Biz Mississippi bölümü vahşi yaşam, balıkçılık ve parklar (MDWFP) kaynakları Federal Yardım'dan yaban hayatı restorasyon Yasası (W-48-61) kullanarak mali destek için teşekkür ederiz. Veri toplama MDWFP biyologlar W. McKinley, A. Blaylock, A. Gary ve L. Wilf onların geniş katılımı için teşekkür ederiz. Ayrıca S. Tucker tesis Koordinatörü olarak ve birden fazla yüksek lisans öğrencileri ve teknisyenler veri toplama onların yardım için teşekkür ederiz. Bu el yazması WFA427 Mississippi Eyalet Üniversitesi ormanı ve yaban hayatı Araştırma Merkezi katkıdır.

Ethics Statement: The Mississippi State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all capture, handling, and marking techniques under protocols 04-068, 07-036, 10-033 and 13-034.
1. Establish Capture Sites, Immobilize and Transport wild White-tailed Deer
<ol>
	<li>Identify public and private properties that are enrolled in the Deer Management Assistance Program22 and establish &#8805;29 capture sites throughout three source regions in Mississippi, USA.
	<ol>
		<li>Identify several capture locations within each source region to ensure that the range of genetic variation present in the regional population is captured.</li>
		<li>Note: Here, source regions included the Delta, which comprises almost 17% of total land area in Mississippi, USA, and is considered a high-quality soil region with agriculture as the primary land use23,24. All study animals were captured from this region within the distribution of O. v. virginianus25. Other regions included the Thin Loess region (upper and lower Thin Loess combined), which comprises almost 14% of total land area in Mississippi, USA and is considered a medium quality soil region. Agriculture is also a primary land use in the Thin Loess region, though not as prevalent as in the Delta23,24. All study animals were captured from this region within the distribution of O. v. virginianus21. Lastly, the Lower Coastal Plain (LCP) soil region comprises nearly 22% of Mississippi and is classified as a low quality soil region. Primary land uses in the LCP are pine timber production and livestock grazing23,24. The LCP also overlaps the geographical distribution of O. v. osceola; four of the six source populations were within 21 km of this distribution25. This subspecies was described as smaller than O. v. virginianus26.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Source Populations. Physiographic regions where pregnant dams and fawns were caught in Mississippi, USA. This figure has been modified from reference31. <a href="//cloudfront-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<ol start="2">
	<li>Select potential capture sites that meet the following criteria; habitat characteristics conducive to deer movement, proximity to roads for access, and distribution across the study area. 
	NOTE: Capture sites must allow for concealment of the capture technician.
	<ol>
		<li>Bait sites with about 10 kg of shelled corn to entice deer to visit and evaluate use based on bait consumption and deer photographed by motion-sensitive cameras. Relocate to alternate sites if deer do not attend baited sites within 5-7 days.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>During capture events, sit in a concealed &#34;stand.&#34;
	<ol>
		<li>Place stand about 20 m downwind from the bait pile, taking the prevailing wind direction into consideration so that deer approaching the bait are less able to smell the capture technician. 
		NOTE: Elevated stands are strongly preferred, and safety harnesses are required. There are several variations of stands with a variety of commercial sources and use varies by personal preference. For example, a lock-on stand would include seating with a ladder for access attached to a tree with straps. Portable climbing stands can be carried in by the capture technician and allow for increased mobility as the technician can choose a specific tree once they arrive at the capture site. Portable climbing stands are limited to use in straight trees without branches up the chosen height.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Use a dart gun coupled with a 3 cc radio-telemetry dart to deliver a mixture of teletamine HCl (4.4 mg/kg) and xylazine HCl (2.2 mg/kg).
	<ol>
		<li>Schedule capture efforts to coincide with the typical crepuscular activity cycle of deer27. Begin each capture attempt 2-3 h prior to sunset.</li>
		<li>Continue capture events for 2-3 h after sunset using night-vision goggles and a red dot laser for shot placement if deer are not captured during daylight hours.</li>
		<li>Take shots at deer when they are broadside and stationary. 
		NOTE: The hind quarter of the deer is the target because it has significant muscle tissue and is located away from the heart and lungs.</li>
		<li>Wait about 15 min for darted target animals (six-month-old fawns of either sex or pregnant adult females) to become fully immobilized before locating it with directional radio-telemetry equipment.</li>
		<li>Confirm individuals are sedated by checking for eye reflexes (blinking). Then apply ophthalmic ointment to the eyes and blindfold deer to reduce stress. 
		NOTE: Loss of thermoregulation is a consequence of immobilization.</li>
		<li>Use a rectal thermometer to assess body temperature after recovery. Warm deer with heated blankets if the animal&#39;s temperature is below 37.7 &#176;C. Cool deer with ice packs if the animal&#39;s temperature is above 40.0 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Place deer in a sternal position on a military style gurney and transport deer from the capture location to an enclosed trailer.</li>
		<li>After placing the deer into the trailer, reverse the effects of xylazine HCl with 0.125 mg/kg yohimbine HCl28.</li>
		<li>Transport all captured deer to the desired captive facility (e.g., Mississippi State University Rusty Dawkins Memorial Deer Unit; MSU Deer Unit) and keep them separated by source region.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Captive Facilities and General Husbandry Practices of Research Animals
NOTE: The MSU Deer Unit is subdivided into five 0.4 to 0.8 ha pens.
<ol>
	<li>Cover every side of each pen with shade cloth to act as a visual and physical barrier between pens. Shade cloth helps reduce injuries and provides shade during summer months.</li>
	<li>Place 1-2 elevated box blinds at one end of each pen to facilitate darting events during data collection.</li>
	<li>Place two trough style feeders at separate ends of each pen to reduce competition for food among deer. Also provide a water trough in each pen.</li>
	<li>Provide deer with a high-quality diet (20% crude protein deer pellets) ad libitum. 
	NOTE: Here, additional available forages within pens included (Trifolium spp) and fescue (Festuca spp) along with volunteer grasses and forbs.</li>
	<li>If present, maintain available forages within pens using a mixture of herbicides to control broadleaf weeds and grasses using mixture rates found on respective labels. 
	NOTE: Using off-campus facilities to house &#8805;5.5 month old males will likely be needed. These facilities consisted of two 0.7 ha pens on each of three properties with husbandry practices similar to the MSU Deer Unit.</li>
</ol>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Captive Facility Locations. Study area where satellite facilities and the Mississippi State University (MSU) Deer Unit were located. Shaded areas indicate Oktibbeha (A), Noxubee (B), Attala (C), Scott (D), and Copiah (E), counties, Mississippi, USA.This figure has been modified from reference34. <a href="//cloudfront-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
3. Parasite and Disease Control
<ol>
	<li>Monitor research animals for roundworm parasites (Strongyloides spp) using fecal floatation with parasites measured as eggs per gram (EPG).
	<ol>
		<li>If present at high levels, provide parasite control by administering a pelleted wormer (active ingredient fenbendazole) at a rate of about 0.77 kg of pelleted wormer per 22.7 kg of feed during the month of May.</li>
		<li>If parasite levels remain high after initial treatment, use an ivermectin pour-on treatment (5 mg/mL)29, mixed at a rate of 2 mL/0.45 kg and administer to animals at a rate of 0.45 kg of treated feed per 45.4 kg of animal mass. 
		NOTE: Epizootic hemorrhagic disease is sometimes lethal viral disease spread by a biting midge (Culicoides spp) during summer and fall months. If present, treat the research facility with insecticide (5% ultra-low volume insecticide) 2-3 times per week from July 1 to October 1 to decrease prevalence of the vectors among research animals. Spray this insecticide within each pen and around the perimeter of the facility about 90 min before official sunset via fogger. Preferred methods to control for parasites and diseases are unique to each captive facility. Veterinarians must be consulted during any captive wildlife research to ensure animal health and safety.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Data Collection
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Data Collection of Newborn Fawns. Measuring hind foot length from a new born fawn at the Mississippi State University Rusty Dawkins Memorial Deer Unit in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, USA. <a href="//cloudfront-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<ol>
	<li>Search the captive facility daily for fawns during the parturition season.
	<ol>
		<li>Uniquely mark newborn fawns with medium plastic ear tags using an ear tagger with antibiotic applied to the male end of the tag to prevent potential infection. Place ear tag about the center of the fawn&#39;s ear.</li>
		<li>Measure body mass (nearest 0.01 kg) with a digital hanging scale and measure hind foot length and total body length (nearest mm).</li>
		<li>Collect hair samples and send them to a remote site for parentage assignment (see the Table of Materials). 
		NOTE: Parentage assignment was made using DNA based on a proprietary, non-statistical custom structured query language database. In the pairwise allele comparison, the remote parentage assignment site assigned parentage when they excluded all but one sire and one dam based upon a shared allele from each parent at all loci tested (B. G. Cassidy, personal communication). This method of parentage assignment was also used in previous research conducted on captive white-tailed deer30,31.</li>
		<li>Administer 2 cc of Clostridium perfringens types C and D toxoid and Clostridium perfringens types C and D antitoxin subcutaneously and administer 0.3 cc/kg of ivermectin in propylene glycol (Mississippi State University Veterinarian School, Mississippi, USA) orally to each fawn.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Chemically immobilize adult males (&#8805;1.5 years-old) during October and November for data collection.
	<ol>
		<li>Immobilize penned adults using the same combination of teletamine HCl and xylazine HCl used for capture of wild animals (step 1.4).</li>
		<li>During sedation events, walk the technician who will be darting to the end of the pen where the elevated blinds are located. Have a single technician in each of two blinds.</li>
		<li>Have the individual who walked the technician to the blind walk back to the opposite end of the pen. 
		NOTE: Deer move away from these technicians and locate themselves in front of the blinds where technicians are in position to take ethical shots on each deer.</li>
		<li>Take shots at deer when they are broadside and stationary (section 1.4).</li>
		<li>Wait about 15 min for darted animals to become fully immobilized before approaching it.</li>
		<li>Confirm individuals are sedated by checking for eye reflexes (blinking). Apply ophthalmic ointment to the eyes and blindfold deer to reduce stress.</li>
		<li>After the darters successfully sedate an individual deer, monitor the deer&#39;s vital rates.
		<ol>
			<li>Use a rectal thermometer to assess body temperature after recovery. Warm deer with heated blankets if the animal&#39;s temperature is below 37.7 &#176;C. Cool deer with ice packs if the animal&#39;s temperature is above 40.0 &#176;C.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Load the deer on a military-style gurney, and transport it via utility task vehicle to a predetermined data collection area.</li>
		<li>Once transported, record the same morphometric measurements recorded at birth (step 4.1).
		<ol>
			<li>Measure body mass (nearest 0.01 kg) with a digital hanging scale and measure hind foot length and total body length (nearest mm). 
			NOTE: Individual deer react differently to the combination of drugs used during sedation events so administer about 0.1-0.3 cc of the teletamine HCl and xylazine HCl mixture (depending on body mass of an individual deer) if an individual comes out of sedation before data collection is completed.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Administer size-appropriate amounts of antibiotic, ivermectin, a clostidrial vaccine, and a leptospirosis vaccine to all deer after they are transported to the data collection area (see sections 1 and 3).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Take three antler measurements from adult males using an antler measuring tape while the animal is sedated.
	<ol>
		<li>Measure the inside spread (widest distance between main beams), basal circumference (smallest diameter located between the burr and G1 tine), and main beam length (distance from antler base to the tip of the main beam) of antlers prior to antler removal.</li>
		<li>Remove antlers about 3 cm above the burr using a reciprocating saw. Do not remove antlers less than 3 cm.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4: Data Collection of Adult Males. Antler removal via reciprocating saw from a captive adult male white-tailed deer. <a href="//cloudfront-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<ol start="4">
	<li>After all data is collected from the sedated individual, place the deer into the appropriate pen and administer either 0.125 mg/kg yohimbine HCl28 or 4.0 mg/kg tolazoline HCl32 to reverse the effects of xylazine HCl. Monitor individuals to ensure they remain in a sternal position until they come out of sedation and are fully alert. 
	NOTE: If complications occur and animals must be euthanized, then euthanasia by cerebral dislocation via bolt stunner and severing of the jugular vein are ethical means to dispatch the animal.</li>
	<li>Bring the antlers to a designated area to finish measuring antler size.
	<ol>
		<li>Measure each individual tine protruding from the main beam (G1, G2, G3, etc.) and additional abnormal points by aid of wire. 
		NOTE: Points that do not have a matching counterpart on the opposite main beam or are not consistent with the definition of a typical antler set are defined by the Boone and Crockett Club33.</li>
		<li>Wrap the wire around where the tine intersects the main beam and mark that point for reference.</li>
		<li>Measure from this reference point to the tip of the tine and repeat for each tine.</li>
		<li>Collect remaining circumference measurements by identifying the smallest point between the G1 and G2 tines (H2 circumference), the G2 and G3 tines (H3 circumference), and the G3 and G4 tine if present (H4 circumference).</li>
		<li>If the G4 tine is not present, measure the distance between the midpoint of the G3 tine and the end of the main beam and measure the H4 circumference at the midway point.</li>
		<li>Measure less than four circumferences when antlers contain less than three tines. 
		NOTE: For example, a main beam with two typical points include only three circumference measurements. Individuals may use other guidelines (Safari Club International) for calculating antler size; however, consistent methods must be used for each animal for valid comparison.</li>
		<li>After making all measurements, calculate an antler score similar to the gross nontypical Boone and Crockett score33.</li>
		<li>Weigh antlers to the nearest 0.1 g using a scientific digital scale and assign a minimal critical antler mass of 1 g for first-year animals with antlers shorter than 3 cm.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Chemically immobilize penned juveniles at approximately 5.5 months of age using the same methods for adults (section 4.2) and mark juveniles with a large plastic ear tag (step 4.1.1).
	<ol>
		<li>Use the same drug mixture rates to immobilize captive adults as used for immobilizing wild deer (section 1).</li>
		<li>Collect the same measurements collected at birth (step 4.1.2) and administer the same prophylactics as adults (section 4.2). 
		NOTE: After all data is collected, transport each juvenile male to its randomly assigned satellite facility via trailer.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Producing First- and Second-generation Offspring
<ol>
	<li>Classify six-month-old wild-caught fawns and offspring born at the captive facility from wild-caught mothers as first-generation individuals.</li>
	<li>During the breeding season, place two males with 7-16 females for an average breeding sex ratio of one male to eight females. 
	NOTE: Select breeding males from satellite facilities based on physical appearance, because the healthiest males (largest antlers and body size) are most likely to service females for the entirety of the breeding season without suffering from injury due to the aggressive nature of males during the breeding season.
	<ol>
		<li>Only allow deer to breed with other individuals from the same source region (e.g., Delta males breed Delta females, Thin Loess males breed Thin Loess females, and LCP males breed LCP males).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Classify deer conceived by first-generation parents as second-generation offspring. Raise these individuals in captivity from birth and feed the same high-quality diet as their parents. 
	NOTE: Females may produce offspring multiple years but typically with different sires each year. Collect the same data on second-generation offspring as collected on first-generation and wild-caught individuals.</li>
</ol>

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R., Reneau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Measuring and scoring North American big game trophies. 3rd edn. , (2009).</li><li>Michel, E. S., Demarais, S., Strickland, B. K., Smith, T., Dacus, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antler+characteristics+are+highly+heritable+but+influenced+by+maternal+factors.">Antler characteristics are highly heritable but influenced by maternal factors.</a> J Wildl Manage. 80 (8), 1420-1426 (2016).</li><li>Severinghaus, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tooth+development+and+wear+as+criteria+of+age+in+white-tailed+deer.">Tooth development and wear as criteria of age in white-tailed deer.</a> J Wildl Manage. 13 (2), 195-216 (1949).</li><li>Gee, K. L., Webb, S. L., Holman, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+and+implications+of+visually+estimating+age+of+male+white-tailed+deer+using+physical+characteristics+from+photographs.">Accuracy and implications of visually estimating age of male white-tailed deer using physical characteristics from photographs.</a> Wild Soc Bull. 38, 96-102 (2014).</li><li>Storm, D. J., Samuel, M. D., Rolley, R. E., Beissel, T., Richards, B. J., Van Deelen, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+ages+of+white-tailed+deer:+Age+and+sex+patterns+of+error+using+tooth+wear-and-replacement+and+consistency+of+cementum+annuli.">Estimating ages of white-tailed deer: Age and sex patterns of error using tooth wear-and-replacement and consistency of cementum annuli.</a> Wild Soc Bull. 38 (1), 849-865 (2014).</li><li>Montero, D., Izquierdo, M. S., Tort, L., Robaina, L., Vergara, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+stocking+density+produces+crowding+stress+altering+some+physiological+and+biochemical+parameters+in+gilthead+seabream,+Sparus+aurata.,+juveniles.">High stocking density produces crowding stress altering some physiological and biochemical parameters in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata., juveniles.</a> Fish Physiol Biochem. 20 (1), 53-60 (1999).</li><li>Charbonnel, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+demographic+decline:+a+potential+effect+mediated+by+impairment+of+reproduction+and+immune+function+in+cyclic+vole+populations.">Stress demographic decline: a potential effect mediated by impairment of reproduction and immune function in cyclic vole populations.</a> Physiol Biochem Zool. 81 (1), 63-73 (2008).</li><li>Crews, D., Gillette, R., Scarpino, S. V., Manikkam, M., Savenkova, M. I., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+transgenerational+inheritance+of+altered+stress+responses.">Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of altered stress responses.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 109 (23), 9143-9148 (2012).</li><li>Maher, J. M., Werner, E. E., Denver, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+hormones+mediate+predator-induced+phenotypic+plasticity+in+amphibian+tadpoles.">Stress hormones mediate predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in amphibian tadpoles.</a> Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 280 (1758), 20123075 (2013).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Bizim iletişim kuralıyla ilişkili birkaç adım vardır; Ancak, bu iletişim kuralı ile başarı sağlamak için alınması gereken dört önemli adımlar vardır. İlk olarak, vahşi geyik yakalama sırasında bir tek kaynak bölgesi (Adım 1.1.1) boyunca çeşitli yakalama yerleri olmalı. Birden çok yakalama yeri kaynak bölge ile ilişkili herhangi bir genetik değişkenliği geyik arasında temsil edilecek sağlar. İkinci olarak, geyik kaynak bölgeye göre üreme sezonunda (Adım 1.4.9 ve 5.2.1) ayrı tutulmalıdır. Hayvanlar kaynak tarafından ayrılmış sağlanması bölge ıslah sırasında onların aynı kaynak bölgesinden sadece diğer geyik ile ıslahı için geyik kısıtlar. Bunu yaparken doğru yaş tayini (Adım 4.1.1) benzersiz olarak tanımlayan her geyik için güçlü olmak da önemli bir adım önemlidir. Son olarak, beslenme tüm nüfus (Adım 2.4) sabit tutulması gerekir.
Esir Ak kuyruklu geyik eğitim aksi takdirde değerlendirmek ve/veya doğada değişir zor olan birçok değişken kontrol etmek izin verdi. Örneğin, yaşlanma geyik diş yedek ve aşınma yöntemi35 göre veya vücut özellikler36 tarafından genellikle zor olduğu ve giderek artan bir yaş37doğruluğu azalır. Fenotip etkileyen etmenleri değerlendirirken bilerek tam yaş önemli bir bileşenidir. Morphometrics genellikle yaş12ile artırmak için farklı yaşlı hayvanlar arasında karşılaştırmalar yapma geçerli değil. Beslenme kalitesi de vahşi13,14' te değişebilir ve özellikle beslenme onların kaynak bölgesi içindeki değişimi gözlemlemek birden fazla nüfus arasında telafi edici büyüme oluşur olup olmadığını değerlendirmek için amaç olduğu zamanlarda sabit tutulması gerekir. Yaş ve beslenme, geçerli karşılaştırmalar ve yaş göreli etkileri hakkında sonuçlar kontrol olmadan, beslenme ve genetik üzerine Ak kuyruklu geyik fenotipleri yapılamaz. Esir bir tesiste bu faktörlerin sabit tutarak aynı zamanda potansiyel kuşak etkileri ile ilgili daha kesin sonuçlar sağlar. Doğada yapılan gözlemsel çalışmalarda etkileri sadece beslenme kısıtlama3,17için bir proxy ile ilişkili olabilir. Bu nedenle, esir çalışma tasarımlar karıştırıcı (örneğin, beslenme, genetik ve yaş) olduğu Multipl faktörler durumlarda kullanmak daha uygun olabilir nerede bu değişkenler sabit tutulamaz ve/veya bilinmeyen ücretsiz değişen nüfus üzerinde gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar ile karşılaştırıldığında.
Birçok faydası esir çalışmalar ile ilişkili olmakla birlikte, Ayrıca sınırlamalar vardır. Bizim tasarım bir sınırlama bir yeterli örnek boyutu almaktır. Hisse senedi hayvanların vahşi doğrudan gerekli sayıda yavru üretilen toplam sayısı, hem de onları üretmek için geçen süre miktarını etkiler. Altı aylık fawns seks ve hamile kadın vahşi hayvanlarda hedef olarak sayılır. Tüm bireylerin esaret altında aynı süre için yalnızca bir yaş sınıfı azalttı hedefleme yetiştirilen gibi sadece altı aylık fawns hedefleyen, ancak daha fazla azaltılmış varyasyon anne etkileri bizim örnek boyutu vahşi hayvanlar yakaladı ve sonuçta bizim çalışmada kullanılan anneler sayısını azalttı ile ilgili. Bu nedenle, altı aylık fawns ve örnek boyutu artırmak için hamile kadın hedef seçti. Ayrıca, üreten örnek istatistiksel çıkarsama için yeterince büyük esir büyük memeliler ile sık sık bir gerçek kontrolü ödün anlamına gelir çalışırken boyutlandırır. İdeal olarak, biz kontrolü diyet (beslenme kalite ve miktar ilgili kaynak bölgelerde bulunan bir diyet temsilcisi) Ak kuyruklu geyik bir alt kümesine karşılaştırma için her kaynak bölgesinden her nesilde beslenen. Ancak, lojistik kısıtlamalar bir kontrol bizim kullanımı kısıtlı ve böylece biz boynuz boyutu ve vücut kitle hasat veri toplanan bir karşılaştırma olarak bizim ilk nesil çocukları için kullanılır. Bir daha kapsamlı karşılaştırma için biz sadece izin hasat veri olmasına rağmen veri boynuz boyutu için hasat ve kitle vücut; diğer morphometrics şiddetindeydi sık hasat kişilerden toplanan değil.
Esir iş ile ilişkili lojistik kısıtlamalar da bu birçok araştırmacılar için olanaksız gördüğü. Bireysel hayvanlar bu araştırmaya dahil çok sayıda MSU geyik birim kapasitesi aşıldı; Bu nedenle, evin Yetişkin erkekler için uydu tesislerinin kullanımı ile bu araştırma yaptı. İmkanlar arasında Mississippi, ABD, bu nedenle bulunan, bitki her uydu tesis içinde bölgesel varyasyon için potansiyel, doğal bitki besin kalitesini bölgesel varyasyon benzer Mississippi, ABD13arasında bulundu. Ancak, meydana gelen doğal bitki örtüsü yüksek geyik yoğunluk nedeniyle her tesiste her kalem içinde sınırlı olduğu gibi bu potansiyel varyasyon sonuçlarımız etkilenen hissetmiyorum. Pelleted protein geyiğin diyet ana kaynağı olarak görev yaptı. Her ne kadar tüm imkanları benzer yetiştirme yöntemleri görüntülenen, MSU geyik birimi tüm araştırma hayvanların konut ideal olurdu; Böylece, uydu tesislerinin kullanımı bizim çalışma tasarım bir kısıtlamadır. Ayrıca, esir çalışmalar genellikle çalışma hayvanların doğal olmayan yüksek yoğunlukları görüntüler. Yüksek yoğunlukları da potansiyel fenotip40,41etkileyebilir kronik stres38,39 neden olabilir. Ancak, kronik stres, herhangi bir etkisi varsa, her nüfus için ikinci nesil ilk olarak artan morphometrics olarak bizim sonuçları etkilemeye görünmedi. Bu varsa, tüm nüfus benzer şekilde kronik stres tepki gösterdi, göstermektedir.
Bir esir çalışma ders boyunca, gerekli olabilir birçok değişikliği vardır. Geyik kez kalemler içinde bulma durmaya habituated haline ve olaylar darting sırasında standları önünde taşımak isteksiz olabilir. Teknisyenler duruyor (onları onları tribünlere yeni görev araç yolu ile sürüş vs. standları için yürüyüşörneğin,) ateş eşlik şekilde farklı farklı belirlemelisiniz. Doğru kör yerleştirme ve kırpma ağaç dalları ve "Bahçe Çiti" açık hedef için bu yüzden de kritik shot girişimleri kaplamış. Ayrıca, araştırma tesislerinde yapay olarak yüksek yoğunlukları geyik Bakımı geyik Epizootic Hemorajik hastalığı gibi potansiyel hastalık salgınları için ortaya koyar. Her ne kadar Epizootic Hemorajik hastalığı için aşı, ortaya çıkan diğer hastalıklar olmayabilir. Veterinerler hastalığı sorunları ve uygun yöntemleri onları gidermek üzere gerekli belirlemenize yardımcı olabilir. Veterinerler vahşi yaşam esir çalışmaları sırasında başvurulan gerekir. Bazen esir yaban hayatı araştırma araştırmacılar gibi onlar ortaya çıkan sorunları çözmek için benzersiz yöntemleri kullanmayı gerektirir. Örneğin, tesis yere bağlı olarak epizootic Hemorajik hastalığı gibi hastalıkları bazı yıllarda yaygın olabilir ve çalışma hayvanlar üzerindeki etkilerini azaltmak için alınacak ek eylemler gerekebilir.
Bizim iletişim kuralı manipüle ve ücretsiz arasında değişen nüfus kullanarak adres için zor olan beslenme memeli hayat Tarih soru etkileri ile ilgili çeşitli değerlendirmek için kullanılır. Üreme nasıl gebelik uzunluğu veya süt üretim varyasyon ile ilgili besin kalitesi ve/veya miktarı farklılıkları değerlendirmek gibi birden çok yönleri ile ilgili sorular ele. Değerlendirilmesi nasıl beslenme sınırlamalar egemenlik gibi davranışları etkilemek de saptanabilir. Sorularımızı Mississippi, ABD, Ak kuyruklu geyik için belirli olmasına rağmen esir çalışmaları için herhangi bir takson uygulanabilir; Ancak, tesis değişiklikler çalışma türler bağlı olarak gerekli olacaktır.

Çevresel faktörler bir anne gebelik ve emzirme sırasında deneyimler onun çocuğun fenotip, genotip1,2,3bağımsız etkileyebilir. Düşük kaliteli çevre yaşayan annelerin bir verimlilik fenotip (küçük boynuz ve vücut boyutu4) sergi yavrular üretmek, ancak yüksek kaliteli ortamlar büyük olasılıkla yaşayan annelerin bir lüks fenotip (büyük boynuz ve vücut boyutu4), sergi yavrular üretmek. Bu nedenle, bir yüksek kaliteli ortamda Oturumlarýnda kalýcý olan bir anne ile doğrudan çocuğun üreme fırsatları5,6,7,8 etkiler ve dolaylı olarak annenin dahil fitness etkisi büyük fenotipik özellikleri erkek yavrular üretmek için izin verebilir.
Her ne kadar beslenme doğrudan fenotipik özellikleri özellikleri arasında (Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos9; etkiler. Liasis fuscusI 10; Larus michahellis 11), çeşitli faktörler Ak kuyruklu geyik fenotipleri Mississippi, ABD etkileyebilir. Boynuz ve vücut boyutu vardır yaklaşık üçte biri için bazı nüfusu büyük12diğerlerine göre. Bu varyasyon şiddetle yem kalitesi13,14ile ilişkilidir; en büyük erkek alanlarda yem büyük kalitesi ile bulunur. Ancak, Ak kuyruklu geyik Mississippi tarihi restorasyon çalışmalarını genetik performans sorunlarını ve/veya aynı zamanda kısmen bazı Ak kuyruklu geyik fenotip gözlenen bölgesel varyasyon açıklayabilir kurucusu etkileri15,16, yol açmış olabilir.
Biz vahşi yakalanan Ak kuyruklu bize erkek fenotip nüfus düzeyi genetik tarafından sınırlı olup olmadığını değerlendirmek izin geyik, besin kalitesini kontrol etmek için kullanılan iletişim kuralı sağlar. Bu iletişim kuralı da bize anne etkileri geri kalmış olup olmadığını değerlendirmek izin vardı bizim nüfus. Ortam değişkenleri bir proxy olarak beslenme kısıtlama3,17için kullanmak için sınırlı ücretsiz değişen nüfus üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar için tercihli kontrollü bizim tasarımıdır. Potansiyel kronik stres gibi tüm bireylerin benzer konut ve Hayvancılık uygulamaları için tabi olan sabit tutulması için ilgili sosyal etkileşimleri gibi kontrollü tasarım diğer değişkenler için de sağlar. Beslenme diğer hayat Tarih özelliklerini doğrudan etkilediği için Ayrıca, üreme hayatta kalma18için,arasında değişen beslenme kontrol19, müfettişler memeli yaşam öyküsü yönlerini etkileyen diğer değişkenler değerlendirmek sağlar. Benzer iletişim kurallarını (örneğin, 20,21) Kuzey Amerika genelinde diğer ungulates yaşam öyküsü yönleri ile ilgili sorular değerlendirmek için tarif edilmistir.

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			<td height="20" style="width:416px;height:20px;">Shelled Corn</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Elevated Stand</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Safety Harness</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ground Blind</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Model 196 Projector</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3cc Radio-Telemetry Darts</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Various Sized Darts&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Teletamine HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Telazol, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Xylazine HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(West Texas Rx Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yhoimbine HCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tolazoline HCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Military Style Gurney</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rectal Thermometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Shade Cloth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">20% Crude Protein Deer Pellets&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Purina AntlerMax Professional High Energy Breeder 59UB, Purina, Missouri, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trough Style Feeders</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Commercial Clover&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Durana Clover, Pennington Seed Co., Georgia, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Commercial Fescue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Max-Q Fescue, Pennington Seed Co., Georgia, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Blankets</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ice Packs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Broadleaf Weed Control (2, 4-DB Herbacide, Butyrac 200)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td style="width:316px;">(Poast Herbacide, BASF Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pelleted Wormer</td>
			<td>Safeguard Co.,&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:227px;">active ingredient fenbendazole</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Parasite Pour-on Treatment&#160;</td>
			<td>(Ivomec, Merial Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Insecticide</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">Riptide, McLaughlin Gormley King Co.)&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Medium and Large Plastic Ear Tags&#160;</td>
			<td>(Allflex, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Remote site that assigned parentage</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">DNA Solutions Animal Solutions Manager (DNA Solutions, Oklahoma, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Digital Hanging Scale&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Moultrie, EBSCO Industries, Inc.)&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tape Measure</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clostridium Perfringens Types C and D Toxoid Essential 3&#160;</td>
			<td>(Colorado Serum Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clostridium Perfringens Types C and D Antitoxin Equine Origin</td>
			<td>(Colorado Serum Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ivermectin in propylene glycol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Antibiotic</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Nuflor, Schuering-Plough Animal Health Corp., New Jersey, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ivermectin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Norbrook Labratories, LTD., Down, Northern Ireland, UK)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clostidrial vaccine</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Vision 7 with SPUR, Ivesco LLC, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Leptospirosis vaccine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Leptoferm-5, Pfizer, Inc., New York, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trailer for transport</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Reciprocating saw&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(DEWALT, Maryland, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Scientific Digital Scale&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Global Industrail, Global Equipment Company Inc)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Antler Measuring Tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fogger</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Ear Tags&#160;</td>
			<td>(Allflex, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Ear Tagger</td>
			<td>(Allflex, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol for assessing the relative effects of environment and genetics on antler and body growth for a long-lived cervid

Cervid fenotip aşağıdaki iki kategoriden birine yerleştirilebilir: verimlilik, savurgan xarakteristikaları büyüme ve silah ve vücut büyüklüğü büyüme teşvik lüks içinde hayatta kalma teşvik. Nüfus aynı türden her fenotip çevre koşullarına bağlı olarak görüntüler. Erkek Ak kuyruklu geyik (Odocoileus virginianus) boynuz ve vücut boyutunu Mississippi, ABD physiographic bölgeye göre değişir ve güçlü besin kalitesi bölgesel varyasyon ile ilişkili olsa da, nüfus düzeyi genetik yerli hisse senetleri ve önceki çabaları yeniden çorap etkileri göz ardı edemem. Bu protokolü nasıl dizayn ettik nerede fenotip, örneğin, yaş ve beslenme, etkileyen diğer faktörler kontrol edilir kontrollü bir çalışma açıklar. Hamile kadın vahşi yakalanan ve altı aylık fawns Mississippi, Mississippi State Üniversitesi Rusty Dawkins Memorial geyik birimi ABD'ye üç ayrı physiographic bölgelerden getirdik. Geyik aynı bölgeden çoluk çocuk kuşak yanıt ve anne etkileri değerlendirmek bize izin verdiği için ikinci nesil üretmek için bred. Tüm geyik aynı yüksek kaliteli (% 20 ham protein geyik pelet) diyet ad libitumyedim. Biz benzersiz olarak her kardiyolojik işaretlenmiş ve vücut kitle, arka ayak ve tüm vücut uzunluğu kaydedildi. Sonraki her sonbaharda, bireylerin uzaktan enjeksiyon yolu ile sedatize ve aynı morphometrics artı boynuzları yetişkinlerin örnek. Bulduğumuz tüm morphometrics ilk büyüklükleri boynuz boyutu (bölgesel varyasyon artık mevcut) tam tazminat ve vücut kitle (bazı kanıtlar bölgesel varyasyon) ikinci nesilde belirgin kısmi tazminat ile ikinci nesil arttı. Yabani hasat karşılıkları için karşılaştırıldığında vücut kitle % 25 artış ve boynuz boyutu % 40 artış hakkında görüntülenen en fakir kalite toprak bölgemizde kökenli ikinci nesil erkek. Sonuçlarımız vahşi erkek Ak kuyruklu geyik Mississippi fenotipik varyasyonun daha ilgili beslenme kalite farklılıkları için nüfus düzeyi genetik öneririm.

Erkek Ak kuyruklu geyik fenotip bireysel yaş, beslenme kalitesi ve genetik etkiler. Beslenme geyik kalitesini kontrol etmek için bize izin bizim çalışma tasarım tüketen vardı ve bize her geyik yaş yıl sınıfları içinde geçerli karşılaştırmalar için tanımlamak izin verdi. Beslenme ve yaş bizim çalışma tasarımı ile kontrol ederek, biz daha iyi nüfus düzeyi genetik fenotip erkeklerin iki çalışma gruplarından kısıtlayan olup olmadığını anlamak başardık. Geliştirilmiş beslenme 3.5 yaşındaki erkek Ak kuyruklu geyik gelen bizim üretimi değişken (Tablo 1; önemli etkisi tarafından temsil edilmektedir her kaynak bölgeyle tüm xarakteristikaları ölçümler üzerinde olumlu bir etkisi vardı Rakamlar 5 ve 6). Boynuz kitle ve boyut üç kaynak bölgeleri arasında geliştirilmiş beslenme, (şekil 6), boynuz boyutu nüfus düzeyi genetik tarafından sınırlı değildir öneriyor, iki kuşak sonra değişir değil. Vücut kitle büyük ölçüde ilk ikinci nesil için tüm nüfus için vahşi beslenme bir kısıtlamadır düşündüren arttı; Ancak, hala bölgesel varyasyon ikinci nesil erkekler (şekil 5) arasında yapıldı. Bu nedenle, Ak kuyruklu geyik Mississippi nihai vücut kitle kısıtlama nüfus düzeyi genetik olasılığı dışlayamazsınız.
Beslenme ve yaş erkek Ak kuyruklu geyik için kontrol ederek, aynı zamanda bazı morphometrics diğerleri üzerinde öncelik ortaya bir büyüme hiyerarşi tespit. Örneğin, boynuz kitle görüntülenen en büyük artışlar üzerinden birinci-ikinci-nesiller tüm bölgelerde (Tablo 2). Boynuz boyutu vücut kitle ve sonunda iskelet ölçütleri tarafından takip sonraki en büyük artış gösterilmiştir. Bu büyüme hiyerarşi iskelet ölçümleri çok canalized ve az beslenme değişiklikleri yanıt muhtemeldir öneriyor. Ayrıca, bu desen erkek Ak kuyruklu hangi morphometrics ilk besin miktarı ve kalitesini artırmak amacıyla yönetim rejimleri için cevap verecektir yöneticileri bilgilendirir geyik, üç nüfus için tutarlıdır. Tam sonuçlar bildirdi ve başvuru31' de tartışıldı.
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig5.jpg"> 
Şekil 5 : Yetişkin erkeklerin vücut ölçümleri kuşak artar. Medyan kuşak geliştirilmesi vücut kitle, toplam vücut uzunluğu (TBL) ve arka ayak uzunluğu (EAE) esir 3.5 yaşındaki erkek Ak kuyruklu Noxubee, Attala, Copiah ve Scott County, Mississippi, ABD yer geyik için. Y ekseni üzerinde Kesikli çizgi ortalama beden kitle Mississippi, ABD toplanan hasat veri temsil eder ve birinci ve ikinci nesil karşılaştırma için kullanılır. Siyah elmas tahmin edilen ortalama temsil eder. Bıyık en az göstermek ve aykırı açık dairelerden süre maksimum değerleri gösterir. Bu rakam başvuru31değiştirildi. <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig6.jpg"> 
Şekil 6 : Yetişkin erkeklerin boynuz özelliklerinden kuşak artar. Esir 3.5 yaşındaki erkek Ak kuyruklu Noxubee, Attala, Copiah ve Scott County, Mississippi, ABD yer geyik için medyan boynuz özellikleri kuşak geliştirilmesi. Y ekseni üzerinde Kesikli çizgi kötü boynuz puanı Mississippi, ABD toplanan hasat veri temsil eder ve birinci ve ikinci nesil karşılaştırma için kullanılır. Siyah elmas tahmin edilen ortalama temsil eder. Bıyık en az göstermek ve aykırı açık dairelerden süre maksimum değerleri gösterir. Bu rakam başvuru31değiştirildi. <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
<img alt="Table 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059table1.jpg"> 
Tablo 1: her Model parametre etkisini: MCMCglmm modelleri fenotipik özellikleri üretimi (F2), yaş ve bölge (regionLoess, regionLCP) etkisini açıklar. Kategorik değişkenler ve yaş olarak sürekli bir değişken olarak üretimi ve bölge kodlu. Kesme noktası ilk nesil (F1), bir yaşındaki Delta erkek temsil eder ve üretimi, yaş ve bölge toprak kaynak nüfus için bir başvuru terimi olarak kabul edilir. Bu tablo başvurusu31değiştirildi.
<img alt="Table 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56059/56059table2.jpg"> 
Tablo 2: büyüme öncelik belirlemesi hiyerarşi: yüzde artış ikinci üretme-in esir 3.5 yaşındaki erkek Ak kuyruklu Noxubee, Attala, Copiah ve Scott County, Mississippi, ABD yer geyik için ilk gelen morphometrics. Bu tablo refefence31değiştirildi.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid at JoVE.com

Uzun Ömürlü Servid için Çevre ve Genetiğin Boynuz ve Vücut Büyümesi Üzerindeki Göreli Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesine İlişkin Protokol | Çevre | Video

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid

Boynuz ve uzun ömürlü bir Cervid için vücut büyüme ortamı ve genetik etkileri göreli değerlendirmek için iletişim kuralı

Fenotipik farklılıklar cervid popülasyonlar arasında nüfus düzeyi genetik veya beslenme ile ilgili; içinde belgili tanımlık vahşi zor olduğu yüksek beklentileri karşılayan. Bu protokolü nasıl bu şekilde biz nereye beslenme varyasyon elendi kontrollü bir çalışma açıklar. Erkek Ak kuyruklu geyik, fenotipik varyasyonun daha genetik beslenme tarafından sınırlı bulduk.

Cervid phenotype can be placed into one of two categories: efficiency, which promotes survival over extravagant morphometric growth, and luxury, which ...

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7.3K Görüntüleme.  Mississippi State University. Fenotipik farklılıklar cervid popülasyonlar arasında nüfus düzeyi genetik veya beslenme ile ilgili; içinde belgili tanımlık vahşi zor olduğu yüksek beklentileri karşılayan. Bu protokolü nasıl bu şekilde biz nereye beslenme varyasyon elendi kontrollü bir çalışma açıklar. Erkek Ak kuyruklu geyik, fenotipik varyasyonun daha genetik beslenme tarafından sınırlı bulduk.

Video: Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is a biotrophic fungal pathogen and the causal agent of corn smut on maize. This disease is responsible for significant yield losses of approximately $1.0 billion annually in the U.S.1 Several methods including crop rotation, fungicide application and seed treatments are currently used to control corn smut2. However, host resistance is the only practical method for managing corn smut. Identification of crop plants including maize, wheat, and rice that are resistant to various biotrophic pathogens has significantly decreased yield losses annually3-5. Therefore, the use of a pathogen inoculation method that efficiently and reproducibly delivers the pathogen in between the plant leaves, would facilitate the rapid identification of maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis. As, a first step toward indentifying maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis, a needle injection inoculation method and a resistance reaction screening method was utilized to inoculate maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines with a U. maydis strain and to select resistant plants.
Maize, teosinte and maize x teosinte introgression lines, consisting of about 700 plants, were planted, inoculated with a strain of U. maydis, and screened for resistance. The inoculation and screening methods successfully identified three teosinte lines resistant to U. maydis. Here a detailed needle injection inoculation and resistance reaction screening protocol for maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines is presented. This study demonstrates that needle injection inoculation is an invaluable tool in agriculture that can efficiently deliver U. maydis in between the plant leaves and has provided plant lines that are resistant to U. maydis that can now be combined and tested in breeding programs for improved disease resistance.

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

The use of a needle injection method to inoculate maize and teosinte plants with the biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis is described. The needle injection inoculation method facilitates the controlled delivery of the fungal pathogen in between the plant leaves where the pathogen enters the plant through the formation of appresoria. This method is highly efficient, enabling reproducible inoculations with U. maydis.

Ustilago maydis'in Mısır ve Teosinte Hatlarında Patojenitesini Değerlendirmek İçin Hızlı ve Verimli Bir Yöntem

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is ...

Çevre

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of natural proteins have a molecular mass between 40 - 200 kDa1,2, a robust and high-throughput method with a nanometer resolution capability is needed. Negative staining (NS) electron microscopy (EM) is an easy, rapid, and qualitative approach which has frequently been used in research laboratories to examine protein structure and protein-protein interactions. Unfortunately, conventional NS protocols often generate structural artifacts on proteins, especially with lipoproteins that usually form presenting rouleaux artifacts. By using images of lipoproteins from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) as a standard, the key parameters in NS specimen preparation conditions were recently screened and reported as the optimized NS protocol (OpNS), a modified conventional NS protocol 3 . Artifacts like rouleaux can be greatly limited by OpNS, additionally providing high contrast along with reasonably high&#8208;resolution (near 1 nm) images of small and asymmetric proteins. These high-resolution and high contrast images are even favorable for an individual protein (a single object, no average) 3D reconstruction, such as a 160 kDa antibody, through the method of electron tomography4,5. Moreover, OpNS can be a high&#8208;throughput tool to examine hundreds of samples of small proteins. For example, the previously published mechanism of 53 kDa cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) involved the screening and imaging of hundreds of samples 6. Considering cryo-EM rarely successfully images proteins less than 200 kDa has yet to publish any study involving screening over one hundred sample conditions, it is fair to call OpNS a high-throughput method for studying small proteins. Hopefully the OpNS protocol presented here can be a useful tool to push the boundaries of EM and accelerate EM studies into small protein structure, dynamics and mechanisms.

More than half of proteins are small proteins (molecular mass &#60;200 kDa) that are challenging for both electron microscope imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions. Optimized negative staining is a robust and high-throughput protocol to obtain high contrast and relatively high resolution (~1 nm) images of small asymmetric proteins or complexes under different physiological conditions.

Optimize Negatif Boyama: Elektron Mikroskobu ile Küçük ve Asimetrik Protein Yapısı incelenmesi için Yüksek verim Protokolü

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most experiments examine only two or a few levels of CA concentration and a single soil type, but if CA can be varied as a gradient from subambient to superambient concentrations on multiple soils, we can discern whether past ecosystem responses may continue linearly in the future and whether responses may vary across the landscape. The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility applies a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 CA gradient to Blackland prairie plant communities established on lysimeters containing clay, silty clay, and sandy soils. The gradient is created as photosynthesis by vegetation enclosed in in temperature-controlled chambers progressively depletes carbon dioxide from air flowing directionally through the chambers. Maintaining proper air flow rate, adequate photosynthetic capacity, and temperature control are critical to overcome the main limitations of the system, which are declining photosynthetic rates and increased water stress during summer. The facility is an economical alternative to other techniques of CA enrichment, successfully discerns the shape of ecosystem responses to subambient to superambient CA enrichment, and can be adapted to test for interactions of carbon dioxide with other greenhouse gases such as methane or ozone.

