Bu eser Ulusal Enstitüsü, yaşlanma (grant sayıya R01AG013308 SYB, F31AG047041 TMH için) tarafından desteklenmiştir. Yazarlar hesaplama kullanılan ve depolama hizmetleri Hoffman2 paylaşılan UCLA Institute tarafından dijital araştırma ve eğitim araştırma teknoloji grubu için sağlanan kümesi ile ilişkili.

<ol>
	<li>Sporns, O., Tononi, G., K&#246;tter, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Human+Connectome:+A+Structural+Description+of+the+Human+Brain.">The Human Connectome: A Structural Description of the Human Brain.</a> PLoS Comput Biol. 1 (4), 42 (2005).</li><li>Friston, K. J., Buechel, C., Fink, G. R., Morris, J., Rolls, E., Dolan, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychophysiological+and+modulatory+interactions+in+neuroimaging.">Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging.</a> NeuroImage. 6 (3), 218-229 (1997).</li><li>McLaren, D. G., Ries, M. L., Xu, G., Johnson, S. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+connectivity+for+face+processing+in+individuals+with+body+dysmorphic+disorder+and+anorexia+nervosa.">Functional connectivity for face processing in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder and anorexia nervosa.</a> Psychol Med. 45 (16), 3491-3503 (2015).</li><li>Simard, I., Luck, D., Mottron, L., Zeffiro, T. A., Souli&#232;res, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autistic+fluid+intelligence:+Increased+reliance+on+visual+functional+connectivity+with+diminished+modulation+of+coupling+by+task+difficulty.">Autistic fluid intelligence: Increased reliance on visual functional connectivity with diminished modulation of coupling by task difficulty.</a> NeuroImage Clin. 9, 467-478 (2015).</li><li>Yan, L. -. R., Wu, Y. -. 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DGM, Biospective, Inc. Biospective, Inc.'in bir çalışan sunulan verilerin hiçbirini işlemedi var.

Erken görevlere fMRI çalışmaları belirli Bilişsel süreçler arasındaki istatistiksel ilişkileri ortaya çıkarmak için tasarlanmış veya talep ve kalın değişiklikler temel ölçüm göreli sinyal. Bu geleneksel yaklaşım belirli bölgelerde faaliyet deneysel bir görev tarafından nerede modülasyonlu beyin belirlemek için kullanışlıdır. Buna ek olarak, bir ÜFE analizi esas fonksiyonel bağlantı modülasyon veya görev kaynaklı bir bilişsel işlemden sonuç faaliyet, senkronizasyonu ile ilgilidir....

