We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Deborah L. Gumucio as our advisor and for her invaluable support in defining the culture and imaging methods. We also thank Dr. Jim Brodie, Dr. Hong-Xiang Lu, Dr. Charlotte Mistretta, and Dr. Ann Grosse for their contributions to the development of the whole intestine organ culture system. Helpful discussions on imaging provided excellent advice from Dr. Chip Montrose, Michael Czerwinski and Sasha Meshinchi. All imaging was performed in the Microscopy and Image Analysis Laboratory at the University of Michigan. Funding support was provided by NIH R01 DK065850.

<ol>
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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mouse+Nkx2-3+homeodomain+gene+is+expressed+in+gut+mesenchyme+during+pre-+and+postnatal+mouse+development.">The mouse Nkx2-3 homeodomain gene is expressed in gut mesenchyme during pre- and postnatal mouse development.</a> Dev Dyn. 209, 29-35 (1997).</li><li>Pabst, O., Zweigerdt, R., Arnold, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+disruption+of+the+homeobox+transcription+factor+Nkx2-3+in+mice+results+in+postnatal+lethality+and+abnormal+development+of+small+intestine.">Targeted disruption of the homeobox transcription factor Nkx2-3 in mice results in postnatal lethality and abnormal development of small intestine.</a> Development. 126, 2215-2225 (1999).</li><li>Kaestner, K. H., Silberg, D. G., Traber, P. G., Sch&#252;tz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mesenchymal+winged+helix+transcription+factor+Fkh6+is+required+for+the+control+of+gastrointestinal+proliferation+and+differentiation.">The mesenchymal winged helix transcription factor Fkh6 is required for the control of gastrointestinal proliferation and differentiation.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 11, 1583-1595 (1997).</li><li>Madison, B. B., McKenna, L. B., Dolson, D., Epstein, D. J., Kaestner, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FoxF1+and+FoxL1+link+hedgehog+signaling+and+the+control+of+epithelial+proliferation+in+the+developing+stomach+and+intestine.">FoxF1 and FoxL1 link hedgehog signaling and the control of epithelial proliferation in the developing stomach and intestine.</a> J Biol Chem. 284, 5936-5944 (2009).</li><li>Karlsson, L., Lindahl, P., Heath, J. K., Betsholtz, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abnormal+gastrointestinal+development+in+PDGF-A+and+PDGFR-(alpha)+deficient+mice+implicates+a+novel+mesenchymal+structure+with+putative+instructive+properties+in+villus+morphogenesis.">Abnormal gastrointestinal development in PDGF-A and PDGFR-(alpha) deficient mice implicates a novel mesenchymal structure with putative instructive properties in villus morphogenesis.</a> Development. 127, 3457-3466 (2000).</li><li>Mao, J., Kim, B., Rajurkar, M., Shivdasani, R., Mcmahon, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hedgehog+signaling+controls+mesenchymal+growth+in+the+developing+mammalian+digestive+tract.">Hedgehog signaling controls mesenchymal growth in the developing mammalian digestive tract.</a> Development. 137, 1721-1729 (2010).</li><li>Theiler, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The house mouse. Development and normal stages from fertilization to 4 weeks of age. , (1989).</li><li>Hamilton, T. G., Klinghoffer, R. A., Corrin, P. D., Soriano, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+divergence+of+platelet-derived+growth+factor+alpha+receptor+signaling+mechanisms.">Evolutionary divergence of platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor signaling mechanisms.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 23, 4013-4025 (2003).</li><li>Muzumdar, M. D., Tasic, B., Miyamichi, K., Li, L., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+global+double-fluorescent+Cre+reporter+mouse.">A global double-fluorescent Cre reporter mouse.</a> Genesis. 45, 593-605 (2007).</li><li>Goodrich, L. V., Milenkovic, L., Higgins, K. M., Scott, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+neural+cell+fates+and+medulloblastoma+in+mouse+patched+mutants.">Altered neural cell fates and medulloblastoma in mouse patched mutants.</a> Science. 277, 1109-1113 (1997).</li><li>Fu, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtome-free+3-dimensional+confocal+imaging+method+for+visualization+of+mouse+intestine+with+subcellular-level+resolution.">Microtome-free 3-dimensional confocal imaging method for visualization of mouse intestine with subcellular-level resolution.</a> Gastroenterology. 137, 453-465 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have no financial conflicts to disclose.

