Funded by NHLBI R01HL091905 (SE), the United Leukodystrophy Foundation CADASIL research grant (FD) and AHA 15POST247200 (PWP). The authors would like to thank Samantha P. Ahchay for providing the image on Figure 1, and Dr. Gerry Herrera, Ph.D., for providing critical comments on the manuscript.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

الشرايين متني الدماغية هي الشرايين مقاومة عالية مع قليل من مفاغرة والفروع التي يروي السكان العصبية واضح. هذه الأوعية الدموية المتخصصة لاعبين المركزي في تنظيم ذاتي الدماغية واقتران الوعائية العصبية من خلال بوساطة نجمية توسع الأوعية 1. وقد عرف أهمية هذه الأوعية...

وينظم الدورة الدموية الدماغية على نحو فريد لدعم مطالب التمثيل الغذائي للخلايا العصبية المركزية، والخلايا التي حدت من مخازن الطاقة وبالتالي فهي حساسة جدا للتغيرات في ضغط الأكسجين وتوريد المواد الغذائية الضرورية. كما معينة القطعان العصبية تصبح نشطة عندما يتم تنفيذ مهام محددة، والأوعية الدموية يعزز زيادة موضعية شديدة في نضح لمنع نقص الأكسجة المحلي واستنزاف المواد الغذائية 1. هذا هو شكل من أشكال احتقان وظيفي المعروفة باسم اقتران الوعائية العصبية، وتعتمد على حسن سير العمل في وحدة وعائية عصبية، يتكون من الخلايا العصبية نشطة، النجمية، والشرايين الدماغية 2. الشرايين متني داخل المخ، مجموعة من الأوعية الدموية التي تشمل متني، اختراق والشرايين قبل شعري، مهمة مركزيا لهذه الاستجابة، ومن ثم حاسما لدراستها بشكل فردي من أجل تحقيق اقتران الوعائية العصبية 3. &lt;ص الطبقة = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; الشرايين متني صغيرة (20-70 ميكرون القطر الداخلي) الأوعية الدموية عالية المقاومة التي يروي السكان العصبية متميزة داخل الدماغ. تتفرع من الشرايين حنوني على السطح، والشرايين متني تخترق لحمة الدماغ في ما يقرب من 90 ᵒ زاوية لتغذية الأوعية الدقيقة تحت سطح الأرض (الشكل 1). هذه الشرايين تلعب دورا حاسما في الحفاظ على ضغط التروية المناسبة كما هي الأوعية التي تحتوي على العضلات الملساء الأكثر القاصي حماية الشعيرات الدموية. في المقابل إلى الدورة الدموية حنوني السطح، الشرايين متني تفتقر إلى فروع جانبية ومفاغرة، وبالتالي هي &quot;عنق الزجاجة&quot; للالدورة الدموية الدماغية 4. ونتيجة لذلك، خلل في الشرايين متني يساهم في تطور الأمراض الدماغية مثل ضعف الأوعية الدموية المعرفي والجلطات الصغيرة (المعروف أيضا باسم السكتات الدماغية الصامتة أو الجوبي). indicat دراساته أن الخلل متني الشرايين يمكن أن يسببها ارتفاع ضغط الدم 5، والإجهاد المزمن 6، وحدثا في وقت مبكر من مرض سفينة صغيرة نموذج الفأر الجيني 7. انسداد وعلاوة على ذلك، التي يسببها تجريبيا من الشرايين اختراق واحدة في الفئران غير كافية لتسبب الجلطات الصغيرة التي هي اسطوانية الشكل، على غرار تلك التي لوحظت في البشر السن 8. وبالإضافة إلى هذه الفروق التشريحية، وآليات تنظيم وظيفة مقلص تختلف بين الشرايين حنوني والشرايين متني. تضيق الأوعية عضلي أكبر في الشرايين متني 9، ربما بسبب عدم وجود تعصيب خارجي 10، وسائط مميزة من mechanotransduction 11، والاختلاف في الكالسيوم داخل الخلايا 2+ يشير 12،13 في خلايا العضلات الملساء في الأوعية الدموية. تشير الدلائل إلى أن آليات عائي تعتمد على البطانة تختلف أيضا بين هذه vascuشرائح لار، مع الشرايين متني واظهار مزيد من الاعتماد على آليات تنطوي الكالسيوم 2+ -activated K + القنوات والاتصالات كهربي توتري داخل جدار الأوعية الدموية مقارنة مع العوامل إنتشاري مثل أكسيد النيتريك وprostacyclins 14. ولذلك، تجمع البيانات في التجارب باستخدام الشرايين حنوني قد لا ينطبق بالضرورة على متني الشرايين، مما يترك فجوة في معرفتنا السيطرة المحلية على التروية الدماغية. وعلى الرغم من أهميتها، والشرايين متني هي ناقصا إلى حد بعيد درس، ويرجع ذلك أساسا إلى التحديات التقنية مع العزلة وتصاعد للدراسة خارج الحي. في هذه المخطوطة وصفنا منهجية لعزل ويقني؛ يدخل القنية الشرايين متني الدماغية، والتي يمكن استخدامها للضغط تخطيط العضل، أو لعزل الأنسجة لimmunolabeling، الكهربية، وعلم الأحياء الجزيئي، وتحليل الكيمياء الحيوية.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S-640</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P217</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl Anhydrous</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M-8266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S233</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9638</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D-(+)-Glucose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G2870</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C4901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9647</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Isolation/Cannulation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Stereo Microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Super Fine Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11252-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vannas Spring Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15000-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wiretrol 50 &amp;mu;l</td><td>VWR Scientific</td><td>5-000-1050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.2 &amp;mu;m Sterile Syringe Filter</td><td>VWR Scientific</td><td>28145-477</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette Puller</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>P-97</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate Glass O.D.: 1.2 mm, I.D.: 0.68 mm</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>B120-69-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dark Green Nylon Thread</td><td>Living Systems Instrumentation</td><td>THR-G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Linear Alignment Single Vessel Chamber</td><td>Living Systems Instrumentation</td><td>CH-1-LIN</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure Servo Controller with Peristaltic Pump</td><td>Living Systems Instrumentation</td><td>PS-200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Video Dimension Analyzer</td><td>Living Systems Instrumentation</td><td>VDA-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Four Channel Recorder with LabScribe 3 Recording and Analysis Software</td><td>Living Systems Instrumentation</td><td>DAQ-IWORX-404</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating Unit</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>64-0102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Automatic Temperature Controller</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>TC-324B</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and cannulation of cerebral parenchymal arterioles