"Connectome" terimi 2005 işaretleme günümüze1devam ediyor nörolojik bir paradigma kayması içinde icat edildi. Beynin işlevsel ağlar, bağlantı ve etkileşim arasında ve büyük ölçüde bölgeleri arasında açısından giderek tanımlanır. Bununla birlikte, bölgesel işlevsel uzmanlaşma ve fMRI ölçülen aktivite ve görev talepleri arasındaki ilişkilendirmeleri tarif hala geçerli ve yararlı yaklaşım vardır. Connectomics artan ilgi ışığında, fonksiyonel bağlantı yaklaşımlar görev fMRI analizi için popülaritesi artmaktadır. Fonksiyonel bağlantısı değişikliklerini göreve bağımlı ölçme bir yaklaşım talep ediyor PPI kavramını kullanır. Bir ÜFE faiz veya "tohum" beyin bölgesinin fonksiyonel bağlantı ("Fizyo") bir etkin görev faz veya belirli görev talep ("psikopat") etkileşim olduğunu. ÜFE bivariate, korelasyon tabanlı analiz bir görev talepleri ile ilgili herhangi bir kısıtlama olmadan iki bölgelerde faaliyet arasında korelasyon derecesi genellikle ölçen fonksiyonel bağlantı farklıdır.
Kavram ve ÜFE analiz çerçevesinde başlangıçta açıklanan Friston ve meslektaşları 19972. Yazarlar daha işlevsel olarak belirli ve distal tohum etkinliğinde bir görev talep sonuçlanan faaliyet oransal çıkarımlar için izin vermek için bağlantı incelenmesi sağlayacak çünkü yaklaşımları önemli olduğunu iddia. 2012 yılında, McLaren ve meslektaşları bu özgün çerçeve eklendi ve hangi gPPI yaklaşımda açıklanan tüm görev aşamaları ve ilişkileri tek model3' te dahil. Bu yaklaşım görev faz ve soruşturuluyor etkileşim için daha hassas ve belirli sonuçları yol açar. Biz şimdiki zamanda istihdam bu Güncellenme Zamanı gPPI yaklaşımdır (bkz. Adım 6.2.2 protokolündeki) çalışma. GPPI yaklaşım şimdi 200'ün üzerinde çalışmalarda atıf yapılmış. Anlaşılır olması için bundan sonra 'ÜFE' kullandığımız standart ve jeneralize sürüm ortak özellikleri açıklamak için. 'gPPI' yeni çerçevesiyle ilişkili belirli gelişmeler tartışmak için kullanılacak.
Nasıl bilişsel bir görev ihtiyaçlarını etkisi ya da bir tohum bölgenin fonksiyonel bağlantı modüle bir ÜFE analiz genel amacı anlamaktır. ÜFE analiz güçlü bir temanın bir hipotez gerektirir. Tohum bölgede faaliyet PPI yaklaşım etkili4çalışmak için sırada görev tarafından modüle gerekir. Örneğin, bu da çalışmanın, Hipokampal etkinliği bir bellek görev bilişsel talepleriyle modülasyonlu güçlü kanıtlar bizim tohum seçime göre. ÜFE kullanarak, önemli ölçüde daha az ya da işlevsel olarak hippocampus için belirli görev aşamalarında bağlı bölgeleri tespit edilebilir. Kısacası, "hangi bölgelerde etkinlik sırasında içerik A temel ile karşılaştırıldığında daha fazla tohum ile ilişkili mi?" soru sormak (Farkı anlamak önemlidir gibi) aynı zamanda mantıksal tersini sorabilir miyim: "hangi bölgelerde etkinlik sırasında içerik A temel ile karşılaştırıldığında daha az tohum ile ilişkili mi?" ÜFE etkileri grup farklılıkları yorumlarken, verileri ve olup fonksiyonel bağlantı olumlu ya da olumsuz değişiklik veya her ikisini de, grup farklılıklar yönlendirdiğini incelemek önemlidir.
ÜFE yaklaşım dinamik görev denetim hub sağlıklı denetimlerinde, eğitim için kullanılan modülasyon fonksiyonel bağlantı Alzheimer hastalığı (Ah), motor ağ bağlantısı otistik bireylerde zeka bilişsel performansı nasıl ilişkili olduğunu Parkinson hastalığı, bireylerin vücut dismorfik bozukluğu ve anoreksiya, duygu düzenlemesi, bellek ve bağlantı5,-6,7 ile ilgili diğer pek çok özel soru ile işleme yüz olan bireylerin ,8,9,10,11. Bu da çalışmanın, biz bellek kodlama ve reklam için risk faktörü12olmadan bir grup genetik riski bireylerin bir grup arasında alma sırasında hipokampüs Milletlere fonksiyonel bağlantısı'nda değişiklikleri karşılaştırmak. Biz, gPPI yaklaşım, uygulama bize görev elde edildi değişiklikler fonksiyonel bağlantı varlığı ile Derneği APOEε4, reklam için genetik bir risk faktörü olarak farklıysa test etmenize izin vermek için kullanılan iletişim kuralı aşağıdaki açıklar.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">3T manetic resonance imaging scanner</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Siemens Medical Solutions</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">MAGNETOM Trio, A Tim System</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">3T MRI Scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">FSL (FMRIB Software Library)</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Oxford University</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Version 6.0</td>
			<td>Functional Imaging Processing Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:307px;">AFNI (Analysis of Functional Neuroimaging)</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Any version after May 2015</td>
			<td>Functional Imaging Processing Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">SPM8 (Statistical Parametric Mapping)</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">University College of London</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">SPM8</td>
			<td>Functional Imaging Processing Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Matlab Software</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">The Mathworks, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Version R2012a</td>
			<td>Computing Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">SDS Software</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Applied Biosystems, Inc</td>
			<td>7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td>Real Time PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Taqman Assays</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Specific to SNP</td>
			<td>SNP Genotyping</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generalized psychophysiological interaction (ppi) analysis of memory related connectivity in individuals at genetic risk for alzheimer's disease