الطبيعة الديناميكية والتفاعلات المعقدة للأنسجة الأمعاء وضع التصور 3D تتطلب أن يكون التقدير الكامل لهذه الأحداث التخلق. مع تطور تكنولوجيا التصوير، والقدرة على فحص زغابة التشكل بالتفصيل على تطوير / تحسين ومعها، وتعزيز فهم التواصل والتفاعل المكاني خلال توالد بشكل كبير. كما تم اختبار طرق بديلة لزراعة الأمعاء بأكملها، ولكن يبقى نظام transwell الأكثر موثوقية لمرات أطول الثقافة والحفاظ على طبيعية العنقودية وزغابة الزخرفة. نظم الاستزراع ثلاثي الأبعاد (matrigel أو الكولاجين) تعمل بشكل جيد لفترات قصيرة الثقافة (أقل من 24 ساعة) من الأمعاء الأصغر سنا (E12.5-E15.5)، ولكن عندما تبدأ الأمعاء يخضعون للحركات مثل تحوي وإفراز الأنزيمات والنفايات في التجويف، ركائز ثلاثية الأبعاد لا تصمد جيدا. الأمعاء في الثقافة السائلةق ستطور أيضا، ومع ذلك، فإن عدم وجود دعم أو مرجعية للتوجيه في ثقافة التعويم الحر يبدو لتغيير النمط الطبيعي للتجمعات والزغب. لذا، يفضل النظام transwell لدراسة الزخرفة العنقودية وزغابة ظهور وثمرة. طريقة أخرى لتصوير حي wholemount مع مجموعة أقل صرامة يصل هو استخدام دبابيس minutien لتركيب الأمعاء الجنين إلى طبقة رقيقة من 7٪ الاغاروز على الجزء السفلي من 35 × 10 مم لوحة. في حين أن هذا الأسلوب هو الأسهل لانشاء، لاحظ أن استخدامه يقتصر على المراحل الشابة (E12.5-E15.5) أو لفترات أقصر زراعة منذ ان matrigel لا تصمد لإفرازات الأمعاء. لإعداد لوحات والثقافة، ويكفي صب ذاب 7٪ الاغاروز فقط لتغطية الجزء السفلي من 35 × 10 مم لوحة. وضع أنبوب زجاجي الشعرية في وسط الاغاروز حين انها لا تزال طيعة. مرة واحدة وقد عززت agarose، إزالة الزجاج الشعرية ووضع رانه الجنين الأمعاء على طول إنشاؤها بشكل جيد من قبل شعري. ملء الشعرية بشكل جيد مع matrigel لتطويق الأمعاء ووضع الطبق الثقافة عند 37 درجة مئوية حتى تغرب matrigel. إضافة الفينول الحمراء الخالية DMEM وسائل الإعلام ثقافة بعناية. وضع لوحة 35 ملم × 10 داخل 60 × 15 مم لوحة وملء 60 ملم لوحة مع الماء لإنشاء غرفة رطبة. ويستند اختيار طريقة التركيب (wholemount أو vibratome) للتصوير الحي على التوجه المطلوب من المنطقة المراد تصور. على سبيل المثال، لعرض التغييرات في شكل الخلايا الظهارية، ض أكوام من خلال الأمعاء wholemounted سيوفر آراء السطوح القمية والقاعدية. لعرض interkinetic الهجرة النووية للخلايا الظهارية في ورقة الظهارية، تسمح vibratome أقسام حدا على (عرضية) بغية مراقبة الأسطح القمية والقاعدية. إعداد العينات أمر بالغ الأهمية لتسفر عن أفضل نتائج التصوير. عند استخدام vibratome المقاطعالثانية القياسية متحد البؤر المجهر، ويمكن تحقيق قرار جيد حتى عمق 75 ميكرون دون كاشف المقاصة. حاليا، لم يتم تحديد كاشف المقاصة لعينات حية حتى عمق التصوير محدودة. لعينات ثابتة، يمكن استخدام كاشف المقاصة تحسن كثيرا من عمق التصوير. كان كاشف المقاصة وجدت لتقديم أفضل قرار التشكل وتركيز واضح 17. بعد 30 دقيقة من المقاصة في التركيز واضحة ومتزايدة في جبل اضح، وعمق كامل من جميع مراحل الجنينية الأمعاء ولا يمكن تصوير مع قرار ممتاز. ثمة بديل أقل تكلفة المقاصة هو 70٪ الجلسرين، ولكن عمق القصوى من التغلغل في الأنسجة الجنينية هو 150 m، بعد ذلك القرار وشدة إشارة تضيع. واحد ملاحظة هامة هي أن الإشارات هي الأكثر معرفة في العينات التي يتم تحميلها وتصويرها في نفس اليوم تم الانتهاء من تلطيخ. تصاعد مع إشارة الحفاظ مائي تصاعد المتوسطة (مثل الذهب إطالة مكافحة تتلاشى الحل (لايف تكنولوجيز P36930) لا تساعد في الحفاظ على إشارة، ولكن فقط لفترة قصيرة. ويتم الحصول على أوضح الصور دائما مباشرة بعد تلطيخ وتركيب العينات.