الشرايين متني داخل المخ (PAS)، والتي تشمل الشرايين متني، الشرايين اختراق والشرايين قبل الشعيرات الدموية، والأوعية الدموية مقاومة عالية تتفرع من الشرايين والشرايين حنوني والغوص في لحمة الدماغ. الفردية السلطة الفلسطينية يروي أرض أسطواني منفصلة من لحمة والخلايا العصبية الموجودة داخل. هذه الشرايين هي لاعب رئيسي في تنظيم تدفق الدم الدماغي سواء على الصعيد العالمي (تنظيم ذاتي الدماغية) ومحليا (احتقان وظيفي). المناطق المحمية هي جزء من وحدة وعائية عصبية، هيكل الذي يطابق تدفق الدم الإقليمي في النشاط الأيضي في الدماغ وتشمل أيضا الخلايا العصبية، interneurons والخلايا النجمية. نضح من خلال المناطق المحمية يرتبط ارتباطا مباشرا على نشاط الخلايا العصبية في تلك المنطقة خاصة والزيادات في الصدارة استقلاب الخلايا العصبية إلى زيادة في التروية المحلية الناجمة عن اتساع تغذية السلطة الفلسطينية. تنظيم المحمية يختلف من تميز أفضلالشرايين حنوني. تضيق الأوعية التي يسببها ضغط أكبر في المناطق المحمية وآليات توسيع الاوعيه الدمويه تختلف. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، لا المحمية لا تتلقى تعصيب خارجي من الأعصاب المحيطة بالأوعية - تعصيب هو جوهري وغير المباشر في الطبيعة من خلال الاتصال مع endfeet نجمي الخلايا. وهكذا، البيانات المتعلقة تنظيم مقلص التي تراكمت الدراسات التي تستخدم الشرايين حنوني لا يترجم مباشرة لفهم وظيفة السلطة الفلسطينية. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإنه لا يزال غير معروف كيف الحالات المرضية، مثل ارتفاع ضغط الدم ومرض السكري، وتؤثر على بنية السلطة الفلسطينية والتفاعل. هذه الفجوة المعرفية هي في جزء منه نتيجة للصعوبات التقنية المتعلقة عزل السلطة الفلسطينية وإقناء؛ إدخال القنية. في هذه المخطوطة نقدم بروتوكول لعزل وإقناء؛ إدخال القنية من المناطق المحمية القوارض. وعلاوة على ذلك، وتبين لنا أمثلة من التجارب التي يمكن القيام بها مع هذه الشرايين، بما في ذلك انقباض الناجم عن ناهض للتفاعل عضلي. على الرغم من أن التركيز على هذه المخطوطة على إقناء؛ إدخال القنية السلطة الفلسطينية وتخطيط العضل الضغط وعزل السلطة الفلسطينيةالصورة يمكن أن تستخدم أيضا لدراسة الكيمياء الحيوية، والفيزيائية الحيوية والجزيئية والتصوير.