Beyin görüntüleme, fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (fMRI) beyindeki kan oksijen düzey bağımlı (kalın) sinyal ölçer. Cesur korelasyon derecesi sinyal içinde dağınık şekilde bağımsız beyin bölgelerinde bu bölgeleri işlevsel bağlantı tanımlar. Bilişsel fMRI görev sırasında bir psikofizyolojik etkileşim (PPI) analiz sırasında bilişsel görev tarafından tanımlanan belirli bağlamlarda fonksiyonel bağlantısı'nda değişiklikleri incelemek için kullanılabilir. Böyle bir görev örneği ilgisiz kelimeleri (kodlama) çift öğrenmek ve ilk sözcüğü (alma) görüntülendiğinde bir çift ikinci kelime hatırlama katılımcılar soran bellek sistemi sapmaz biridir. Bu da çalışmanın, biz kullanılan ilişkisel hafıza görev ve genelleştirilmiş bir ÜFE (gPPI) analizi bu tür Alzheimer hastalığı (Ah) genetik risk faktörü apolipoprotein E epsilon-4 (uçak gemisi olan eski erişkinlerde Hipokampal bağlantı içinde değişiklikleri karşılaştırmak için APOEε4). Özellikle, biz bu Milletlere Hipokampus değişiklikler fonksiyonel bağlantı göstermek kodlama ve alma, ilişkisel hafıza görev iki etkin aşamaları sırasında. İçerik bağımlı değişiklikleri hipokampüs fonksiyonel bağlantı içinde önemli ölçüde APOEε4 sigara taşıyıcılara göre taşıyıcılarının farklıydı. ÜFE analizleri fonksiyonel bağlantı, tekdeğişirli ana etkileri, farklı içinde değişiklikleri incelemek ve bu değişiklikleri grupları arasında karşılaştırmak için mümkün kılar. Böylece, bir ÜFE analiz geleneksel tekdeğişirli yöntemleri yakalamak değil belirli tabur karmaşık görev etkileri ortaya çıkarabilir. Ancak, ÜFE analizleri yön veya işlevsel olarak bağlı bölgeler arasındaki nedensellik belirleyemiyor. Yine de, ÜFE analizleri nedensel modelleri kullanarak test işlevsel ilişkiler ile ilgili belirli hipotezler üretmek için güçlü araçları sağlar. Beyin bağlantısı ve ağları açısından giderek açıklandığı gibi ÜFE insan beyni geçerli anlayışı doğrultusunda fMRI görev verileri analiz etmek için önemli bir yöntemdir.

İki farklı etkin görev aşamada (kodlama ve alma) ve iki tohum bölgeler (anterior ve posteiror Hipokampus) ile her grup için rapor sonuçlarını için dört koşullar vardır. Grup içinde görev aktivasyon haritalar (burada gösterilmeyen, Harrison vd., 201612bakınız) oksipital lob, işitsel korteks, LOB parietal, frontal dil alanlarında, üstün zamansal gyrus, büyük bölgeler gösterin ve kaudat (daha belirgin Alım sırasında) önemli kalı...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction PPI Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease at JoVE.com

Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction PPI Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

Bu el yazması görev bağımlı değişiklikleri seçili tohum bölge ve beynin diğer bölgelerdeki voxels arasındaki fonksiyonel bağlantı içinde ortaya çıkarmak için bir psikofizyolojik etkileşimi analiz uygulamak açıklar. Psikofizyolojik etkileşimi analiz görev etkileri beyin bağlantısı, geleneksel tekdeğişirli harekete geçirmek etkilerinden ayrı incelemek için popüler bir yöntemdir.