Each intestinal villus is composed of two main tissue compartments: an epithelial surface layer and a mesenchymal core. The mouse small intestine is formed at embryonic day 10 when a sheet of endoderm closes and seals to form a tube of epithelium surrounded by mesenchymal cells3. This flat tube of epithelium undergoes rapid proliferation, growing both in length and girth and undergoes dramatic rearrangements involving dynamic cell shape changes1. At the same time, the surrounding mesenchyme also undergoes many developmental processes including the formation of the vascular plexus, differentiation of smooth muscle and recruitment of enteric neurons4. In the proximal small intestine at embryonic day 14.5, condensations (clusters) of Hedgehog- and PDGF-responsive cells begin to form adjacent to the epithelium2,5. Formation of mesenchymal clusters continues to spread along the length of the intestine so that they cover the entirety of the small intestine by embryonic day 16.52. As mesenchymal clusters form, the epithelial cells closest to the clusters begin to withdraw from the cell cycle, while the other epithelial cells continue to proliferate. Those cells directly above the mesenchymal cluster that have withdrawn from the cell cycle begin to change shape as the emerging villus buckles into the lumen. Further growth of the villus is driven in part by the continued proliferation of the epithelium between the emerging villi. The mesenchymal clusters remain tightly adhered to the epithelium of the growing villus and continue to express a variety of signaling molecules. The wave of villus emergence propagates along the length of the small intestine following the formation of mesenchymal clusters. As the intestine continues to grow and the intervillus region extends between emerging villi, new mesenchymal clusters form adjacent to the intervillus epithelium and further rounds of villus emergence and growth ensue6.
Synchronized development of the epithelium and mesenchyme is essential for villus morphogenesis. Signaling molecules are secreted from one layer to the other where receptors receive and transduce the signal message in order to coordinate development between the epithelium and mesenchyme. Mesenchymal clusters act as signaling centers and express a variety of developmental morphogens7-10. Disruption of cluster formation or pattern results in loss of villus emergence and pattern. Inhibition of PDGF signaling results in fewer clusters and fewer villi and those villi that do form are misshapen following the abnormal clusters11. Loss of Hedgehog signaling results in complete loss of cluster formation and failure of villus emergence2,12. Together, these data demonstrate that clusters coordinate development of the villus epithelium with its mesenchymal core.
Using this whole organ culture system, we are able to alter signaling involved in epithelial-mesenchymal cluster cross-talk to determine the role of those signals in villus morphogenesis. Two-photon confocal optical sectioning and reconstruction afford the ability to visualize cluster formation and villus emergence in three-dimensions and better understand the spatial relationships between the mesenchymal clusters and their overlying epithelium. Extending the culture system to four dimensions, we can capture z-stacks of developing clusters and villi over time and observe these interactions. Ultimately, the ability to follow villus development in this manner and observe changes that occur with altered signaling will revolutionize the understanding of epithelial mesenchymal interactions in villus morphogenesis.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1308">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:508px;">Fine dissecting forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">&#160;11254-20</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">2 pairs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1x sterile Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>14040-133</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 well plates</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">24 well plates</td>
			<td>Costar&#160;</td>
			<td>3524</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">60 x 15 mm petri dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>&#160;451007</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transwell plates, 24 mm inserts, 8.0 mm polycarbonate membranes</td>
			<td>Corning Costar&#160;</td>
			<td>3428</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">6 inserts per plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BGJb media</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>12591-038</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PenStrep (10,000U/ml Penicillin; 10,000 mg/ml Streptomycin)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>&#160;15140</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>A0278</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">make 5 mg/ml stock, filter, aliquot and store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">Mouth pipet (Drummond 1-15 inch aspirator tube assembly)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">&#160;21-180-10</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">remove the aspirator assembly and replace it with a 1000 &#181;l pipet tip which acts as an adaptor to plug in a 6 inch glass Pasteur pipet.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 inch glass pasteur pipets</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose beads</td>
			<td>BioRad&#160;</td>
			<td>153-7301</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Capillary Tubes</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td>TW100F-4</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">pull to needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;">made in 1 x PBS, pH to 7.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Live Imaging Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Culture plates</td>
			<td>Falcon&#160;</td>
			<td>353037</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fine mesh stainless steel screen</td>
			<td>purchase at hardware store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Polycarbonate membranes</td>
			<td>Thomas scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>4663H25</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">alternatively, cut Corning Costar 3428 membranes off of transwell supports</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Instant glue</td>
			<td>purchase at hardware store</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">gel based preferrably</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">35 x 10 mm plates</td>
			<td>Falcon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">351008</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">7% agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;A9414</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">prepare w/v in 1x DPBS, heating to dissolve in a waterbath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">minutien pins</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">26002-20</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phenol red free media (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">21063-029</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Xylazine (100 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>AnaSed&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">139-236</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">356231</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">basement membrane matrix, growth factor reduced, phenol red-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">3-4% agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>A9414</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">prepare w/v in 1x DPBS, heating to dissolve in a waterbath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Imaging of fixed intestines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">vaseline</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">purchase at pharmacy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used to make VALAP: equal parts vaseline, lanolin, paraffin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">lanolin</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>L7387</td>
			<td>used to make VALAP: equal parts vaseline, lanolin, paraffin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">paraffin</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Surgipath</td>
			<td>39601006</td>
			<td>used to make VALAP: equal parts vaseline, lanolin, paraffin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70% glycerol in 1 x PBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Focus clear and Mount Clear</td>
			<td>CelExplorer Labs Co.</td>
			<td>&#160;F101-KIT</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Modeling clay</td>
			<td>purchase at art supply store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">double stick tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">cotton applicator swabs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">plastic molds, 10mm x 10mm x 5 mm)</td>
			<td>Tissue Tek&#160;</td>
			<td>4565</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">slides</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">coverslips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">lab wipe</td>
			<td>Kimberly Clark</td>
			<td>34155</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">lint free delicate task wipe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Theiler staging chart&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"><a href="http://www.emouseatlas.org/emap/ema/theiler_stages/%20downloads/theiler2.pdf">http://www.emouseatlas.org/emap/ema/theiler_stages/ downloads/theiler2.pdf</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica SP5X confocal microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;">Used to conduct the live imaging&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica DMI 6000 stand&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;">Used to conduct the live imaging&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Aqueous mounting medium (Prolong Gold)</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes&#160;</td>
			<td>P36930</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Materials for Immunofluorescence staining of fixed, vibratome sectioned intestines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">24 well plate</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>&#160;3524</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>T-8787</td>
			<td style="width:444px;">used to make Permeabilization solution: 0.5% Triton X-100 in 1 x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Goat serum</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:444px;">used to make Blocking Solution: 4% Goat serum, 0.1% Tween20 in 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Tween20&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;P9416</td>
			<td style="width:444px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mouse fetal whole intestine culture system for ex vivo manipulation of signaling pathways and three-dimensional live imaging of villus development

تم الاستدلال معظم عمليات التخلق في الأمعاء من الجنين أقسام رقيقة من الأنسجة الثابتة، وتوفير لقطات من التغيرات على مدى مراحل النمو. المعلومات ثلاثي الأبعاد من أقسام مسلسل رقيقة يمكن أن يكون تحديا لتفسير بسبب صعوبة إعادة بناء أقسام التسلسلية تماما والحفاظ على التوجه السليم للأنسجة على أقسام التسلسلية. النتائج الأخيرة من قبل غروس آخرون، 2011 تسليط الضوء على أهمية ثلاثية الأبعاد في فهم المعلومات التشكل من الزغب النامية في الأمعاء 1. أظهرت إعادة الإعمار ثلاثي الأبعاد من الخلايا المعوية المسمى منفردة أن غالبية الخلايا الظهارية في الأمعاء اتصل كل من الأسطح قمية والقاعدية. وعلاوة على ذلك، أظهرت إعادة الإعمار ثلاثي الأبعاد من الهيكل الخلوي الأكتين على السطح القمي من ظهارة أن لمعة الأمعاء مستمرة وأن شمعة الثانوية وقطعة أثرية من لياليectioning. تلك نقطتين، جنبا إلى جنب مع تظاهرة الهجرة النووية interkinetic في الظهارة المعوية، ويعرف ظهارة الأمعاء النامية بصفة ظهارة مطبقة كاذبة وليس طبقية كما كان يعتقد سابقا 1. كانت القدرة على مراقبة ظهارة ثلاثة الأبعاد-المنوية لإثبات هذه النقطة، وإعادة التشكل الظهارية في الأمعاء الجنين. مع تطور تكنولوجيا التصوير متعدد الفوتون وبرامج إعادة الإعمار ثلاثي الأبعاد، والقدرة على تصور سليم، وتطوير أجهزة يتحسن بسرعة. ثنائي الفوتون الإثارة تتيح اختراق أقل ضررا أعمق في الأنسجة مع ارتفاع القرار. التصوير ثنائي الفوتون وإعادة الإعمار 3D من الأمعاء بأكملها الماوس الجنين في التون وآخرون، 2012 ساعد على تحديد نمط زغابة ثمرة 2. نحن هنا وصف نظام الثقافة الجهاز كله الذي يسمح فيفو السابقين تطوير الزغب وملحقات هذا النظام للسماح للثقافةالأمعاء لتكون ثلاثة الأبعاد تصويرها خلال تنميتها.