ويبين الشكل 5A انقباض تمثيلية من المناطق المحمية الماوس إلى 60 ملي بوكل ACSF لتقييم سلامة إعداد. يجب المحمية تقليص الفترة ما بين 15 - 30٪ في ظل وجود 60 ملي بوكل. إذا كان انقباض هو أقل من 15٪، تجاهل السلطة الفلسطينية ويقني؛ يدخل القنية واحد آخر، لأنه ي...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles at JoVE.com

Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles

This manuscript describes a simple and reproducible protocol for isolation of intracerebral arterioles (a group of blood vessels encompassing parenchymal arterioles, penetrating arterioles and pre-capillary arterioles) from mice, to be used in pressure myography, immunofluorescence, biochemistry, and molecular studies.

العزلة وكيفية تركيب الكانيولا من الشلل متني الشرايين

Intracerebral parenchymal arterioles (PAs), which include parenchymal arterioles, penetrating arterioles and pre-capillary arterioles, are high resistance ...

isolation-and-cannulation-of-cerebral-parenchymal-arterioles

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

11.6K Views.  University of Nevada School of Medicine. This manuscript describes a simple and reproducible protocol for isolation of intracerebral arterioles (a group of blood vessels encompassing parenchymal arterioles, penetrating arterioles and pre-capillary arterioles) from mice, to be used in pressure myography, immunofluorescence, biochemistry, and molecular studies.

Video: Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow (ischemia) 1. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) delivers a great majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cortex 2, is the most common site of human stroke 3, and ischemia within its territory can result in extensive dysfunction or death 1,4,5. Survivors of ischemic stroke often suffer loss or disruption of motor capabilities, sensory deficits, and infarct. In an effort to capture these key characteristics of stroke, and thereby develop effective treatment, a great deal of emphasis is placed upon animal models of ischemia in MCA.
Here we present a method of permanently occluding a cortical surface blood vessel. We will present this method using an example of a relevant vessel occlusion that models the most common type, location, and outcome of human stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In this model, we surgically expose MCA in the adult rat and subsequently occlude via double ligature and transection of the vessel. This pMCAO blocks the proximal cortical branch of MCA, causing ischemia in all of MCA cortical territory, a large portion of the cortex. This method of occlusion can also be used to occlude more distal portions of cortical vessels in order to achieve more focal ischemia targeting a smaller region of cortex. The primary disadvantages of pMCAO are that the surgical procedure is somewhat invasive as a small craniotomy is required to access MCA, though this results in minimal tissue damage. The primary advantages of this model, however, are: the site of occlusion is well defined, the degree of blood flow reduction is consistent, functional and neurological impairment occurs rapidly, infarct size is consistent, and the high rate of survival allows for long-term chronic assessment.

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

We describe a highly reproducible method for the permanent occlusion of a rodent major cerebral blood vessel. This technique can be accomplished with very little peripheral damage, minimal blood loss, a high rate of long-term survival, and consistent infarct volume commensurate with the human clinical population.

الدائم انسداد الأوعية الدماغية<em&gt; عبر</em&gt; ضمد مزدوجة وعانى من قطع

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow ...

Medicine

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Arteriovenious malformations (AVMs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and have a rupture risk of ~3% per year. Treatment of AVMs must be tailored specifically to the lesion, with surgical resection being the gold standard for small, accessible lesions. Pre-operative embolization of AVMs can reduce nidal blood flow and remove high-risk AVM features such as intranidal or venous aneurysms, thereby simplifying a challenging neurosurgical procedure. Herein, we describe our approach for the staged endovascular embolization and open resection of AVMs, and highlight the advantages of having a comprehensively trained neurovascular surgeon leading a multi-disciplinary clinical team. This includes planning the craniotomy and resection to immediately follow the final embolization stage, thereby using a single session of anesthesia for aggressive embolization, and rapid resection. Finally, we provide a representative case of a 22-year-old female with an unruptured right frontal AVM diagnosed during a seizure workup, who was successfully treated via staged embolizations followed by open surgical resection.

Surgery is the gold standard for accessible arteriovenious malformations (AVMs), and pre-operative embolization can simplify this procedure. We describe our approach for staged endovascular embolization and open resection of AVMs, and provide a representative clinical example highlighting the advantages of a comprehensively trained neurovascular surgeon leading a multi-disciplinary clinical team.

اللمفاوية شاملة ومفتوحة الإدارة الجراحية للتشوهات الدماغي

Arteriovenious malformations (AVMs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and have a rupture risk of ~3% per year. Treatment of AVMs ...

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke leads to vasogenic cerebral edema and subsequent primary brain injury, which is mediated through destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Rats with induced ischemic stroke were established and used as in vivo models to investigate the functional integrity of the BBB. Spectrophotometric detection of Evans blue (EB) in the brain samples with ischemic injury could provide reliable justification for the research and development of novel therapeutic modalities. This method generates reproducible results, and is applicable in any laboratory without a need for special equipment. Here, we present a visualized and technical guideline on the detection of the extravasation of EB following induction of ischemic stroke in rats.

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

The overall goal of this procedure is to provide a highly reproducible technique for in vivo assessment of the blood-brain barrier disruption in rat models of ischemic stroke.

تقييم في فيفو لتعطيل حاجز الدم في الدماغ في نموذج الفئران من السكتة الدماغية

Ischemic stroke leads to vasogenic cerebral edema and subsequent primary brain injury, which is mediated through destruction of the blood-brain barrier ...

Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats

This protocol describes the use of in vitro television microscopy to evaluate vascular function in isolated cerebral resistance arteries (and other vessels), and describes techniques for evaluating tissue perfusion using Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) and microvessel density utilizing fluorescently labeled Griffonia simplicifolia (GS1) lectin. Current methods for studying isolated resistance arteries at transmural pressures encountered in vivo and in the absence of parenchymal cell influences provide a critical link between in vivo studies and information gained from molecular reductionist approaches that provide limited insight into integrative responses at the whole animal level. LDF and techniques to selectively identify arterioles and capillaries with fluorescently-labeled GS1 lectin provide practical solutions to enable investigators to extend the knowledge gained from studies of isolated resistance arteries. This paper describes the application of these techniques to gain fundamental knowledge of vascular physiology and pathology in the rat as a general experimental model, and in a variety of specialized genetically engineered &#34;designer&#34; rat strains that can provide important insight into the influence of specific genes on important vascular phenotypes. Utilizing these valuable experimental approaches in rat strains developed by selective breeding strategies and new technologies for producing gene knockout models in the rat, will expand the rigor of scientific premises developed in knockout mouse models and extend that knowledge to a more relevant animal model, with a well understood physiological background and suitability for physiological studies because of its larger size.

This manuscript describes in vitro video microscopy protocols for evaluating vascular function in rat cerebral resistance arteries. The manuscript also describes techniques for evaluating microvessel density with fluorescently labeled lectin and tissue perfusion using Laser Doppler Flowmetry.

تقييم آليات مراقبة الأوعية الدموية استخدام الفحص المجهري الفيديو الشرايين المقاومة المعزولة من الفئران

This protocol describes the use of in vitro television microscopy to evaluate vascular function in isolated cerebral resistance arteries (and other ...

Ex Vivo Pressurized Hippocampal Capillary-Parenchymal Arteriole Preparation for Functional Study

From subtle behavioral alterations to late-stage dementia, vascular cognitive impairment typically develops following cerebral ischemia. Stroke and cardiac arrest are remarkably sexually dimorphic diseases, and both induce cerebral ischemia. However, progress in understanding the vascular cognitive impairment, and then developing sex-specific treatments, has been partly limited by challenges in investigating the brain microcirculation from mouse models in functional studies. Here, we present an approach to examine the capillary-to-arteriole signaling in an ex vivo hippocampal capillary-parenchymal arteriole (HiCaPA) preparation from mouse brain. We describe how to isolate, cannulate, and pressurize the microcirculation to measure arteriolar diameter in response to capillary stimulation. We show which appropriate functional controls can be used to validate the HiCaPA preparation integrity and display typical results, including testing potassium as a neurovascular coupling agent and the effect of the recently characterized inhibitor of the Kir2 inward rectifying potassium channel family, ML133. Further, we compare the responses in preparations obtained from male and female mice. While these data reflect functional investigations, our approach can also be used in molecular biology, immunochemistry, and electrophysiology studies.