Genelleştirilmiş psikofizyolojik etkileşim (PPI) analiz bellek bağlantısı'nda bireyler, Alzheimer hastalığı genetik Risk ile ilgili

In neuroimaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures the blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) signal in the brain. The degree of ...

generalized-psychophysiological-interaction-ppi-analysis-memory

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI) Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

14.8K Görüntüleme.  University of California, Los Angeles. Bu el yazması görev bağımlı değişiklikleri seçili tohum bölge ve beynin diğer bölgelerdeki voxels arasındaki fonksiyonel bağlantı içinde ortaya çıkarmak için bir psikofizyolojik etkileşimi analiz uygulamak açıklar. Psikofizyolojik etkileşimi analiz görev etkileri beyin bağlantısı, geleneksel tekdeğişirli harekete geçirmek etkilerinden ayrı incelemek için popüler bir yöntemdir.

Video: Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction PPI Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

Preparation of Oligomeric &beta;-amyloid1-42 and Induction of Synaptic Plasticity Impairment on Hippocampal Slices

Impairment of synaptic connections is likely to underlie the subtle amnesic changes occurring at the early stages of Alzheimer s Disease (AD). &beta;-amyloid (A&beta;), a peptide produced in high amounts in AD, is known to reduce Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), a cellular correlate of learning and memory. Indeed, LTP impairment caused by A&beta; is a useful experimental paradigm for studying synaptic dysfunctions in AD models and for screening drugs capable of mitigating or reverting such synaptic impairments. Studies have shown that A&beta; produces the LTP disruption preferentially via its oligomeric form. Here we provide a detailed protocol for impairing LTP by perfusion of oligomerized synthetic A&beta;1-42 peptide onto acute hippocampal slices. In this video, we outline a step-by-step procedure for the preparation of oligomeric A&beta;1-42. Then, we follow an individual experiment in which LTP is reduced in hippocampal slices exposed to oligomerized A&beta;1-42 compared to slices in a control experiment where no A&beta;1-42 exposure had occurred.

Preparation of Oligomeric &#946;-amyloid1-42 and Induction of Synaptic Plasticity Impairment on Hippocampal Slices

One feature of Alzheimer's Disease is the elevation of A&beta;1-42 peptide. Here we provide a protocol for preparing synthetic A&beta;1-42 oligomers, which impairs hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation, a cellular correlate of memory. This procedure is useful for investigating mechanisms of A&beta;-induced pathology and drug screening.

Β-amiloid Oligomerik hazırlanması 1-42</subHipokampal Dilimleri Sinaptik Plastisite değer düşüklüğü> İndüksiyon

Impairment of synaptic connections is likely to underlie the subtle amnesic changes occurring at the early stages of Alzheimer s Disease (AD). ...

Nörobilim

Automated Sholl Analysis of Digitized Neuronal Morphology at Multiple Scales

Neuronal morphology plays a significant role in determining how neurons function and communicate1-3. Specifically, it affects the ability of neurons to receive inputs from other cells2 and contributes to the propagation of action potentials4,5. The morphology of the neurites also affects how information is processed. The diversity of dendrite morphologies facilitate local and long range signaling and allow individual neurons or groups of neurons to carry out specialized functions within the neuronal network6,7. Alterations in dendrite morphology, including fragmentation of dendrites and changes in branching patterns, have been observed in a number of disease states, including Alzheimer's disease8, schizophrenia9,10, and mental retardation11. The ability to both understand the factors that shape dendrite morphologies and to identify changes in dendrite morphologies is essential in the understanding of nervous system function and dysfunction.
Neurite morphology is often analyzed by Sholl analysis and by counting the number of neurites and the number of branch tips. This analysis is generally applied to dendrites, but it can also be applied to axons. Performing this analysis by hand is both time consuming and inevitably introduces variability due to experimenter bias and inconsistency. The Bonfire program is a semi-automated approach to the analysis of dendrite and axon morphology that builds upon available open-source morphological analysis tools. Our program enables the detection of local changes in dendrite and axon branching behaviors by performing Sholl analysis on subregions of the neuritic arbor. For example, Sholl analysis is performed on both the neuron as a whole as well as on each subset of processes (primary, secondary, terminal, root, etc.) Dendrite and axon patterning is influenced by a number of intracellular and extracellular factors, many acting locally. Thus, the resulting arbor morphology is a result of specific processes acting on specific neurites, making it necessary to perform morphological analysis on a smaller scale in order to observe these local variations12.
The Bonfire program requires the use of two open-source analysis tools, the NeuronJ plugin to ImageJ and NeuronStudio. Neurons are traced in ImageJ, and NeuronStudio is used to define the connectivity between neurites. Bonfire contains a number of custom scripts written in MATLAB (MathWorks) that are used to convert the data into the appropriate format for further analysis, check for user errors, and ultimately perform Sholl analysis. Finally, data are exported into Excel for statistical analysis. A flow chart of the Bonfire program is shown in Figure 1.