في ثقافة Explants كاملة من أمعاء الجنين يسمح للتحليل الموقع، والتوزيع، ومدة الجزيئات مما يشير إلى أن تنسيق التنمية المعوية، حيث أن هذا النظام يمكن التلاعب في الإشارات مع الكواشف الدوائية أو البروتينات المؤتلف. نظام الثقافة transwell (الشكل 1A، مستنسخة من التون وآخرون، 2012) 2 يوفر واجهة الهواء السائل، مما يجعل من الممكن لوضع بالمخدرات أو البروتين غارقة الخرز الاغاروز على الأنسجة وبالتالي إنشاء مصادر الإشارات المحلية (الشكل 1B ). الأمعاء تحصد من الأجنة في E18.5 E10 إلى البقاء على قيد الحياة في الثقافة على transwells وتخضع موجات تشبه تحوي من الحركة. بدأت الأمعاء في الثقافة E13.5 من البقاء على قيد الحياة حوالي 10 أيام أو تقريبا P3، مرحلة التنمية الماوس عندما لوحظ لأول مرة تشكيل سرداب. على الرغم من الأمعاء مرحلة مبكرة البقاء على قيد الحياة في الثقافة والأمعاء المقطوع قبلE12.5 لا تظهر الزغب بشكل موثوق، من المحتمل لأن المصلية لم نمت لتغطية تماما الأمعاء بحلول ذلك الوقت. مجموعات الوسيطة تشكل الزغب وتبدأ في الظهور وإطالة في الأمعاء بدأت في الثقافة في E12.5، E13.5 أو E14.5، على الرغم من تطوير تأخر قليلا بالمقارنة مع غير مثقف، وضوابط مطابقة المرحلة (الشكل 1، مستنسخة من التون وآخرون آل.، 2012) 2. بغض النظر عن مرحلة من الأمعاء في بداية ثقافة (E12.5-E14.5)، الأمعاء تظهر دائما يكون هناك تأخير تقريبي من 24 ساعة. الأمعاء E14 نمت في الثقافة لمدة يومين تظهر نمو الزوائد التي هي أكثر مماثلة لتلك التي من الأمعاء E15 من الزوائد في الأمعاء E16 تزرع في الرحم (الشكل 1C-F) 2. وكشف نمط منتظم من قبل مجموعات الوسيطة إعادة الإعمار ثلاثي الأبعاد من المقاطع البصرية من كل PDGFRα GFP / + الأمعاء في E15.5 (الشكل 2 &lt;/ قوي&gt;، مستنسخة من التون وآخرون، 2012) 2. وتتكون هذه الصورة من مداخن Z-54 مجالات الرأي التي تم مخيط معا عن طريق برنامج لايكا LAS-AF. كل بقعة داخل الأمعاء هي مجموعة الوسيطة التي تصور GFP الموسومة النووي وأعرب عن موضع PDGFRα 14. على دقة عالية من الصورة يسمح للمشاهد أن تكبير في مناطق معينة لدراسة التفاصيل، ولكن يوفر في العلاقات المكانية العمق التي لا يمكن استخلاصها من الحقول واحدة للعرض أو أقل التكبير السلطة. فيلم 1 هو عبارة عن سلسلة التنقل خلال ض مخيط الصور -stack التي هي 3D إعادة بنائها في الشكل 2. والمقاطع البصرية الفردية تسمح لمزيد من التفاصيل التصور مثل الخلايا واحد ضمن مجموعات. تم القبض على استخدام الإثارة ثنائي الفوتون وريكون:، من المقاطع البصرية المناعي wholemount من الأوعية الدموية في الأمعاء مع PECAM الأجسام المضادة (1،000 المخفف 1 BD Pharmingen 557355)structed مع برنامج Imaris (الشكل 3). هذا الرأي ثلاثي الأبعاد في الأوعية الدموية المعوية يكشف عن شبكة معقدة من الأوعية الدموية التي لا يمكن تقديرها بشكل كامل الاستعدادات القسم رقيقة. فيلم 2، والإسقاط ثلاثي الأبعاد الدورية للصورة التي أعيد بناؤها في الشكل 3، ويسمح لمزيد من التقدير لكيفية زيادة المعلومات التي قدمت إعادة الإعمار ثلاثي الأبعاد يمكن أن يحسن فهم الزخرفة الهيكلية. Vibratome باجتزاء يسمح للعرض ثلاثي الأبعاد من الأمعاء من نظر عرضية. في الشكل 4، والعلاقة بين الكتل تطوير (ملحوظ مع PDGFRα GFP / +) 14 مع ظهارة والمحيطة اللحمة المتوسطة (ملحوظ مع غشاء الطماطم (Rosa26 طن / ملغ) 15 لوحظ. بدلا من ذلك، يمكن أن ينظر إليه هذه العلاقة من قبل الأجسام المضادة immunofluoreتلطيخ مسرح الحادث (الشكل 5) من مجموعات الوسيطة (الأخضر والمسمى مع المضادة للPDGFRα (سانتا كروز C-20؛ المخفف 1: 200)) مع ظهارة (الأحمر والمسمى مع المضادة للEcadherin (BD تنبيغ مختبرات 610181، 1: 1،000 تمييع). ويمكن أيضا أن هذا النظام الثقافة الجهاز كله أن تمتد للسماح للتصوير ثنائي الفوتون تطوير أمعاء الجنين. في هذا الإعداد، يتم لصقها الأمعاء الجنين لغشاء البولي تدعمها شاشة شبكة في لوحة الثقافة أكبر (الشكل 6). حجم أكبر من جانب لوحة الثقافة يسمح للعدسات المجهر مبائر للاتصال داخل الأمعاء بشكل جيد. <img alt="الشكل 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51817/51817fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> الشكل 1. تطوير أمعاء الجنين كلها في نظام الثقافة transwell. (A) أمعاء الجنين وضعها على ذاكرة transwellالغشاء في لوحة الثقافة 6 BGJb بشكل جيد مع وسائل الإعلام. اثنين من كبار الأمعاء هي E12.5، أسفل اثنين الأمعاء هي E13.0 (B) مصل الزلال البقري المنقوع الخرز الاغاروز (أخف الازرق) وضعت على الاثني عشر في نظام الثقافة transwell. وصمة عار الزرقاء الداكنة هي تلطيخ X-غال عن المؤسسة العامة للاتصالات LacZ / + في المجموعات الوسيطة القنفذ خط مراسل الماوس بمناسبة 16. (CF) عبر أقسام E14.0 المقطوع حديثا (C)، E15.0 (D) وE16. 0 (E)، والأنسجة الاثني عشر ملطخة E-كادهيرين (الخضراء) ودابي (الأزرق). في E14.0، لا يزال pseudostratified ظهارة unremodeled، بينما في E15.0 و E16.0، الزغب الوليدة مرئية. (F) جزء الأمعاء متطابقة لتلك التي شوهدت في (C)، ولكن مثقف لمدة يومين (E14 + 2DAYS) يدل على أن الزغب تطور في الثقافة، وإن تأخر قليلا. وطبع وحات (CF) من التون وآخرون، 2012 2 </<html> سوب&gt;. Scalebars هي 50 ميكرون. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51817/51817fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">الرجاء انقر هنا لمشاهدة نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a> <img alt="الشكل 2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51817/51817fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> الشكل 2. ثلاثي الأبعاد إعادة بناء حقول مخيط من ض أكوام من wholemount E15.5 PDGFRα EGFP / + الأمعاء. الصورة هي إعادة الإعمار الجزئي (خمسة أقسام 1 ميكرون من وسط 65 ض أقسام) من 54 حقول مخيط نظر استولت باستخدام مرحلة الآلية المجهر متحد البؤر LeicaSP5X على المقلوب DMI 6000 موقف مع اثنين من الفوتون الإثارة الليزر على 900 نانومتر. برنامج لايكا LAS-AF مخيط Z-مداخن معا لتشكيل صورة كاملة. Scalebar هو 1 مم. ن &quot;SRC =&quot; / الملفات / ftp_upload / 51817 / 51817fig3highres.jpg &quot;العرض =&quot; 500 &quot;/&gt; تم القبض على الشكل 3. ثلاثي الأبعاد إعادة بناء المقاطع البصرية تظهر wholemount المناعي لمكافحة PECAM من الأوعية الدموية في الأمعاء في الاثني عشر E14. أقسام بصري على المجهر متحد البؤر LeicaSP5X على تستقيم 6000 مؤسسة دبي للإعلام الوقوف مع اثنين من الفوتون الإثارة في 900 نانومتر، وثلاثة أعيد بناؤها الأبعاد باستخدام برنامج Imaris 7.6.1. Scalebar هو 200 ميكرون. <img alt="الرقم 4" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51817/51817fig4highres.jpg" width="500" /> الرقم 4. الصور متحد البؤر من vibratome مقطوع E15.5 PDGFRα EGFP / +. Rosa26 mTmG الصائم تبين ارتباط وثيق من PDGFRα EGFP / + خلايا مجموعات الوسيطة (الأخضر) مع ظهارة الفوقية والمحيطة اللحمة المتوسطة (أحمر، غشاء الطماطم من Rosa26 mTmG). &lt;<html> / قوي&gt; Scalebars هي 50 ميكرون في لوحات العليا و 25 ميكرون في لوحات أقل. <img alt="الرقم 5" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51817/51817fig5highres.jpg" width="500" /> الشكل 5. إعادة البناء ثلاثي الأبعاد من الصور مبائر من E15.5 vibratome مقطوع الأمعاء المناعي الأجسام المضادة التي كانت ملطخة. Scalebar هو 50 ميكرون. <img alt="الرقم 6" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51817/51817fig6highres.jpg" width="500" /> الرقم 6. التكيف للنظام الثقافة transwell ل2 الفوتون التصوير الحي. (A) مش يتم وضع الشاشة في صحن الثقافة. يتم لصقها (B) غشاء البولي إلى شاشة شبكة. يتم لصقها (C) إلى الأمعاء الغشاء البولي ومثقف مع خالية من الفينول وسائل الاعلام DMEM. &quot;&gt; الفيلم 1. الفيلم التنقل خلال كامل Z-كومة من wholemount PDGFRα EGFP / + الأمعاء في الشكل 1. فيلم 2. الدوارة فيلم يبين إعادة الإعمار ثلاثي الأبعاد من المقاطع البصرية من PECAM الأوعية الدموية الملون في الاثني عشر E14 في الشكل 2.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development at JoVE.com

Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

Improved imaging technology is allowing three-dimensional imaging of organs during development. Here we describe a whole organ culture system that allows live imaging of the developing villi in the fetal mouse intestine.

نظام الثقافة الماوس الجنين الأمعاء الجامعة ل<em&gt; فيفو السابقين</em&gt; التلاعب في مسارات إشارات وتصوير لايف ثلاثي الأبعاد التنمية الزغبة

Most morphogenetic processes in the fetal intestine have been inferred from thin sections of fixed tissues, providing snapshots of changes over ...

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Nanyang Technological University

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Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

14.8K Views.  University of Michigan. Improved imaging technology is allowing three-dimensional imaging of organs during development. Here we describe a whole organ culture system that allows live imaging of the developing villi in the fetal mouse intestine. 

Video: Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

طريقة لثقافة الفرخ المبكر فيفو السابقين الأجنة (الثقافة الجديدة)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

An ex-ovo Chicken Embryo Culture System Suitable for Imaging and Microsurgery Applications

Understanding the relationships between genetic and microenvironmental factors that drive normal and malformed embryonic development is fundamental for discovering new therapeutic strategies. Advancements in imaging technology have enabled quantitative investigation of the organization and maturing of the body plan, but later stage embryonic morphogenesis is less clear. Chicken embryos are an attractive vertebrate animal model system for this application because of its ease of culture and surgical manipulation. Early embryos can be cultured for a short time on filter paper rings, which enables complete optical access for cell patterning and fate studies1,2. Studying advanced developmental processes such as cardiac morphogenesis are traditionally performed through a window of the eggshell3-5, but this technique limits optical access due to window size. We previously developed a simple method to culture whole embryos ex-ovo on hexagonal weigh boats for up to 10 days, which enabled high resolution imaging via ultrasonography6,7. These cultures were difficult to transport, limiting the types of imaging tools available for live experiments. We here present an improved shell-less culture system with a cost-effective, portable environmental chamber. Eggs were cracked onto a hammock created by a polyurethane membrane (cling wrap) affixed circumferentially to a plastic cup partially filled with sterile water. The dimensions of the circumference and depth of the hammock were both critical to maintain surface tension, while the mechanics of the hammock and water beneath helped dampen vibrations induced by transportation. A small footprint circulating water bath was also developed to enable continuous temperature control during experimentation. We demonstrate the ability to culture embryos in this way for at least 14 days without morphogenic defect or delay and employ this system in several microsurgical and imaging applications.

An ex-ovo Chicken Embryo Culture System Suitable for Imaging and Microsurgery Applications

In this article, we present a simple methodology to enable long-term ex-ovo avian embryo culture. This technique is ideal for longitudinal experimentation requiring complete optical accessibility and/or sterile transportation in avian embryos.

و السابقين البيضة الثقافة الأجنة النظام الدجاج مناسبة للتطبيقات التصوير والجراحة المجهرية

Understanding the relationships between genetic and microenvironmental factors that drive normal and malformed embryonic development is fundamental for ...

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body, including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar levels1. Although in the past decade many studies have contributed to a solid foundation for understanding pancreatic organogenesis, important gaps persist in our knowledge of early pancreas formation2. A complete understanding of these early events will provide insight into the development of this organ, but also into incurable diseases that target the pancreas, such as diabetes or pancreatic cancer. Finally, this information will generate a blueprint for developing cell-replacement therapies in the context of diabetes.
 During embryogenesis, the pancreas originates from distinct embryonic outgrowths of the dorsal and ventral foregut endoderm at embryonic day (E) 9.5 in the mouse embryo3,4. Both outgrowths evaginate into the surrounding mesenchyme as solid epithelial buds, which undergo proliferation, branching and differentiation to generate a fully mature organ2,5,6. Recent evidences have suggested that growth and differentiation of pancreatic cell lineages, including the insulin-producing &beta;-cells, depends on proper tissue-architecture, epithelial remodeling and cell positioning within the branching pancreatic epithelium7,8. However, how branching morphogenesis occurs and is coordinated with proliferation and differentiation in the pancreas is largely unknown. This is in part due to the fact that current knowledge about these developmental processes has relied almost exclusively on analysis of fixed specimens, while morphogenetic events are highly dynamic.
 Here, we report a method for dissecting and culturing mouse embryonic pancreatic buds ex vivo on glass bottom dishes, which allow direct visualization of the developing pancreas (Figure 1). This culture system is ideally devised for confocal laser scanning microscopy and, in particular, live-cell imaging. Pancreatic explants can be prepared not only from wild-type mouse embryos, but also from genetically engineered mouse strains (e.g. transgenic or knockout), allowing real-time studies of mutant phenotypes. Moreover, this ex vivo culture system is valuable to study the effects of chemical compounds on pancreatic development, enabling to obtain quantitative data about proliferation and growth, elongation, branching, tubulogenesis and differentiation. In conclusion, the development of an ex vivo pancreatic explant culture method combined with high-resolution imaging provides a strong platform for observing morphogenetic and differentiation events as they occur within the developing mouse embryo.

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

Here, we describe a method for isolation, culture and manipulation of mouse embryonic pancreas. This represents an excellent ex vivo system for studying various aspects of pancreatic development, including morphogenesis, differentiation and growth. Pancreatic bud explants can be cultured for several days and used in a range of different applications, including whole-mount immunofluorescence and live imaging.

نظام ل<em&gt; خارج الجسم</em&gt; التثقيف البنكرياس الجنينية

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body,  including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar  levels1. Although in the ...

Two- and Three-Dimensional Live Cell Imaging of DNA Damage Response Proteins

Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious DNA lesions a cell can encounter. If left unrepaired, DSBs harbor great potential to generate mutations and chromosomal aberrations1. To prevent this trauma from catalyzing genomic instability, it is crucial for cells to detect DSBs, activate the DNA damage response (DDR), and repair the DNA. When stimulated, the DDR works to preserve genomic integrity by triggering cell cycle arrest to allow for repair to take place or force the cell to undergo apoptosis. The predominant mechanisms of DSB repair occur through nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR) (reviewed in2). There are many proteins whose activities must be precisely orchestrated for the DDR to function properly. Herein, we describe a method for 2- and 3-dimensional (D) visualization of one of these proteins, 53BP1.
The p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) localizes to areas of DSBs by binding to modified histones3,4, forming foci within 5-15 minutes5. The histone modifications and recruitment of 53BP1 and other DDR proteins to DSB sites are believed to facilitate the structural rearrangement of chromatin around areas of damage and contribute to DNA repair6. Beyond direct participation in repair, additional roles have been described for 53BP1 in the DDR, such as regulating an intra-S checkpoint, a G2/M checkpoint, and activating downstream DDR proteins7-9. Recently, it was discovered that 53BP1 does not form foci in response to DNA damage induced during mitosis, instead waiting for cells to enter G1 before localizing to the vicinity of DSBs6. DDR proteins such as 53BP1 have been found to associate with mitotic structures (such as kinetochores) during the progression through mitosis10.
In this protocol we describe the use of 2- and 3-D live cell imaging to visualize the formation of 53BP1 foci in response to the DNA damaging agent camptothecin (CPT), as well as 53BP1's behavior during mitosis. Camptothecin is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that primarily causes DSBs during DNA replication. To accomplish this, we used a previously described 53BP1-mCherry fluorescent fusion protein construct consisting of a 53BP1 protein domain able to bind DSBs11. In addition, we used a histone H2B-GFP fluorescent fusion protein construct able to monitor chromatin dynamics throughout the cell cycle but in particular during mitosis12. Live cell imaging in multiple dimensions is an excellent tool to deepen our understanding of the function of DDR proteins in eukaryotic cells.

This protocol describes a method for visualizing a DNA double-strand break signaling protein activated in response to DNA damage as well as its localization during mitosis.

عامين والتصوير الثلاثي الابعاد لايف خلية من البروتينات DNA الاستجابة الأضرار

Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious DNA lesions a cell can encounter. If left unrepaired, DSBs harbor great potential to generate ...

Mouse Embryonic Development in a Serum-free Whole Embryo Culture System

Mid-gestation stage mouse embryos were cultured utilizing a serum-free culture medium prepared from commercially available stem cell media supplements in an oxygenated rolling bottle culture system. Mouse embryos at E10.5 were carefully isolated from the uterus with intact yolk sac and in a process involving precise surgical maneuver the embryos were gently exteriorized from the yolk sac while maintaining the vascular continuity of the embryo with the yolk sac. Compared to embryos prepared with intact yolk sac or with the yolk sac removed, these embryos exhibited superior survival rate and developmental progression when cultured under similar conditions. We show that these mouse embryos, when cultured in a defined medium in an atmosphere of 95% O2 / 5% CO2 in a rolling bottle culture apparatus at 37 &#176;&#8203;C for 16-40 hr, exhibit morphological growth and development comparable to the embryos developing in utero. We believe this method will be useful for investigators needing to utilize whole embryo culture to study signaling interactions important in embryonic organogenesis.

Serum utilized in embryo cultures contains unknown components that can affect the outcome of experiments especially in studies involving signaling interactions. Here we utilized a serum-free oxygenated culture system and show that mid-gestation mouse embryos cultured for 16-40 hr&#160;exhibit morphological development comparable to embryos developing in utero.

الفأر الجنينية التنمية في الجامعة نظام الثقافة الأجنة الخالية من المصل

Mid-gestation stage mouse embryos were cultured utilizing a serum-free culture medium prepared from commercially available stem cell media supplements in ...

Ex vivo Culture of Mouse Embryonic Skin and Live-imaging of Melanoblast Migration

Melanoblasts are the neural crest derived precursors of melanocytes; the cells responsible for producing the pigment in skin and hair. Melanoblasts migrate through the epidermis of the embryo where they subsequently colonize the developing hair follicles1,2. Neural crest cell migration is extensively studied in vitro but in vivo methods are still not well developed, especially in mammalian systems. One alternative is to use ex vivo organotypic culture3-6. Culture of mouse embryonic skin requires the maintenance of an air-liquid interface (ALI) across the surface of the tissue3,6. High resolution live-imaging of mouse embryonic skin has been hampered by the lack of a good method that not only maintains this ALI but also allows the culture to be inverted and therefore compatible with short working distance objective lenses and most confocal microscopes. This article describes recent improvements to a method that uses a gas permeable membrane to overcome these problems and allow high-resolution confocal imaging of embryonic skin in ex vivo culture6. By using a melanoblast specific Cre-recombinase expressing mouse line combined with the R26YFPR reporter line we are able to fluorescently label the melanoblast population within these skin cultures. The technique allows live-imaging of melanoblasts and observation of their behavior and interactions with the tissue in which they develop. Representative results are included to demonstrate the capability to live-image 6&#160;cultures in parallel.

Ex vivo Culture of Mouse Embryonic Skin and Live-imaging of Melanoblast Migration

We describe the dissection and ex vivo culture of mouse embryonic skin. The culture system maintains an air-liquid interface across the tissue surface and allows imaging on an inverted microscope. Melanoblasts, a component of the developing skin, are fluorescently labeled allowing their behavior to be observed using confocal microscopy.

فيفو السابقين الثقافة من الفأر الجنينية بالبشرة والتصوير لايف للهجرة أرومة ميلانينية

Melanoblasts are the neural crest derived precursors of melanocytes; the cells responsible for producing the pigment in skin and hair. Melanoblasts ...