The present manuscript details how to isolate hippocampal arterioles and capillaries from the mouse brain and how to pressurize them for pressure myography, immunofluorescence, biochemistry, and molecular studies.

السابق فيفو هيبوكامبال الضغط الشعرية-Pareniole الشرايين التحضير للدراسة الوظيفية

From subtle behavioral alterations to late-stage dementia, vascular cognitive impairment typically develops following cerebral ischemia. Stroke and ...

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue that requires a substantial blood supply. The retinal circulation supports the inner retina, while the choroidal vessels supply the photoreceptors. Alterations in retinal perfusion contribute to numerous sight-threatening disorders, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and retinal branch vein occlusions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of blood flow through the retina and how these are altered during ocular disease could lead to the identification of new targets for the treatment of these conditions. Retinal arterioles are the main resistance vessels of the retina, and consequently, play a key role in regulating retinal hemodynamics through changes in luminal diameter. In recent years, we have developed methods for isolating arterioles from the rat retina which are suitable for a wide range of applications including cell physiology studies. This preparation has already begun to yield new insights into how blood flow is controlled in the retina and has allowed us to identify some of the key changes that occur during ocular disease. In this article, we describe methods for the isolation of rat retinal arterioles and include protocols for their use in patch-clamp electrophysiology, calcium imaging and pressure myography studies. These vessels are also amenable for use in PCR-, western blotting- and immunohistochemistry-based studies.

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

This manuscript describes a straightforward protocol for the isolation of arterioles from the rat retina that can be used in electrophysiological, calcium imaging and pressure myography studies.

عزل الشرايين الشبكية للدراسات فيزيولوجيا الخلية السابقين فيفو

The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue that requires a substantial blood supply. The retinal circulation supports the inner retina, while the ...

Biology

Simultaneous Measurements of Intracellular Calcium and Membrane Potential in Freshly Isolated and Intact Mouse Cerebral Endothelium

Cerebral arteries and their respective microcirculation deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain via blood flow regulation. Endothelial cells line the lumen of blood vessels and command changes in vascular diameter as needed to meet the metabolic demand of neurons. Primary endothelial-dependent signaling pathways of hyperpolarization of membrane potential (Vm) and nitric oxide typically operate in parallel to mediate vasodilation and thereby increase blood flow. Although integral to coordinating vasodilation over several millimeters of vascular length, components of endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH) have been historically difficult to measure. These components of EDH entail intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i increases and subsequent activation of small- and intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SKCa/IKCa) channels.
Here, we present a simplified illustration of the isolation of fresh endothelium from mouse cerebral arteries; simultaneous measurements of endothelial [Ca2+]i and Vm using Fura-2 photometry and intracellular sharp electrodes, respectively; and a continuous superfusion of salt solutions and pharmacological agents under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 &#176;C). Posterior cerebral arteries from the Circle of Willis are removed free of the posterior communicating and the basilar arteries. Enzymatic digestion of cleaned posterior cerebral arterial segments and subsequent trituration facilitates removal of adventitia, perivascular nerves, and smooth muscle cells. Resulting posterior cerebral arterial endothelial &#34;tubes&#34; are then secured under a microscope and examined using a camera, photomultiplier tube, and one to two electrometers while under continuous superfusion. Collectively, this method can simultaneously measure changes in endothelial [Ca2+]i and Vm in discrete cellular locations, in addition to the spreading of EDH through gap junctions up to millimeter distances along the intact endothelium. This method is expected to yield a high-throughput analysis of the cerebral endothelial functions underlying mechanisms of blood flow regulation in the normal and diseased brain.

Demonstrated here are protocols for (1) freshly isolating intact cerebral endothelial "tubes" and (2) simultaneous measurements of endothelial calcium and membrane potential during endothelium-derived hyperpolarization. Further, these methods allow for pharmacological tuning of endothelial cell calcium and electrical signaling as individual or interactive experimental variables.

قياسات متزامنة من الكالسيوم داخل الخلايا وإمكانات غشاء في البطانة الدماغي الماوس معزولة طازجة وسليمة

Cerebral arteries and their respective microcirculation deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain via blood flow regulation. Endothelial cells line the ...