We have developed a computer program to analyze neuronal morphology. In combination with two existing open source analysis tools, our program performs Sholl analysis and determines the number of neurites, branch points, and neurite tips. The analyses are performed so that local changes in neurite morphology can be observed.

Çoklu Ölçeklerde Sayısallaştırılmış Nöronal Morfoloji Otomatik Sholl Analizi

Neuronal morphology plays a significant role in determining how neurons function and communicate1-3.  Specifically, it affects the ability of neurons to ...

Detection of Neuritic Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia. Neuritic plaque formation is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. The central component of neuritic plaques is a small filamentous protein called amyloid &beta; protein (A&beta;)1, which is derived from sequential proteolytic cleavage of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by &beta;-secretase and &gamma;-secretase. The amyloid hypothesis entails that A&gamma;-containing plaques as the underlying toxic mechanism in AD pathology2. The postmortem analysis of the presence of neuritic plaque confirms the diagnosis of AD. To further our understanding of A&gamma; neurobiology in AD pathogenesis, various mouse strains expressing AD-related mutations in the human APP genes were generated. Depending on the severity of the disease, these mice will develop neuritic plaques at different ages. These mice serve as invaluable tools for studying the pathogenesis and drug development that could affect the APP processing pathway and neuritic plaque formation. In this protocol, we employ an immunohistochemical method for specific detection of neuritic plaques in AD model mice. We will specifically discuss the preparation from extracting the half brain, paraformaldehyde fixation, cryosectioning, and two methods to detect neurotic plaques in AD transgenic mice: immunohistochemical detection using the ABC and DAB method and fluorescent detection using thiofalvin S staining method.

One of the pathological characteristics of AD is the formation of Amyloid &#x03B2; protein positive neuritic plaques. In this protocol we describe two methods to detect neuritic plaques in transgenic AD model mice: immunohistochemical detection using the ABC and DAB method and fluorescent detection using thioflavin S staining method.

Nöritik plaklar Alzheimer Hastalığı Fare Modeli Algılama

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia. Neuritic plaque formation is one of the pathological hallmarks ...

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer&#39;s Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including acquisition of spatial memoryand long-term spatial memory 1. The MWM is a relatively simple procedure typically consisting of six day trials, the main advantage being the differentiation between the spatial (hidden-platform) and non-spatial (visible platform) conditions 2-4. In addition, the MWM testing environment reduces odor trail interference 5. This has led the task to be used extensively in the study of the neurobiology and neuropharmacology of spatial learning and memory. The MWM plays an important role in the validation of rodent models for neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s Disease 6, 7. In this protocol we discussed the typical procedure of MWM for testing learning and memory and data analysis commonly used in Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease transgenic model mice.

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze is a behavioral task to test hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. It has been widely used in the study of neurobiology, neuropharmacology and neurocognitive disorders in rodent models.

Alzheimer Hastalığı Model Fareler Öğrenme ve Hafıza Açıkları Morris Su Labirent Testi

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including ...

