shells.
Resuspend the pellet and pass it through a filtering assembly placed on ice to keep the sporozoites dormant.
Larger oocyst shells and unruptured oocysts are retained in the membrane filter, while small-sized sporozoites pass through the filter via gravity and are collected in the filtrate.
Centrifuge the filtrate.
Resuspend the sporozoite pellet in media containing a dye and reducing buffer constituents.
The dye aids in visualizing the sporozoite injection procedure, while the reducing buffer creates a gastrointestinal tract-like environment, enhancing sporozoite viability and infectivity.
The prepared sporozoites are ready for injection procedures.

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In Vitro Sporozoite Isolation from Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts

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In Vitro Sporozoite Isolation from Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts