IR Doktora Bursu Ödülü Azrieli Vakfı için minnettar olduğunu.

<ol>
	<li>Koski, K. J., Akhenblit, P., McKiernan, K., Yarger, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+determination+of+the+complete+elastic+moduli+of+spider+silks.">Non-invasive determination of the complete elastic moduli of spider silks.</a> Nat. Mater. 12 (3), 262-267 (2013).</li><li>Palombo, F., Madami, M., Stone, N., Fioretto, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+mapping+with+chemical+specificity+by+confocal+Brillouin+and+Raman+microscopy.">Mechanical mapping with chemical specificity by confocal Brillouin and Raman microscopy.</a> Analyst. 139 (4), 729-733 (2014).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+Brillouin+optical+microscopy+of+the+human+eye.">In vivo Brillouin optical microscopy of the human eye.</a> Opt. Exp. 20 (8), 9197-9202 (2012).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noncontact+three-dimensional+mapping+of+intracellular+hydromechanical+properties+by+Brillouin+microscopy.">Noncontact three-dimensional mapping of intracellular hydromechanical properties by Brillouin microscopy.</a> Nat. Methods. 12 (12), 1132-1134 (2015).</li><li>Traverso, A. J., Thompson, J. V., Steelman, Z. A., Meng, Z., Scully, M. O., Yakovlev, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+Raman-Brillouin+microscope+for+chemical+and+mechanical+characterization+and+imaging.">Dual Raman-Brillouin microscope for chemical and mechanical characterization and imaging.</a> Anal. Chem. 87 (15), 7519-7523 (2015).</li><li>Antonacci, G., Foreman, M. R., Paterson, C., T&#246;r&#246;k, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+broadening+in+Brillouin+imaging.">Spectral broadening in Brillouin imaging.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 (22), 221105 (2013).</li><li>Antonacci, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+plaque+stiffness+by+Brillouin+microscopy+in+experimental+thin+cap+fibroatheroma.">Quantification of plaque stiffness by Brillouin microscopy in experimental thin cap fibroatheroma.</a> J. R. Soc. Interface. 12 (112), 20150483 (2015).</li><li>Grubbs, W. T., MacPhail, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+resolution+stimulated+Brillouin+gain+spectrometer.">High resolution stimulated Brillouin gain spectrometer.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65 (1), 34-41 (1994).</li><li>Ballmann, C. W., Thompson, J. V., Traverso, A. J., Meng, Z., Scully, M. O., Yakovlev, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulated+Brillouin+scattering+microscopic+imaging.">Stimulated Brillouin scattering microscopic imaging.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 18139 (2015).</li><li>Remer, I., Bilenca, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Background-free+Brillouin+spectroscopy+in+scattering+media+at+780+nm+via+stimulated+Brillouin+scattering.">Background-free Brillouin spectroscopy in scattering media at 780 nm via stimulated Brillouin scattering.</a> Opt. Lett. 41 (5), 926-929 (2016).</li><li>Remer, I., Bilenca, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-speed+stimulated+Brillouin+scattering+spectroscopy+at+780+nm.">High-speed stimulated Brillouin scattering spectroscopy at 780 nm.</a> APL Photonics. 1 (6), 061301 (2016).</li><li>She, C. Y., Moosm&#252;ller, H., Herring, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coherent+light+scattering+spectroscopy+for+supersonic+flow+measurements.">Coherent light scattering spectroscopy for supersonic flow measurements.</a> Appl. Phys. B-Lasers O. 46 (4), 283-297 (1988).</li><li>Fiore, A., Zhang, j., Peng Shao, ., Yun, S. H., Scarcelli, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-extinction+virtually+imaged+phased+array-based+Brillouin+spectroscopy+of+turbid+biological+media.">High-extinction virtually imaged phased array-based Brillouin spectroscopy of turbid biological media.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 (20), 203701 (2016).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Şekil 1' de gösterilen sistem, sulu örnekleri yerleşimini kolaylaştıran bir optik masaya monte dikey bir 18'' x 24'' breadboard üzerinde inşa edilecek şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kuvvetle tüm optik ve mekanik öğeleri sıkın ve pompa ve yoklama kiriş collinear ve konsantrik örnek eksen dışı geometri aydınlatıcı önce çeşitli unsurları ile olduğundan emin olmak önemlidir.
Sinyal kazancı uyarılmış Brillouin gözlemleyerek zorluklar o maskeyi sulu örnekleri (~ 10-6) ve zayıf Brillouin kazanç aşırı sokak pompa yansımalar nedeniyle oluşabilir. Mümkün bu zorlukları gidermek için öncelikle odası sonda ve lensler odak pompa ortak odak noktasında konumlandırıldığından emin olun (L3 ve L4, sırasıyla). O zaman, biraz önce rubidyum hücre yerleştirilen Iris (I) kapatmanız ve/veya biraz daha fazla sokak pompa yansımaları olarak algılanmasını ortadan kaldırmak için pompa kiriş (M6) katlanır ayna çevirmek. Not Bu yordamları Brillouin sinyal-ecek da azalma, ancak daha iyi başlangıç noktası suda uyarılmış Brillouin kazanç sinyali algılamak için sağlayabilir. Sinyal hala algılanmıyorsa, metanol veya karbon disülfür, kazanç önemli ölçüde güçlü bir Brillouin su8,10' dan olan kullanın. Alternatif olarak, bulanık olmayan örnekleri ölçülerini önemli ölçüde algılama sokak pompa yansımaları azaltmak daha kalın cam chambers (on kat confocal parametre L3/l4) kullanmak mümkündür.
İletişim kuralında, uyarılmış Brillouin kazanç spectra 2 GHz yüksek hızlı ölçümleri nitelendirdi. Ölçümler daha büyük bant genişliği üzerinde genişletmek için (örneğin, örneklerde tarafından ayrılmış birden çok Brillouin frekans vardiya &#62; 1 GHz), bir sonda modülasyon genişletilmiş frekans detuning karşı geçerli bir kalibrasyon eğrisi üretmek esastır pompa ve yoklama lazerler aralığı. Desirably, bu eğri lazer frekans süpürme modülasyon geçerli ile küçük nonlinearity için düzeltilmelidir. Alternatif olarak, pompa-sonda frekans ararken hızlı izlemek için düzenleri Spektrometre mikrodalga frekansı sayaç (FC) değiştirmek için entegre edilebilir.
Brillouin frekans kayması ve burada önerilen Kur tarafından ölçülen linewidth bilinen yoğunluğu ve Kırılma indisi örnek4GHz frekanslarda malzeme karmaşık boyuna modülü dönüştürülebilir. Spontan Brillouin spektroskopisi olduğu gibi (örneğin, kesme modülü) malzeme sertlik tansör diğer unsurları algılayarak SBS Spektroskopi kullanarak ışık farklı melekler ve polarizasyon Birleşik ışık pompadan dağınık probed. Brillouin spektrum sonra düşük sinyal-için-gürültü-oranı (nedeniyle örnek10,11,12pompa ve yoklama kirişler daha küçük geçiş verimliliğini) ve daha küçük Brillouin frekans sergi vardiya ve bu neredeyse backscattering Geometride elde daha (nedeniyle indirimli geçiş açı) linewidths. Sonuç olarak, daha uzun ölçüm süreleri ve lazerler daha dar linewidths ile gerekli olacaktır.
Bizim şu anki SBS Spektrometre için karşılaştırılabilir edinme kez VIPA Spektrometreler4 tarafından elde edilen ve bu mevcut tarafından elde daha hızlı 100-fold olan Brillouin spectra bulanık olmayan örneklerinde ölçülerini sağlar sürekli Brillouin saçılma Spektrometreler (hassasiyetle benzer Brillouin shift)9,10,11teşvik. Bulanık medya Brillouin ölçümleri için bizim enstrüman VIPA Spektrometre ile bir eşdüzey tarafından kullanılan daha hızlı 3 kat olan 100 ms kısa sürede Brillouin spectra 2.25 saçılma olaylarla bulanık örneklerinin alabilecektir Fabry-Perot tabanlı 0,13 - bulanık örnekleriyle Rayleigh ret filtrede olaylar13saçılma 1.33. VIPA Spektrometreler, aksine SBS Spektrometreler herhangi bir özel Rayleigh ret filtre gerektirmez ve doğal olarak güçlü elastik saçılma10,11ile bulanık örneklerdeki bile mükemmel kontrast sağlar.
Geçerli SBS Spektrometre atış-gürültü sınırı henüz ulaşmadı. Spektrometre gürültü yoğunluğu gürültü bulanık olmayan örneklerinde tarafından ve bulanık media11elektriksel gürültü hakimdir. Sonucunda, sinyal-için-gürültü-oranı (ve dolayısıyla Alım zamanı) SBG sinyal sınırlıdır. Bu sınırlamayı aşmak için bir düşük gürültü elektrik amplifikatör kilitlenme algılama önce Brillouin shift duyarlılık11azalan olmadan SBG spectra saçılma malzemeleri satın alma zamanının daha da azaltmak için kullanılabilir. Buna ek olarak, atış-gürültü-sınırlı lazer kaynakların kullanılması daha yüksek sokak pompa bir gerçek backscattering geometrisi ışık reddi ile en iyi şekilde sinyal-için-gürültü-oranı SBG spectra ile kayıt için daha kısa süreleri izin Spektrometre, artıracak yüksek Brillouin shift duyarlılık11.

Spontan Brillouin spektroskopisi kurulmuştur, sıvılar gibi yumuşak malzemelerin mekanik analizi için değerli bir yaklaşım olarak son yıllarda gerçek dokusu, doku hayaletler, biyolojik hücreleri1,2, 3,4,5,6,7. Bu yaklaşım, tek bir lazer örnek aydınlatan ve inelastically gelen spontan termal akustik dalgalar orta dağınık ışık örnek visko elastik özellikleri üzerinde yararlı bilgiler sağlayan bir Spektrometre tarafından toplanır. Spontan Brillouin yelpazenin iki Brillouin doruklarına akustik Stokes ve anti-Stokes rezonanslar malzemenin ve aydınlatıcı lazer frekans (nedeniyle Melosun dağınık ışık) Rayleigh zirvesinde içerir. Bir Brillouin backscattering geometri için Brillouin frekansları tarafından birkaç GHz aydınlatıcı lazer frekans kaydırılır ve yüzlerce MHz spektral genişliğe sahiptir.
Fabry-Perot Spektrometreler tarama sistemleri--spontan Brillouin spectra yumuşak madde1,2kazanılması için seçim olmuştur iken, son teknolojik gelişmeler hemen hemen faz dizi (VIPA) görüntüsü Spektrometreler yeterli spektral çözünürlüklü (alt-GHz)3,4,5,6,7ile önemli ölçüde daha hızlı (alt ikinci) Brillouin ölçümleri etkinleştirdiniz. Bu protokol için biz continuous-wave-teşvik-Brillouin-saçılma (CW-SBS) ışık bulanık olmayan ve bulanık algılama dayalı bir farklı, yüksek hızlı, yüksek spektral çözünürlüklü, doğru Brillouin Spektrometre inşaatı mevcut Neredeyse arka saçılma geometrisi örnekleri.
CW-SBS spektroskopisi biraz frekans detuned sürekli (CW) pompa ve yoklama lazerler, akustik dalgalar uyarmak için bir örnek üst üste geliyor. Frekans farkı pompa ve yoklama kirişler arasında belirli bir akustik rezonans malzemenin eşleştiğinde, amplifikasyon veya deamplification sonda sinyal tarafından uyarılan Brillouin kazancı veya kaybı (SBG/SBL) işlemleri, sırasıyla sağlanır; Aksi halde, hiçbir SBS (de) amplifikasyon8,9,10,11oluşur. Böylece, bir SBG (SBL) spektrum malzeme Brillouin rezonanslar genelinde lazerler frekans farkı tarama ve algılama artış (azalış) elde edilebilir veya sonda yoğunluğu nedeniyle SBS (kaybı), kazanç. Aksine spontan Brillouin saçılma, elastik saçılma arka plan gereği yoktur, SBS, bulanık ve bulanık olmayan örnekleri Rayleigh ret filtreler için herhangi bir ihtiyaç olarak gereken VIPA olmadan mükemmel Brillouin kontrast etkinleştirme Spektrometreler10,11,13.
CW-SBS Spektrometre ana bina bloklarını pompa ve yoklama lazerler ve uyarılmış Brillouin kazanç/kayıp dedektörü vardır. Yüksek spektral çözünürlüklü, yüksek hızlı CW-SBS spektroskopisi için lazerler tek frekanslı gerekir (&#60; 10 MHz linewidth) yeterince geniş dalga boyu ayar (20-30 GHz) ve tarama hızı ile (&#62; 200 GHz/s), uzun vadeli frekans istikrar (&#60; 50 MHz/h) ve düşük yoğunluklu gürültü. Ayrıca, birkaç yüz güçlerle doğrusal polarize ve kırınım-limited lazer ışınları (on) mW örneği, pompa (soruşturma) ışın için gereklidir. Son olarak, uyarılmış Brillouin kazanç/kayıp dedektörü güvenilir bir şekilde yumuşak bu konuda zayıf geriye dönük uyarılmış Brillouin kazanç/kayıp (SBG/SBL) düzeyleri (10-5 - 10-6) tespit etmek için tasarlanmış olması. Bu ihtiyaçları karşılamak için biz dağıtılmış geribildirim (DFB) diyot lazerler polarizasyon korumak açısından birleştiğinde seçilen lifleri birleştirerek bir ultra-dar atom uyarılmış bir Brillouin kazanç/kayıp dedektörü ile birlikte Buhar çentik filtresi ve yüksek frekans şekil 1' deki resimli olarak tek-modülasyon amplifikatör kilitli. Bu algılama düzeni SBG sinyalin yoğunluğunu süre önemli ölçüde gürültü azaltma sonda yoğunluğu istenilen SBG sinyal katıştırılmış11nerede iki katına çıkar. Atomik Buhar çentik-filtre bizim SBS Spektrometre kullanılan rolü önemli ölçüde azaltan istenmeyen sokak pompa yansımaları tespiti yerine olduğu gibi her ikisi de tespit VIPA Spektrometreler elastik saçılma arka plan azaltmak için olduğunu unutmayın spontan Rayleigh ve Brillouin ışık dağılmış. Aşağıda ayrıntılı iletişim kuralını kullanarak, CW-SBS Spektrometre SBG düzeyleri olarak 10-6 düşük su ve doku hayaletler iletim spectra edinme yeteneği ile inşa edilebilir &#60; 35 MHz Brillouin kaymalı ölçüm hassas ve 100 ms içinde veya daha az.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55527/55527fig1.jpg"> 
Şekil 1: sürekli teşvik Brillouin saçılma (CW-SBS) Spektrometre. İki sürekli pompa ve yoklama diyot lazerler (DL), frekans örnek Brillouin üst karakter detuned polarizasyon Bakımı tek modlu fiberler collimators C1 ve C2, sırasıyla birleştiğinde. Pompa-sonda frekans farkı bir set elyaf ayırıcılar (FS), hızlı photodetector (FPD) ve bir frekans sayacı (FC) kullanarak pompa ve yoklama lazerler soyulmuş kirişler arasında beat frekansı tespit ederek ölçülür. S polarize sonda ışını (ışık kırmızı), kiriş genişletici (L1 ve M2), doğru dairesel yayın bir çeyrek-dalga plate (λ1/4) tarafından polarize bir Keplerian kullanarak genişletilmiş ve bir achromatic lens (M3) örnek (S) odaklı. Etkili SBS etkileşim ve optik yalıtım için bir Keplerian ışını genişletici (L5 ve L6), kullanarak genişletilmiş pompa kiriş (derin kırmızı), ilk P polarize-bir yarı-dalga plaka λ2/4 kullanarak), bir kutuplaşma aracılığıyla aktarılan Splitter (PBS), kiriş ve sonunda sol dairesel yayın bir çeyrek-dalga plate (λ2/4) tarafından polarize ve örnek bir achromatic lens (L4; aynı derecede L3) ile üzerinde duruldu. Pompa ve yoklama kirişler neredeyse örnek karşı sonradan ve (P) (λ1dışında /4 gelme) P polarize pompa ışın sonda girmesini önlemek için kullanılan bir S odaklı polarize lazer unutmayın. Kilitlenme algılaması için pompa ışın sinusoidally fm bir acousto optik modülatör (AOM) ile modüle. Frekans fm yoğunluğu varyasyonları olarak tecelli SBG sinyal (bkz. iç metin) ile demodülealgılama bir geniş alan fotodiyot (PD) tarafından takip bir kilit-in amplifikatör (LIA). Fotodiyot sokak pompa yansımalar önemli kaldırılması için bir dar bant Bragg filtre (BF) ve pompa dalga boyu etrafında bir atomik çentik filtresi (85RB) yanında bir ışık engelleme Iris ile (I) kullanılır. Verileri daha fazla Brillouin spektrum analiz için bir kişisel bilgisayar (PC) bağlı bir veri alma kartı (DAQ) tarafından kaydedilir. Tüm katlanır aynalar (M1- M6) dikey sulu örnekleri yerleşimini kolaylaştırmak için optik masaya monte 18'' × 24'' breadboard üzerinde Spektrometre sığdırmak için kullanılır. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55527/55527fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>