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic development and axonal wiring. Recently the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) have become powerful genetic models in which to elucidate both general and class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation.
There are four main DA neuron classes (I-IV)1. They are named in order of increasing dendrite arbor complexity, and have class-specific differences in the genetic control of their differentiation2-10. The DA sensory system is a practical model to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the control of dendritic morphology11-13 because: 1) it can take advantage of the powerful genetic tools available in the fruit fly, 2) the DA neuron dendrite arbor spreads out in only 2 dimensions beneath an optically clear larval cuticle making it easy to visualize with high resolution in vivo, 3) the class-specific diversity in dendritic morphology facilitates a comparative analysis to find key elements controlling the formation of simple vs. highly branched dendritic trees, and 4) dendritic arbor stereotypical shapes of different DA neurons facilitate morphometric statistical analyses.
DA neuron activity modifies the output of a larval locomotion central pattern generator14-16. The different DA neuron classes have distinct sensory modalities, and their activation elicits different behavioral responses14,16-20. Furthermore different classes send axonal projections stereotypically into the Drosophila larval central nervous system in the ventral nerve cord (VNC)21. These projections terminate with topographic representations of both DA neuron sensory modality and the position in the body wall of the dendritic field7,22,23. Hence examination of DA axonal projections can be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying topographic mapping7,22,23, as well as the wiring of a simple circuit modulating larval locomotion14-17.
We present here a practical guide to generate and analyze genetic mosaics24 marking DA neurons via MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker)1,10,25 and Flp-out22,26,27 techniques (summarized in Fig. 1).

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

The dendritic arborization sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system are useful models to elucidate both general and neuron class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation. We present a practical guide to generate and analyze dendritic arborization neuron genetic mosaics.

Morfolojik analiz Drosophila</emGenetik Mozaikler> Larvaların Periferik Duyusal Nöron Dendritler ve Aksonlar

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic ...

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in rodents. In our laboratory, we evaluated the two types of memory in more than 30 strains of genetically engineered mice using the automated version of this apparatus. Here, we present the modified T-maze apparatus operated by a computer with a video-tracking system and our protocols in a movie format. The T-maze apparatus consists of runways partitioned off by sliding doors that can automatically open downward, each with a start box, a T-shaped alley, two boxes with automatic pellet dispensers at one side of the box, and two L-shaped alleys. Each L-shaped alley is connected to the start box so that mice can return to the start box, which excludes the effects of experimenter handling on mouse behavior. This apparatus also has an advantage that in vivo microdialysis, in vivo electrophysiology, and optogenetics techniques can be performed during T-maze performance because the doors are designed to go down into the floor. In this movie article, we describe T-maze tasks using the automated apparatus and the T-maze performance of &alpha;-CaMKII+/- mice, which are reported to show working memory deficits in the eight-arm radial maze task. Our data indicated that &alpha;-CaMKII+/- mice showed a working memory deficit, but no impairment of reference memory, and are consistent with previous findings using the eight-arm radial maze task, which supports the validity of our protocol. In addition, our data indicate that mutants tended to exhibit reversal learning deficits, suggesting that &alpha;-CaMKII deficiency causes reduced behavioral flexibility. Thus, the T-maze test using the modified automatic apparatus is useful for assessing working and reference memory and behavioral flexibility in mice.

This article presents the protocol of T-maze tests using a modified automated apparatus for assessing the learning and memory functions in mice.

T-labirent Zorla Değişim ve Çalışma ve Fareler Referans Bellek değerlendirilmesi için sağ-sol Ayrımcılık Görevler

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in ...

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also propagation of suprathreshold spiking activity involves populations of neurons. Empirical studies addressing cortical function directly thus require recordings from populations of neurons with high resolution. Here we describe an optical method and a deconvolution algorithm to record neural activity from up to 100 neurons with single-cell and single-spike resolution. This method relies on detection of the transient increases in intracellular somatic calcium concentration associated with suprathreshold electrical spikes (action potentials) in cortical neurons. High temporal resolution of the optical recordings is achieved by a fast random-access scanning technique using acousto-optical deflectors (AODs)1. Two-photon excitation of the calcium-sensitive dye results in high spatial resolution in opaque brain tissue2. Reconstruction of spikes from the fluorescence calcium recordings is achieved by a maximum-likelihood method. Simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings indicate that our method reliably detects spikes (&gt;97% spike detection efficiency), has a low rate of false positive spike detection (&lt; 0.003 spikes/sec), and a high temporal precision (about 3 msec) 3. This optical method of spike detection can be used to record neural activity in vitro and in anesthetized animals in vivo3,4.

