10.18 : 侵权行为 II

Here are the types of intentional torts.

First is assault, when a person purposefully threatens another person with harm. Actual contact is not required for assault to occur. For example, if a nurse threatens the patient to give an injection without consent. 

Next is battery, which occurs when one party intentionally inflicts physical harm on another without consent. For instance, if a patient consents to right ear tympanoplasty and the doctor performs it on the left ear.

Then comes false imprisonment, which is when someone intentionally restricts another person's freedom of movement without legal reason. For example, if a nurse restrains a mentally stable patient and limits their movement without their consent.

Another example is invasion of privacy, which occurs when someone invades another person's private space or affairs. An example would be communicating patient information without their consent.

Finally, fraud is when one party deceives another to gain an advantage. For instance, a doctor charges a patient for services not provided.