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility creates a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 linear carbon dioxide gradient in temperature-controlled chambers housing grassland plant communities on clay, silty clay, and sandy soil monoliths. The facility is used to determine how past and future carbon dioxide levels affect grassland carbon cycling.

A CO<sub&gt; 2</subTest CO&gt; Konsantrasyon Gradient Tesisi<sub&gt; 2</subÇayır Ekosistem Fonksiyon&gt; Zenginleştirme ve Toprak Etkileri

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the landscape has complex and varied soil morphology, an accompanying disparity in flow paths for leachate through the soil macropore and matrix structure is present. The rate of flow through these paths is further affected by antecedent soil moisture. Lysimeters are used to quantify flow rate, volume of water and concentration of nutrients leaching downward through soils. While many lysimeter designs exist, accurately determining the volume of water and mass balance of nutrients is best accomplished with bounded lysimeters that leave the natural soil structure intact. 
Here we present a detailed method for the extraction and construction of soil core lysimeters equipped with soil moisture sensors at 5 cm and 25 cm depths. Lysimeters from four different Coastal Plain soils (Bojac, Evesboro, Quindocqua and Sassafras) were collected on the Delmarva Peninsula and moved to an indoor climate controlled facility. Soils were irrigated once weekly with the equivalent of 2 cm of rainfall to draw down soil nitrate-N concentrations. At the end of the draw down period, poultry litter was applied (162 kg TN ha-1) and leaching was resumed for an additional five weeks. Total recovery of applied irrigation water varied from 71% to 85%. Nitrate-N concentration varied over the course of the study from an average of 27.1 mg L-1 before litter application to 40.3 mg L-1 following litter application. While greatest flux of nutrients was measured in soils dominated by coarse sand (Sassafras) the greatest immediate flux occurred from the finest textured soil with pronounced macropore development (Quindocqua).

A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

Toprak Çekirdek lizimetereleri Toplama ve oluşturulması için bir protokol

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

Sucul Life Asma değerlendirmek Sedimanlar Etkileri için Flow-through Pozlama Sistemi

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

Deniz Yüzey ve Numune Analizi Microplastics Örnekleme Protokolü

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.

Toplama ve mesleki hava örnekleri çıkarma mantar DNA analizi için

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

The Hawaii Protocol for Scientific Monitoring of Coffee Berry Borer: a Model for Coffee Agroecosystems Worldwide

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at capturing and quantifying the dynamics and impact of this invasive insect pest as well as the development of its host plant across a heterogeneous landscape. The cornerstone of this comprehensive monitoring system is timely georeferenced data collection on CBB movement, coffee berry infestation, mortality by the fungus Beauveria bassiana, and coffee plant phenology via a mobile electronic data recording application. This electronic data collection system allows field records to be georeferenced through built-in global positioning systems, and is backed by a network of weather stations and records of farm management practices. Comprehensive monitoring of CBB and host plant dynamics is an essential part of an area-wide project in Hawaii to aggregate landscape-level data for research to improve management practices. Coffee agroecosystems in other parts of the world that experience highly variable environmental and socioeconomic factors will also benefit from implementing this protocol, in that it will drive the development of customized integrated pest management (IPM) to manage CBB populations.

Comprehensive monitoring of coffee berry borer and host plant dynamics is essential for aggregating landscape-level data to improve management of this invasive pest. Here, we present a protocol for scientific monitoring of coffee berry borer movement, infestation, mortality, coffee plant phenology, weather, and farm management via a mobile electronic data recording application.

Bilimsel kahve Berry matkap izleme Hawaii Protokolü: bir Model için kahve Agroecosystems dünya çapında

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at ...

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on collecting various sized particulate matter (PM) retained on leaf surfaces. We further characterized the retention efficiency of leaves to various sized PM, which will help to assess the abilities of urban trees to remove PM from ambient air quantitatively. 
Taking three broadleaf tree species (Ginkgo biloba, Sophora japonica, and Salix babylonica) and two needleleaf tree species (Pinus tabuliformis and Sabina chinensis) as the research objects, leaf samples were collected 4 days (short PM retention period) and 14 days (long PM retention period) after the latest rainfall. PM retained on the leaf surfaces was collected by means of WC, BC, and UC in sequence. Then, retention efficiencies of leaves (AEleaf) to three types of the various sized PM, including easily removable PM (ERP), difficult-to-remove PM (DRP), and totally removable PM (TRP), were calculated. Only around 23%-45% of the total PM retained on leaves could be cleaned off and collected by WC. When the leaves were cleaned through WC+BC, the underestimation of the PM retention capacity of different tree species was in the range of 29%-46% for various sized PM. Almost all PM retained on leaves could be removed if UC was supplemented to WC+BC. 
In conclusion, if the UC was complemented after the conventional cleaning methods, more PM on leaf surfaces could be eluted and collected. The procedure developed in this study can be used for assessing the PM removal abilities of different tree species.

The ultrasonic cleaning method was applied to elute the particulate matter (PM) retained on leaf surfaces after PM was eluted by the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning only or water cleaning plus brush cleaning). The methodology can help to improve the estimation accuracy for PM retention capacity of leaves.

Ağaç partiküler madde kaldırma yeteneklerini değerlendirmek bırakır

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean. Roles of minerals are critical in many hydrothermal organic geochemical processes. Traditional hydrothermal methodology, which includes using reactors made of gold, titanium, platinum, or stainless-steel, is usually associated with the high cost or undesired metal catalytic effects. Recently, there is a growing tendency for using the cost-effective and inert quartz or fused silica glass tubes in hydrothermal experiments. Here, we provide a protocol for carrying out organic-mineral hydrothermal experiments in silica tubes, and we describe the essential steps in the sample preparation, experimental setup, products separation, and quantitative analysis. We also demonstrate an experiment using a model organic compound, nitrobenzene, to show the effect of an iron-containing mineral, magnetite, on its degradation under a specific hydrothermal condition. This technique can be applied to study complex organic-mineral hydrothermal interactions in a relatively simple laboratory system.

Earth-abundant minerals play important roles in the natural hydrothermal systems. Here, we describe a reliable and cost-effective method for the experimental investigation of organic-mineral interactions under hydrothermal conditions.

Organik hidrotermal dönüşümler üzerinde Mineral etkileri eğitimi için deneysel bir protokol

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the ...