Understanding the function of the vertebrate central nervous system requires recordings from many neurons because cortical function arises on the level of populations of neurons. Here we describe an optical method to record suprathreshold neural activity with single-cell and single-spike resolution, dithered random-access scanning. This method records somatic fluorescence calcium signals from up to 100 neurons with high temporal resolution. A maximum-likelihood algorithm deconvolves the underlying suprathreshold neural activity from the somatic fluorescence calcium signals. This method reliably detects spikes with high detection efficiency and a low rate of false positives and can be used to study neural populations in vitro and in vivo.

Tek hücreli ve tek başak çözünürlüğe sahip supratreshold nöral aktivitenin Optik kaydı

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are eusocial insects and well known for their complex division of labor and associative learning capability1, 2. The worker bees spend the first half of their life inside the dark hive, where they are nursing the larvae or building the regular hexagonal combs for food (e.g. pollen or nectar) and brood3. The antennae are extraordinary multisensory feelers and play a pivotal role in various tactile mediated tasks4, including hive building5 and pattern recognition6. Later in life, each single bee leaves the hive to forage for food. Then a bee has to learn to discriminate profitable food sources, memorize their location, and communicate it to its nest mates7. Bees use different floral signals like colors or odors7, 8, but also tactile cues from the petal surface9 to form multisensory memories of the food source. Under laboratory conditions, bees can be trained in an appetitive learning paradigm to discriminate tactile object features, such as edges or grooves with their antennae10, 11, 12, 13. This learning paradigm is closely related to the classical olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response (PER) in harnessed bees14. The advantage of the tactile learning paradigm in the laboratory is the possibility of combining behavioral experiments on learning with various physiological measurements, including the analysis of the antennal movement pattern.

Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees Apis mellifera L.

In this protocol we show how to condition harnessed honey bees to tactile stimuli and introduce a 2D motion capture technique for analyzing the kinematics of fine-scale antennal sampling pattern.

Dokunsal İklimlendirme Ve Bal Arısı yılında antennal Örnekleme Stratejileri Hareket Analizi (<em&gt; Apis mellifera</em&gt; L.)

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are eusocial insects and well known for their complex division of labor and associative learning capability1, 2. The worker ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

In Koku Reseptör Nöronlar Tüm Dağı ile immün<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Anten

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the over-production of amyloid-beta and the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques in brain regions of the afflicted individuals. Throughout the years scientists have generated numerous Alzheimer&#8217;s disease mouse models that attempt to replicate the amyloid-beta pathology. Unfortunately, the mouse models only selectively mimic the disease features. Neuronal death, a prominent effect in the brains of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease patients, is noticeably lacking in these mice. Hence, we and others have employed a method of directly infusing soluble oligomeric species of amyloid-beta - forms of amyloid-beta that have been proven to be most toxic to neurons - stereotaxically into the brain. In this report we utilize male C57BL/6J mice to document this surgical technique of increasing amyloid-beta levels in a select brain region. The infusion target is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus because this brain structure, along with the basal forebrain that is connected by the cholinergic circuit, represents one of the areas of degeneration in the disease. The results of elevating amyloid-beta in the dentate gyrus via stereotaxic infusion reveal increases in neuron loss in the dentate gyrus within 1 week, while there is a concomitant increase in cell death and cholinergic neuron loss in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca of the basal forebrain. These effects are observed up to 2 weeks. Our data suggests that the current amyloid-beta infusion model provides an alternative mouse model to address region specific neuron death in a short-term basis. The advantage of this model is that amyloid-beta can be elevated in a spatial and temporal manner.

Here, we present a protocol for direct stereotaxic brain infusion of amyloid-beta. This methodology provides an alternative in vivo mouse model to address the short-term effects of amyloid-beta on brain neurons.