Optimization of the Longa Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Method for Complete Reperfusion

The middle cerebral artery occlusion model serves as the primary animal model for studying ischemic stroke. Despite being used in research for over three decades, its standardization remains inadequate. Predominantly conducted on rats and mice, the procedure poses challenges due to mice's smaller and more fragile nature. Unlike the Koizumi common carotid artery method, the Longa external carotid artery is the sole intraluminal filament stroke model ensuring complete reperfusion post-ischemia. This aspect holds critical significance for studies investigating reperfusion phenomena. The surgical modifications demonstrated in this article ensure continuous blood flow from the common carotid artery throughout the ischemic phase and after the reperfusion onset. The goal of these modifications is to selectively occlude the middle cerebral artery by keeping the perfusion uninterrupted in branches proximal to the middle cerebral artery during the ischemia period. Furthermore, the onset of reperfusion is sudden and can be precisely controlled, thereby modeling endovascular thrombectomy in human medicine more accurately. Our aim in presenting this comprehensive video article is to ease the training of new surgeons and promote the standardization of surgical procedures within the scientific community.

This protocol presents a step-by-step guide for researchers to perform the middle cerebral artery occlusion procedure on mice using the modified Longa external carotid artery method. Modifications presented in this article aim to increase the accuracy of middle cerebral artery occlusion and ensure complete reperfusion.

تحسين طريقة انسداد الشريان الدماغي الأوسط لونجا لإعادة التروية الكاملة

The middle cerebral artery occlusion model serves as the primary animal model for studying ischemic stroke. Despite being used in research for over three ...

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Arteriolar Endothelium of Mouse Brain Parenchyma

Cerebral blood flow is conveyed by vascular resistance arteries and downstream parenchymal arterioles. Steady-state vascular resistance to blood flow increases with decreasing diameter from arteries to arterioles that ultimately feed into capillaries. Due to their smaller size and location in the parenchyma, arterioles have been relatively understudied and with less reproducibility in findings than surface pial arteries. Regardless, arteriolar endothelial cell structure and function&#8212;integral to the physiology and etiology of chronic degenerative diseases&#8212;requires extensive investigation. In particular, emerging evidence demonstrates that compromised endothelial function precedes and exacerbates cognitive impairment and dementia.
In the parenchymal microcirculation, endothelial K+ channel function is the most robust stimulus to finely control the spread of vasodilation to promote increases in blood flow to areas of neuronal activity. This paper illustrates a refined method for freshly isolating intact and electrically coupled endothelial &#34;tubes&#34; (diameter, ~25 &#181;m) from mouse brain parenchymal arterioles. Arteriolar endothelial tubes are secured during physiological conditions (37 &#176;C, pH 7.4) to resolve experimental variables that encompass K+ channel function and their regulation, including intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, changes in membrane potential, and membrane lipid regulation. A distinct technical advantage versus arterial endothelium is the enhanced morphological resolution of cell and organelle (e.g., mitochondria) dimensions, which expands the usefulness of this technique. Healthy cerebral perfusion throughout life entails robust endothelial function in parenchymal arterioles, directly linking blood flow to the fueling of neuronal and glial activity throughout precise anatomical regions of the brain. Thus, it is expected that this method will significantly advance the general knowledge of vascular physiology and neuroscience concerning the healthy and diseased brain.

Intensive preparation of intact mouse cerebral endothelial &#34;tubes&#34; from cerebral parenchymal arterioles is illustrated for studying cerebral blood flow regulation. Further, we demonstrate the experimental strengths of this endothelial study model for fluorescence imaging and electrophysiology measurement of key cellular signaling pathways, including changes in intracellular [Ca2+] and membrane potential.

العزل والتحليل الوظيفي للبطانة الشريانية لحمة دماغ الفأر

Cerebral blood flow is conveyed by vascular resistance arteries and downstream parenchymal arterioles. Steady-state vascular resistance to blood flow ...

Preparing Cerebral Endothelial Tubes from Mouse Parenchymal Arterioles

Source: Hakim, M. A., et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/63463">Isolation and Functional Analysis of Arteriolar Endothelium of Mouse Brain Parenchyma.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video demonstrates a method for isolating the endothelial tubes from mouse cerebral parenchyma. Through a combination of enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation, the process yields an intact tube with endothelial cells.

تحضير الأنابيب البطانية الدماغية من الشرايين المتني للفأر

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee. 
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