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LPNIRE100-B</td>
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high-speed continuous-wave stimulated brillouin scattering spectrometer for material analysis

Son yıllarda önemli bir artış için temassız çözümleme-in yumuşak oldu, sulu çözümler ve Biyomalzeme, hızlı edinme kez gibi kendiliğinden Brillouin Spektrometreler kullanımında tanık olduk. Burada, biz derleme tartışmak ve işletimi kullanan bir Brillouin Spektrometre ile Brillouin saçılma (SBS) uyarılmış Brillouin kazanç (SBG) spectra emülsiyon esaslı doku benzeri örnekleri su ve lipid iletim modunda ölçmek için uyarılmış &lt; 10 MHz Spektral çözünürlüklü ve &lt; 35 MHz Brillouin kaymalı ölçüm hassas, &lt; 100 Bayan Spektrometre oluşur iki neredeyse sürekli (CW) dar-linewidth lazerler, 780 karşı propaganda olan frekans detuning taranmış aracılığıyla nm malzeme Brillouin vardiyası. Sinyal-için-gürültü-oranı SBG sinyal önemli ölçüde geliştirilmiş bir ultra-dar bant sıcak rubidyum-85 buharı çentik filtresi ve bir faz duyarlı Dedektör kullanarak, varolan CW-SBS Spektrometreler ile elde ile karşılaştırıldığında. Bu gelişme SBG spectra kez, böylece yüksek hızda yumuşak malzemelerin yüksek spektral çözünürlüklü ve yüksek hassasiyetli Brillouin analizi kolaylaştırmak için 100-fold daha hızlı Alım ile ölçülmesi sağlar.

Rakamlar 2b ve 3b tipik noktası SBG spectra distile su ve lipid emülsiyonu doku (2,25 saçılma olaylar ve 45 cm-1zayıflama katsayısı ile) hayali örnekleri 10 ms ve 100 ms içinde anılan sıraya göre ölçülen görüntüler. Karşılaştırma için biz 10 SBG spectra ölçülen rakamlar 2a ve 3agösterildiği gibi s. Bu ölçümlerde, rubidyum-85 buharı hücre 90 ° c ~ 104 tarafından sokak pompa yansımaları inceltiyorum ve gönderme için sıcak olduğu &#62; sonda ışık; % 95'i düzeyleri üzerinde s11stabil muhafaza. Ayrıca, burada tanımlanan Uzaysal çözünürlük, yarı-en fazla SBS yanal tam genişlikte olarak yoğunluk odağı ile tespit tahmini yaklaşık 8 µm10olmak. Suda hızla Edinsel spectra Brillouin vardiya ortalama elde ve doku hayaletler 5,08 GHz ve 5,11 GHz, anılan sıraya göre. Bu Brillouin shift tahminler bu 10 dakika sonra kaydedilen spectra hesaplanan karşılaştırılabilir s ve için daha önce yayımlanmış Brillouin verileri sulu,9,10,11örnekler. Rakamlarla insets histogramlar SBG spectra 200 birbirini izleyen ölçümler alındı Brillouin shift tahminler göster. Elde edilen Brillouin shift duyarlığını gözlenen Brillouin shift dağıtım için uygun bir Gauss dağılımın standart sapması açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Standart sapmalar 8,5 MHz ve 33 MHz malzeme mekaniği ince değişiklikleri algılamak için yüksek ölçüm hassas temsil eden su ve doku hayali örnekleri, elde edilmiştir. Burada kullanılan pompa güç düzeyinde olmasına rağmen yüksek (~ 250-270 mW), 780 su emilimini nedeniyle Isıtma nm tahmin olmak &#60; 0,53 K ve böylece bu iş10dakika sonra kullanılan sulu örneklerinde ihmal. Ayrıca, su ve lipid emülsiyonu örnekleri SBG spectra ürününün kısa vadeli hiçbir istikrarsızlık 120 sırasında gözlendi s örnekleri sürekli maruz kalma bu güç seviyeleri.
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55527/55527fig2.jpg"> 
Şekil 2: uyarılmış Brillouin kazanç (SBG) Spectra su. Temsilcisi SBG spectra su (bir) 10 s ve (b) 10 Bayan noktalar satın almış ve düz çizgiler ölçüm değerleri ve Lorentzian uyuyor, için sırasıyla stand. İnsets Brillouin shift tahminleri su ilgili çubuk grafikler göster. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55527/55527fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55527/55527fig3.jpg"> 
Şekil 3: uyarılmış Brillouin kazanç (SBG) Spectra doku hayaletler. Temsilcisi SBG spectra lipid emülsiyonu doku hayaletler (ile 2.25 saçılma olaylar ve 45 cm-1zayıflama katsayısı), (b) ve (bir) 10 s 100 Bayan noktalar satın aldı ve düz çizgiler ölçüm değerleri belirtmek ve Sırasıyla lorentzian uyuyor. İnsets Brillouin shift tahminleri dokusunun karşılık gelen çubuk grafikler hayalet göster. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55527/55527fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis at JoVE.com

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Biz bir hızlı continuous-wave-teşvik-Brillouin-saçılma (CW-SBS) Spektrometre inşaatı tarif. Spektrometre tek frekanslı diyot lazerler istihdam ve ilâ 100-fold mevcut CW-SBS Spektrometreler olanların daha hızlı bir atomik Buhar çentik-iletim spectra yüksek spektral çözünürlüklü bulanık/sigara-bulanık örneklerinin elde etmek için filtre hızlandırır. Bu geliştirme yüksek hızlı Brillouin malzeme çözümleme sağlar.

Yüksek hızda sürekli uyarılan Brillouin saçılma Spektrometre için malzeme analizi

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as ...

high-speed-continuous-wave-stimulated-brillouin-scattering

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

10.1K Görüntüleme.  Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Biz bir hızlı continuous-wave-teşvik-Brillouin-saçılma (CW-SBS) Spektrometre inşaatı tarif. Spektrometre tek frekanslı diyot lazerler istihdam ve ilâ 100-fold mevcut CW-SBS Spektrometreler olanların daha hızlı bir atomik Buhar çentik-iletim spectra yüksek spektral çözünürlüklü bulanık/sigara-bulanık örneklerinin elde etmek için filtre hızlandırır. Bu geliştirme yüksek hızlı Brillouin malzeme çözümleme sağlar. 

Video: High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the milli-scale structure of barbs and barbules largely determines the directional pattern of reflected light; and through the macro-scale spatial structure of overlapping, curved feathers, these directional effects create the visual texture. Milli-scale and macro-scale effects determine where on the organism's body, and from what viewpoints and under what illumination, the iridescent colors are seen. Thus, the highly directional flash of brilliant color from the iridescent throat of a hummingbird is inadequately explained by its nano-scale structure alone and questions remain. From a given observation point, which milli-scale elements of the feather are oriented to reflect strongly? Do some species produce broader "windows" for observation of iridescence than others? These and similar questions may be asked about any organisms that have evolved a particular surface appearance for signaling, camouflage, or other reasons.
In order to study the directional patterns of light scattering from feathers, and their relationship to the bird's milli-scale morphology, we developed a protocol for measuring light scattered from biological materials using many high-resolution photographs taken with varying illumination and viewing directions. Since we measure scattered light as a function of direction, we can observe the characteristic features in the directional distribution of light scattered from that particular feather, and because barbs and barbules are resolved in our images, we can clearly attribute the directional features to these different milli-scale structures. Keeping the specimen intact preserves the gross-scale scattering behavior seen in nature. The method described here presents a generalized protocol for analyzing spatially- and directionally-varying light scattering from complex biological materials at multiple structural scales.

We present a non-destructive method for sampling spatial variation in the direction of light scattered from structurally complex materials. By keeping the material intact, we preserve gross-scale scattering behavior, while concurrently capturing fine-scale directional contributions with high-resolution imaging. Results are visualized in software at biologically-relevant positions and scales.

Biyolojik materyalden mekansal-ve Yönde-değişen ışık saçılımı Ölçme

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the ...

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Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
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Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data. 
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (&gt; 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.

A procedure for studying transient flows near boundaries using high-resolution, high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described here. PIV is a non-intrusive measurement technique applicable to any optically accessible flow by optimizing several parameter constraints such as the image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and analysis algorithms.

Yüzeyler Yakın yüksek hızlı Partikül imaj velosimetri

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

1-2 Düzlem Flow-Küçük Açı Nötron Saçılma kullanma Malzeme Mikroyapı altında Akış Ölçme

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states are indeed the resources for implementing various protocols, ranging from enhanced metrology to quantum communication and computing. A variety of devices can be used to generate non-classical states, such as single emitters, light-matter interfaces or non-linear systems3. We focus here on the use of a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator3,4. This system is based on a non-linear &#967;2 crystal inserted inside an optical cavity and it is now well-known as a very efficient source of non-classical light, such as single-mode or two-mode squeezed vacuum depending on the crystal phase matching. 
Squeezed vacuum is a Gaussian state as its quadrature distributions follow a Gaussian statistics. However, it has been shown that number of protocols require non-Gaussian states5. Generating directly such states is a difficult task and would require strong &#967;3 non-linearities. Another procedure, probabilistic but heralded, consists in using a measurement-induced non-linearity via a conditional preparation technique operated on Gaussian states. Here, we detail this generation protocol for two non-Gaussian states, the single-photon state and a superposition of coherent states, using two differently phase-matched parametric oscillators as primary resources. This technique enables achievement of a high fidelity with the targeted state and generation of the state in a well-controlled spatiotemporal mode.

We describe the reliable generation of non-Gaussian states of traveling optical fields, including single-photon states and coherent state superpositions, using a conditional preparation method operated on the non-classical light emitted by optical parametric oscillators. Type-I and type-II phase-matched oscillators are considered and common procedures, such as the required frequency filtering or the high-efficiency quantum state characterization by homodyning, are detailed.

Sürekli dalga Optik Parametrik Osilatörler ile Işığın kuantum Devlet Mühendislik

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states ...

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds between 0 and 25 m/sec) and a spinning disk device (for examining surface speeds between 15 and 100 m/sec). The air cannon linear traverse is a pneumatic energy-powered system that is designed to accelerate a metal rail surface mounted on top of a wooden projectile. A pressurized cylinder fitted with a solenoid valve rapidly releases pressurized air into the barrel, forcing the projectile down the cannon barrel. The projectile travels beneath a spray nozzle, which impinges a liquid jet onto its metal upper surface, and the projectile then hits a stopping mechanism. A camera records the jet impingement, and a pressure transducer records the spray nozzle backpressure. The spinning disk set-up consists of a steel disk that reaches speeds of 500 to 3,000 rpm via a variable frequency drive (VFD) motor. A spray system similar to that of the air cannon generates a liquid jet that impinges onto the spinning disc, and cameras placed at several optical access points record the jet impingement. Video recordings of jet impingement processes are recorded and examined to determine whether the outcome of impingement is splash, splatter, or deposition. The apparatuses are the first that involve the high speed impingement of low-Reynolds-number liquid jets on high speed moving surfaces. In addition to its rail industry applications, the described technique may be used for technical and industrial purposes such as steelmaking and may be relevant to high-speed 3D printing.