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are produced by differentiated thyrocytes, organized in closed spheres called follicles, while calcitonin is synthesized by C-cells, interspersed in between the follicles and a dense network of blood capillaries. Although adult thyroid architecture and functions have been extensively described and studied, the formation of the &#8220;angio-follicular&#8221; units, the distribution of C-cells in the parenchyma and the paracrine communications between epithelial and endothelial cells is far from being understood.
This method describes the sequential steps of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen dissection and its culture on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. Within a period of four days, this culture system faithfully recapitulates in vivo thyroid development. Indeed, (i) bilobation of the organ occurs (for e12.5 explants), (ii) thyrocytes precursors organize into follicles and polarize, (iii) thyrocytes and C-cells differentiate, and (iv) endothelial cells present in the microdissected tissue proliferate, migrate into the thyroid lobes, and closely associate with the epithelial cells, as they do in vivo.
Thyroid tissues can be obtained from wild type, knockout or fluorescent transgenic embryos. Moreover, explants culture can be manipulated by addition of inhibitors, blocking antibodies, growth factors, or even cells or conditioned medium. Ex vivo development can be analyzed in real-time, or at any time of the culture by immunostaining and RT-qPCR.
In conclusion, thyroid explant culture combined with downstream whole-mount or on sections imaging and gene expression profiling provides a powerful system for manipulating and studying morphogenetic and differentiation events of thyroid organogenesis.

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

This protocol describes dissection of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen and the culture of explants on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. This system is ideal to study morphogenetic or differentiation events occurring during thyroid development of wild type or knockout embryos, and is amenable to gain- and loss-of-function experiments.

و<em&gt; خارج الحي</em&gt; نظام الثقافة لدراسة التنمية الغدة الدرقية

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are ...

FRET Imaging in Three-dimensional Hydrogels

Imaging of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)&#160;is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly employ two-dimensional (2D) culture, which does not mimic the three-dimensional (3D) cellular microenvironment. A method to perform quenched emission FRET imaging using conventional widefield epifluorescence microscopy of cells within a 3D hydrogel environment is presented. Here an analysis method for ratiometric FRET probes that yields linear ratios over the probe activation range is described. Measurement of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels is demonstrated in chondrocytes under forskolin stimulation using a probe for EPAC1 activation (ICUE1) and the ability to detect differences in cAMP signaling dependent on hydrogel material type, herein a photocrosslinking hydrogel (PC-gel, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and a thermoresponsive hydrogel (TR-gel). Compared with 2D FRET methods, this method requires little additional work. Laboratories already utilizing FRET imaging in 2D can easily adopt this method to perform cellular studies in a 3D microenvironment. It can further be applied to high throughput drug screening in engineered 3D microtissues. Additionally, it is compatible with other forms of FRET imaging, such as anisotropy measurement and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and with advanced microscopy platforms using confocal, pulsed, or modulated illumination.

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging is a powerful tool for real-time cell biology studies. Here a method for FRET imaging cells in physiologic three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel microenvironments using conventional epifluorescence microscopy is presented. An analysis for ratiometric FRET probes that yields linear ratios over the activation range is described.

الحنق التصوير في الهلاميات المائية ثلاثية الأبعاد

Imaging of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)&#160;is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly ...

Adipo-Clear: A Tissue Clearing Method for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte precursors, immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerve projections. Although the molecular control of cell type specification and how these cells interact have been increasingly delineated, a more comprehensive understanding of these adipose-resident cells can be achieved by visualizing their distribution and architecture throughout the whole tissue. Existing immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to analyze adipose histology rely on thin paraffin-embedded sections. However, thin sections capture only a small portion of tissue; as a result, the conclusions can be biased by what portion of tissue is analyzed. We have therefore developed an adipose tissue clearing technique, Adipo-Clear, to permit comprehensive three-dimensional visualization of molecular and cellular patterns in whole adipose tissues. Adipo-Clear was adapted from iDISCO/iDISCO+, with specific modifications made to completely remove the lipid stored in the tissue while preserving native tissue morphology. In combination with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate here the use of the Adipo-Clear method to obtain high-resolution volumetric images&#160;of an entire adipose tissue.

Due to the high lipid content, adipose tissue has been challenging to visualize using traditional histological methods. Adipo-Clear is a tissue clearing technique that allows robust labeling and high-resolution volumetric fluorescent imaging of adipose tissue. Here, we describe the methods for sample preparation, pretreatment, staining, clearing, and mounting for imaging.

أديبو--واضحة: منديل مسح طريقة لتصوير ثلاثي الأبعاد للأنسجة الدهنية

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte ...

Single-Cell Resolution Three-Dimensional Imaging of Intact Organoids

Organoid technology, in vitro 3D culturing of miniature tissue, has opened a new experimental window for cellular processes that govern organ development and function as well as disease. Fluorescence microscopy has played a major role in characterizing their cellular composition in detail and demonstrating their similarity to the tissue they originate from. In this article, we present a comprehensive protocol for high-resolution 3D imaging of whole organoids upon immunofluorescent labeling. This method is widely applicable for imaging of organoids differing in origin, size and shape. Thus far we have applied the method to airway, colon, kidney, and liver organoids derived from healthy human tissue, as well as human breast tumor organoids and mouse mammary gland organoids. We use an optical clearing agent, FUnGI, which enables the acquisition of whole 3D organoids with the opportunity for single-cell quantification of markers. This three-day protocol from organoid harvesting to image analysis is optimized for 3D imaging using confocal microscopy.

The entire 3D structure and cellular content of organoids, as well as their phenotypic resemblance to the original tissue can be captured using the single-cell resolution 3D imaging protocol described here. This protocol can be applied to a wide range of organoids varying in origin, size and shape.

وحيد الخلية القرار التصوير ثلاثي الأبعاد من organoids سليمة

Organoid technology, in vitro 3D culturing of miniature tissue, has opened a new experimental window for cellular processes that govern organ development ...