eoe sub articles

EoE Sub Articles

All procedures involving human participants have been performed in compliance with the institutional, national, and international guidelines for human welfare and have been reviewed by the local institutional review board.
1. Experimental Paradigm Design and Patient&#39;s Consent
NOTE: Design an experimental paradigm or select an existing experimental paradigm to target a cognitive/emotional aspect of interest.
<ol>
	<li>Select patients who will undergo DBS treatment. Ask if the patient meets the study&#39;s inclusion criteria. If yes, obtain signed informed consent from the patient and/or ethical commission (if applicable) to carry out a post-operative recording and application of the respective cognitive paradigm. 
	NOTE: Post-operative recording takes place the following day after an initial DBS surgery is carried out for DBS electrode implantation (together with their corresponding externalization from the head by means of special cables) and before a second surgery is carried out for permanent implantation of DBS electrodes and stimulators.
	<ol>
		<li>In the Flanker task (Example 1), obtain signed informed consent from a patient with a movement disorder (e.g., Huntington&#39;s or Parkinson&#39;s disease) to carry out a post-operative recording. The goal of the Flanker experiment is to test the patient&#39;s ability to adapt to error behavior and to determine how such adaptation is reflected in brain oscillatory activity at the cortical and subcortical levels. 
		&#8203;NOTE: The choice of a patient is dictated by the cognitive mechanism to be addressed and the patient&#39;s disorder. In the DBS-DOC case example (Example 2), a female DOC patient who suffered from a head injury at the age of 38 was selected. Because of the patient&#39;s condition limiting informed consent, DBS treatment and experimental participation were approved solely by the local ethics commission. The main goal of the DOC postoperative recording was to determine whether brain function in relation to cognitive-emotional processing was still intact in a patient with such a severe disorder of consciousness.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Choose between the type of stimulus to be presented (auditory, visual). Identify the order of stimulus presentation (block or mixed design). Select the duration of the stimulus, inter-stimulus interval (ISI), and the number of trials.
	<ol>
		<li>As one practical example, perform the Flanker task (Example 1, Figure 1A), to examine the ability to adapt behavior in response to the commitment of response errors. This task consists of visual stimuli (flanked arrowheads vertically arranged).</li>
		<li>Flank the target stimulus (arrowhead in the center) by two adjacent arrows (above and below the target) pointing in the same (compatible) or opposite (incompatible) direction. Additionally, consider stop trials (circle in the center).</li>
		<li>Present the target to the left or right, and ask the participant to press a response button with their left or right thumb. In the stop trials, instruct the participants not to respond. Present flankers 200 msec before the target. Display the target for 300 msec and set the response stimulus interval to 2,000 msec (elapsed time is indicated by a cue tone). Present a total of four blocks of 120 stimuli each in this task. Present compatible (60%), incompatible (20%), and stop-trial (20%) stimuli randomly. 
		NOTE: This stimulus interval value was chosen to avoid a large number of missed trials when considering motor-disabled patients. Flankers and targets were switched off simultaneously, and patients were instructed to respond as quickly as possible. 
		NOTE: In the DBS-DOC case example (Example 2, Figure 1B), the experimental paradigm consisted of neutral non-addressing and familiar-addressing speech stimuli26 in a block design. The stimulus duration was set to 4 sec (with a randomized 4 5 sec inter-stimulus interval). A total of 80 trials per condition were considered in this paradigm (Figure 1B).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Envision the patient&#39;s physical constraints and needs in a post-operative setting recording. Specifically, determine if the patient is able to make use of the computer keyboard by considering the presence of excessive chorea movements (Huntington&#39;s disease) or tremors (Parkinson&#39;s disease).
	<ol>
		<li>Make sure the patient can see the monitor (as the local anesthetic or the stereotactic head frame applied during DBS surgery may have caused swelling in the face and around the eyes) and sit comfortably during the duration of the whole experiment. Do not perform the experiment if the patient fails to meet these conditions.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Set-up for Postoperative Subcortical (local field potentials or LFPs) and Surface (EEG) Recordings
<ol>
	<li>Set up the EEG equipment (see Materials in the supplementary files) in the room where the experiment will be conducted. Connect the recording computer to the EEG system. Start the EEG recording software (see &#34;materials&#34; in the supplementary files).</li>
	<li>Click &#34;File&#34; and then &#34;New workspace&#34; to define the workspace in the EEG recording software by specifying: a sampling frequency of 5 kHz, a low cut-off (DC) and high cut-off frequency (1,000 Hz), EEG channels according to the international 10/20 system (at least: fronto-central (Fz), centro-central (Cz), fronto-polar reference (Fpz) and ground (mastoid) and depending on the paradigm furthermore parieto-central (Pz), occipito-central (Oz), temporal (T3/T4), fronto-medial (F3/F4), fronto-lateral (F7/F8) ) (Figure 2D) and LFP channels (LFPL 0, LFPL1, LFPL2, LFPL3 (left hemisphere, Figure 2C); LFPR0, LFPR1, LFPR2 and LFPR3 (right hemisphere)). Click &#34;Monitor&#34; to verify that the specified channels are now set up for recording. 
	NOTE: The workspace should be prepared beforehand to minimize experiment time and oversee unexpected changes in the recording&#39;s configuration. This will ensure the highest temporal resolution, correct filter settings, adequate sampling rate, and proper selection of channels of interest.</li>
	<li>Set up the stimulus computer by connecting the parallel port to the EEG system. Start the stimulus software. Click &#34;run&#34; to check the paradigm&#39;s functionality on the computer&#39;s monitor (visual stimuli) and/or speakers (auditory stimuli, sound cues). Make sure markers (triggers) from the stimulus computer are read into the recording system during the presentation of stimuli and the subject&#39;s response by checking their appearance on the EEG recording software. 
	NOTE: Triggers from stimulus devices must have a duration of at least 200 &#181;sec to be detected by the EEG system (with the 5 kHz sampling rate). Since triggers are markers of event-related events or evoked-related activity that occur at a specified period of time, their function is crucial for posterior data analysis. In the DBS-DOC case example (Example 2), the experimental paradigm (Figure 1B) consisted of auditory stimuli (familiar and unfamiliar voices), so triggers were set up at the beginning and end of each stimulus presented. In the case of the Flanker task (Figure 1A), triggers were set up at the instant when 1) the flankers and target stimuli appeared, 2) the patient responded, and 3) a cue tone was heard to inform the patient that the response-time had elapsed.</li>
	<li>Mark the vertex of the patient&#39;s head as the midpoint between the nasion and inion using a skin marker pen and following the advice of an experienced neurologist or EEG specialist. Additionally, mark chosen EEG electrode positions using the 10-20 system. Attach EEG surface electrodes to the scalp by first cleaning each selected location with an isopropyl alcohol pad and then using an abrasive paste. 
	NOTE: Such actions are constrained by the placement of bandages on the head of the DBS patient. However, an experienced neurologist should be able to define an appropriate (approximate) location for each electrode/channel. To ensure proper contact, move hair out of the way (if applicable). Due to their ease of placement, self-adhesive electrodes secured by surgical tape might be used.</li>
	<li>Connect externalized DBS electrodes to a percutaneous extension. Connect the percutaneous extension to the external cable connector. Connect each electrode provided by the external cable connector to the EEG control box according to the EEG recording set-up. Connect EEG scalp electrodes to the EEG control box by first plugging ground and reference.</li>
	<li>Attach EMG electrodes (reference and active electrodes) at specified muscles by first cleaning the area with an isopropyl alcohol pad. Then, connect the EMG electrodes to the EEG control box. 
	NOTE: This step is optional and mainly conducted when motor tasks are considered in the paradigm or when monitoring the activity of muscles is required, as in the case of patients with motor disorders.</li>
	<li>Click &#34;Monitor&#34; to visualize data. Make sure EEG and EMG signals displayed on the monitor are artifact-free by detecting the presence of jittering and superimposed high-frequency components. Check guidelines about types of artifacts and other factors related to recording electroencephalographic signals35 and/or request technical advice from an experienced neurologist or neuroscientist until you become familiar with the type of disturbances present in such physiological recordings. 
	NOTE: This step is important to ensure high-quality signals for off-line data analysis.</li>
</ol>
3. Recording of Post-operative Subcortical (LFPs) and Surface (EEG) Brain Activity
<ol>
	<li>Provide instructions to the patient. Make sure the patient is comfortable and instruct him/her to stop the experiment at any time of discomfort.</li>
	<li>Click &#34;run&#34; on the stimulus software so that the patient is able to see the paradigm on the monitor and/or listen to the cue tones and sounds. Perform a training session with the patient until he/she is comfortable with the task. Start simultaneous recording of subcortical (LFP) and cortical (EEG) brain activity while the patient performs the experimental task. 
	NOTE: In the case of the DBS-DOC case example (Example 2) the paradigm consisted of auditory stimuli in a block design as described in (Figure 1B). In the case of the Flanker task (Figure 1A), visual stimuli corresponding to three conditions (compatible (60%), incompatible (20%) and stop-trial (20%)) were presented randomly within each block (mixed design), each block consisted of 120 stimuli and the paradigm consisted of a total of four blocks. After the task has been finalized, data is stored on the hard disk of the recording computer for later offline screening and quantitative analysis.</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
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			<td>Brain Products GmbH, Gilching Germany</td>
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			<td>Brain Products GmbH, Gilching Germany</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td>These come with the above listed equipment</td>
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			<td>Brain Products GmbH, Gilching Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
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			<td>Natus Inc</td>
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			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
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			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sch&#252;lke &#38; Mayr GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
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			<td>Weaver and Co, USA</td>
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			<td>Math-Works, Natick, Massachusetts, USA</td>
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			<td>http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/</td>
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			<td>INOMED Corp., Emmendingen, Germany</td>
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			<td>Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA</td>
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			<td>Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA</td>
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			<td>Boston Scientific</td>
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			<td>Boston Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Philips Healthcare GmbH Hamburg</td>
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			<td>Neurobehavioral systems Inc.</td>
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			<td>1 License</td>
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</table>

recording cortical and subcortical neuronal activity using electrode systems

Source: Trenado, C., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/53466">Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video demonstrates the process of recording cortical and subcortical neuronal activity using electroencephalography (EEG) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes during an attention-based visual stimulation test.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22879/22879_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Sample Experimental Paradigms. (A) (Example 1) Flanker task: target stimulus (arrowhead in the center) is flanked by two adjacent arrows (above and below target) either pointing in the same (compatible) or opposite (incompatible) direction, stop trials (circle in the center) were also considered. When the target is pointed to the left or right, a participant has to press a response button with their left or right thumb, respectively, in the stop trials, participants are instructed not to respond. The Flanker task used here was modified from the initially programmed version by Prof. C. Beste and his group (please see acknowledgments). (B) (Example 2) emotional-cognitive speech paradigm used in the DBS-DOC case-example.
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/22879/22879_Figure2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Target Localization, LFP Electrode, and EEG Set-up (from Example 2). (A) Planned trajectory (black line) projected on an anatomic atlas36, section 30, coronary, 10.7 mm behind AC (red line: AC-PC plane). Red circles mark targeted areas of the lowermost 15 mm (atlas grid size: 10 mm) with iml = internal medullary lamina thalami and Rt = reticular thalamic nucleus. VA = ventroanterior thalamic nucleus, AV = anteroventral thalamic nucleus, AM =&#160; anteromedial thalamic nucleus, Fa = fasciculosus nucleus, IthA = interthalamic adhesion. (B) The final electrode in the central thalamus is visualized on a 3D atlas37. Two orthogonal planes of section along the axis of the electrode in the right hemisphere after registration of the 3D atlas with the CT scan by means of an atlas38. The four contacts of the electrode (blue circles) were located in the right thalamus (R-Thal). GPi = internal globus pallidus, STN = subthalamic nucleus, ZI = zona incerta, RPT = reticular perithalamic nucleus, RN = red nucleus. (C) Schematic drawing of the DBS electrode. Electrode contacts were re-referenced offline, resulting in three bipolar LFP channels for each hemisphere. (D) EEG electrode montage (10 - 20 system) with electrodes used in the DOC case example highlighted in gray. (Figures A and B were modified with permission from26, and Figure C was modified with permission from Medtronic).

Recording Cortical and Subcortical Neuronal Activity Using Electrode Systems

All procedures involving human participants have been performed in compliance with the institutional, national, and international guidelines for human ...

Begin with a human participant with DBS electrodes implanted deep within the brain&#39;s neuron-rich subcortical region.
Mark the positions on the scalp for the EEG electrode placement.
Clean the marked positions with a disinfectant and apply a conductive paste for electrode contact.
Attach the EEG electrodes to the scalp markings to monitor cortical neurons.
Connect the DBS electrodes and the EEG electrodes to an EEG control box for signal amplification and recording.
Perform a visual test where the participant focuses on a pattern of arrows.
A change in the pattern is detected by the eyes, providing visual stimulation to the brain.
This stimulus activates the neurons in both cortical and subcortical regions, generating electrical signals.
The DBS electrode records the neuronal electrical activity from the subcortical neurons, while the EEG electrode records neuronal activity from the cortical region.

recording-cortical-subcortical-neuronal-activity-using-electrode

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuroscience

Neurophysiology

Stimulation and Modulation Techniques

61 Views. Source: Trenado, C., et al. Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans. J. Vis. Exp. (2016). This video demonstrates the process of recording cortical and subcortical neuronal activity using electroencephalography (EEG) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes during an attention-based visual stimulation test. 

Video: Recording Cortical and Subcortical Neuronal Activity Using Electrode Systems - Concept

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure involves the chronic placement of multiple depth electrodes into regions of the brain typically inaccessible via subdural grid electrode placement. SEEG thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. In this paper we demonstrate how SEEG can be used to investigate the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in cognitive control. We include a description of the SEEG procedure, demonstrating the surgical placement of the electrodes. We describe the components and process required to record local field potential (LFP) data from consenting subjects while they are engaged in a behavioral task. In the example provided, subjects play a cognitive interference task, and we demonstrate how signals are recorded and analyzed from electrodes in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area intimately involved in decision-making. We conclude with further suggestions of ways in which this method can be used for investigating human cognitive processes.

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is an operative technique used in epilepsy surgery to help localize seizure foci. It also affords a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. Here we describe how SEEG can be used to investigate cognitive processes in human subjects.

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

JoVE Journal

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Implantable EEG radiotelemetry is of central relevance in the neurological characterization of transgenic mouse models of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases as well as epilepsies. This powerful technique does not only provide valuable insights into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, i.e., the etiopathogenesis of CNS related diseases, it also facilitates the development of new translational, i.e., therapeutic approaches. Whereas competing techniques that make use of recorder systems used in jackets or tethered systems suffer from their unphysiological restraining to semi-restraining character, radiotelemetric EEG recordings overcome these disadvantages. Technically, implantable EEG radiotelemetry allows for precise and highly sensitive measurement of epidural and deep, intracerebral EEGs under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. First, we present a detailed protocol of a straight forward, successful, quick and efficient technique for epidural (surface) EEG recordings resulting in high-quality electrocorticograms. Second, we demonstrate how to implant deep, intracerebral EEG electrodes, e.g., in the hippocampus (electrohippocampogram). For both approaches, a computerized 3D stereotaxic electrode implantation system is used. The radiofrequency transmitter itself is implanted into a subcutaneous pouch in both mice and rats. Special attention also has to be paid to pre-, peri- and postoperative treatment of the experimental animals. Preoperative preparation of mice and rats, suitable anesthesia as well as postoperative treatment and pain management are described in detail.

Non-restraining EEG radiotelemetry is a valuable methodological approach to record in vivo long-term electroencephalograms from freely moving rodents. This detailed protocol describes stereotaxic epidural and deep intracerebral electrode placement in different brain regions in order to obtain reliable recordings of CNS rhythmicity and CNS related behavioral stages.

Implantable EEG radiotelemetry is of central relevance in the neurological characterization of transgenic mouse models of neuropsychiatric and ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

Recording Cortical and Subcortical Neuronal Activity Using Electrode Systems

Transcript

Recording Cortical and Subcortical Neuronal Activity Using Electrode Systems

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task