Two experimental devices for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device and a spinning disk device. The apparatuses are used to determine optimal approaches to the application of liquid friction modifier (LFM) onto rail tracks for top-of-rail friction control.

Bir Hareketli Yüzeyde Yüksek Hızlı Sıvı Jet birikiminin Görselleştirme

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds ...

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor compression based cooling process. Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) based alloy systems, especially, show large elastocaloric effects. Furthermore, exhibit large latent heats which is a necessary material property for the development of an efficient solid-state based cooling process. A scientific test rig has been designed to investigate these processes and the elastocaloric effects in SMAs. The realized test rig enables independent control of an SMA&#39;s mechanical loading and unloading cycles, as well as conductive heat transfer between SMA cooling elements and a heat source/sink. The test rig is equipped with a comprehensive monitoring system capable of synchronized measurements of mechanical and thermal parameters. In addition to determining the process-dependent mechanical work, the system also enables measurement of thermal caloric aspects of the elastocaloric cooling effect through use of a high-performance infrared camera. This combination is of particular interest, because it allows illustrations of localization and rate effects &#8212; both important for efficient heat transfer from the medium to be cooled.
The work presented describes an experimental method to identify elastocaloric material properties in different materials and sample geometries. Furthermore, the test rig is used to investigate different cooling process variations. The introduced analysis methods enable a differentiated consideration of material, process and related boundary condition influences on the process efficiency. The comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results (of a thermomechanically coupled finite element model) allows for better understanding of the underlying physics of the elastocaloric effect. In addition, the experimental results, as well as the findings based on the simulation results, are used to improve the material properties.

Experimental methods for investigation of solid state cooling processes and characterization of elastocaloric material properties of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are presented. A custom-built test rig has been designed for controlling and comprehensive monitoring of elastocaloric cooling processes. Furthermore, it provides a validation platform for thermomechanically coupled modeling approaches.

Şekil Bellek İncelenmesi Tabanlı Elastocaloric Soğutma Süreçler ve Model Doğrulama için Deneysel Yöntemler

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

Mikrosferik Whispering Galeri Modu Rezonatörler içinde Uyarılmış Stokes ve Antistokes Raman saçılması

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

Işık saçılma Profiler (SLPS) Tabanlı Metodoloji İntraoküler Lenslerden İleri ve Geri Işık Saçılımını Kantitatif Olarak Değerlendirmek İçin Tarama

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. SRS imaging modality can be obtained using commercial laser-scanning microscopes by equipping with a non-descanned forward detector with proper bandpass filters and lock-in amplifier (LIA) detection scheme. A schematic layout of a typical SRS microscope includes the following: two pulsed laser beams, (i.e., the pump and probe directed in a scanning microscope), which must be overlapped in both space and time at the image plane, then focused by a microscope objective into the sample through two scanning mirrors (SMs), which raster the focal spot across an x-y plane. After interaction with the sample, transmitted output pulses are collected by an upper objective and measured by a forward detection system inserted in an inverted microscope. Pump pulses are removed by a stack of optical filters, whereas the probe pulses that are the result of the SRS process occurring in the focal volume of the specimen are measured by a photodiode (PD). The readout of the PD is demodulated by the LIA to extract the modulation depth. A two-dimensional (2D) image is obtained by synchronizing the forward detection unit with the microscope scanning unit. In this paper, the implementation of an SRS microscope is described and successfully demonstrated, as well as the reporting of label-free images of polystyrene beads with diameters of 3 &#181;m. It is worth noting that SRS microscopes are not commercially available, so in order to take advantage of these characteristics, the homemade construction is the only option. Since SRS microscopy is becoming popular in many fields, it is believed that this careful description of the SRS microscope implementation can be very useful for the scientific community.

In this manuscript, the implementation of a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope, obtained by the integration of an SRS experimental set-up with a laser scanning microscope, is described. The SRS microscope is based on two femtosecond (fs) laser sources, a Ti-Sapphire (Ti:Sa) and synchronized optical parametric oscillator (OPO).

Stimululated Raman saçılma dayalı doğrusal olmayan mikroskop uygulanması

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. ...